[精华版]张汉熙高级英语课文详解第2册1-5课

第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风小约翰。

柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。

就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。

柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。

路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。

但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。

为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。

两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。

他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理?希尔的意见。

约翰的全部产业就在自己家里(他开办的玛格纳制造公司是设计、研制各种教育玩具和教育用品的。

公司的一切往来函件、设计图纸和工艺模具全都放在一楼)。

37岁的他对飓风的威力是深有体会的。

四年前，他原先拥有的位于高尔夫港以西几英里外的那个家就曾毁于贝翠号飓风(那场风灾前夕柯夏克已将全家搬到一家汽车旅馆过夜)。

不过，当时那幢房子所处的地势偏低，高出海平面仅几英尺。

“我们现在住的这幢房子高了23英尺，，’他对父亲说，“而且距离海边足有250码远。

这幢房子是1915年建造的。

至今还从未受到过飓风的袭击。

我们呆在这儿恐怕是再安全不过了。

”老柯夏克67岁．是个语粗心慈的熟练机械师。

他对儿子的意见表示赞同。

“我们是可以严加防卫。

度过难关的，”他说?“一但发现危险信号，我们还可以赶在天黑之前撤出去。

”为了对付这场飓风，几个男子汉有条不紊地做起准备工作来。

自米水管道可能遭到破坏，他们把浴盆和提俑都盛满水。

飓风也可能造成断电，所以他们检查r手提式收音机和手电筒里的电池以及提灯里的燃料油。

约翰的父亲将一台小发电机搬到楼下门厅里．接上几个灯泡。

1.We’re elevated 23 feet. =our house has been raised by 23 feet in comparison with the past.2.The place (house) has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered (caused any damage to it)3.We can batten down and ride it out. =we can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane withoutmuch damage.4.The generator was doused, and the lights went out. =water got into the generator and put it out. It stoppedproducing electricity, so the light also went out.5.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. =as john watched the water inch its way up thesteps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.6.Janis had just one delayed reaction.=Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervoustension caused by the hurricane.1.and it is an activity only of humans =and conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings2.conversation is not for making a point = conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas3.in fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose = in fact, a person who really enjoys and isskilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his viewpoint4.bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’ lives = people who meet each others for a drink in a bar are notintimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each others’ life5.it could still go ignorantly on = the conversation could go without anybody knowing who was right or wrong6.there are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef =these animals are called cattle when they are alive andfeeding in the fields; but when we sit down at table to eat we called their meat beef7.the new ruling class had built a cultural barrier him by building their French against his own lg. = the newruling class by using French instead of eg made it difficult for the eg to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers8.eg had come royally into its own =the eg lg received proper recognition and was used by the king once more9.the phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes = the phrase, theking’s eg, has always disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often made fun of the proper and formal lg of the educational people10.the rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there =there still exists in the working people, as in the earlySaxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class11.there is always a great danger that” words will harden into things for us”= there is always a great danger thatwe might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent12.even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s eg slips and slides in conversation = even themost educated and liberated people use non-standard, informal, rather than standard, formal eg in their conversation 13.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe. =buttoday this issue has not been decided in many countries around the world.14.United, there is little we cannot do in host of cooperative ventures. =bound together we can accomplish a lot ofthings in the variety of joint ventures.15.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. =we will not allow any enemycountry to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.16.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace.=theUS is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.17.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidentalself-destruction. = before the terrible forces of destruction which science can now release, overwhelm mankind;before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place.18.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war. =yet bothgroups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from an launching mankind’s final war.19.So let us begin anew (once begin), remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness. = andremember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.20.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to leadthe land we love. = our sure reward will be a good conscience and the history finally will judge whether we have done our task well or not. Let us start leading the country we love.21.By the very of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom. = because of the fact itself that man produces,he has developed to a much higher level than or the other animals22.Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent being. =work also frees man andmakes him into a social being independent of nature23.All are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill. =no matter when it wasdone or who did it, provides an example of man applying his intelligence and his skill to change nature creatively 24.There is no spilt of work and play, or work and culture. =the worker finds pleasure in his work and through workhe also develops his mind. Therefore, pleasure and work go together and so does the cultural development of the worker and his work.25.Work became the chief factor in a system of “innerwordly asceticism,” an answer to man’s sense of alonenessand isolation.=work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life.Work was the only thing that soothed those who felt alone and isolated because of his ascetic life.26.Work has become alienated from the working person. =work has been separated from the worker and the workeris not interested in it at all. Instead, he feels estranged from it or hostile to it.27.Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity. =work helps the worker to earnmoney; except this it is not an activity with much significance28. a pay check is not enough to base one’s self-respect on = just earning some money is not enough for a worker toestablish his self-respect29.most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche= mostindustrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the workers’ mind30.it is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management=better relations with the public will yield largeprofits to management31.But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity=the fact that gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a mere “high-minded” cover for the real, vulgar appeal to idleness and submissiveness.32.He has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it=the businessman gets theknowledge that the quality of his product doesn’t match what it should be. Conscious of the deception involved, he despises the goods he produces33.the slighted mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged.=at very mention of theTwenties, middle-aged people began to recall it longingly and young people curious and began to ask questions about it34.the rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable= anyway, it was inevitable for America to discardVictorian gentility which upheld the middle-class respectability and affected refinement characteristics of Victorian eg35.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure=the war onlyhelped to speed up the collapse of the Victorian social structure.36.it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughtyalcoholic sophistication =in America ,at least, the young people are strongly disposed to escape their responsibilities. They pretend to be wordly-wise and disregard conventional standards of behavior, drinking and breaking the traditional morality naughtily.37.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit=the young peoplefound more pleasure in drinking because Prohibition made it a kind of adventure.38.our young men began to enlist under foreign flags=our young men joined the foreign armies to fight in the war.39.They “wanted to get up into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up= they wanted to take part in theadventure of war before it ended.40.they had outgrown towns and families=they couldn’t adapt themselves to life in their hometowns and familiesanymore41.The returning veteran also had to face the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition=the returning veterans alsohad to face the stupid cynicism shown by the Victorious allies in Versailles who acted just like Napoleon once did.42.sth in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”=under this pressure sth in the young people, who werealready very tense, had to break down.43.it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and“Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center=it was only natural the promising young writers whose thoughts extremely opposed war, Babbittry and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in the Greenwich Village, the traditional culture44.each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality=each town was proud that it has groupof wild unconventional people45.it is a complex fate to be an American=the fate of American is complicated and full of changes and possibilities46.They were no more at home in Europe than I was=all of us felt uneasy in Europe.47.we were both searching for our separate identities= Each of us was trying to find his own set of personalcharacteristics by which his recognizable as a member of some group48.I do not think that I could have made this reconciliation here=I don’t think I could have accepted my status ofbeing a Negro willingly in America49.Europe can be very crippling too=sometimes things in Europe can also be very frustrating50.it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here=it is easier to contact with people ofdifferent social status and occupations in Europe than in American51. a man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened= inEurope a good waiter and actor is equally proud of their social status and jobs. Neither of them envies the other and is not afraid of losing their position52.I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it=I was born in NY, but have lived only in some smallareas of it53.on this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends=the life of a writer wholly depends upon whether or nothe accepts he will always carry the marks of the origins54.American writers do no have a fixed society to describe=American writers do not live in the society wherenothing is changed .instead, everything is unchangeable in their society so they do not have a fixed society to write about55.every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of thepeople= actually, every society is ruled and influence by hidden laws, and by many people deeply felt and taken for granted by its people, though not openly expressed56.this reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable= the reconsideration of many things that onehad always taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable57.nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste=nowadays NY is often in disagreement with taste of theAmerican people58.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends=NY even indulged itself infeeling of satisfaction for it can resist the prevailing trends of America59.sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, pre-empt the airwaves fromCalifornia =situation comedy which are similar in content and style are produced in large amounts in Hollywood and the live broadcasting of JC’s talk show dominated the radio and the TV channels of California60.it is making sth of a comeback as a tourist attraction= it is regaining somewhat its status as a tourist attraction61.to win in New York is to be uneasy= to a person who succeeds in NY is disturbed by constant worries that hemight fail someday in the fierce competition62.nature’s pleasures are much qualified in New York =the chances to enjoy the pleasures of nature are very limitedin NY63.the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens= the city’s bright lights seem haughtily to make the skydim64.but the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated=but a wholehearted dedication to art, which isbohemian style can be overstated65.in both these roles it ratifies more than it creates=in these two roles of banking and communications headquarters,NY originates very few things but gives its approval a lot to many things created by other cities66.the television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype=the generation who grew up watching andenjoying TV was constantly and strongly influenced by exaggerated ads67.those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines=writers who are creatingchallenging novels make their living in the same time by writing articles for popular magazines68.Broadway, which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again.=Broadway,which seemed to give in to the flashy shows put on in the surrounding areas, become active again69.he prefers the unhealthy hassle and the vitality of urban life=he likes the unhealthy turmoil and livelyatmosphere of a city more70.the defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town=the people who failed in thestruggle of life are not hidden away in slums where other people can not see them71.The place constantly exasperates, at times exhilarates.= NY constantly irritates the people living here butoccasionally it stimulates them。

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。

动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。

闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。

它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。

要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。

闲聊不是为了进行争论。

闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。

闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。

事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。

也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。

或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。

酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。

他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。

他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。

有一天晚上的情形正是这样。

人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。

谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。

可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。

我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。

“几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。

”此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。

有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。

最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。

Unit 1 Pub T alk and the King’s English人类的一切活动中,只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊,而且是人类特有的一种活动。

动物之间的信息交流,不论其方式何等复杂,也是称不上交谈的。

闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。

它时而迂回流淌,时而奔腾起伏,时而火花四射,时而热情洋溢,话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。

要是有人觉得"有些话要说",那定会大煞风景,使闲聊无趣。

闲聊不是为了进行争论。

闲聊中常常会有争论,不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。

闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。

事实上,真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。

也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲,但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了,插话的机会随之而失,他们也就听之任之。

或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧,我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。

酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解,他们只是临时凑到一起来的,彼此并无深交。

他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂,或恋爱失败,或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿,但别人根本不管这些。

他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样,虽然日夕相处,却从不过问彼此的私事,也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。

有一天晚上的情形正是这样。

人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉,从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。

谈了半天也没有一个中心话题,事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。

可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处,中心话题奇迹般地出现了。

我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的,那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。

"几天前,我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语,指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。

"此语一出,谈话立即热烈起来。

有人赞成,也有人怒斥,还有人则不以为然。

最后,当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样,由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。

Lesson OneFace to Face with Hurricane CamilleI. Las Vegas. Las Vegas city is the seat of Clark County in South Nevada. In 1970 it had a population of 125,787 people. Revenue from hotels, gambling, entertainment and other tourist-oriented industries forms the backbone of Las Vegas's economy, Its nightclubs and casinos are world famous. The city is also the mercial hub of a ranching and mining area. In the 19th century Las Vegas was a watering place for travelers to South California. In 1.855-1857 the Mormons maintained a fort there, and in 1864 Fort Baker was built by the U. S. army. In 1867, Las Vegas was detached from the Arizona territory and joined to Nevada. <from The New Columbia Encyclopedia > Ⅱ. 1. He didn' t think his family was in any real danger, His former house had been demolished by Hurricane Betsy for it only stood a few feet above sea level. His present house was 23 feet above sea level and 250 yards away from the sea. He thought they would be safe here as in any place else. Besides, he had talked the matter over with his father and mother and consulted his longtime friend, Charles Hill, before making his decision to stay and face the hurricane.2. Magna Products is the name of the firm owned by John Koshak. It designed and developed educational toys and supplies.3. Charlie thought they were in real trouble because salty water was sea water. It showed the sea had reached the house and they were in real trouble for they might be washed into the sea by the tidal wave. 4. At this Critical moment when grandmother Koshak thought they might die at any moment, she told her husband the dearest and the most precious thing she could think of. This would help to encourage each other and enable them to face death with greater serenity.5.John Koshak felt a crushing guilt because it was he who made the final decision to stay and face the hurricane. Now it seemed they might all die in the hurricane.6.Grandmother Koshak asked the children to sing because she thought this would lessen tension and boost the morale of everyone.7.Janis knew that John was trying his best to fort and encourage her for he too felt there was a possibility of their dying in the storm.Ⅲ.1.This piece of narration is organized as follows. .introduction, development, climax, and conclusion. The first 6 paragraphs are introductory paragraphs, giving the time, place, and background of the conflict-man versus hurricanes. These paragraphs also introduce the characters in the story.2. The writer focuses chiefly on action but he also clearly and sympathetically delineates the characters in the story.3. John Koshak, Jr. , is the protagonist in the story.4. Man and hurricanes make up the conflict.5. The writer builds up and sustains the suspense in the story by describing in detail and vividly the incidents showing how the Koshaks and their friends struggled against each onslaught of the hurricane.6. The writer gives order and logical movement to the sequence of happenings by describing a series of actions in the order of their occurrence.7. The story reaches its climax in paragraph 27.8. I would have ended the story at the end of Paragraph 27,because the hurricane passed, the main characters survived, and the story could e to a natural end.9. Yes, it is. Because the writer states his theme or the purpose behind his story in the reflection of Grandmother Koshak: "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important. Ⅳ.1. We' re 23 feet above sea level.2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. <>h God,please help us to get through this storm safely.9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.Ⅵ.1. main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2.sit out: stay until the end of3 e by;<American English> pay a visit 4.blow in：burst open by the storm.5.douse:put out<a light,fire,generator.etc.>quickly by pouring water over it6.kill：<American English>to cause<an engine-etc．>to stop 7．swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe;a long strip 0r track 0f any kind 8．bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines 0n a music sheet9．1ean—to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building 1 0．Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy,that build harbor facilities,airfields,etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．Ⅶ．1．destroy一词最为常见,主要强调破坏的力度之大和彻底,一般不带感情或修辞色彩. demolish和raze通常用于巨大物体,如大型建筑物等.demolish常用引申义,指任何复合体的被毁,如demolish a theory with a few incisive ments.意即"用几句锋利的评语推翻某种理论".而raze几乎无一例外地用于指建筑物的被毁.annihilate在这些词中所表示的损坏程度最为强烈,字面意思是"化为乌有",但实际上往往用于指对人或物的严重损伤.如说annihilate an enemy force,是指使敌军遭到重创,不仅没有还手之力.而且没有招架之功.如说annihilate one’s opponent in a debate,是指彻底驳倒对手.2.decay常指某物自然而然地逐渐衰败腐化.如：His teeth have begun to decay．<他的牙齿开始老化变坏.> rot指有机物质,如蔬菜等因菌毒感染而腐败变质,如：rotting apples<烂了的苹果>.spoil用于非正式文体,常指食物变质.如：Fish spoils quickly in summer.<鱼在夏天极易变质.>molder用于指物体缓慢、逐步地腐朽.如：Old buildings molder away．<老房子渐渐腐烂了.>disintegrate意指把某物从整体变为碎片或一个个部分.如：rocks disintegrated by frost and rain<被霜和雨蚀裂成碎块的岩石>.depose指将物质分解为其构成成分.如：Water call be depose<be deposed>into hydrogen and oxygen．<水可分解成氧和氧.>该词还可用来替代rot,使语气略显委婉.Ⅷ.1. television = tele + vision, a bining form "tele-" plus a noun "vision". Further examples, telegram, telephone, telescope, telegraph, telemunication, telecast, etc. 2. northwestward = north + west + ward or northwest + ward. "-ward" is a suffix meaning "in a <specific> direction or course". Further examples :eastward. westward. backward, upward, inward, outward, seaward, home-ward. etc. 3. motel = motorist + hotel, a blend word formed by bining parts of other words. Further examples: smog = smoke + fog. smaze = smoke + haze, brunch = breakfast + lunch, moped = motor + pedal, galumph = gallop = triumph, etc. 4. bathtub=bath + tub, a pound word formed by bining two nouns. Further examples: bathrobe, bathroom. bedroom, roommate, butterfly, dragonfly, foot ball. housekeeper, etc. 5. returnees=return + ees, a verb plus a noun forming suffix "-ee" designating a person in specified condition. Further examples: employee, refugee, retiree, examinee, escapee, nominee, interviewee, divorcee. IX. 1. "lash" as in ""'Camille lashed northwestward across tile gulf of Mexico". A vivid way to say "strike with great force".2. "pummel" as in "It was certain to pummel Gulfport..."Because the 'word is originally applied to human beings, meaning "beat repeatedly with the fists".3. "whip" as in "Wind and rain now whipped the house". Because it is more vivid than "fall heavily on".4. "kill" as in "the electrical systems had been killed by water". Because it leaves a deeper impression on the readers than "stop" does.5. "inch one' s way" as in "Water inched its way up the steps …" It makes the readers also see clearly that wate r was rising little by little.6. "bother" as in "no hurricane has ever bothered it". It virtually means "do damage to" here.7."lap" as in "John watched the water lap at the steps…", meaning "extend beyond some limit" or, in fact, "rise slowly".8. "skim" as in "the hurricane ... lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air", which gives the readers a deep impression of how strong the wind was.9. "seize" as in "It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank 1and dumped it 3ymiles away". It seemed as if the hurricane had a very strong and large hand.10. "crack" and "snap" as in "Telephone poles and 20-inch thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them", providing the readers with a vivid picture of winds blowing violently.X. Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. <paring the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire> 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. <paring the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train> Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. <paring the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea> 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. <Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.> Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. <The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.> 2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 1/2miles away. <The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.>. Ⅺ.Elliptical and short simple sentences generally increase the tempo and speed of the actions being described. Hence in a dramatic narration they serve to heighten tension and help create a sense of danger and urgency. For examples see the text, paragraphs 10-18 and 21-26.Ⅻ. The topic sentence of paragraph 1 is "John Koshak, Jr. ,knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad. " This idea is developed or supported by facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr. , knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad．The last sentence introduces some other characters in he story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story—why John KoshakJr．,decided not to abandon his home．ⅩⅢ．在给出答案之前,首先将该题中的几个语法术语解释一下.The sentence fragment：片断句.一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分.从结构上来说,它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位.片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以与其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位.写作时若错误地使用标点符号．将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来,那便叫做片断句,练习中的第1、第3和第4句就是这样的非完整句,即片断句.The run—on sentence:误用逗号连接句.该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句,而将两个或两个以上结构上各自独立完整而又互不从属的句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、结构松散的句子称融合句.如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子,这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句,练习中的第2句即是.The dangling modifier：垂悬修饰语.由非谓语动词<分词、动名词、不定式>组成的短语若使用不当,与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系,这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语.垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误,只是修辞上的毛病,但仍应避免使用这样的结构,尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语.练习中的第5、6、7、8句均含垂悬修饰语.The illogical or faulty parallelism：误用平行句法.误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容.这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病.不能将which或who引导的从句用and 与主句相联.关联连词<both…and,either…or等>只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分.练习中的第9、10、11、12句都是误用平行结构的例句.The shift in point of view：角度转换.不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的.若非必须如此.一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态.人称与单复数也不应随便转换.练习中的第13、14、15句都是角度转换的例子.练习中的错句可改正如下：The basketball game was canceled because half of the players were in bed with flu．These snakes are dangerous.However,mostsnakes are quite harmless．3．Looking out toward the horizon,she Saw only the old cabin in which Mary was born,a single cottonwood that had escaped the drought and the apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie．4．We knew that although the documents have been stolen they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent．5．Last year,after I had graduated from high school．my father put me to work in his office．6．To appreciate the poem,one must read it aloud．7．1 missed that film because l had to stay home to help my mother wash clothes last Sunday．8．Driving across the state,one saw many beautiful lakes．9．Unselfish people are not only happier but also more successful．1O．I finally realized that my daydreaming was not making me beautiful and slender or bringing me friends．11．He is a man of wide experience and also of great popularity among the farmers．12．I am interested in electronics,which is a new field and which offers interesting opportunities 10 one who knows science．13．We carefully swept the room and dusted the furniture and the shelves.14．If one’s mouth is dry,one should eat a lump of sugar or chew gum．15．You must make yourself interesting to the group that listens23 to you and is constantly trying to detect your mistakesⅪV. Omitted.XV.Gale Kills PeopleFour people got killed when a gale swept across several parts of South England and Wales yesterday. A school boy of ten was struck by flying debris and lost his life when the roof of a prefabricated classroom was blown off and the walls caved in. The boy was one of seventy children being led to safety. When the teacher saw the roof beginning to lift, he asked his pupils to follow him to a safe place. Unfortunately, the boy was killed. Another two children were taken to hospital with slight injury. A woman, aged 81, was killed when a chimney, dislodged by a strong wind, fell through the roof of her home. Another woman, a resident on the first floor of a building, was also killed outright by the falling masonry. Some residents were taken to hospital and the rest evacuated. A driver met his death near a filling station when his car ran into a tree that had fallen across the road.Lesson Two MarrakechⅠ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal mercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco. Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B.C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers <70%>who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert. Ⅱ.1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- <a> the burial of the poor inhabitants <b>an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread <c>the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ <d>cultivation of the poor soil; <e> the old women carrying fire wood.2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating thepeople in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags. 4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses pletely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic. 5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred. 6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded. 7. See paragraph 18. 8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden. 9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves.Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. 2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings. 3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings. 4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well e after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay. 5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing". 6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up. 2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals <by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings>. 3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. 4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making. 5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited. 6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable. 8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings. 9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas <for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting>．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the munity,that.she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．12．People with brown skinsare almost invisible．13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?. 15．Every white man,the onlookers,the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers,had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice 2．navvy：abbreviation of "navigator",a British word meaning an unskilled laborer,as on canals,,roads,etc．3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place 4．warp：bend,curve,or twist out of shape 5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary 6．wretched：poor in quality,very inferior 7．mummified：thin and withered,looking like a mummy 8．reach—me—down：<British colloquialism>second—hand or ready—made clothing 9．charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeⅦ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音,并伴以流泪.weep更具体,强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹. 2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状,具体表现为喜怒无常,时哭时笑,行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱<如酒醉发烧时>,具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语,指狂暴不能自制. hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱,表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以与不自觉地模拟眼瞎、耳聋等.用于引申义时,mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度,成为癖好,如a mania for drinking<嗜酒>；delirium 指极度兴奋,如a delirium of joy<狂喜>；hysteria 指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发,如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．<她又是笑又是哭,感情难以控制.>. 3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光.Ⅷ．1．burying—ground<verbal noun in—ing + noun>：drinking cup, hiding place,diving board,waiting room,freezing point, carving knife,writing desk,typing paper,swimming suit 2．gravestone<noun +noun>：oilwell,silkworm,shirt—sleeves,girl—friend,gaslight,bloodstain,frogman,win—dow—pane 3．mid—air<adjective +noun>：half—brother,black—market, half—pay.darkroom,madman,double—talk,hothouse, handy man 4．orercrowding<adverb +verbal noun in—ing>：dry-cleaning,overeating,oversleeping,deep—freezing, underpricing, underrating,down—grading,up—dating 5．nine—tenths<adj．from a cardinal number +noun,from an44ordinal number> : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninthIX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd of mourners...threaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through. 2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and miserable life. 3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully. 4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette. 5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state those women are in.6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying. 7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into theditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served him devotedly.8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island. 2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming. 3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government. 4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved. 5. Soon other settlers were ing in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened. 6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit. 7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge. 8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office. 9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach. 10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has pletely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-es a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove. "There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food. Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, e, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shakeⅩⅢ. Omitted. ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old ShanghaiAt the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the ponent of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside. How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.Lesson Three Pub Talk and the King’s EnglishⅠ . 1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle <1795-1881>, English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career.。

Lesson OneFace to Face with Hurricane CamilleI. Las Vegas. Las Vegas city is the seat of Clark County in South Nevada. In 1970 it had a population of 125,787 people. Revenue from hotels, gambling, entertainment and other tourist-oriented industries forms the backbone of Las Vegas's economy, Its nightclubs and casinos are world famous. The city is also the mercial hub of a ranching and mining area. In the 19th century Las Vegas was a watering place for travelers to South California. In 1.855-1857 the Mormons maintained a fort there, and in 1864 Fort Baker was built by the U. S. army. In 1867, Las Vegas was detached from the Arizona territory and joined to Nevada. <from The New Columbia Encyclopedia > Ⅱ. 1. He didn' t think his family was in any real danger, His former house had been demolished by Hurricane Betsy for it only stood a few feet above sea level. His present house was 23 feet above sea level and 250 yards away from the sea. He thought they would be safe here as in any place else. Besides, he had talked the matter over with his father and mother and consulted his longtime friend, Charles Hill, before making his decision to stay and face the hurricane.2. Magna Products is the name of the firm owned by John Koshak. It designed and developed educational toys and supplies.3. Charlie thought they were in real trouble because salty water was sea water. It showed the sea had reached the house and they were in real trouble for they might be washed into the sea by the tidal wave. 4. At this Critical moment when grandmother Koshak thought they might die at any moment, she told her husband the dearest and the most precious thing she could think of. This would help to encourage each other and enable them to face death with greater serenity.5.John Koshak felt a crushing guilt because it was he who made the final decision to stay and face the hurricane. Now it seemed they might all die in the hurricane.6.Grandmother Koshak asked the children to sing because she thought this would lessen tension and boost the morale of everyone.7.Janis knew that John was trying his best to fort and encourage her for he too felt there was a possibility of their dying in the storm.Ⅲ.1.This piece of narration is organized as follows. .introduction, development, climax, and conclusion. The first 6 paragraphs are introductory paragraphs, giving the time, place, and background of the conflict-man versus hurricanes. These paragraphs also introduce the characters in the story.2. The writer focuses chiefly on action but he also clearly and sympathetically delineates the characters in the story.3. John Koshak, Jr. , is the protagonist in the story.4. Man and hurricanes make up the conflict.5. The writer builds up and sustains the suspense in the story by describing in detail and vividly the incidents showing how the Koshaks and their friends struggled against each onslaught of the hurricane.6. The writer gives order and logical movement to the sequence of happenings by describing a series of actions in the order of their occurrence.7. The story reaches its climax in paragraph 27.8. I would have ended the story at the end of Paragraph 27,because the hurricane passed, the main characters survived, and the story could e to a natural end.9. Yes, it is. Because the writer states his theme or the purpose behind his story in the reflection of Grandmother Koshak: "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important. Ⅳ.1. We' re 23 feet above sea level.2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. <>h God,please help us to get through this storm safely.9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.Ⅵ.1. main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2.sit out: stay until the end of3 e by;<American English> pay a visit 4.blow in：burst open by the storm.5.douse:put out<a light,fire,generator.etc.>quickly by pouring water over it6.kill：<American English>to cause<an engine-etc．>to stop 7．swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe;a long strip 0r track 0f any kind 8．bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines 0n a music sheet9．1ean—to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building 1 0．Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy,that build harbor facilities,airfields,etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．Ⅶ．1．destroy一词最为常见,主要强调破坏的力度之大和彻底,一般不带感情或修辞色彩. demolish和raze通常用于巨大物体,如大型建筑物等.demolish常用引申义,指任何复合体的被毁,如demolish a theory with a few incisive ments.意即"用几句锋利的评语推翻某种理论".而raze几乎无一例外地用于指建筑物的被毁.annihilate在这些词中所表示的损坏程度最为强烈,字面意思是"化为乌有",但实际上往往用于指对人或物的严重损伤.如说annihilate an enemy force,是指使敌军遭到重创,不仅没有还手之力.而且没有招架之功.如说annihilate one’s opponent in a debate,是指彻底驳倒对手.2.decay常指某物自然而然地逐渐衰败腐化.如：His teeth have begun to decay．<他的牙齿开始老化变坏.> rot指有机物质,如蔬菜等因菌毒感染而腐败变质,如：rotting apples<烂了的苹果>.spoil用于非正式文体,常指食物变质.如：Fish spoils quickly in summer.<鱼在夏天极易变质.>molder用于指物体缓慢、逐步地腐朽.如：Old buildings molder away．<老房子渐渐腐烂了.>disintegrate意指把某物从整体变为碎片或一个个部分.如：rocks disintegrated by frost and rain<被霜和雨蚀裂成碎块的岩石>.depose指将物质分解为其构成成分.如：Water call be depose<be deposed>into hydrogen and oxygen．<水可分解成氧和氧.>该词还可用来替代rot,使语气略显委婉.Ⅷ.1. television = tele + vision, a bining form "tele-" plus a noun "vision". Further examples, telegram, telephone, telescope, telegraph, telemunication, telecast, etc. 2. northwestward = north + west + ward or northwest + ward. "-ward" is a suffix meaning "in a <specific> direction or course". Further examples :eastward. westward. backward, upward, inward, outward, seaward, home-ward. etc. 3. motel = motorist + hotel, a blend word formed by bining parts of other words. Further examples: smog = smoke + fog. smaze = smoke + haze, brunch = breakfast + lunch, moped = motor + pedal, galumph = gallop = triumph, etc. 4. bathtub=bath + tub, a pound word formed by bining two nouns. Further examples: bathrobe, bathroom. bedroom, roommate, butterfly, dragonfly, foot ball. housekeeper, etc. 5. returnees=return + ees, a verb plus a noun forming suffix "-ee" designating a person in specified condition. Further examples: employee, refugee, retiree, examinee, escapee, nominee, interviewee, divorcee. IX. 1. "lash" as in ""'Camille lashed northwestward across tile gulf of Mexico". A vivid way to say "strike with great force".2. "pummel" as in "It was certain to pummel Gulfport..."Because the 'word is originally applied to human beings, meaning "beat repeatedly with the fists".3. "whip" as in "Wind and rain now whipped the house". Because it is more vivid than "fall heavily on".4. "kill" as in "the electrical systems had been killed by water". Because it leaves a deeper impression on the readers than "stop" does.5. "inch one' s way" as in "Water inched its way up the steps …" It makes the readers also see clearly that wate r was rising little by little.6. "bother" as in "no hurricane has ever bothered it". It virtually means "do damage to" here.7."lap" as in "John watched the water lap at the steps…", meaning "extend beyond some limit" or, in fact, "rise slowly".8. "skim" as in "the hurricane ... lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air", which gives the readers a deep impression of how strong the wind was.9. "seize" as in "It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank 1and dumped it 3ymiles away". It seemed as if the hurricane had a very strong and large hand.10. "crack" and "snap" as in "Telephone poles and 20-inch thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them", providing the readers with a vivid picture of winds blowing violently.X. Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. <paring the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire> 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. <paring the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train> Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. <paring the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea> 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. <Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.> Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. <The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.> 2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 1/2miles away. <The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.>. Ⅺ.Elliptical and short simple sentences generally increase the tempo and speed of the actions being described. Hence in a dramatic narration they serve to heighten tension and help create a sense of danger and urgency. For examples see the text, paragraphs 10-18 and 21-26.Ⅻ. The topic sentence of paragraph 1 is "John Koshak, Jr. ,knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad. " This idea is developed or supported by facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr. , knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad．The last sentence introduces some other characters in he story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story—why John KoshakJr．,decided not to abandon his home．ⅩⅢ．在给出答案之前,首先将该题中的几个语法术语解释一下.The sentence fragment：片断句.一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分.从结构上来说,它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位.片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以与其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位.写作时若错误地使用标点符号．将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来,那便叫做片断句,练习中的第1、第3和第4句就是这样的非完整句,即片断句.The run—on sentence:误用逗号连接句.该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句,而将两个或两个以上结构上各自独立完整而又互不从属的句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、结构松散的句子称融合句.如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子,这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句,练习中的第2句即是.The dangling modifier：垂悬修饰语.由非谓语动词<分词、动名词、不定式>组成的短语若使用不当,与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系,这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语.垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误,只是修辞上的毛病,但仍应避免使用这样的结构,尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语.练习中的第5、6、7、8句均含垂悬修饰语.The illogical or faulty parallelism：误用平行句法.误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容.这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病.不能将which或who引导的从句用and 与主句相联.关联连词<both…and,either…or等>只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分.练习中的第9、10、11、12句都是误用平行结构的例句.The shift in point of view：角度转换.不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的.若非必须如此.一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态.人称与单复数也不应随便转换.练习中的第13、14、15句都是角度转换的例子.练习中的错句可改正如下：The basketball game was canceled because half of the players were in bed with flu．These snakes are dangerous.However,mostsnakes are quite harmless．3．Looking out toward the horizon,she Saw only the old cabin in which Mary was born,a single cottonwood that had escaped the drought and the apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie．4．We knew that although the documents have been stolen they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent．5．Last year,after I had graduated from high school．my father put me to work in his office．6．To appreciate the poem,one must read it aloud．7．1 missed that film because l had to stay home to help my mother wash clothes last Sunday．8．Driving across the state,one saw many beautiful lakes．9．Unselfish people are not only happier but also more successful．1O．I finally realized that my daydreaming was not making me beautiful and slender or bringing me friends．11．He is a man of wide experience and also of great popularity among the farmers．12．I am interested in electronics,which is a new field and which offers interesting opportunities 10 one who knows science．13．We carefully swept the room and dusted the furniture and the shelves.14．If one’s mouth is dry,one should eat a lump of sugar or chew gum．15．You must make yourself interesting to the group that listens23 to you and is constantly trying to detect your mistakesⅪV. Omitted.XV.Gale Kills PeopleFour people got killed when a gale swept across several parts of South England and Wales yesterday. A school boy of ten was struck by flying debris and lost his life when the roof of a prefabricated classroom was blown off and the walls caved in. The boy was one of seventy children being led to safety. When the teacher saw the roof beginning to lift, he asked his pupils to follow him to a safe place. Unfortunately, the boy was killed. Another two children were taken to hospital with slight injury. A woman, aged 81, was killed when a chimney, dislodged by a strong wind, fell through the roof of her home. Another woman, a resident on the first floor of a building, was also killed outright by the falling masonry. Some residents were taken to hospital and the rest evacuated. A driver met his death near a filling station when his car ran into a tree that had fallen across the road.Lesson Two MarrakechⅠ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal mercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco. Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B.C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers <70%>who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert. Ⅱ.1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- <a> the burial of the poor inhabitants <b>an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread <c>the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ <d>cultivation of the poor soil; <e> the old women carrying fire wood.2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating thepeople in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags. 4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses pletely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic. 5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred. 6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded. 7. See paragraph 18. 8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden. 9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves.Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. 2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings. 3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings. 4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well e after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay. 5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing". 6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up. 2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals <by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings>. 3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. 4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making. 5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited. 6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable. 8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings. 9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas <for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting>．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the munity,that.she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．12．People with brown skinsare almost invisible．13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?. 15．Every white man,the onlookers,the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers,had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice 2．navvy：abbreviation of "navigator",a British word meaning an unskilled laborer,as on canals,,roads,etc．3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place 4．warp：bend,curve,or twist out of shape 5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary 6．wretched：poor in quality,very inferior 7．mummified：thin and withered,looking like a mummy 8．reach—me—down：<British colloquialism>second—hand or ready—made clothing 9．charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeⅦ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音,并伴以流泪.weep更具体,强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹. 2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状,具体表现为喜怒无常,时哭时笑,行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱<如酒醉发烧时>,具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语,指狂暴不能自制. hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱,表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以与不自觉地模拟眼瞎、耳聋等.用于引申义时,mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度,成为癖好,如a mania for drinking<嗜酒>；delirium 指极度兴奋,如a delirium of joy<狂喜>；hysteria 指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发,如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．<她又是笑又是哭,感情难以控制.>. 3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光.Ⅷ．1．burying—ground<verbal noun in—ing + noun>：drinking cup, hiding place,diving board,waiting room,freezing point, carving knife,writing desk,typing paper,swimming suit 2．gravestone<noun +noun>：oilwell,silkworm,shirt—sleeves,girl—friend,gaslight,bloodstain,frogman,win—dow—pane 3．mid—air<adjective +noun>：half—brother,black—market, half—pay.darkroom,madman,double—talk,hothouse, handy man 4．orercrowding<adverb +verbal noun in—ing>：dry-cleaning,overeating,oversleeping,deep—freezing, underpricing, underrating,down—grading,up—dating 5．nine—tenths<adj．from a cardinal number +noun,from an44ordinal number> : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninthIX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd of mourners...threaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through. 2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and miserable life. 3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully. 4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette. 5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state those women are in.6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying. 7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into theditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served him devotedly.8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island. 2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming. 3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government. 4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved. 5. Soon other settlers were ing in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened. 6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit. 7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge. 8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office. 9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach. 10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has pletely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-es a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove. "There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food. Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, e, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shakeⅩⅢ. Omitted. ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old ShanghaiAt the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the ponent of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside. How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.Lesson Three Pub Talk and the King’s EnglishⅠ . 1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle <1795-1881>, English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career.。

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。

动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。

闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。

它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。

要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。

闲聊不是为了进行争论。

闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。

闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。

事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。

也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。

或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。

酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。

他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。

他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。

有一天晚上的情形正是这样。

人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。

谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。

可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。

我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。

“几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。

”此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。

有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。

最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。

[精华版]张汉熙高级英语课文详解第2册1-5课Lesson OnePart One: paragraph 1 --- paragraph 6sh: v. to move quickly or violently 猛烈冲击、猛打(1) 暴风雨袭击了海岸的那片树林。

Rainstorm lashed the forest on the coast.(2) 冰雹无情地打下来。

Hail lashed down mercilessly.(3) The waves are lashing the shore.(4) A rising wind was lashing the rain against the window.2.pummel/ pommel: n.v. to beat or hit with repeated blows, esp. with the fist 用拳头连续敲打(1) The thief was pushed and pummeled by an angry crowd.(2) 他诱骗那人到角落狠狠揍了他30秒钟。

He trapped the man in a corner and pummeled him ferociously for thirty seconds.3. Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama4. California, Las Vegas5. consult: go to a person or book for informationconsult sb.: ask sb. for special information, adviceconsult with sb.: to exchange opinions of sb.6. Hurricane Betsy:a powerful Hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic Hurricane season which caused enormous damage inthe Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana.7. A good: at least, full(1) 我们足足等了三个小时. We waited for a good three hours.(2) 昨晚Bill在酒馆里喝得烂醉. Bill had a good drink at the pub last night.(3) It is a good five hours to drive to the railway station.(4) His parents gave him a good beating.8. We can batten down and ride it out.A metaphor: compare the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at seaWe can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.9. Batten: to fasten with battens 用压条钉住(或固定)10. Ride it out: to stay afloat during a storm without much damage.11. Scud: (of clouds or ships) to move swiftly, glide or skim along easily 疾行、飞驰、掠过(1) The ship scuds before the wind.(2) White clouds scudded across the sky.12. Vietnam(1) A country of southeast Asia (2) Capital: Hanoi (3) The largest city: Ho Chi Minh City (4)Population: 84,400,000 (5) the Red River (6) the Mekong River Delta 13. Sit out:(1) It’s hot indoors. Let’s sit out in the garden.sit sth. out: a. to stay to the end of a performanceb. take no part in (esp. a particular dance) (2) The play was boring, but we sat it out.(3) I think I will sit out the next dance.Part Two: paragraph 7 --- paragraph 271. French door: two adjoining doors that have glass panes from topto bottom and they open inthe middleto throw away; (fig.) to do sth. with a lot of enthusiasm and energy.2. Fling: to throw violently ;(1) She flung her shoe at the cat.(2) The youth got him by the front of his shirt and flung him to the ground. (3) How can you fling your wife away?(4) He has flung up studies.(5) She flung herself into her career.3. shove: push with quick, violent movement. 猛推(1)人们推推搡搡挤向火车。

⾼级英语第三版第⼆册张汉熙1-6-8课课后答案Lesson One1.And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity found only among human beings.2.Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or points of views.3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact , people who are good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his ideas.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not close friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s private lives.5.....it could still go ignorantly on ...The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.There are cattle in the fields ,but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed in the fields , but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meet beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his ownlanguage.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it hard for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own.English received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.The phrase , the King’s English ,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes.(The working people often mock the proper and formal language of the educated people.)10.The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.As the early Saxon peasants , the working people still have a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger that “ words will harden into things for us. “There is always a great danger , as Carlyle put it , that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.a.However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anythingthat deserves the name of conversation.不管动物之间的交流⽅式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。

高级英语第二册课文翻译第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风第二课马拉喀什见闻第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语第四课就职演说（1961年1月20日)第五课爱情就是谬误第六课从天窗中消失第七课爱丑之欲第八课工人是创造者还是机器第九课从奥米勒斯城出走的人第十课悲哀的青年一代第十一课英国人的未来第十二课一个发现:做一个美国人意味着什么第十三课为死刑辩护第十四课亦爱亦恨话纽约第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风小约翰。

柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。

就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时,收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。

柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击.路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。

但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样,不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃,除非等到他的一家人一-妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。

为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策,他与父母商量过。

两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来,住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里.他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理？希尔的意见。

约翰的全部产业就在自己家里（他开办的玛格纳制造公司是设计、研制各种教育玩具和教育用品的。

公司的一切往来函件、设计图纸和工艺模具全都放在一楼)。

37岁的他对飓风的威力是深有体会的.四年前，他原先拥有的位于高尔夫港以西几英里外的那个家就曾毁于贝翠号飓风(那场风灾前夕柯夏克已将全家搬到一家汽车旅馆过夜)。

不过，当时那幢房子所处的地势偏低,高出海平面仅几英尺。

“我们现在住的这幢房子高了23英尺,，’他对父亲说,“而且距离海边足有250码远。

这幢房子是1915年建造的。

至今还从未受到过飓风的袭击。

我们呆在这儿恐怕是再安全不过了。

"老柯夏克67岁．是个语粗心慈的熟练机械师。

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友情，而且是人类特有的一种活动。

动物之间的信息沟通，不论其方式何等困难，也是称不上交谈的。

闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。

它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热忱洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。

要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。

闲聊不是为了进行争辩。

闲聊中常常会有争辩，不过其目的并不是为了劝服对方。

闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢输赢的。

事实上，真正擅长闲聊的人往往是随时打算让步的。

或许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转瞬大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。

或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的原因吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。

酒馆里的挚友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。

他们之中或许有人面临婚因裂开，或恋爱失败，或遇到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。

他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的隐私。

有一天晚上的情形正是这样。

人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最一般的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。

谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不须要有一个中心话题。

可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。

我记不起她那句话是在什么状况下说出来的——她明显不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不行的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题特别自然地脱口而出的。

“几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的指责用语，指的是人们应当尽量避开运用的英语。

”此语一出，谈话马上热情起来。

有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。

最终，当然少不了要像处理全部这种场合下的看法分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。

Lesson 1Face to Face with Hurricane Camille1。

We're elevated 23 feet. （para 3)We' re 23 feet above sea level。

2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it。

（para 3）The house has been here since 1915， and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3。

We can batten down and ride it out. （para 4)We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4。

The generator was doused， and the lights went out. （para 9）Water got into the generator and put it out。

It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out。

5。

Everybody out the back door to the cars! （para 10)Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars。

6. The electrical systems had been killed by water. (para 11）The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt。

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。

动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。

闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。

它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。

要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。

闲聊不是为了进行争论。

闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。

闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。

事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。

也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。

或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。

酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。

他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。

他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。

有一天晚上的情形正是这样。

人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。

谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。

可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。

我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。

“几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。

”此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。

有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。

最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。

高级英语第2册（张汉熙）1.FacetoFacewithHurricaneCamilleFace to Face with Hurricane Camille 词汇(Vocabulary)hurricane (n.): a violent tropical cyclone with winds moving at 73 or more miles per hour，often accompanied by torrential rains，and originating usually in the West Indian region飓风---------------------------------------------------------------------lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打---------------------------------------------------------------------pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打---------------------------------------------------------------------course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法demolish (v.): pull down．tear down，or smash to pieces (a building，etc．)，destroy：ruin拉倒；打碎；拆毁；破坏；毁灭motel (n.):a hotel intended primarily for those traveling by car, usually with direct access from each room to an area for cars 汽车游客旅馆gruff (adj.): rough or surly in manner or speech；harsh and throaty；hoarse粗暴的，粗鲁的；粗哑的。

高级英语的十九种修辞和高英1-5课总结张汉熙第一篇：高级英语的十九种修辞和高英1-5课总结张汉熙Figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, anticlimax, metonymy, repetition, exaggeration, euphemism, antonomasia, parody.1)Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.(metaphor)-----Page1,Lesson1.2)It grows louder and more distinct ,until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes ,as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers.(metaphor and personification)----------P2,L1.3)The dye-market, the pottery-market, and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar.(metaphor)-----P3,L14)Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while…(Personification)------P3, L1.5)It is a vast, somber cavern of a room, some thirty feet high and sixty feet square , and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mud brick roof are only dimly visible.(metaphor)---P4,L1 6)There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated.(synecdoche)------P15,L27)“Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”.(Anticlimax)----P15, L2.8)But later my hair began to fall out, and my belly turned to water.I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me.(alliteration)-----P17, L2.9)Acre by acre, the rainforest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef.(alliteration)-----P30,L310)According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America-which means we are silently thousands of songs we have ever heard.(metonymy)----P31,L3.11)What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky?(metaphor)---P32,L3.12)Have you ever seen a lame animal ,perhaps dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car ,sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him?(metaphor)13)And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe.(Exaggeration)----P58, L4.14)I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.(Exaggeration)15)After I tripped over it two or three times he told me to just call him Hakim-a-barber.(metaphor)-------P60,L4.16)“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”.Wangero said ,laughing.(Ironic)—P62,L4.17)You didn’t even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink inthe wood.(metaphor)----P62,L4.18)“Mama,”Wangero said sweet as a bird.“can I have these old quilts?”(Simile)---P63, L4.19)She gasped like a bee had stung her.(simile)20)Churchill, he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.(metaphor)21)If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.(exaggeration)----P79,L5.22)But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.(metaphor)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(simile) 24）I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.(Metaphor)----P79, L5.25）I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky ,street smarting from many a British whipping to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.(Metaphor)---P80, L5.26)We will never parley;we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, and we shall fight him in the air.(Parallelism)27)Just as the industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles and enorm ously expanded productivity.(Metonymy)英语中有19种修辞手法，它们分别是：Simile明喻、Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻、Metonymy 借喻，转喻、Synecdoche 提喻、Synaesthesia通感，联觉，移觉、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比，平行、Euphemism 委婉，婉辞法、Allegory 讽喻，比方、Irony 反语、Pun 双关、Parody仿拟、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问、Antithesis 对照，对比，对偶、Paradox 隽语、Oxymoron反意法，逆喻、Climax 渐进法，层进法、Anticlimax渐降法。