Design and Analysis of an Accelerated Life Test for Magnetic Contactors

Fundamentals of Mechanical DesignAs a plastic polymer chemistry and materials science and the development of the important achievements already familiar, Plastic products have become productive human life and an indispensable important component. Over the years, the plastic products industry has been developing rapidly, As the global scope of plastic instead of metal trend has been further accelerated the pace of development. Plastic products are generally used molding methods of production, thereby plastic mold has become an important production technology and equipment, in the national economy plays an increasingly important role. With plastic products in the home appliances, electronic products and other daily necessities to the increasingly widespread application on the plastic mold design and manufacturing requirements are also increasing. Traditional manual design and manufacturing has long since failed to meet production needs. CAD and CAM development is adapted to the actual requirements of this objective. CAD/CAM be significantly enhanced plastic products, and plastic mold design and manufacturing efficiency and raise the quality of design and manufacture. reduce tryout repair mode, thus shortening from plastic product design, mold design, Mold manufacture of molded products for the entire production cycle.1，plastic mold CADCAD design and computer organic combination play their respective expertise to the new design methods. That the design staff in the design process, giving full playto a powerful computer computing, information storage and the ability to rapidly identify, complete information management, numerical calculation, simulation analysis, Optimum design and drafting tasks designers concentrate on effective creative thinking, in order to better accomplish the program from the design, evaluation, simulation and analysis of specific modifications to the design of the whole process.CAD development generally follows : electronic drawing board system (2-D computer graphics technology), surface modeling system, solid modeling, parametric technology and variable technology. Electronic drawing board system is the traditional view of the three ways to express parts of the media to the drawings for technical exchange. Surface modeling system is developed in the two-dimensional mapping system, which is based on Bessel algorithm, introduction of 3D surface modeling system, it is the first CAD revolution. Solid modeling technology can convey accurately the quality of parts and the center, away from inertia characteristics, It marks the universal application of CAD history of the development of the second revolution and the future development direction of the CAD. Parametric Technology is an unconstrained free than to create more innovative and better algorithm, which is characterized by : Based on the characteristics, full size constraints, all relevant data, dimension driven design changes. Parametric Technology Application dominated the history of the development of graphics third revolution. As the "full size constraint" mandatory interference and constrains the designer's creativity and imagination in the design of the key physical topology change, the loss of certain binding characteristicsdata, it will cause confusion, result in a Parametric Technology modeled on the more advanced solid modeling - variable technique.2, plastic mold CAECAE (Computer Aided Execution) (31 computer-aided engineering technology that It is the emergence of computer-aided design / computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology to the development of the depth direction requirements. M general it is a numerical calculation includes technical, databases, computer graphics , engineering analysis and simulation of an integrated software system Its core technology is the engineering model and numerical method. Mold on thecomputer-aided engineering technique , it is primarily the use of polymer rheology, heat transfer, numerical methods and computer graphics, and other basic theory the plastic molding process simulation of the mold before it can create the image , directly on the computer screen simulate the actual process of forming forecast mold design and molding conditions on the impact of products found potential defects for the judgment of mold design and molding conditions provide reasonable scientific basis. With computer technology is developing rapidly , the various plastic molding process simulation of plastic processing industry has become a hot spot. Now tell us about CAE technology in Note molding and gas-assisted injection molding applications.(1) Injection MoldingCAE in the injection mold, the mold filling for mobile, packing, cooling and warpage analyzed.Filling flow analysis can be made the following major tasks : optimization of casting system included in the balanced flow on the basis of rational flow channel size, distribution and the best runner number, location and shape; Optimal injection parameters, the analysis of flow front; Weld line gas analysis Point location; pressure field, temperature and velocity analysisPacking refers to the process in order to be satisfied with the products, Filling in the end still higher packing under pressure to the cavity to the feed to compensate for the temperature, pressure changes caused by volumetric shrinkage. Pressure is the essence of the process feed mainly used to predict melt in the cavity fill material and compaction process pressure, temperature, calculate volumetric shrinkage cavity and the shear stress and changes in the density.Cooling process melting plastics occurred curing, curing process by giving off heat from the coolant die away. The process of mold cavity temperature and the uniformity of a direct impact on the production of injection molded parts efficiency and quality. Chang main design parameters including : cooling pipe size, and the location of the cold tp pipeline linking relations geometric parameters and the coolant flow, inlet temperature and other physical parameters. A good cooling system should make Die achieve rapid and balanced cooling to reduce the cooling time, increase the productivity and and reduce or avoid warpage plastic parts, residual stress and surface quality defects, improving the quality of products. Warpage analysis is the application of the basic principles of mechanics and FEM / IsW difference numerical algorithm, Calculation of plastic parts molding size and deformation(2) gas-assisted injection moldingGas-assisted injection molding in the traditional injection molding developed on the basis of a new injection molding process. Its features is : filling stage to the cavity injection high-pressure gas; In the packing stage, and continue to inject high-pressure gas melt to compensate for the cooling caused by the contraction.Because gas, melt two entirely different dynamic interaction of material, makes molding process simulation is very complicated. The governing equations ofnon-Newtonian fluid under non-isothermal the Hele-Shaw flow, but assumed the gas cladding interface that the gas, melt two-phase media is not mixed. Thus, the flow field for the melt flow into the equation solving, Melting only in the gas interface of gas pressure at the top of the boundary conditions. Particle tracking normally used to control gas or gas fusion method to determine the interface.Gas Aided Design Process of CAE technology can resolve the following issues : gas. Cavitation potential -- through the quality issues; Melt determine the optimal size of the gas injected into the best time of process parameters; obtain more cavity system in the whole processing of materials and gas distribution; Optimization flow, the gating system size, Layout programs.3, CAE software briefMF software is a specialized in plastic computer aided engineering analysis (CAE) software and consulting firms (MOL DFLO~) development. MOLDFLO~ software can simulate the entire injection process and the process of injection molding products affected. They mainly consist of flow simulation module (MF~Flow), cooling simulation module (MF/Cool) Pressure Analysis Module (MFIPack), warping analysis module (MFl9Crrap) MF/SHRINK mold cavity to determine the size, structure MF/STRESS stress analysis MF/O~M injection molding machine parameter optimization, MF/GAS gas-assisted injection analysis, MF/FIBER plastic parts fiber orientation analysis module, simulation and analysis to determine the reasonable die structure and the technical parameters of appropriateness. The latest version can automatically establish and run a series of analysis, after the analysis of the structure will be automatically generated.4, CAD and CAE design of the general steps DiePlastic mold cavity and the core is plastic parts geometry of the design, therefore, first step in the design of plastic parts to describe the shape of three plastic parts of the computer model accurately established, Mold it into the entire design process and the basis for the foundation. Then proceed to the preliminary program of mold design, mold design of gating system and cooling systems. CAE software mode analysis, thereby optimizing the structure of mold design, based on an analysis of the results of pouring, Cooling system amendment. Plastic Parts will join three-dimensional model than can be contracted mold parts 3D model. Will tie in with the mold parts (such as Insert, pumping cores) 3D assembly model for interference checking. On the assembly projection models, such as cutting operation can be mold assembly map Molding of the same components for the operation is likely to be the two-dimensional engineering drawings. Mold parts of the 3D model can be used to generate CAM NC machining process.5, the end of LanguageCurrently, plastic mold design, generic manufacturers generally use the machinery CAD/CAM software and specialized CAE software combination. Development and promotion of specialized CAD software is the issue. CAE analysis only under the conditions set for plastic molding process simulation, it is not the result of analysis, the optimum nor can the design process for the guidance of experts. Integrated special plastic mold CAD and CAE software, enhancing its intelligence, CAD and CAE is a plastic mold technology development trends.CAD/CAE在塑料模具设计中的应用前言塑料作为高分子化学和材料科学发展的重要成果，早已为人们熟悉，塑料产品已经成为人类生产和生活中不可缺少的重要组成部分。

汽车发动机是为汽车提供动力的装置，是汽车的心脏，决定着汽车的动力性、经济性、稳定性和环保性。

下面是搜索整理的汽车发动机英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

汽车发动机英文参考文献一：[1]Barouch Giechaskiel,Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa,Tero L?hde,Michael Clairotte,Massimo Carriero,Pierre Bonnel,Maurizio Maggiore. Evaluation of NO x emissions of a retrofitted Euro 5 passenger car for the Horizon prize “Engine retrofit”[J]. Environmental Research,2018,166.[2]Shixuan Wang,Ying Liu,Carla Di Cairano-Gilfedder,Scott Titmus,Mohamed M. Naim,Aris A. Syntetos. Reliability Analysis for Automobile Engines: Conditional Inference Trees[J]. Procedia CIRP,2018,72.[3]Kévin Rosset,Violette Mounier,Eliott Guenat,Jürg Schiffmann. Multi-objective optimization of turbo-ORC systems for waste heat recovery on passenger car engines[J]. Energy,2018,159.[4]Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali,Hou Xianjun,Mohamed A.A. Abdelkareem,M. Gulzar,A.H. Elsheikh. Novel approach of the graphene nanolubricant for energy saving via anti-friction/wear in automobile engines[J]. Tribology International,2018,124.[5]Shweta Tripathi,K.A. Subramanian. Control of fuel spray wall impingement on piston bowl in palm acid oil biodiesel fueled direct injection automotive engine using retarded injection timing, EGR and increased compression ratio[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2018,142.[6]Gianfranco Gagliardi,Francesco Tedesco,Alessandro Casavola. A LPV modeling of turbocharged spark-ignition automotive engine oriented to fault detection and isolation purposes[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute,2018.[7]Gritsada Sua-Iam,Natt Makul. Innovative utilization of foundry sand waste obtained from the manufacture of automobile engine parts as a cement replacement material in concrete production[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2018.[8]Kanhu Charan Nayak,Prashant P. Date. Manufacturing of light automobile engine piston head using sheet metal[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2018,15.[9]Yisong Chen,Jinqiu Ma,Bin Han,Peng Zhang,Haining Hua,Hao Chen,Xin Su. Emissions of automobiles fueled with alternative fuels based on engine technology: A review[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition),2018.[10]Xinfeng Zhang,Minghui Luo,Wei Dai,Chuanqi Yao,Jiwen Wang,DaojinHuang,Chunyang Wang. Automotive fuel cell engine test cell design and its thermal flow analysis[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2018.[11]K. Sato,T. Sadahiro,M. Yamazaki,M. Iwase. Throttle Valve Control of Automotive Engine based on Boundary Model[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2018,51(13).[12]Ajay Kumar Maddineni,Dipayan Das,Ravi Mohan Damodaran. Numerical Investigation of Pressure and Flow characteristics of Pleated Air Filter System for Automotive Engine Intake Application[J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2018.[13]Masahiro Yamazaki,Kotoru Sato,Katsuya Shinozaki,Masami Iwase. Boundary Modeling and Identification of Normal Operation for Automobile Engine[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2018,51(31).[14]Guo Bin,Chen Hong,Song Dafeng. Research on Fast Matching Method of Power System Parameters of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles[J]. IFAC PapersOnLine,2018,51(31).[15]Natália de Assis Brasil Weber,Bárbara Pacheco da Rocha,Paulo Smith Schneider,Luiz Carlos Daemme,Renato de Arruda Penteado Neto. Energy and emission impacts of liquid fueled engines compared to electric motors for small size motorcycles based on the Brazilian scenario[J]. Energy,2019,168.[16]Francesco Del Pero,Massimo Delogu,Marco Pierini. Life Cycle Assessment in the automotive sector: a comparative case study of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and electric car[J]. Procedia Structural Integrity,2018,12.[17]Shan Lin,Li Zhao,Shuai Deng,Jiaxin Ni,Ying Zhang,Minglu Ma. Dynamic performance investigation for two types of ORC system driven by waste heat of automotive internal combustion engine[J]. Energy,2019,169.[18]Zhang Jian,Piao Zhong-yu,Liu Shi-ying,Su Sheng-wei,Deng Li-jun. Investigation of wear behavior of graphite coating on aluminum piston skirt of automobile engine[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis,2019.[19]Karsten Wittek,Frank Geiger,Jakob Andert,Mario Martins,Vitor Cogo,Thompson Lanzanova. Experimental investigation of a variable compression ratio system applied to a gasoline passenger car engine[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2019,183.[20]Adnan Kadhim Rashid,Mohd Radzi Abu Mansor,Alexandru Racovitza,Radu Chiriac. Combustion Characteristics of Various Octane Rating Fuels for Automotive Thermal Engines Efficiency Requirements[J]. Energy Procedia,2019,157.[21]Marlon Cadrazco,Alexander Santamaría,John R. Agudelo. Chemical and nanostructural characteristics of the particulate matter produced by renewable diesel fuel in an automotive diesel engine[J]. Combustion and Flame,2019,203.[22]Kenneth Holmberg,Ali Erdemir. The impact of tribology on energy use and CO 2 emission globally and in combustion engine and electric cars[J]. Tribology International,2019,135.[23]Hongli Gao,Fujun Zhang,Sufei Wang,Hao Wu,Zhengkai Wang. Effect of Characteristic Parameters on the Magnetic Properties of Voice Coil Motor for Direct Fuel Injection in Gasoline Engine[J]. Energy Procedia,2019,158.[24]Xunan Gao,Bojan Savic,Roland Baar. A numerical procedure to model heat transfer in radial turbines for automotive engines[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2019,153.[25]Senthil Kumar Kandasamy,Arun Saco Selvaraj,Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal. Experimental investigations of ethanol blended biodiesel fuel on automotive diesel engine performance, emission and durability characteristics[J]. Renewable Energy,2019,141.[26]Ganesh Duraisamy,Murugan Rangasamy,Nagarajan Govindan. A comparative study on methanol/diesel and methanol/PODE dual fuel RCCI combustion in an automotive diesel engine[J]. Renewable Energy,2020,145.[27]Nosratollah Izadiamoli,Hoseyn Sayyaadi. Conceptual design, optimization, and assessment of a hybrid Otto-Stirling engine/cooler for recovering the thermal energy of the exhaust gasses for automotive applications[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2018,171.[28]Federico Millo,Pranav Arya,Fabio Mallamo. Optimization of automotive diesel engine calibration using genetic algorithm techniques[J]. Energy,2018,158.[29]Yonggyu Lee,Seungmook Oh,Changup Kim,Junsun Lee,Kanghun Lee,Junghwan Kim. The dual-port fuel injection system for fuel economy improvement in an automotive spark-ignition gasoline engine[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2018,138.[30]S. d'Ambrosio,A. Ferrari,D. Iemmolo,A. Mittica. Dependence of combustion noise on engine calibration parameters by means of the response surface methodology in passenger car diesel engines[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2019.汽车发动机英文参考文献二：[31]Ivan Bortel,Ji?í Vávra,Michal Takáts. Effect of HVO fuel mixtures onemissions and performance of a passenger car size diesel engine[J]. Renewable Energy,2019,140.[32]Jaeho Cho,Kangjin Kim,Sungha Baek,Cha-Lee Myung,Simsoo Park. Abatement potential analysis on CO 2 and size-resolved particle emissions from a downsized LPG direct injection engine for passenger car[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2019.[33]Jamie Sleigh,Catherine E. Warnaby. Finding the starter motor for the engine of consciousness[J]. British Journal of Anaesthesia,2019,123(3).[34]S. Prakash,M. Prabhahar,S. Sendilvelan,R. Venkatesh,Sanjay Singh,K. Bhaskar. Experimental studies on the performance and emission characteristics of an automobile engine fueled with fish oil methyl ester to reduce environmental pollution[J]. Energy Procedia,2019,160.[35]Sabino Caputo,Federico Millo,Giulio Boccardo,Andrea Piano,Giancarlo Cifali,Francesco Concetto Pesce. Numerical and experimental investigation of a piston thermal barrier coating for an automotive diesel engine application[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2019,162.[36]Nicole D?rr,Adam Agocs,Charlotte Besser,Andjelka Risti?,Marcella Frauscher. Engine Oils in the Field: A Comprehensive Chemical Assessment of Engine Oil Degradation in a Passenger Car[J]. Tribology Letters,2019,67(3).[37]Sumanchandran Devendran,Rajeshkumar Ramasamy,Varatharaj Neelakandan,Thulasirajan Ganesan,Praveen Chakrapani Rao. Failure assessment using accelerated testing on IC engine’s starter motor for reliability improvement[J]. Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering,2019,8(2).[38]Jaegu Choi,Jongmin Lee,Namgyu Jun,Chang-Sung Seok,Sunghwan Park,Gayeon Kim. Development of Laboratory Fatigue Testing Apparatus for Automotive Vehicle Engine Valve Simulating Actual Operating Conditions[J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2019,20(7).[39]Pavel Nicolaie,Chiriac Radu,Birtas Adrian,Draghici Florin,Dinca Mihai. On the improvement by laser ignition of the performances of a passenger car gasoline engine.[J]. Optics express,2019,27(8).[40]Ahmadipour Fatemeh,Esmaeili Sari Abbas,Bahramifar Nader. Characterization, concentration and risk assessment of airborne particles using car engine air filter (case study: Tehran metropolis).[J]. Environmental geochemistry and health,2019.[41]Sleigh Jamie,Warnaby Catherine E. Finding the starter motor for the engine of consciousness.[J]. British journal of anaesthesia,2019,123(3).[42]Derry Matthew J,Smith Timothy,O'Hora Paul S,Armes Steven P. Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Prepared via Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly Provide Excellent Boundary Lubrication Performance for Next-Generation Ultralow-Viscosity Automotive Engine Oils.[J]. ACS applied materials & interfaces,2019.[43]. Hyundai Motor Company; Patent Issued for Continuous Variable Valve Duration Apparatus And Engine Provided With The Same (USPTO 10,060,307)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[44]. Mazda Motor Corporation; Patent Issued for Engine Control Device (USPTO 10,060,372)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[45]. Automotive Engine Market 2018 Global Industry Outlook By Size, Key Players, Trends, Share, Suppliers, Statistics, Sales, Growth, And Regional Forecast To 2023[J]. M2 Presswire,2018.[46]. Mathematics - Applied Mathematics; Researchers at University of Calabria Report New Data on Applied Mathematics (A LPV modeling of turbocharged spark-ignition automotive engine oriented to fault detection and isolation purposes)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2018.[47]. Ford Global Technologies LLC; "Hybrid Module, Hybrid Unit And Motor Vehicle As Well As Starting Process For An Internal Combustion Engine" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180238291)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2018.[48]. Mazda Motor Corporation; Patent Application Titled "Engine Control Device" Published Online (USPTO 20180245529)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[49]. Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd.; "Cooling Device For Internal Combustion Engine Of Vehicle And Control Method Thereof" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180245504)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2018.[50]. Automotive Engine Valves Market 2018 Global Industry Size, Key Player, Share, Mergers, Acquisition, Growth Analysis By Valves Type, Technology, Fuel Type, Vehicle And Region To 2023[J]. M2 Presswire,2018.[51]. Litens Automotive Partnership; Patent Issued for Isolator For Use With Engine That Is Assisted Or Started By An MGU Or A Motor Through An Endless Drive Member (USPTO 10,060,502)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[52]. Honda Motor Co. Ltd.; Patent Issued for Supercharged Engine (USPTO 10,060,337)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[53]. Hyundai Motor Company; Patent Issued for Method Of And System For Generating Virtual Engine Sound (USPTO 10,059,260)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[54]. Suzuki Motor Corporation; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Lubrication Structure For Internal Combustion Engine", for Approval (USPTO 20180238203)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2018.[55]. Energy; Studies from Brunel University in the Area of Energy Described (Expander Technologies for Automotive Engine Organic Rankine Cycle Applications)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[56]. Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd.; Patent Application Titled "Cooling Device For Internal Combustion Engine Of Vehicle And Control Method Thereof" Published Online (USPTO 20180245503)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2018.[57]. Honda Motor Co.Ltd.; Patent Application Titled "Internal Combustion Engine For Vehicle" Published Online (USPTO 20180245509)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2018.[58]. Honda Motor Co. Ltd.; Patent Issued for V Engine Having Valve Property Varying Mechanism (USPTO 10,066,553)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[59]. Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.; Patent Issued for Vehicle Engine Stop Control Device (USPTO 10,065,646)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2018.[60]. Yamaha Motor Power Products Kabushiki Kaisha; Patent Issued for Engine (USPTO 10,066,522)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.汽车发动机英文参考文献三：[61]. Continental Automotive Systems Inc.; Patent Application Titled "Connected Energy Management And Autonomous Driving Strategy For Engine Cylinder Deactivation" Published Online (USPTO 20180238249)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2018.[62]. Honda Motor Co. Ltd.; Patent Issued for Variable Valve Mechanism For Internal Combustion Engine (USPTO 10,066,518)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[63]. Suzuki Motor Corporation; Patent Issued for Engine For Outboard Motor (USPTO 10,059,416)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018.[64]. MAHLE International GmbH; "Internal Combustion Engine For A Motor Vehicle" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180216583)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[65]. Hyundai Motor Company; "Engine Cooling System" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180163608)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[66]Jedd Cole. Grinder Simplifies Automotive Engine Part Production[J]. Modern Machine Shop,2018,91(3).[67]. Energy; Reports Outline Energy Study Results from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (Multi-objective optimization of turbo-ORC systems for waste heat recovery on passenger car engines)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[68]. Science - Applied Sciences; Researchers from Inha University Provide Details of New Studies and Findings in the Area of Applied Sciences (A New Method for Active Cancellation of Engine Order Noise in a Passenger Car)[J]. Science Letter,2018.[69]. Honda Motor Co. Ltd.; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Engine Generator", for Approval (USPTO 20180283340)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[70]. Mazda Motor Corporation; Patent Application Titled "Control Device Of Compression Self-Ignition Engine" Published Online (USPTO 20180283296)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[71]. Continental Automotive GmbH; "High-Pressure Fuel Pump And Fuel Supply Device For An Internal Combustion Engine, In Particular Of A Motor Vehicle" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180283336)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[72]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Hybrid Vehicle And Method Of Controlling Engine Start" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180297578)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[73]. Mazda Motor Corporation; Patent Issued for Fuel Injection Control Device For Direct-Injection Engine (USPTO 10,119,492)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[74]. Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.; Patent Issued for Engine Control Device And Engine Control Method (USPTO 10,119,486)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[75]. Johnson Electric S.A.; "Motor, Circuit Board, And Engine Cooling Module Including The Motor" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180337578)[J]. Electronics Business Journal,2018.[76]. Mazda Motor Corporation; Patent Application Titled "Structure Of Mounting Intake Air Temperature Sensor Of Engine With Supercharger" Published Online (USPTO 20180340496)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[77]. Kia Motors Corporation; "System And Method For Controlling Engine Clutch" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180335096)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[78]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Method For Starting Engine For Hybrid Electric Vehicle" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180340503)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[79]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Piston For Engine" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20180340491)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2018.[80]Maniatis P,Wagner U,Koch T. A model-based and experimental approach for the determination of suitable variable valve timings for cold start in partial load operation of a passenger car single-cylinder diesel engine[J]. International Journal of Engine Research,2019,20(1).[81]Tauzia Xavier,Maiboom Alain,Karaky Hassan,Chesse Pascal. Experimental analysis of the influence of coolant and oil temperature on combustion and emissions in an automotive diesel engine[J]. International Journal of Engine Research,2019,20(2).[82]. Kia Motors Corporation; Patent Issued for Engine Idle Operation Control Method And System For Heating Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (USPTO 10,220,828)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[83]. Suzuki Motor Corporation; Patent Issued for Engine Control Device And Engine Control Method (USPTO 10,232,924)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019.[84]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Gasoline Direct Injection Engine" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190078500)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[85]. Proposed Information Collection Request; Comment Request; Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Program Fees (Renewal), EPA ICR 2080.07, OMB Control No. 2060-0545[J]. The Federal Register / FIND,2019,84(070).[86]. Energy; Findings from Federal University of Santa Maria in the Area of Energy Reported (Experimental Investigation of a Variable Compression Ratio System Applied To a Gasoline Passenger Car Engine)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[87]. Energy; Studies from Federal University in the Area of Energy Described (Energy and Emission Impacts of Liquid Fueled Engines Compared To Electric Motors for Small Size Motorcycles Based On the Brazilian Scenario)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[88]. Central Motor Wheel Co. Ltd.; Patent Application Titled "Thermoacoustic Engine, And Designing Method For Thermoacoustic Engine" Published Online (USPTO 20190085833)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[89]. Kia Motors Corporation; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Apparatus For Improving Efficiency Of Turbocharger Engine", for Approval (USPTO 20190093548)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[90]. Engineering - Automobile Engineering; University of Birmingham Reports Findings in Automobile Engineering (On-board Thermochemical Energy Recovery Technology for Low Carbon Clean Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Powered Vehicles)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.汽车发动机英文参考文献四：[91]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Method And Device For Controlling Engine During Idle Purge Of Canister" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190112993)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[92]. Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd.; Patent Issued for Fuel Injection System For Internal Combustion Engine (USPTO 10,267,253)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[93]Song Kang,Upadhyay Devesh,Xie Hui. A physics-based turbocharger model for automotive diesel engine control applications[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,2019,233(7).[94]. Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd.; Patent Issued for Engine Control Device (USPTO 10,309,366)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[95]. Continental Automotive GmbH; "Gas Internal Combustion Engine With Auxiliary Starting System" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190162123)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[96]. Fuel Research; Studies from Volvo Car Group Add New Findings in the Area of Fuel Research (Impact of Closely-coupled Triple-pilot and Conventional Double-pilot Injection Strategies In a Ld Diesel Engine)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[97]. Kia Motors Corporation; Patent Issued for Engine Start Control Method (USPTO 10,316,814)[J]. Biotech Business Week,2019.[98]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Apparatus And Method For Starting Engine Of Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190184972)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[99]. Energy; Findings from K.N. Toosi University of Technology Provides New Data on Energy (Conceptual design, optimization, and assessment of a hybrid Otto-Stirling engine/cooler for recovering the thermal energy of the exhaust gasses for automotive ...)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[100]. Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha; "Automotive Engine Coolant Composition, Automotive Engine Concentrated Coolant Composition, And Method Of Operating Internal Combustion Engine" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190194516)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[101]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Engine Control Method For Heating Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190193516)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[102]. Kia Motors Corporation; "Vehicle And Method For Controlling Engine Startup Reference Power" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190202432)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[103]. Energy; Technical University Details Findings in Energy (A fully automated smooth calibration generation methodology for optimization of latest generation of automotive diesel engines)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[104]. Black &Decker Inc.; "Battery And Motor System For Replacing Internal Combustion Engine" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190238083)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[105]. Mazda Motor Corporation; "Exhaust Gas Control Device, Method, And Computer Program Product For An Engine" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20190234330)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[106]Dongha Kim,JongRoul Woo,Jungwoo Shin,Jongsu Lee,Yongdai Kim. Can search engine data improve accuracy of demand forecasting for new products? Evidence from automotive market[J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems,2019,119(5).[107]R. Ellappan,S. Arumugam. The effect of corrosion inhibitor on corrosion of automotive materials in Biodegradable engine oil[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,390(1).[108]P. Wi?niowski,M ?l?zak,A Niewczas,T Szczepański. Method for synthesizing the laboratory exhaust emission test from car engines based on road tests[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,421(4).[109]J Kaszkowiak,M Markiewicz-Patalon. The impact on the manner of loading theengines powered with biogas and natural gas on the selected parameters of the motor oil[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,421(4).[110]A Wolff. Numerical analysis of gas flow through the labyrinth seal of piston rings of an automotive IC engine[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,421(4).[111]Z Kneba. Research on the phenomena of warming up and free cooling down the car engine[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,421(4).[112]N C Nutu,C Pana,N Negurescu,A Cernat,D Fuiorescu,L Nemoianu. An experimental approach on fuelling a passenger car diesel engine with LPG[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,444(7).[113]T Ulian,V Vornicu,E Rakosi,G Manolache,S Talif,I Agape. The study of the performance improvement possibilities by using the principle of zonal cooling for the automotive engine[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,444(7).[114]V Serevina,A A Azhar,T Sutandi,K Sumeru. Effect Of Engine Speed On The Performance Of Automotive Air Conditioning System Using R134a And R152a As Refrigerants[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2019,1150(1).[115]Willyanto Anggono,Sutrisno,Fandi D Suprianto,Muji Setiyo,Rendy Wibisono,Gabriel Jeremy Gotama. Experimental investigation of the effect of Nephelium Lappaceum seed biodiesel to the automotive diesel engine performance[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2019,257(1).[116]Guorui Jia,Huanhuan Ren,Dongchang Zhao,Chuan Chen,Rujie Yu,Peng Ge,Shaohui Liu. Numerical Simulation of Multiple Injections on the Combustion of Reactivity Distribution in Automotive Engine[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2019,252(3).[117]Xitong Zhang,Tao Peng,Fuxin Mao,Ming Cheng. Research on Key Technologies of Integrated Teaching Platform for Automotive Engine ECU Control System[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2019,1237(4).[118]Huanhuan Ren,Guorui Jia,Dongchang Zhao,Chuan Chen,Rujiex Yu,Peng Ge,Shaohui Liu. Simulation Study of Injection Strategy on the Emission in Automotive Engine[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2019,252(3).[119]Olufemi Sylvester Bamisaye,Anthony Yinka Oyerinde,Ubong Akpan Essien. Investigation of the Effects of Air-Conditioning System on the Temperature and Speed of Automobile Engine Using Paired T-Test and Regression Analysis[J]. Open AccessLibrary Journal,2019,06(01).[120]Huali Guo,Jia Cui,Guofu Wang,Hongwang Zhao. Analysis and Research on the Teaching Principle of Automotive Engine Based on CDIO Concept[P]. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Sports, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (SAEME 2018),2018.以上就是关于汽车发动机英文参考文献的分享，希望对你有所帮助。

在一个80后被房子绑架的时代，这些前90后以及90后，只好把自己的眼睛放到了海外，寄望于外面的天空给自己一个逃出**的机会。

因此只要是能让我们逃出这无望的循环的方法，都被人们无限的放大。

“留学”被放大，“富二代”被放大，“成名”被放大。

都TM被逼的！套磁本是一个结识对方的方式，但是现在也被无限的放大。

可以说这种方式在上世纪末，还算是一个申请的秘籍，但是慢慢的，当我们获得的信息信息越来越多的时候，也慢慢被人熟知。

其实现在国内的留学界还有很多错误的信息在蔓延，但是我们只有靠时间的积累来冲刷这些信息，大浪淘沙之后，才能有真相大白的一天，但是这一天什么时候能到来？由于某些不良留学中介的出现，使得这一天被大大推迟了。

至于套磁，很多留学中介也是大包大揽的，“帮”我们解决了，但是实际上很多都是用一些现成的模板，完全没有取得套磁的效果，甚至这些模板还会让导师讨厌我们，换句话说也就是取得了坏的结果。

那么，这些模板有没有用呢？其实作用还是有的，也就是这些套磁信模板可以让我们了解，到底怎样写套磁信，套磁信该是什么样的，为我们自己写套磁信指明一个方向。

因此今天无老师就为大家展示出一些套磁信的模板或者说样本。

【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear Professor Smith:I am a college graduate from ABC University, with a degree in Computer Science, currently working full time as a computer programmer with Bank of China, but interested in applying for a Research Assistantship at your school. Dr. Song provided me with your e-mail address and suggested that I write you about a possible position.I attended the Special Class of Gifted Use at ABC University when I was 14 years old and earned my Bachelor’s Degree in computer science there in 1996. Since graduation, I have been working with the Technology Department, Bank of China. My responsibility at the Bank is to develop application software for internal usage and help managing the Bank’s database and network. I led or took part in several key projects such as Foreign Exchange Savings Accounts Networking System, the State Dragon Card Networking System and the Dragon Card-Stock Funds Transferring System. With my hardworking and continuous learning, I have gained tremendous practical experiences and knowledge in my field and also learned to be an excellent team player and a good communicator. I am quite proficient in Unix operating system, Windows NT, computer programming (using C/C++/ESQL C, and Visual Basic), and Informix database system. In addition, I have had solid hands-on experience in TCP/IP network design and implementation.As stated earlier, I have always been interested in both computer science and biology as both disciplines are at the forefront of rapid development. Health Informatics seems a perfect subject for me as I can learn more about the healthcare discipline while using my skills in computer, especially in database and network, to make contribution to health informatics. I am convinced that with my strong technical background, diligence and intelligence, and my enthusiasm for health informatics, I will be an excellent student in this field and a good Research Assistant to you.I would greatly appreciate it if you would grant me an opportunity for application. You may reply to me through this email address. Thank you very much for your consideration.Sincerely yours,Mei Wong 】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Knowing where one is heading during navigation brings assured happiness. As a student majoring in Computer Software, I began my odyssey four years ago. Now, after the initial mysticism wasgradually unveiled, my curiosity remains the same. Indeed, having entered this splendid computer world, I am more than greedy for something new.From the beginning of my study, my endeavor was fixed on the underlying branches of Computer Science, particularly System Software develop ment. Novel applications on other’s platform may be fruitful, but I think it’s more appealing to act as an independent “manager”. In fact, mathematics, OS, DBMS and modern compiler are all the examples, any breakthrough of which would push forward the whole industry. Individuality is achieved in this unique position.My paces toward this goal are always steady. As mathematics permeates to the every corner of Computer Science, I am eager to see how it functions. I took courses offered by the Mathematics Department including Mathematical Analysis and Advanced Algebra. The curriculum also covered Discrete Mathematics, Probability & Statistics and Theoretical Computer Science. As supplement to my scope of knowledge, I learn by myself Combination Mathematics and the Science of Programming. This really made a hard period of time, but the harvest was rewarding. I come to understand that even the most irrelevant software disciplines have the origins in common.The importance of Fractured Geometry in Computer Graphics is already obvious. What if a step furthers toward TSP or Bin Packing? Immeasurable. Then came my favorite topics: Operating System, Compiler and Database. I worked hard and derived bits of my own insight. In fact, I was greatly encouraged to find some of my ideas successfully implemented in the corresponding course projects. My final grade is straight “As” in these coursed. In short, although my experience in Computer Science is still limited, I believe its depth is well accessible. As my advisor, Prof. Fang Yu, put it figuratively in one of his lectures: “ It makes no difference whether a hunter captures 5 or 7 rabbits. What counts is he knows how to use his gun.”I think I can be the qualified shooter now. in my undergraduate years, I have earned various kinds of scholarships, among which were “Peking University Fellowship” and “Excellent Academic Scholarship”. My overall GPA ranks upper 10% among 48 students of the same grade. Because of my satisfactory performance, I was granted the honor of entering the graduate program at Peking University directly, waived of the admission test. In retrospect, my workload is always heavy but it is worth my time of effort. Presently, I have both adequate theoretical understanding and rich programming experience. READY I AM.Of all the sub-areas of Computer Science, my major interest is parallel processing and the related compiler construction. The terminology of parallel processing came to me when I read an artic 】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear #######:Thank you again for your email. From the sounds of your scores and grades, you should have no problem entering Princeton. I am quite familiar with the program that you are in and have had several close friends that have been there at Beijing University. In fact, ####### was in graduate school with me and she was in the accelerated program. She has done extremely well in the . and after graduation went on to do some first rate science at a university in California. Since 2001 is your target date, I can begin to arrange funding for a research assistantship for you. These are nicer than teaching assistantships because they allow you to focus only on your research. Naturally, you will not be obligated to accept should you find other options. However, I believe that you will be most welcomed here in my group.You had asked about some of my publications, if you send me your address I can send preprints. They may take some time to get to China. You can find some of our work listed on our web site under my cv. This is an incomplete list but the PRL of last year is there and the latest hasnt yet been released from the publishers.We have been doing some interesting things lately with topological defects on tube manifolds that you might like. We have recently imaged nanotubes which exhibit a change in chirality along the tube! Tunneling spectra show that this produces subtle changes in the LDOS as predicted in some of X. Blase’s work. We have also begun optical studies on individual nanotubes using near-field scanning optical microscopy and spectroscopy. We are particualry interested in how the surface plasmon resonances (governed by tube topology) effects the third order nonlinear susceptability in these objects. Thank you again for your interest in our group. May I suggest that we keep in contact over the year. Let me know your progress and I will try to help with the application procedures should you decide to join us.Sincerely**】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear Professor #######:Thank you very much for your kind reply. I am sorry that during the summer vacation I cannot read and reply your email in time.As stated in my first letter, my desired entrance date is in Fall of 2000. And I would like to provide my test scores. My TOEFL test score is 647 (Oct. 1997) with a TWE score of . My GRE test score is 2340 (Oct. 1996, V770 M800 A770). My GRE Subject score is 920 (Oct. 1998, Physics). And I will take the TSE test in the coming August. And my undergraduate and graduate GPA are both about in , about top 10%-20% in my class.I wish to make a note that during my undergraduate study I was quite young, and during my graduate study I take many efforts to study the basic courses in Physics by myself, which may be the reason my GPAs are not in the top 5%. But now I believe that I have been quite familiar in the knowledges of Physics, both the courses and the researches. So I hope that my test scores and grades are acceptable to Priceton with financial supports.As to the research, I am very glad to learn the research background you provided in your letter. I am quite familiar with the works of X. Blase published in PRL and APL. I also know that J-C Charlier is a famous specialist in this field. So perhaps I could do theoretical research works in your group. Also, I am very glad to know that you have the needed main instruments for carbon nanotubes in your group, so that both theoretical and experimental works can be done.I am puzzled at the “MRS meeting in Boston” you mentioned in your letter. What is the full-name of MRS? Is it a meeting specialized in nano-systems? I do research works on carbon nanotubes almost totally by myself, and perhaps are not familiar with such fixed terms. Would you please explain the contents of this meeting? Thanks. And you mentioned that your latest publications will come out in next months in PRL. Would you please send me the page number of this paper in PRL, and if possible, the full text of this paper? The journal PRL reaches to China very late, usually several months to half a year after published, and I don’t have the account to find the full-texts of PRL on-line.I am looking forward to receiving your warmhearted reply. Thanks.Yours sincerely###########】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear ######:Thank you for the email and your interest in our research program.I am very intersted in your application and would like to hear more. Are you interested in Fall 2000 or fall 2001? Certianly for 2001 there should be no problem getting research support, provided that your test scores, grades, etc. are acceptable to the university. For 2000, it would be a little tougher because of the short notice, but might be arranged under special circumstances.You asked about the nature of research here. In the laboratory, students generally couple calculations with experiment. We specialize in spectroscopic determinations of transport and electronic structure using scanning probes (STM and NSOM). To gain a detailed understanding of this, ab initio calculations must be compared with data. We have worked closely with J-C Charlier in Belgium, A. Rubio in Spain, and X. Blase in France using a varietyof theoretical techniques including tight binding for structural information and LDA of DFT for electronics calcs.Our tunneling microscope is a low temperature Besoke design copied from the Julich group. We are capable of running at LHe temperatures for good energy resolution. We are in the process of constructing a near-field scanning optical microscope and a photon scanning tunneling microscope. These two new instruments should be on line around Dec.Our group focus is to understand the quantum dynamics and optical response of individual nano-systems like carbon nanotubes, B-doped nanotubes and filled nanotubes. Look for our latest publications coming out in the next months in PRL, JMR, and Advanced Materials. The entire group will also be at the MRS meeting in Boston.We would be pleased to consider your application for this year or next.########Professor of PhysicsPrinceton University 】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【【Dear Professor ####:I am very sorry to bother you and send this e-mail, but I really wish to contact you. I am a graduate student majoring in Condensed Matter Physics Theory in the Department of Physics, Beijing University (Beijing). I wish to pursue a doctoral degree in Physics at your University. My desired date of entrance is Fall, 2000. I have visited the homepage of the “Laboratory for Nanotech”. I am writing this letter to you to introduce myself and query about the graduate programs at NCCNM. Thank you very much for reading this email.Born on SEP 10, 1979, I entered Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology (HUST) when I was 15 years old. I finished the four-year undergraduate program in three years and achieved my degree of B. Eng. (Optoelectronic Engineering) in June 1997 with the honor of “Outstanding Graduate”. Then, I was admitted to the Graduate School of Beijing University at the Department of Physics. I will obtain my degree of M. S. (Physics) in June 2000. I have done much research work on the topics of mesoscopic physics, such as carbon nanotubes, persistent currents, Aharonov-Bohm geometric phase effects, electronic transport phenomena, etc. Such modern researchtopics attract me very much in that they are associated with both Condensed-Matter Physics and microelectronics, respectively my detail majors for M. S. and B. Eng.I wish to say that I am indeed interested in the graduate programs at Physics Dept. of Princeton University, and I eagerly wish that I can join your research group. As I have also strong research interests on carbon nanotubes, I do believe that thedoctorate-oriented study under your direction will be of great help to me. I wonder, however, whether you do theoretical or experimental research works? I wish to state that, although my current research topics on carbon nanotubes are theoretical, I can also do experimental research works, especially optical studies, due to my undergraduate major in Optics. I hope my solid background in both physics and engineering can meet your general requirements of entrance to Physics Department as a graduate with financial supports.I deem it a great honor to become a graduate of Princeton, if admitted.Would you please consider my application and tell me whether it is possible for me to be enrolled as your graduate with financial supports? Thank you very much for your kind assistance. I am looking forward to receiving your reply.My current address is:#######Building RoomUniversityBeijing 100080People’s Republic of ChinaThanks!Yours Sincerely#########】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】】那么当我们现在看完这几封推荐信之后，应该来回顾一下这些套磁信的共性，只有发现他们的共性之后，我们才知道怎么展开自己的套磁信，这个工作显然是“套磁季”的核心环节，因此无老师决定，下次再写^_^在美国留学研究生申请过程中套磁很重要。

An accelerated pathway for targeted cancer therapiesA well-defined pathway for the accelerated development and approval of targeted cancer therapies and companion diagnostics would reduce uncertainty, improve efficiency in development and provide an effective incentive for developers.Despite important advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer, the promise of tar-geted cancer therapy remains largely unfulfilled, with only a few well-known examples, such as trastuzumab, currently approved. One of the most significant chal-lenges is the effective coordination of the development and regulatory review of targeted therapies and com-panion diagnostics. At least three issues underlie this challenge. First, no consensus exists on how to study a targeted therapy intended for use in a subpopulation defined by a molecular marker. Discussions by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee have suggested that clinical-trial participants should be stratified prospectively accord-ing to biomarker status and that treatment effects should be evaluated in both biomarker-positive and -negative populations. However, trastuzumab was approved for use in biomarker-positive patients without evaluation in the biomarker-negative subpopulation. Second, there is additional uncertainty about which comparator therapy to use, because an acceptable treat-ment in an unselected population may have different efficacy in the ‘targeted’ population, or the ‘targeted’ pop-ulation may have a different prognosis. Third, within the FDA, cancer drugs are reviewed by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), whereas diagnostics are reviewed by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH). Co-development of a targeted therapy and a diagnostic therefore requires early agreement and coordination between product developers and these Centers on evidentiary standards and administrative procedures. Although the FDA has issued a concept paper on the co-development of drugs and diagnostics1, formal guidance that provides clear direction has not yet been developed. With the aim of helping to address these issues, we propose a pathway to enable and accelerate the development and approval of targeted cancer therapies and companion diagnostics.A targeted approval pathwayTrial design. Three principles should guide the design of a ‘targeted approval trial’. First, it should use a design in which the targeted therapy is prospectively evaluated in the biomarker-positive subpopulation identified by the companion diagnostic. Evaluating a targeted therapy in biomarker-positive subgroups before it is studied in biomarker-negative patients is appropriate if existing evidence strongly suggests that the biomarker-positive patients will benefit most from treatment and if there are enough biomarker-positive patients to ensure that the analysis will have sufficient statistical power2. This trial design is most efficient if the biomarker-positive sub-group is large relative to the total patient population, or if the distinction between biomarker-positive and biomar-ker-negative patients (diagnostic test cut-off) is not well established3. However, if it is known with high confi-dence that the new treatment does not help all patients, if the subgroup expected to benefit is relatively small and if the cut-off value for the diagnostic is well established, then an ‘enriched’ design — in which biomarker-positive patients are randomized to receive the treatment or stand-ard of care, while biomarker-negative patients receive standard of care alone — is more efficient4. Application of adaptive trial designs could also potentially enhance efficiency. A biomarker-adaptive Phase III design has been proposed that is capable of detecting treatment benefit in an overall population and in a subset, allowing researchers to prospectively incor-porate validation of a biomarker for identifying treat-ment-sensitive patients into the trial5. The I-SPY 2 trial is an example of an adaptive trial designed to address the challenges of accelerating clinical development of tar-geted therapies that are in Phase II trials6. Retrospective analyses of biomarker status as a predictor of treatment effect should be deemed sufficient for approval of the diagnostic test, provided that the test used in the trials was analytically validated, was applied in a high propor-tion of the study population and the treatment effect was significant in biomarker-positive patients. Second, the trial design should consider the specific cancer or stage of cancer for which the sponsor seeks an indication, and whether there is an available standard of care. Although the preferred design for an approval study is a randomized control trial, if no standard of careMark McClellan and JoshuaBenner are at the EngelbergCenter for Health CareReform, Brookings Institution,Washington DC, USA.Richard Schilsky is at theUniversity of Chicago MedicalCenter, Chicago, Illinois, USA.David Epstein is at NovartisPharmaceuticals, Basel,Switzerland.Ray Woosley is at the CriticalPath Institute, T ucson,Arizona, USA.Stephen Friend is at SageBionetworks, Seattle,Washington, USA.David Sidransky is at JohnsHopkins University,Baltimore, Maryland, USA.Cindy Geoghegan is at Patientand Partners LLC, New YorkCity, New York, USA.David Kessler is at theUniversity of California in SanFrancisco, San Francisco,California, USA.Correspondence to J.B.e-mail: jbenner@brookings.edudoi:10.1038/nrd3360CommentnATURE REvIEWS |Drug Discovery vOlUmE 10 | FEbRUARY 2011 |79© 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reservedexists for the particular cancer and stage, a new biomar-ker-targeted therapy and companion diagnostic should be approvable on the basis of a well-designed single-arm trial that demonstrates effectiveness on an end point that the FDA deems reasonably likely to predict clinical ben-efit; for example, a change in a clinically relevant surro-gate end point. Importantly, there should be convincing evidence that the observed effect is not attributable to the natural history of the cancer.Third, the approval trial should assess additional end points thought to predict clinical benefit. Eventually, the evidence linking biomarkers of treatment response to clinical outcomes will justify their use in evaluating the effectiveness of therapy. However, while the pathway for validating biomarkers as end points remains uncertain, the newly developed biomarker qualification process at the FDA (and the European medicines Agency) should be used to gain greater evidence and consensus on their value for decision-making in drug development7. Regulatory review and approval. An integrated process for accelerated review and approval of drugs and diag-nostic tests used together in serious or life-threatening cancers — a ‘targeted approval’ process — would form the basis for greater collaboration in evaluating the drug–diagnostic pair and coordination of evidentiary standards between the Centers at the FDA. It would also reduce uncertainty for product developers.The targeted approval process would require a change from current regulatory policy in order to approve a drug–diagnostic combination without the typical level of evidence on the test’s ability to distinguish between patients who will and will not respond to the therapy. The default trial design for evaluating targeted therapies is to assess the biomarker in all patients as a pre-speci-fied variable for stratified analysis, and to randomize all patients to either treatment or control groups regardless of their biomarker status, because this design simultane-ously evaluates the effectiveness of the drug and the pre-dictive value of the diagnostic test. Rather than requiring extended trials to demonstrate that the test-negative patients do not respond to the drug prior to approval, we propose granting targeted approval if and when it is demonstrated that the test-positive patients do respond to the drug. This would be conditional on post-approval studies to demonstrate the clinical benefit and safety of the drug based on conventional end points, as well as to demonstrate broader clinical utility of the diagnostic test (that is, it distinguishes patients likely to benefit from the drug from those who are not). As with accelerated approval of drugs, such a policy should adapt the eviden-tiary standards to the specific clinical context of use. In a targeted approval framework in the United States, the CDER would approve the drug for use in the subpop-ulation defined by the diagnostic test. The CDRH would approve the device (if not previously approved) for a claim of identifying patients who were studied in the trial of the drug, with the caveat that the test has not been shown to be useful for identifying patients with expected lack of effect in the biomarker-negative population. This is an extension of the existing accelerated approval process to the targeted therapy context, particularly if the molecular rationale for the test and therapy is supported by strong epidemiological, therapeutic, pathophysiological or other evidence that suggests the test is reasonably likely to iden-tify a population likely to benefit from the treatment. Although potentially harmful off-target effects could be missed in smaller, more focused trials, additional evi-dence would be accumulated rapidly through active post-market safety surveillance. moreover, the requirement of demonstrating effectiveness in the biomarker-positive population would ensure that patients for whom the diag-nostic–drug strategy was approved — albeit a potentially narrow group of patients — would benefit from therapy. Detailed guidance from the FDA on the targeted cancer therapy approval process, and a manual of Policies and Procedures for administrative coordination of interac-tions between the sponsor(s), the CDRH and the CDER, would reduce uncertainty for all participants.ConclusionsThe targeted cancer therapy development and approval approach outlined here builds upon existing policies for accelerated approval and the FDA’s concept paper1. It creates a mechanism for including diagnostic testing information on treatment labels and for developing evi-dence of clinical benefit first for subpopulations that are most likely to benefit from the treatment. It also avoids the pre-market costs associated with assessing the value of the biomarker in predicting outcomes, although such evaluation would have to be done in a post-market set-ting. Finally, the approach could also allay payer con-cerns about reimbursement for treatments without adequate evidence of clinical benefit, thereby enhanc-ing the value of approved treatments. most importantly, this framework offers the potential for further and faster progress, while still ensuring that targeted cancer thera-pies are used in patients who will benefit.Mark McClellan, Joshua Benner, Richard Schilsky, David Epstein, Ray Woosley, Stephen Friend, David Sidransky, Cindy Geoghegan and David Kessler1. US FDA. Drug–Diagnostic Co-Development Concept Paper. FDA website[online], /downloads/Drugs/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/Pharmacogenetics/UCM116689.pdf (2005).2. Mandrekar, S. J. & Sargent, D. J. Clinical trial designs for predictivebiomarker validation: theoretical considerations and practicalchallenges. J. Clin. Oncol.27, 4027–4034 (2009).3. Hoering, A. et al. Randomized phase III clinical trial designs fortargeted agents. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 4358–4367 (2008).4. Simon, R. & Maitournam, A. Evaluating the efficiency of targeteddesigns for randomized clinical trials. Clin. Cancer Res.10,6759–6763 (2004).5. Jiang, W. et al. Biomarker-adaptive threshold design: a procedure forevaluating treatment with possible biomarker-defined subset effect.J. Natl Cancer Inst.99, 1036–1043 (2007).6. Barker, A.D. et al. I-SPY 2: an adaptive breast cancer trial design inthe setting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.86, 97–100 (2009).7. Goodsaid, F. M. et al. Strategic paths for biomarker qualification.T oxicology245, 219–223 (2008).AcknowledgementsP. Keegan of the US FDA provided comments on a draft. E. Karnes, M. Morrison, R. Anderson and E. Khoong of the Brookings Institution, and L. Fahey McGrath of Novartis, contributed to background research and assisted in drafting. The recommendations are based on a discussion at the Conference on Cancer Clinical Research, 14 September 2009, hosted by the Brookings Institution and Friends of Cancer Research.Competing interests statementThe authors declare competing financial interests: see web version for details.80 | FEbRUARY 2011 | vOlUmE 10 /reviews/drugdisc COMMENT© 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reservedCopyright of Nature Reviews Drug Discovery is the property of Nature Publishing Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.。

感兴趣的可靠性书籍已有1590次阅读2015-9-2210:27|个人分类:可靠性技术|系统分类:科研笔记|关键词:可靠性分析环境试验设备可靠性书籍一直从事可靠性方面的工作，看过几十本关于环境试验中文版本的标准，也参与起草过2个国标的编写。

近2年稍微时间比较充裕，打算把以下书籍浏览一遍，任务可不轻，有很多书可能都买不到或者借不到。

如果大家有好的可靠性图书也欢迎推荐给我。

1.Reliability Engineering Handbook(Volume1)–Dimitri Kececioglu2.Reliability Engineering Handbook(Volume2)–Dimitri Kececioglu3.Reliability&Life Testing Handbook,Volume1–Dimitri Kececioglu4.Reliability&Life Testing Handbook,Volume2–Dimitri Kececioglu5.Robust Engineering Design-By-Reliability with EMphasis on MEchanical Components and Structural Reliability,Vol.1–Dimitri Kececioglu6.Environmental Stress Screening:Its Quantification,Optimization and Management–Dimitri Kececioglu7.The New Weibull Handbook Fifth Edition,Reliability and Statistical Analysis for Predicting Life,Safety,Supportability,Risk,Cost and Warranty Claims8.Maintenance and Reliability Best Practices9.Software Reliability:Measurement,Prediction,Application10.Software Reliability Engineering:More Reliable Software Faster and Cheaper2nd Edition11.Automotive Electronics Reliability(Progress in Technology)12.Applied Reliability–Third edition13.Achieving System Reliability Growth Through Robust Design and Test14.电子元器件应用手册（参考书）15.轨道列车可靠性、可用性、维修性和安全性16.动车组结构可靠性与动力学17.可靠性工程与管理实践–怎样提高产品可靠性18.疲劳强度设计19.统计学–科学与工程应用20.概率统计21.可靠性设计大全22.风力机可靠性工程23.耐热钢持久性能的统计分析及可靠性预测24.故障诊断、预测与系统健康管理（培训课时看过）25.现代机械工程设计–全寿命周期性能与可靠性26.系统可靠性设计与分析27.可靠性与维修性工程概论28.可靠性工程数学29.结构可靠性理论与应用30.电子元器件可靠性设计31.产品可靠性、维修性及保障性手册32.数控机床性能分析及可靠性设计技术33.液压系统可靠性工程34.可靠性数据分析教程（看过）35.漫画玩转统计学36.软件可靠性工程37.高可靠性航空产品试验技术38.系统可靠性评定方法研究39.空间运载器的可靠性保证40.机械系统设计初期的可靠性模糊预计与分配41.MEMS可靠性42.高加速寿命试验与高加速应力筛选（此书翻译质量较差，建议大家不要购买）43.Accelerated Reliability Engineering—HALT and HASS44.Contributions to Hardware and Software Reliability45.Sensor Performance and Reliability46.Reliability Toolkit:Commercial Practices Edition–A Practical Guide for Commercial Products and Military Systems Under Acquisition Reform（已阅读）47.Engineering Design Reliability Handbook48.Reliability Improvement with Design of Experiment,Second Edition49.Design for Reliability(Quality and Reliability Engineering Series)50.Reliability Data Analysis With Excel and Minitab51.Effective FMEAs:Achieving Safe,Reliable,and Economical Products and Processes using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis52.Global Vehicle Reliability:Prediction and Optimization Techniques（已阅读）53.电子封装技术丛书：电子封装技术与可靠性54.大功率电站汽轮机寿命预测与可靠性设计55.汽车可靠性工程基础56.航天器机构及其可靠性57.腐蚀试验方法及监测技术（已阅读）58.机械可靠性：理论·方法·应用59.大容量电站锅炉可靠性与寿命的设计及评定60.普通高等教育十五国家级规划教材：汽车可靠性技术61.Accelerated Reliability and Durability Testing Technology62.Design and Analysis of Accelerated Tests for Mission Critical Reliabilitypressors:How to Achieve High Reliability&Availability64.Product Warranty Handbook65.Electronic Derating for Optimum Performance66.Automotive Electronics Reliability,Volume267.Vibration Spectrum Analysis68.可靠性工程（第2版）69.现代机械设计手册·单行本：疲劳强度与可靠性设计70.电子组装工艺可靠性71.机械可靠性工程（已阅读）72.Warranty Cost Analysis73.Reliability of Electronic Components:A Practical Guide to Electronic Systems Manufacturing74.Long-Term Non-Operating Reliability of Electronic Productsponent Reliability for Electronic Systems76.THE RELIABILITY HANDBOOK VOLUME1(NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION)77.At&t Reliability Manual78.Reliability of Large Systems79.Understanding Measurement:Reliability(Understanding Statistics)80.15Most Common Obstacles to World-Class Reliability:A Roadmap for Managers81.Reliability Theory With Applications to Preventive Maintenance82.Early Prediction models for software reliability83.Reliability Assurance for Medical Devices,Equipment and Software84.Reliability Assessment:A Guide to Aligning Expectations,Practices,and Performance85.Introduction to the Physics of Materials86.振动信号的现代分析技术与应用87.振动冲击及噪声测试技术(第二版)88.Vibration Spectrum Analysis89.Random Vibration in Perspective90.Reliability-Based Design91.冲击与振动手册（第5版）92.Ensuring Software Reliability93.Handbook of Reliability Engineering and Management2/E94.Reliability:Modeling,Prediction,and Optimization95.云计算实战:可靠性与可用性设计96.可靠性物理与工程:失效时间模型97.功率半导体器件:原理、特性和可靠性98.A Minimal-Mathematics Introduction to the Fundamentals of Random Vibration& Shock Testing:Measurement,Analysis and Calibration as Applied to Halt99.Reliability and Degradation of Semiconductor Lasers and LEDs100.Reliability and Fault Tree Analysis:Theoretical and Applied Aspects of System Reliability and Safety Assessment101.Fault Tree Analysis Primer Chinese Edition102.Reliability:For Technology,Engineering,and Management103.Methods for Statistical Analysis of Reliability and Life Data104.Reliability Engineering for Electronic Design105.Reliability physics(Volume6)106.Reliability Modelling:A Statistical Approach107.Introduction to Machinery Reliability Assessment108.Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research109.Resistor Theory and Technology110.The Inductor Handbook:A Comprehensive Guide For Correct Component Selection In All Circuit Applications.Know What To Use When And Where.111.The Capacitor Handbook:A Comprehensive Guide For Correct Component Selection In All Circuit Applications.Know What To Use When And Where.112.THe Diode Handbook113.The Transistor Handbook114.The Resistor Handbook115.电容器手册116.Electronic Packaging:Design,Materials,Process,and Reliability117.Probability,Statistics,and Reliability for Engineers and Scientists,Second Edition 118.Reliability:For Technology,Engineering,and Management119.Reliability Engineering and Risk Assessment120.Reliability of RoHS-Compliant2D and3D IC Interconnects121.Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering122.Integrated Circuit Quality and Reliability,Second Edition123.Hydrosystems Engineering Reliability Assessment and Risk Analysis124.Digital Switching Systems:System Reliability and Analysis125.Reliability in Procurement and Use:From Specification to Replacement。

Determinate Assembly of Tooling Allows Concurrent Design ofAirbus Wings and Major Assembly FixturesJohn Hartmann, Chris Meeker, Mike Weller, and Nigel IzzardCopyright . 2004 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.ABSTRACTMost new aircraft programs encounter the challenge of balancing the time required for design optimization withproduct delivery constraints. 大部分新的飞行器项目都面临着平衡优化设计所需的时间和产品交付期限之间的矛盾。

The high cost and long lead times of traditional tooling makes it difficult for aircraft manufactures to efficiently meet ever-changing market demands. 成本高和用时长的传统飞机工艺装备使得飞机制造商很难有效满足不断变化的市场需求。

The large size, low relative stiffness and high positional tolerances required for aircraft components drive the requirement for rigid fixed tooling to maintain the precision part relationships over time. 飞机部件所需的大的外形，小的相对刚度和高的位置容差驱使着对严格刚性装配的需求向长时间保证各部分精确关系的转变。

英语作文-集成电路设计行业中的人工智能与机器学习应用In the realm of integrated circuit (IC) design, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has emerged as a transformative force, revolutionizing the way circuits are conceived, optimized, and validated. This synergy between AI/ML techniques and IC design has not only accelerated the development process but has also significantly enhanced the performance, efficiency, and reliability of modern semiconductor devices.AI and ML technologies are particularly advantageous in IC design due to their ability to process vast amounts of data and derive complex insights that are difficult to ascertain through traditional methods. One of the primary areas where AI excels is in the optimization of circuit layouts and architectures. Designers can leverage AI algorithms to explore a myriad of design possibilities, considering parameters that range from performance metrics to power consumption and manufacturing costs.Moreover, AI enables predictive modeling with a level of accuracy that was previously unattainable. By analyzing historical design data and outcomes, machine learning algorithms can predict potential issues early in the design phase, thereby minimizing costly redesigns and ensuring faster time-to-market for new IC products. This predictive capability is crucial in an industry where even minor design flaws can lead to significant setbacks in product development cycles.Another compelling application of AI in IC design is in the realm of automated design synthesis. Traditionally, creating a new IC design involved a labor-intensive process of manually crafting and refining circuit layouts. However, with AI-driven synthesis tools, designers can input high-level design goals and constraints, allowing the algorithms to autonomously generate and optimize circuit architectures that meet specified criteria. This not only reduces the burden on human designers but also opens uppossibilities for exploring innovative design concepts that might have been overlooked using conventional methods.Furthermore, AI plays a pivotal role in enhancing the robustness and reliability of IC designs. Machine learning algorithms can analyze real-time operating conditions and performance data, continuously optimizing parameters to adapt to varying environmental factors or workload demands. This adaptive capability is particularly advantageous in applications such as automotive electronics, where ICs must operate reliably under diverse and often harsh conditions.In addition to design optimization and predictive modeling, AI is also instrumental in the verification and testing phases of IC development. Verification of complex IC designs traditionally required exhaustive simulations and testing scenarios, which are time-consuming and resource-intensive. AI-powered verification tools can automate this process by intelligently generating test cases, detecting potential errors, and even suggesting design improvements based on simulation results.Moreover, the integration of AI in IC design extends beyond the development phase into manufacturing and quality control. AI algorithms can analyze manufacturing data to detect anomalies or deviations from optimal production parameters, thereby improving yield rates and reducing defect rates in semiconductor fabrication.In conclusion, the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the integrated circuit design industry represents a paradigm shift, enhancing every stage of the IC design lifecycle from conception to production. By leveraging AI's computational prowess and predictive capabilities, designers can innovate faster, achieve higher performance metrics, and deliver more reliable semiconductor products to meet the demands of today's technology-driven world. As AI continues to evolve, its role in IC design will likely expand, ushering in a new era of efficiency, innovation, and reliability in semiconductor technology.。

Pharmaceutical Services Corporation 美国医药服务有限公司Change Control变更控制Topics题目•What is change?什么是变更？•What is change control?什么是变更控制？•Why do we need change control?为什么需要变更控制？•What should be covered by change control?变更控制应包括什么？•What are the requirements of the change control process?变更控制过程的要求是什么？Definition定义•What is change?什么是变更？•To alter, to become different改变，变得不同•Changes can be either planned or unplanned 变更可能是有计划的，也可能是没有计划的What is Change Control?什么是变更控制？• A formal system for evaluating all changes that may affect the quality, safety and efficacy of the product一个正式的系统，用于评价所有可能影响产品质量、安全和效力的变更。

Why?为什么？•It is a regulatory requirement法规要求•It is a way in which the correct personnel can be made aware of impending changes能够使合适的人员知道即将发生变更的一种途径•It is a way of identifying the work needed to support a change识别为支持变更所需要进行的工作的一种途径•It prevents constant trivial “evolutionary”change 防止不断的没有价值的“进化”变更•Raw materials, specifications, analytical methods, facilities, support systems, equipment (including computer hardware), processing steps, labeling and packaging materials, and computer software原料、标准、分析方法、厂房、支持系统、设备（包括计算机硬件）、工艺步骤、标签、包装材料和计算机软件•Must include:必须包括：–Identification of changes subject to change control 确认需要经过变更控制进行的变更–Documentation of proposed changes提议变更的文件–Evaluation by Quality质量部的评估–Work required to support change支持变更所需要进行的工作–Record of changes变更记录–Audits of Change Control system变更控制系统的审计EU GMP•The basic requirements of GMP are that:GMP的基本要求是–(ii) critical steps of manufacturing processes and significant changes to the process are validated要对生产工艺的关键步骤和工艺的重要变更进行验证•Regular periodic or rolling quality reviews of all licensed medicinal products should be conducted and should include:对所有注册药品要进行定期或周而复始的质量审核，其包括：–A review of all changes carried out to the processes or analytical methods对所有工艺或分析方法进行的变更要进行审核FDA Oral Solid Dosage guidanceFDA口服固体制剂指南•As with other dosage forms, it is important for the firm to carefully control how changes are made in the production of topical products. Firms should be able to support changes which represent departures from approved and validated manufacturing processes.同其他制剂一样，企业认真地控制外用药产品生产的变更是十分重要的。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：探究物体在斜面上的运动实验英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1An Experimental Investigation into the Motion of Objects on an Inclined PlaneIntroductionIn our physics class, we were tasked with conducting an experiment to explore the motion of objects on an inclined plane. This concept is not only fascinating from a scientific standpoint but also has numerous real-world applications, from understanding the dynamics of vehicles on slopes to designing efficient ramps and conveyor belts. As a student passionate about understanding the natural world, I was excited to delve into this hands-on learning experience.Theoretical BackgroundBefore diving into the experiment, it was essential to understand the theoretical principles underpinning the motion of objects on an inclined plane. According to Newton's laws of motion, when an object is placed on an inclined surface, it experiences two primary forces: the force of gravity acting vertically downward, and the normal force exerted by the surface perpendicular to the plane.The component of the gravitational force acting parallel to the inclined surface is responsible for causing the object's acceleration down the plane. This component, known as the parallel force, is proportional to the sine of the angle of inclination (θ) m ultiplied by the object's mass (m) and theacceleration due to gravity (g). The equation governing this relationship is:Parallel Force = m × g × sin(θ)Additionally, the acceleration of the object down the inclined plane is independent of its mass and solely depends on the angle of inclination and the acceleration due to gravity. This acceleration can be calculated using the following equation:Acceleration = g × sin(θ)These fundamental principles provided the theoretical foundation for our experiment, allowing us to formulate hypotheses and design an appropriate methodology.Experimental SetupTo conduct the experiment, we assembled the following materials:A sturdy wooden plankVarious objects of different masses (e.g., wooden blocks, metal cylinders)A protractor to measure the angle of inclinationA stopwatch or timerMeter sticks or measuring tapesNotebook and pen for recording observationsThe experimental setup involved positioning the wooden plank on a flat surface and adjusting its angle of inclination using books or blocks as supports. We measured the angle using the protractor and ensured that the surface was smooth and free from obstructions.ProcedureWe started by setting the plank at a specific angle, let's say 30 degrees.One team member held the object at the top of the inclined plane, while another prepared to time its descent using the stopwatch.Upon releasing the object, we recorded the time it took to travel a predetermined distance along the inclined plane.We repeated this process multiple times for the same object and angle, calculating the average time and velocity.Next, we varied the angle of inclination, keeping the same object, and repeated the timing measurements.Finally, we swapped objects of different masses and repeated the entire process for each new object.Data Collection and AnalysisThroughout the experiment, we meticulously recorded our observations, including the angle of inclination, object mass, distance traveled, and time taken for each trial. We then computed the average velocities and accelerations for each combination of angle and mass.To analyze the data, we plotted graphs of velocity versus time and acceleration versus the sine of the angle of inclination. These visual representations allowed us to identify patterns and evaluate the validity of the theoretical equations.Results and DiscussionOur experimental results largely aligned with the theoretical predictions. We observed that the acceleration of an object down the inclined plane was indeed independent of its mass, as predicted by the equation Acceleration = g × sin(θ). The grap hs of acceleration versus sine of the angle followed a linear trend, further confirming this relationship.Moreover, we noted that objects with larger masses experienced greater parallel forces, as expected from theequation Parallel Force = m × g × sin(θ). However, their accelerations remained constant for a given angle, aligning with the theoretical principles.Interestingly, we encountered some minor discrepancies between our experimental data and the theoretical values, which could be attributed to factors such as air resistance, friction, and measurement uncertainties. These deviations highlighted the importance of controlling experimental conditions and accounting for potential sources of error.ConclusionThrough this hands-on experiment, we gained valuable insights into the motion of objects on an inclined plane. We observed firsthand the relationships between acceleration, mass, and the angle of inclination, solidifying our understanding of the theoretical concepts.The experimental process also taught us essential skills in data collection, analysis, and critical thinking. We learned to design controlled experiments, record precise measurements, and interpret results in the context of scientific theories.Moving forward, we can apply the knowledge gained from this experiment to various real-world scenarios, such asanalyzing the motion of vehicles on slopes, optimizing the design of ramps and conveyor belts, or even understanding the dynamics of certain sports and recreational activities.Overall, this experimental investigation into the motion of objects on an inclined plane was an enriching and rewarding experience. It not only deepened our comprehension of physics principles but also cultivated our scientific curiosity and problem-solving abilities, preparing us for future scientific endeavors.篇2Investigating the Motion of Objects on an Inclined PlaneIt was just another typical day in physics class when Mr. Davis announced we would be doing a hands-on experiment to explore the motion of objects on inclined planes. I have to admit, I wasn't exactly thrilled at first. Physics experiments can sometimes be tedious and dull. However, as Mr. Davis explained what we'd be doing, I became more intrigued and even a little excited.The core idea was straightforward enough – we'd be rolling objects down ramps set at different angles and measuring their speeds and acceleration. But Mr. Davis hinted there would besome twists that would make it more engaging than just watching things roll down slopes. He divided us into groups of four, and each group received a plastic ramp, a stopwatch, a meterstick, some masking tape, and two objects – a hollow plastic cylinder and a solid aluminum cylinder of the same size.Once we had our materials, Mr. Davis went over the procedure. First, we would use the masking tape to make evenly spaced lines every 20 cm along the ramp to mark intervals. Then, for each angle we tested, we'd release the hollow cylinder from rest at the top and use the stopwatch to measure its time over each 20 cm interval to determine its speed at different points. We'd repeat this three times and average the results.The first angle seemed fairly tame – just 10 degrees from horizontal. I figured the cylinder would trickle down slowly in that case. But I was in for a surprise! Even at that modest angle, the cylinder quickly built up pretty good speed about halfway down the ramp. Clearly, the old saying "objects in motion tend to stay in motion" wasn't kidding around.After recording temps for the 10 degree trials, we had to tilt the ramp to 20 degrees and repeat. This time, I could definitely notice some serious acceleration happening as the cylinder rolled along. Mr. Davis then went around and checked our data,offering suggestions on techniques like when to start and stop the stopwatch.Once we had successfully timed the hollow cylinder, the real fun began. We switched over to the solid aluminum cylinder of the same diameter and mass. In theory, it should have accelerated at the same rate, assuming we neglected air resistance. However, pretty much every group noticed clear disparities between the hollow and solid cylinders.No matter how carefully we performed the timings, the solid cylinder consistently traveled slower than its hollow counterpart. At first, I figured we must be doing something wrong with our methods. But Mr. Davis assured us this discrepancy was exactly what he expected to see emerge. He then launched into an explanation about rotational inertia and how objects need to expend energy to set spinning motions in addition to linear motions.With the aluminum cylinder's mass concentrated toward its outer edges, it experienced greater resistance to rotation compared to the hollow cylinder. Thus, more of the cylinder's kinetic energy went into overcoming rotational inertia rather than just linear motion, resulting in slower overall speeds. Mind officially blown!Mr. Davis then had us ramp things up further by tilting the ramp to 30 degrees to accentuate the acceleration. Sure enough, the speed disparities between the solid and hollow cylinders became even more pronounced. As we timing technicians sweated through running trials, I realized this experiment had transformed into an engaging exploration of some pretty profound physics concepts.After completing all the ramp angles, Mr. Davis had us process our data into velocity vs time graphs. Seeing the curved lines vividly depict the accelerated motion helped solidify the concepts in a visual way. We analyzed our graphs and used the velocity and position data to calculate the accelerations of the cylinders down the ramps.While Newton's second law specifies that acceleration should depend only on mass and force, not shape or distribution, our numbers confirmed that rotational inertia created real disparities between the hollow and solid cylinders. The temperature was rising in that physics room as our brains worked to connect the experiments to the core concepts!For the finale, Mr. Davis had us investigate how changing the mass affected the acceleration by adding weights to the hollow cylinder. As expected, increasing the mass did reduce theacceleration compared to the unweighted trials, beautifully confirming the force to mass ratio relationship.What started as a seemingly simple experiment turned into an engrossing journey hitting on key topics like kinematics, Newton's laws, energy, rotational dynamics, and data visualization. My eyes were opened to how deceivingly simple setups can provide profound insights when you start plugging in the physics. I'll never look at a hollow cylinder the same way again!As I walked out of class, surprisingly energized instead of drained like after many labs, I felt grateful for a professor committed to creating engaging hands-on experiences. Too often, physics can get bogged down in dry equations disconnected from reality. But Dr. Davis's inclined plane experiment brilliantly revealed how the world actually works through a deceptively simple scenario.I don't know if I'll become a physicist, but I gained an appreciation for the mindset of uncovering truths about nature through well-designed experiments and modeling. Looking back, I'm really glad I didn't just dismiss this as "another lame physics lab." Sometimes the most valuable lessons come from unexpected places if you're willing to lean in with an open mind.Now if you'll excuse me, I need to go roll myself down a few inclined planes to verify some newly sparked inquiries!篇3Investigating the Motion of Objects on an Inclined PlaneAs a high school physics student, one of the most intriguing experiments we conducted was exploring the motion of objects on an inclined plane. This hands-on activity allowed us to witness firsthand the principles of mechanics and gain a deeper understanding of the interplay between forces, acceleration, and motion.The setup was deceptively simple: a long, smooth ramp propped at various angles, a selection of objects with different masses and materials, and a set of timers and rulers to measure distances and durations. However, behind this straightforward apparatus lay a world of fascinating observations and revelations waiting to be uncovered.Our first task was to release a small wooden block from the top of the ramp and observe its behavior. At a shallow angle, the block sluggishly crept down the incline, its motion seemingly defying the laws of gravity. As we increased the angle, the block's descent accelerated, gathering speed with each passing second.This stark contrast piqued our curiosity, prompting us to delve deeper into the underlying principles governing this phenomenon.Through our teacher's guidance and supplementary readings, we learned about the intricate interplay between the forces acting on the block. The weight of the object, represented by its mass and the acceleration due to gravity, pulled it downward. Simultaneously, the normal force exerted by the ramp surface counteracted this downward pull, resolving into components parallel and perpendicular to the incline.The parallel component of the normal force, commonly referred to as the "force of friction," opposed the block's motion, acting as a resistive force. Conversely, the component of the weight force parallel to the ramp provided the driving force, propelling the block forward. As we increased the angle, the driving force grew stronger relative to the frictional force, resulting in the observed acceleration.Armed with this newfound knowledge, we eagerly dove into our next set of experiments. We systematically varied the ramp's angle, meticulously measuring the block's displacement over fixed time intervals. By plotting these data points on graphs, weunveiled the remarkable relationship between the angle of incline and the acceleration of the object.Our findings corroborated the theoretical predictions: the acceleration increased proportionally with the sine of the angle, a direct consequence of the geometric resolution of forces. This validation of mathematical models through empirical evidence filled us with a profound sense of awe and appreciation for the predictive power of physics.Undeterred by our initial success, we pushed our investigation further by introducing objects of varying masses and materials. We observed that while the acceleration remained consistent for objects of the same mass and material, it varied across different compositions. Heavier objects experienced slower accelerations due to the increased frictional forces, while lighter ones zipped down the ramp with greater ease.The concept of friction took on a new dimension when we experimented with different surface materials on the ramp. Rough surfaces, such as sandpaper, significantly impeded the motion, while smoother surfaces facilitated faster accelerations. This revelatory insight highlighted the crucial role of surface properties in determining frictional forces and their impact on motion.As we progressed through our experiments, we encountered instances where our results deviated from theoretical predictions. Rather than being discouraged, these discrepancies fueled our curiosity and sparked lively discussions within our group. We hypothesized potential sources of error, such as imperfections in the ramp surface, air resistance, or measurement inaccuracies, and devised strategies to minimize their impact.One particularly thought-provoking observation emerged when we attempted to release the block from different heights along the ramp. Contrary to our initial expectations, the acceleration remained unaffected by the starting position, as long as the angle of incline remained constant. This counterintuitive finding challenged our intuitive notions and prompted us to reevaluate our understanding of the principles governing motion on inclined planes.Throughout our investigations, we encountered moments of triumph and frustration, successes and setbacks. However, each experience served as a invaluable learning opportunity, sharpening our critical thinking skills, fostering teamwork, and instilling in us a deep appreciation for the scientific method.As we concluded our experiments, we couldn't help but reflect on the broader implications of our findings. The principlesgoverning motion on inclined planes extend far beyond the confines of our classroom, manifesting in diverse natural phenomena and engineering applications. From the design of roller coasters and ski slopes to the construction of ramps and conveyor belts, a thorough understanding of these principles is crucial for optimizing efficiency and ensuring safety.Moreover, our investigation highlighted the importance of empirical observation and experimentation in validating theoretical models. While mathematical equations and simulations provide invaluable insights, their true power lies in their ability to accurately describe and predict real-world phenomena. By bridging the gap between theory and practice, we gained a deeper appreciation for the iterative nature of scientific inquiry and the continuous quest for knowledge.As I look back on this transformative experience, I am filled with a sense of gratitude for the opportunity to engage in hands-on learning and exploratory investigations. The lessons learned transcended the confines of physics, instilling in me a passion for lifelong learning, a commitment to intellectual curiosity, and a profound respect for the elegance and complexity of the natural world.。

Acronym Definition DepartmentA Ampere (unit of electrical current)ENGA Frontal Area (a symbol)VTSA/C Air Cleaner.A/C Air Conditioning.PSEO, VTS, GVDP, ENG A/CL Air Cleaner.ENGA/D Analog to Digital PSEO, ENGA/D,D/A Analog-to-Digital, Digital-to-Analog.ENGA/D/V Analysis / Development / Validation GVDP, GMPTA/D/VP&R Analysis/Development/Validation Plan & ReportA/DFL Air Deflector. An abbreviation.ENGA/DM Authoring & Data ManagementA/F Air/Fuel Ratio.PSEO, ENG, GMPTA/H Air over Hydraulic ENGA/Nut Anchor Nut ENGA/P Accounts PayableA/P Air Pump ENGA/R Accounts ReceivableA/R Appropriation Request GMPTA/Rst Armrest ENGA/Rtl Anti-Rattle ENGA/S Auto Sequence.ENGA/Susp Air Suspension ENGA/T Automatic Transmission.PSEO, ENGA/Trns Automatic Transmission ENGA/V Audio/VisualGVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT A1R Alpha 1 Release. To mark that point in time as which the design,manufacturing, and engineering information for the Alpha 1 vehiclebuild is released.A1VA Alpha 1 Virtual Assessment ENGA2LA American association of Laboratory Accreditation GMPTGVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT A2R Alpha 2 Release. To mark that point in time as which the design,manufacturing, and engineering information for the Alpha 2 vehiclebuild is released.A2VA Alpha 2 Virtual Assessment ENGA3Automatic Three Speed Transmission (No longer built or used)ENGA4Automatic Four Speed Transmission ENGAA Algorithmic ArchitectureAA Alternate AnalysisAA Aluminum AssociationGVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT AA Approve Architecture. To mark that point in time at which there is aregular meeting of the Automotive Strategy Board (ASB) wherethe Architecture Contract is brought forward for approval. Thisresults in deliverables that document the Global Corporateapproval of the proposed new architecture (or the significantmodification to an existing architecture), and also givesauthorization (but not funding) to complete the development,implement the architecture at the Bill of Process and Bill ofMaterial level, and approve its use for the identified current and/orfuture Portfolio Plan products.AA Atomic AbsorptionAAA American Automobile Association.ENGAAAAA American Association Against Acronym AbuseAAAD Association of Automotive Aftermarket DistributorsAAC Advanced Audio CompressionAAC Automotive Advertisers Council ENGAACA Antique Automobile Club of AmericaAACA Amphibious Auto Club of AmericaAAD Assembly Aid Devices.ENGAADT Average Annual Daily Travel [number of vehicles on a highwaysegment]AAES American Association of Engineering SocietiesAIAGAALA American Automobile Labeling Act. Requires a label placed on newcars identifying the country of origin of certain major parts of autossuch as engine and transmission, and identifying whose totalcontent in the vehicle is greater than 15%.AAM Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (replaces AAMA)ENG, GMPTAAM American Axle & ManufacturingAAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association (disbanded).ENG, GMPTAAMI American Association of Medical Instrumentation ENGAAOL Automotive Aftermarket On LineAAP Appearance Approval Report.AAPA American Association of Port AuthoritiesAAR Appearance Approval Report.ENG, GMPTAARS Affirmative Action Reporting System ENGAASHTO American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficialsAAT Ambient Air Temperature.PSEOAB Auxiliary Battery ENGABA Agreement to Build Alpha (4ØVDP).ENGABA American Banking Association EAGABA American Bus AssociationFINABAP Advanced Business Application Programming. (Programs writtenin this language are referred to as ABAPs). ABAP/4 is a fourthgeneration programming language developed by SAP to developbusiness applications.ABB Agreement To Build Beta (4ØVDP).ENGABC Acceleration Boundary CurveABC Active Body Control (DC suspension system).GMPTABC Activity Based Costing.ENG, GMPTABCM Activity Based Cost Management.ABE Advanced Body EngineeringABEL Advanced Boolean Expression Language [a Data-I/O Trademark]ABF Abdomen ForceABIOS Advanced BIOS [Basic Input / Output System]ABL Assembly Breakdown List.ENGABM Assistant Brand Manager GMUABMF Assistant Brand Manager - Finance GMUABMM Assistant Brand Manager of Marketing GMUABMP Assistant Brand Manager of Product GMUABNT Associacao Brasileria de Normas Teonicas (Brazil).ENGABP Acquisition Business Process. A GM business which is under FSS(Financial Shared Services ).ABP Advanced Business Processes (part of PC&L)ENGABP Agreement To Build Prototype.ENGABR Available Bit Rate ENGAbs Absorber. An abbreviation.ENGABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (a plastic).ENGABS Anti-Block Steering.ENGABS Antilock Brake System.VTS, GVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT ABS Anti-Skid Braking System.ENGABS Automated Billing System. Owned by EAG Invoicing & AccountsEAG, FIN Receivable.ABTS All Belts To Seat. Used with reference to passenger restraints.ENGAbv Above. An abbreviation ENGENGABWO Administrative Build Work Order. It communicates the quantity,detail option content and desired build completion date of prototypeand development vehicles required for test and validation.AC Acceleration Complete.ENGAC Air Conditioning.GMU, GMPTAC Alternating Current.ENGAC Annual CostAC Auxiliary ControlACB Adaptive Cylinder Balance GMPTAcc Access. An abbreviation.ENGACC ACCumulator (an abbreviation)ENG, GMPTACC Adaptive Cruise Control (radar/laser controlled)ENGACCA Adaptive Cruise Control with AlertAccel Acceleration (an abbreviation)PSEO, ENG Acclrm Accelerometer. (an abbreviation).ENGAcclrtm Acceleration. (an abbreviation).ENGAccum ACCumulator (an abbreviation)PSEO, ENGAccy Accessory (an abbreviation)PSEOGVDP, ENG, GMU ACD Actual Completion Date. Confirmation that the deliverable has beenachieved.ACD Automatic Call DistributionACD Automotive Component DivisionACDS Automatic Change Detection System GMPTACE Accelerated Cost Estimate ENGACE Alliance for Clean EnergyACE Army Corps of EngineersACE Assistant Chief Engineer ENGACEA(European Car Manufacturers Association)ENGACEC American Consulting Engineers CouncilACEEE American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy ENGACF Access Control Facility.ENGACG Administrative Certification Group.ENGENGACG Allied (Automotive) Component Group. No longer used; nowDelphi.ACGW Automotive Components Group, Worldwide ENGACH Air Changes per HourACI Alloy Cast Iron ENGACI American Concrete InstituteACI Applied Ceramics, Inc.ENGACI Automatic Cargo IdentificationACIA Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter ENGACL Access Control List. Used in Lotus Notes to control access tovarious databases.ACL Advanced CMOS LogicACL Air Cleaner PSEOACM Adjusting Credit Memo EAGACM Association of Computing Machinery.ENGACM Air Conditioning Module.PSEO, ENG ACMT Action Center Management Team.ENGACN Automated Crash Notification (SDM output of a GMLAN messagewhen any air bag is deployed)ACN Automatic Crash NotificationAcnt Accent (an abbreviation).ENGACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (specification)ENG ACRONYM Abbreviated Coded Rendition Of Name Yielding MeaningACRS Air Cushion Restraint System (no longer used, replaced with SIR).ENGFINACRS Accelerated Cost Recovery System. A depreciation method underUS tax law allowing for the accelerated write-off of property undervarious classification. Also see MACRS.ACS Accredited Standards Committee (ANSI)ACS Automatic Clearance SensingACSI American Customer Satisfaction IndexAcsry Accessory (an abbreviation)ENGAct Actual (an abbreviation)PSEOACT Acoustic Change TransportACT Assembly Component Tracking. A detailed list of parts contained inENGan assembly. ACT is available in the Product Description System(PDS).ACTC Air Conditioning Technical CommitteeActr Actuator (an abbreviation)ENGACTS Adaptive Computerized Training SystemACTS Advanced Car Technology SystemsACTS American Coalition for Traffic SafetyACTV Activate PSEOACV Actual Cash ValueACV Air Cushion VehicleAD Accommodated Device.PSEOAD Automatic Disconnect ENGADA Accident Data AnalysisADA Americans with Disabilities ActENGADAMS Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (A generalpurpose kinematics / dynamics analysis program used to modelvehicle handling and suspension performance.)Adap Adapter (an abbreviation)ENGAdapt Adaptive (an abbreviation)PSEOAdapts Adapters (an abbreviation)PSEOADC Analog-to-Digital Converter.ENGADD Advanced Development Directories ENGAddt Additive (an abbreviation).ENGADG Accommodated Device Gateway PSEOAdhes Adhesive (an abbreviation).ENGADI Analog Devices, Inc.ADI Area of Dominant Influence ENGAdj Adjust (an abbreviation)PSEO, ENGAdjr Adjuster (an abbreviation).ENGADL Assembly Diagnostic Link ENGADL Automatic Door Lock.PSEO, VTS, ENG ADM Accessory Drive Motor ENGADM Adjusting Debit Memo EAGADN Advanced Digital Network (Usually refers to a 56Kbps leased-line)ADP Advanced Development Process ENGADP Alternative Durability Process ENGADP Automatic Data Processing.ENGADP Advanced Development Process.ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code ModulationADPCM Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation.ENGADQA Automated Drive Quality AnalysisADR Alternate Dispute Resolution. Part of CARS VSSMADR Australian Design RulesAds Adsorber (an abbreviation). An emission control device which actsENGto take up gases and/or liquids by physical and/or chemical forces,such as with activated charcoal or the like, and releases it at a latertime.ADS Anti Dieseling Solenoid ENGADS Audio Distribution System ENGADS Auxiliary Discriminating Sensor PSEOADS Alternating Simultaneous Double Fire.ENGADSG Automotive Diagnostic Systems GroupADSIM Automotive Display Simulator ENGADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (Usage is similar to a leasedENGline.)ADSL Asynchronous Data Subscriber Line [Supports data speeds over 2Mbps downstream (to the user) and slower speeds upstream (tothe Internet).]ADT Average Daily TrafficADTS Advanced Drive Train System ENGADTT Average Daily Truck TrafficAdv Advanced (an abbreviation).ENGADV Analysis, Development and Validation. (Should be written as A/D/V)GVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPTAE Acceleration Enrichment.ENGAE Advanced EngineeringAE Architectural EngineeringAEC Appearance Engineering Committee.AIAGAEC Automotive Electronics Council. The AEC was originally establishedby Chrysler, Delco Electronics, and Ford for the purpose ofestablishing common part-qualification and quality standards.Components meeting these qualification specifications areconsidered suitable for use in the harsh automotive environmentwithout additional component-level testing.AEC Atomic Energy CommissionAEC Automotive Emission Control.ENGAECD Automotive Emission Control Device.ENGAED Automotive Electronics Development.ENGAEEP Automotive Energy Efficiency Program.ENGAEI Automated Equipment IdentificationAERA Automotive Engine Rebuilders AssociationAES Advanced Engineering Staff.ENGAETR Advanced Electronically Tuned Radio.AF Actual Forecast.ENG, GMUAF Air Fuel Ratio. (see A/F at beginning of section).AF Alternative Fuel. See AltFuel.AF Axial FeedAFAIK As Far As I Know.AFC Accessory Function Controller ENGAFC Alkaline Fuel CellAFC Authorization for Check EAG, GMPTAFC Automatic Frequency ControlAFD Abrasive Flow Deburring.ENGAFD Architecture Flow Diagram.ENGAFECM Alternative Fuel Engine Control Module.PSEOAFIM Air-Fuel Imbalance Monitor.SO, GMPTAFL American Federation of Labor.ENGAFL-CIO American Federation of Labor and Congress of IndustrialOrganizationsAFM Air Flow Meter GMPTAFO Alternative Fuel Operation.PSEOAFR Air Fuel Ratio GMPTAFS Adaptive Frontlighting SystemAFS American Foundrymen’s SocietyAFSM Area Financial Services Manager. GMAC Market Area TeamMember, responsible for financial growth at the dealership throughGMAC.Aft After (an abbreviation)PSEOAFV Alternative Fuel Vehicle.ENGAg Silver (Argentium)AGA American Gas Association ENGAGC Automatic Gain Control ENGAGM Absorbent Glass Mat. Next generation of battery technology.ENGAGND Analog GrouND.ENGENGAGP Accelerated Graphics Port (circa 1997. A dedicated graphics portwhich allows higher throughput from the graphics card to theprocessor for speedier 3D graphics.)AGV Automatic Guided Vehicle ENGAGVS Automatic Guided Vehicle System ENGAh Ampere – Hours ENGAHAR Automatic Highway Advisory RadioAHDL Analog Hardware Descriptive LanguageAHESI Auburn Hills ESI (database)AHIPC Auburn Hills Information Processing Center ENGAHL Automatic HeadlampsAHLD Automatic Headlamp Leveling DeviceAHP Analytical Hierarchy Process ENGAHRS Adjustable Head Restraint SystemAHRS Amp-Hours (an abbreviation)PSEOAHS Automated Highway SystemsAHS Average Highway SpeedAI Air Inlet.ENGAI Artificial Intelligence.GVDP, ENG, GMUAIAGAI Automatic Identification - those technologies that provide methodsfor machine-readable data. The most popular AI medium is BarCoding.AIA American Institute of ArchitectsAIA Automobile Importers of America, Inc.ENGAIAG Automotive Industry Action Group. Automotive Industry ActionAIAG, GVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT Group - A trade association working to increase memberproductivity through a cooperative effort of North American vehiclemanufacturers and their suppliers.AIAG, ENGAIAM Association of International Automobile Manufacturers. Theassociation of carmakers with operations in the U.S. and Canada.Membership is not restricted to U.S.-based companies. (seeAAMA)AIB ASI Input BufferAIC Automotive Information Council.ENGAICC Auxiliary Information & Control Center ENGAID Architecture Interconnect Diagram.ENGAIEG Automotive & Industrial Electronics Group (Div. Of Motorola)AIIM Association for Information & Image ManagementAIM Analog Input Module.ENGAIM Automatic Identification ManufacturersAIM Automatic Identification Manufacturers Association - Association ofAIAGcompanies that manufacture products for automatic identification,such as bar code readers, scanners, etc.AIMI American Isuzu Motors Inc.AIN Advanced Intelligent NetworkAIN Analog INput.ENGAIP ASI Input PackageAIPE American Institute (of) Plant EngineersAIR Air Injection Reactor (or Reaction).ENG, GMPTAIR Secondary Air Injection.PSEOAIS Abbreviated Injury ScaleAIS Architecture Interconnect Specification ENGAISI American Iron and Steel InstituteAITC Aerodynamics Integration Technical CommitteeAITPM American Institute of Total Productive MaintenanceAIW ASI Input WorkshopAKS Aluminum Killed Steel (The term "killed" is used because aluminumadditions cause the steel to lie quietly in the mold duringsolidification.)Al Aluminum (an abbreviation).ENGAL2All Seasons touring. A tire specification.ENGAL3All Seasons performance. A tire specification.ENGALAPCO Association of Local Air Pollution Control OfficesGVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT ALBS Assembly Line Balance System. Computer system that helpsestablish and track assembly plant direct labor work assignments.ALC Automatic Lamp Control.PSEOALC Automatic Level Control.PSEO, ENGALCL Assembly Line Communication Link.ENGALDL Assembly Line Data Link GMPTALDL Assembly Line Diagnostic Link.PSEO, ENGALDM Attachment Level Design Method.FINALE Application Link Enabling. ALE facilitates the coupling of businessapplications which are distributed on different databases andprovides the functionality to distribute and receive data.ALG Automotive Lease Guide GMUALGOL Algebraic Oriented Language ENGALGOL ALGOrithmic Language.ENGAlgorithm A specific rule used to determine red/green status of a RigorousTracking and Throughput Management (RT&TM) measure.ALI Automotive Lift Institute.ENGALM Automatic Level Module.PSEOALN Actuator Line Nozzle ENGALR Alpha Level Release.GVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT ALR Automatic Locking RetractorALRR Appropriation Line Revision RequestALS All Seasons (an abbreviation). A tire specification.ENGAlt Alternative (an abbreviation)PSEOAlt Altitude (an abbreviation).ENGAltFuel Alternative Fueled Vehicles. Vehicles that operated on fuels otherthan gasoline or diesel./eng/alto/ ALTO Accelerated Learning of Test Operations (New employees enteringspecific departments within Design Confirmation and Analysis willbegin an ALTO job simulation with the support of an assignedguide.)ALU Arithmetic & Logical Units.ENGAM Account Manager ENGAM Amplitude Modulation (an abbreviation). i.e. AM Radio.PSEO, VTS, ENGAMA American Marketing AssociationAMA American Medical AssociationAMA Area Module AdvisorAmb Ambient (an abbreviation).ENGAMC Air Management Control ENGAMD Accessory Motor Drive ENGAMDSG Automotive Manufacturers’ Dealer Systems GroupAME Advanced Manufacturing Engineering ENGAMECS Austerity Mode Emission Control System ENGAMEX American Express ENGAMFA Alternative Motor Fuel ActAMIC Automotive Multimedia Interface Collaboration (An organization,formed by a legal agreement between 5 automotive companies,with the mission of defining the auto industry’s first set of hardwareand software interface standards for automotive information,communications and entertainment systems.)AML Adaptive Modeling LanguageAmm Ammeter (an abbreviation). A diagnostic instrument used forENGmeasuring electric current in amperes.Amp Ampere (an abbreviation).Amp Amplifier (an abbreviation)PSEOAmpf Amplifier (an abbreviation)ENGAMPO Association of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmps Amperages (an abbreviation)PSEOAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service ENGAMPS Automated Material Procurement and Scheduling ENGAMPTS Allied Productive Material Transfer SystemAMR Anisotropic Magneto ResistanceAMRC Automotive Market Research Council.ENGAMS American Mathematical SocietyAMS Attendance Management System.ENGAMSL Above Mean Sea Level.ENGAmt Armature (an abbreviation).ENGAMT Analysis as Marketing Tool.AMuS Auto Motor und Sport (a German automotive magazine)AN Application Notes.ENGAnc Anchor (an abbreviation).ENGANC Active Noise Cancellation.ENGANDS Alpha-Numeric Display SystemANFIA Association Nationale Fra Industrie Automobilistich.VTSAutomobilistiche (National Association among AutomobileIndustries). Italian equivalent of Motor Vehicle ManufacturersAssociation.ANL Argonne National Laboratories ENG, GMPTANMC American National Metric Council.ENGANOVA ANalysis Of VAriance.ENG, GMPTANPRM Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making.ENGANS American National Standard ENGANSI American National Standards Institute. The standards bodyAIAG, ENG, GMU, GMPT responsible for formalizing the U.S. voluntary standardsdevelopment process. ANSI is the U.S. representative to non-treatyinternational standards bodies such as ISO, IEC, and EDIFACT.Founded in 1918, ANSI ensures that a single set of non-conflictingstandards are developed for an area.ANSI/ASQ Q90 See ISO-9000.AIAGANT Antenna. An abbreviation.ENGANT Assemblies Navigation ToolAIAG, ENG, GMPT, AVDC ANX Automotive Network eXchange. A project administered by theAIAG to assure efficient and secure electronic communicationamong subscribers, so that an ANX subscriber company in theautomotive industry would require only a single access circuit tocommunicate with any other ANX subscriber. ANX is composed ofa TCP/IP network that includes trading partner subscribers, certified(Internet) service providers, and network exchange points.AOA Analysis Of AlternativesAOB Any Other Business.ENGAOIB Adjustable Off Idle Bleed (Carburetor).ENGAOL America On Line.AOQL Average Outgoing Quality Limit.ENGAORC Automotive Occupant Restraints CouncilAORS Advanced Occupant Restraint SystemAOS Automatic Occupant Suppression / Automatic Occupation detectingSensor.AOT Automotive Organization Team ENGAP Accounts Payable ENG, GMU, EAGAP Achievement Plan ENGAP Advanced Purchasing.GVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPTAIAGAP Application Protocol. An ISO standard, contained within ISO 10303(STEP), which specifies the STEP product data construct requiredfor the communication of information in a defined applicationcontext.AP Asian Pacific GVDP, ENG, GMUAP&P Accounting Practices & Procedures ENG, FINAP/S Achievement Plan / Scheduler ENGAPA Acquisition Process Analyst.ENGAPA Authorized Payment Approval EAGAPAA Automotive Parts and Accessories Association, Inc.ENGAPAC Auto Parts Advisory Commission ENGAPB Automatic Powertrain Braking GMPTAPC Automated Passenger CountingAPC Acquisition and Production Costs. Pertains to fixed assets.FINAPD Alliance Planning Director.ENG, GMU, GMPTAPD Assembly Plant Designator (used in PDS).APD Assembly Process Deviation.ENGAPD Avalanche Photo Diode ENGAPE Annual Program Execution.GVDPAPE Advanced Product Engineering (no longer used)ENGAPEAL Auto Performance Execution and Layout (J. D. Power)ENGAPEC Asian Pacific Economic Corporation ENGAPET Advanced Program Execution Team.GVDPAPEX Advanced Portfolio Exploration GVDP, ENGAPEX Advanced Product Exploration GVDP, GMUAPG Advanced Process Group GMPTAPI Advanced Product Information.GVDP, ENGAPI Advanced Programmable Interrupt control ENGAPI American Petroleum Institute.ENGAPI Annual Physical Inventory.FIN, ENG, GMU, GMPTAPI Application Programming Interface. A set of functions and/orENG, GMU, FINintegration points that system developers can use to enablecommunication between processes and/or applications. APIs allowfor interoperability and integration of systems by providing vendor-or product-independent communication between the systems,provided the systems share the same software and/or hardwareplatform.APIC Advanced Programmable Interface ControlAIAG, ENG, GMPTAPICS American Production & Inventory Control Society. A professionalsociety devoted to the improvement and advancement of inventoryand control management.APL Associative Programming Language.ENGAPLQ Applique. An abbreviation.ENGAPM Accelerator Pedal Module.ENGAPM Accessory Power Module (With a PIM, makes up PEB)ENGAPM Application Processor ModuleAPM Area Parts Manager VSSMAPM Automotive Process Model GVDP, ENG, GMU, AVDCAPM Area Parts Manager (Dealership contact/sales person for GMParts)APMES Advanced Product & Manufacturing Engineering Staff ENGAPMM Assembly Plant Material Management ENGAPMT Allied Productive Material Transfer FIN, EAGAPMTS Allied Productive Material Transfer System.ENG, GMPTAPO Asian Pacific Operations ENGAPP Accelerator Pedal Position PSEOAPP Applied Practices & Procedures ENGAPPL Application. An abbreviation.ENGMFD, GMPT, GVDP, ENG, GMU APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning. APQP is required for everypart coming from suppliers.Apr April (an abbreviation)PSEO, ENGAPR Annual Percentage Rate ENG, GMUAPR Appropriation Request Process.APR Automatic Password RequestAPR Automatic Password Reset.ENGAPRA Automotive Parts Rebuilders Association, Inc.ENGAPS Advanced Photo SystemAPS American Physical SocietyAPS American Psychological SocietyAPS Asynchronous Protocol SpecificationAPS Automated Patent SystemAPS Auxiliary Power Supply ENGAPSC Advanced Product Service Committee ENGAPSMB Accessory Power Supply Mother Board ENGAPT Adjustable Part Throttle ENGAPT Alliance Planning Team ENGAPT Automatic Programmed Tool ENGAPTA American Public Transit AssociationAIAG, ENGAPTA American Public Transport (or Transit) Authority. Group formed toset and represent industry requirements for public transit systems inNorth America.AIAGAPTA Automotive Products Trade Agreement. That portion of theU.S./Canadian Free Trade Agreement that referred to automotiveparts.APU Auxiliary Power Unit ENGAPV All Purpose Vehicle ENG, GMPTAPY Annual Percentage Yield.GMUAQ Air Quality.ENGAQC Air Quality Committee ENGAQL Acceptable Quality Level ENGAQMD Air Quality Management District.GMUAQNS Accelerated Quality Network Strategies GMPTAr ArgonAR Academic Relations HRAR Accounts Receivable.ENG, GMU, EAGAR Anti-Reflection.ENGAR Appropriation Request.GVDP, ENG, GMUAR As Required.ENGARA Automotive Recyclers AssociationARAN Automated Road AnalyzerARB Anti- Rollover BreakingARC Advanced Radio Concept.ENGARC Atlantic Research Corporation (air bag inflators: Knoxville, TN)ARC Awareness, Recognition, and CommunicationGVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT ARC Architecture Requirements Complete. To mark that point in time atwhich the requirements for the architecture have been completelydefined.ARD Acceptance Requirements Document ENGARD Application Requirements Document (IT)ARG Asset Recovery GroupARI Automatic Road Information.ENGARM Application Resource ModelARM Automated Requirement Measurement (NASA software tool toassess requirements written in "natural language." The tool isaimed at "writing the requirements right." It does not address"writing the right requirements.")ARMS Account Reconciliation Monitoring System EAGARO After Receipt of OrderARP Appropriations Request Process GVDP, ENG, GMUARP Association of Retired Persons.GMUAIAGARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency.A government agency, whichhas been assigned to manage Defense Technology Conversion,Reinvestment, and Transition Assistance. One of the projects theagency is involved in is the Technology Reinvestment Project (SeeTRP).ARR Architectural Requirements Review.GVDP, ENG, GMU ARRANT Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ENGARS Adaptive Receptive System PSEOARS Angular Rate SensorARTBA American Road & Transportation Builders Association.ENGENGARTEMIS A computer system used to calculate overall program timing andgenerate Gantt charts, critical path diagrams, and timing plots.ARTS Adaptive Restraint Technology SystemAs ArsenicAS Active Suspension.ENGAS Administrative Services.ENGAS Allied Signal Inc.ENGAS American Standards association.ENGAS As Specified.ENGAS Assembly System.ENGASA Agreement to Ship Alpha.GVDP, ENG, GMUASAM Association for Standardization of Automation and MeasuringGMPTSystemsASAP As Soon As Possible.ENGASB Agreement to Ship Beta.GVDP, ENG, GMUASB Automotive Strategy Board.GVDP, GMUASBC American Seat Belt Council.ENGASBE American Society of Body Engineers.ENGASC Accredited Standards Council. An ANSI committee that developsAIAG, GMPTstandards.ASC Anti-Slip Control GMPTASC Architecture Selection Complete. To mark the point in time at whichGVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT the architecture decisions have been completed and a singlearchitecture has been chosen.AIAGASC MH10Accredited Standards Committee MH10 - The ANSI committee forstandards for Unit Loads and Transport Packages, including thenational standard for bar code labeling.AIAGASC X12Accredited Standards Committee X12 - The ANSI committee forUS EDI standards, commonly called "ANSI X12."ASC X3Accredited Standards Committee X3 - The ANSI committee forAIAGInformation Processing.ENGASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange (Mostcommonly refers to a plain-text file.)ASD Actual Start Date. Refers to date the design was started by aENGspecific stage/Dept.ASD Advanced Serviceability of Design.SOASD Anti Slide DeviceASDF Alternating Simultaneous Double FireASDM Automotive Steel Design Manual (CARS Section: ASDM is aCARS on-line reference that gives access to 700 pages of text,charts, equations, tables, and figures concerning the use of steel invarious automotive designs. Hypertext links and search featuresassist in readily locating needed information.)ASE Automotive Safety Engineering.ENGASE Automotive Service Excellence.VTS, VSSMASEP Automotive Service Education Program VSSMASG Administrative Support GroupASI Architecture Studies Initiation. To mark that point in time at whichGVDP, ENG, GMU, GMPT the vehicle architecture study and limited program activities begin.ASIA Automotive Service Industry Association.ENGASIAN Association of South Eastern Asian Nations ENGASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit.ENGASK Amplitude Shift Keying ENGASLE American Society of Lubrication Engineers.ENGAsm Assembly. (abbreviation)PSEO, GMPT, ENG, GVDP ASM Alarm Siren Module.PSEOVSSMASM Area Sales Manager. Dealership contact for sales/vehiclepromotions.ASM Area Service Manager. (No longer used by VSSM; refer to AVM).ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers.ENG。