高压静电发生器外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

中英文资料外文翻译文献Research on Fuzzy Control for Steam Generator Water LevelI. INTRODUCTIONThe steam generator is one of the main devices in PWR nuclear power plant, in order to ensure the safety of nuclear power plant during operation; the steam generator‟s water level must be controlled in a certain range. When the nuclear power plant is running, as the steam flow or the water flow changing, the amount of boiling bubbles in the steam generator will change due to local pressure or temperature change, the instantaneous water level showed “false water level” phenomenon .The existence of “false water level” made it difficult to control the water level. The introduction of feed-forward control to the traditional single-loop PID control can, in a certain extent, overcome the "false water level" phenomenon. But the conventional PID control method in the process of steam generator water level control has some shortcomings. To the steam generator that has highly complex, large time-delay and nonlinear time-varying characteristics, the PID parameters tuning is a tedious job and the control effect is very poor. Furthermore, to achieve good control performance still as conditions changing, it often needs to change the PID controller parameters. But the analog PID controller parameters are difficult to regulate online. Fuzzy control is a kind of nonlinear control strategy based on fuzzy reasoning, which express operating experience of skilled manipulation men and common sense rules of inference through vague language. Fuzzy control do not need to know precise mathematical model of controlled object, is not sensitive to the change of process parameters, is highly robust and can overcome non-linear factors, so, fuzzy control has faster response and smaller ultra- tone, can get better control effect. Based on understanding above, this paper design a steam generator water level fuzzy controller, the simulation shows that thecontroller has good control performance and practical value.II. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM GENERATORThe transfer function of PWR steam generator‟s mathematical model of the general form shows below:y(s)=GW(s)QW(s)+GS(s)QS(s) （1）where y is the steam generator water level; QW for the water flow; QS for the steam flow; GW (s) for the impact of the water flow to the steam generator water level; GS (s) for the effect of the steam flow (load) to the steam generator water level.The balance of the steam generator water level is maintained through the match between the water flow and steam flow. The process that water level changes with the steam flow or water flow changing can be regarded as a simple integration process, but impact of the water flow and steam flow …s change on water level is different.A. Dynamics Characteristics under Water Flow DisturbanceSuppose steam flow GS remains unchanged, and water flow GW step increases, on the one hand because the temperature of feed water is much lower than the temperature of saturated water in the steam generator, so that , when feed water entering, it will absorb a lot of extra heat, the vapor phase bubble contents will reduce, resulting in water level decreasing; on the other hand, the increase in water flow GW made it greater than steam load, and cause water level increases linearly. Comprehensive two factors, after the step increase of the water flow, the water level rise has a time delay process, showing a down then up.B. Dynamic Characteristics under Steam Load DisturbanceSuppose feed water flow GW remains unchanged, and steam load GS step increases, on the one hand the water level will flow down because the steam flow rate is greater than the water flow rate. On the other hand, as the steam load increased, vapor pressure is reduced; the bubble volume on the liquid surface increases, causing the water level increased. Comprehensive two factors, after the step increase of the steam flow rate, the water level down has a time delay process, showing a up then down.The impact on the water level of water flow or steam flow stepping decreased has similar principle as above.As analysis can be seen as above, when the water flow or steam load change, the water level did not follow the change immediately, but there is an opposite process at first. This phenomenon is called "false water level" phenomenon.III. DESIGN OF W ATER LEVEL FUZZY CONTROLLERThe conventional PID controller has a poor control performance to the steam generator that exist“false water level” characteristics, showing a greater overshoot in the tracking time. But a well-designed fuzzy controller is able to overcome the "false water level" phenomenon, and has good control performance.A. Sstructure of Fuzzy ControllerThe structure showed in Figure 1.Figure 1. Structure of steam generator water level fuzzy controllerChoose the water level error (e) and change rate of error (ec) as input of the fuzzy controller, the output of the fuzzy controller is the added value of the valve opening signal Δu. Meanwhile, use the steam flow feed-forward to overcome the "false water level" phenomenon, use water flow feedback to overcome fluctuations in water supply side . k1, k2 were water flow and steam flow transmitter conversion factor. To ensure the water flow to match the steam flow, k1 and k2 values should be equal to.B. Fuzzy theory, fuzzy subset and Membership FunctionThe fuzzy Analects of e, ec and u are [-6, 6], both with seven fuzzy sets NB (negative big), NM (negative middle), NS (negative small), ZO (zero), PS (positive small), PM (positive middle) and PB (positive big) to describe. e, ec and, Δu are all using triangular membership function (see Figure 2).Figure 2. Input and output variable membership functionC. Fuzzy control rule tableThe establishment principle of fuzzy control rules are: when the error is large, the output control volume should give priority to eliminate error as soon as possible; when the error is small, the output control volume should givepriority to prevent overshoot. Where ec is negative ,it shows that water level has a rising trend, if the water level is high at this time, then we should reduce the valve opening signal; whereas, we should open the valve more. Through a comprehensive analysis of expertise, the establishment of rule table shown in Table 1.Table 1. Fuzzy control rule tableD. Fuzzy Reasoning and SolutionThis fuzzy inference system uses Mamdani. The basic properties of fuzzy inference system set to: "and" operation with a very small operation; "or" operation uses the maximum operation. Using a very small operation fuzzy implication, fuzzy rules integrated with great operations center Defuzzification method used. IV . SIMULATION EXAMPLESA pressurized water reactor steam generator in Chinese Qinshan nuclear power station has empirical model G1 (s), G2 (s) below:()()()()⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧+⋅++++==---7%15,)128(415.0)13)(129(19.36%90,)13)(129(19.3)()(551Ps s s s s e Ps s s s e e s G s G s ssp τ()()8%90,14398.0)124(819.3)(2Ps s s s s e s G +++--=where Ps denote the rated load. When load at 15% ~ 90% Ps, use (6) and (8); when load less than 15% Ps, use (7) and (8).Figure 3. Expected water level step response diagramThe coefficients in Control system are k1=k2=0.5. Water control valve is a king of linear valve, its gain is 4. The quantitative coefficients of e and ec are 6 and 60 respectively; the scale factor of u is 0.5. We limit water flow the range of 0 kg / s to the rated flow 258kg / s when simulation. Consider the expected level step from the initial 0m to 10m, water level response is shown use the solid line in Figure 3. For contrasting the increase effect of fuzzy controller, we also carried out using the traditional PID control simulation. We can see, compared with traditional PID control, fuzzy controller has reported significant improvements in overshoot, settling time, steady degrees.V. CONCLUSIONThis paper designed a water level fuzzy control system aimed at steam generator…s characteristics of large time delay and model uncertainty. We also gave a simulation to the steam generator of Qinshan nuclear power plant, and achieved satisfactory results. The method can also be used for other large time -delay and time-varying process control model, and has broad application prospects.蒸汽发生器水位模糊控制研究1.导论蒸汽发生器是压水反应堆式核电厂里的一个重要的设备。

User manual book--High V oltage DC GeneratorWarningPeople who use of this product must have a "high-voltage test certificate".Please read the 168 regulation of "electric power regulatory" when you use this product，and install two apparently disconnected point between power and the tester, when replacing the tester or Connecting line, you should break the two disconnect point of power supply.Check tester control box, the high-voltage cylinder and the grounding wire is connected together before testing. The grounding wire should be connected rightly to the earth.The large capacitor loader must discharged through the resistor of 100Ω/ V. Don’t contact the rod resistor with the loader immediately, you should put the rod resistor close to the sample gradually, keep a certain distance, and then discharge with hiss. When there is no sound, we can use rod resistor finally discharge by connecting to earth.If the loader is a capacitive loader, before test you must connect with resistor.When the voltage is more than 200kV, although the test personnel wear insulated shoes and at a safe distance from the outside area, but because of the effects of high voltage DC ion distribution of space electric field, it can lead to different DC potential of standing people nearby. Don’t handshake each other or touch any grounding body, otherwise there will be a mild electric shock phenomenon, this phenomenon happens in dry areas and winter commonly, but it generates little energy, so it can do no harm to people.After finishing the test, you must connect the grounding wire to the end of high voltage output, and then you can remove the lead wire off.CATALOGIntroduction (4)Principle of operation (4)Technical parameter (4)Function (7)Operation steps (9)Fault resolve (13)Product complete sets (13)Quality assurance (14)Service Promise (14)Introduction The high voltage DC generator is a new product designed according to the new China electric power industry standard DL / T848.1-2004 "DC high voltage generator general technical conditions". This product is mainly used for DC endure experiment to high voltage device such as Electric Power Cooperation, Metallurgy, Iron and Steel enterprises.Principle of operationAC 220outTechnical parameter1. Technical character● The control box is used of aluminum alloy structure.● It uses the new technology such as PWM pulse-wide modulation, middlefrequency high voltage and high power IGBT device.● It uses voltage feedback; output stability is less than 3%.● Full range of voltage output, voltage regulating accuracy is less than 1%, thestability of voltage error is less than 1.5%, the voltage error ± (1.5% ±2 words), the current error ± (1.5% ± 2 words).●Raise voltage from zero voltage potentiometer.●The 0.75UDC/1mA function button is convenient for zinc oxide arrester test, andthe accuracy is ±（3%±2words）.●Over voltage protection uses dialing number set, and the error is ±1%.●High voltage cylinder is used of new materials, lightweight and sturdy. It’s co atedwith special insulating materials, electrical performance and moisture-proof ability is good.●The product conforms to DL / T848.1-2004 technology requirements, and passedthe center test of electrical equipment quality inspection, strictly according to the enterprise standard.2. Technical parametersNote: As the product update, we don’t notice any more, according to the sample, the company reserves the right of interpretation.Function（1）Control box Panel1、Ground terminal: When testing, the grounding terminal of control box and high-voltage cylinder should be connected together, and then connected with the earth. 2、Output port is used for the connection of the control box and high-voltagecylinder . We only rotate the cable pressing plug clockwise in place when connecting, only rotate the cable plug anti-clockwise when broking.3、V oltage setting switch: Used for setting the over-voltage protection value. Thedisplay unit of dial switch is kV, set values is 1.1 times of the test voltage.4、Power input socket: A random configuration of power line and the power inputsocket. (AC voltage 220V±10％, socket with fuse.)5、Digital voltage meter: Digital display high voltage DC output voltage.6、Digital current meter: Digital display high voltage DC output current.7、Power switch: Forward press, the power is on, the red lights, conversely toshutdown.8、Yellow light button: This function is designed for zinc oxide arrester formeasurement of 0.75UDc1mA. It’s effective when the green lights. After pressing the button, output voltage reduce to the original 0.75%, and keeps this state. Press the red button, red light and green light all out, high pressure cuts off and exits0.75 times state.9、The green button: High-voltage output button, high voltage indicator lamps. In redlight state, press the green button, the green light and red light out, this means high voltage circuit is switched on, then we can raise voltage. It’s Effective that thisbutton must be on voltage regulating potentiometer zero state. If press the green button, the green light is bright red, at the same time the red light is brighter, but release the green button, green light out and red light, it means Internal protection circuit has been working.10、Red button: the red light shows that the power is switched on and the high voltageis cut off .In the green state ,press the red button, red light is bright, high voltage is cut off.11、V oltage adjusting potentiometer: The potentiometer is a multi-turn potentiometer.Rotate clockwise to boost, and conversely to Step-down. The potentiometer has the function of controlling electronic zero protection, so must firstly return to zerobefore boosting.（2）High-voltage cylinder1、High voltage terminals (connect Microampere meter and water resistance orcurrent-limiting resistor)2、Equipotential shielding for HV3、High-voltage cylinder4、Grounding terminal5、Intermediate frequency output terminal6、Base（3）Testing connectionOperation steps(If capacitive load, should access the current-limiting resistor)1、 Check integrity before using the tester, make sure that there is no circuit breakeror short circuit in connecting cable, and equipment without rupture damage.2、Put the control box and High-voltage cylinder in place, then respectively connectpower line, control cable and grounding line ,protect all grounding wire separatelyconnecting to the sample point (one point tie to the earth ).Forbids the groundingwire connected in series. For this purpose, you should use the DHV specialgrounding wire.3、Keep power switch off and check voltage potentiometer at zero. Over voltageprotection setting value is generally 1.1 times of the testing voltage.4、No load ,step-up to verify the sensitivity of over voltage protection setting.5、Put power on, the red light, it means power on.6、Press the green button, then the green light, it means high voltage is outputting7、Regulate pressure regulating potentiometer clockwise direction smoothly, outputend is raised from zero to a desired voltage, according to the prescribed timerecording current meter readings, and check the control box and high voltageoutput line has no abnormal phenomenon or sound.8、 Reduce voltage ，regulate pressure regulating potentiometer to zero, then press )the red button, cut off the high voltage and then turn the power switch off.9、To test for leakage and DC voltage endurance, check test confirmation testerwithout exception, you can start test for leakage and DC voltage endurance test.Connect the test items and grounding wire, and then can open power s before thereis no mistake.10、Raise to the required voltage or current. The suitable raising speed is 3 - 5kV testvoltage per second. For large capacitance, we need to monitor of ammetercharging current not exceed the maximum charging current tester while raisingvoltage. For small capacitive products such as zinc oxide arrester, lightningarrester, we firstly raise to a desired voltage (current) at 95%, then slowly raiseto a desired voltage (current).From the digital display meter, we can read outvoltage (current) value. For zinc oxide arrester 0.75UDC - 1mA measurement, we firstly rise to UDC1mA voltage value, and then press the yellow button, when the voltage is reduced to the original 75%, and remains in this state. At this time, current value can be read. After the measurement, regulate pressure regulating potentiometer anticlockwise to zero, press the green button. Press green button.When you need raising voltage againYou can use external High Voltmeter to measure the output voltage if necessary.11、Reduce voltage and turn off the power after finish testing.12、Several methods for measuringa. Normal, when the wires are connected, suspend wires of tester, rising to thetesting voltage with no load ,Read stray current I’first, and then try to read the total currentⅠ1 with load, sample leakage current: Io =Ⅰ1—I’b．When we need an accurate measurement of sample leakage current, we should connect the high voltage micro ammeter to the high side (see below).Microampere meter must have a metal shielding; shielding line should be connected with test. The shielding of High voltage lead should be closely connected with end shielding. If the sample surface is dirty, we should exclude effect of samplesurface leakage current. In samples of high potential end, several times around with bare metal cords (see below).c．For sample such as zinc oxide, magnetic blow-out arrester, the grounding end can be breaked up; also can measure by connecting ammeter to the bottom (ground potential side) of test items. when we exclude effect of sample surface leakage current，we can use soft of bare copper wire in the sample to end the last laps around the shield ,and connect shielding line (see below)13、For small capacitive products ,such as zinc oxide and lightning arrester ,itdischarges quickly through pressure resistance. For large capacitive products such as cable, while test voltage self discharging to the test voltage is below 20%, then it can discharge by supporting the discharging rod. Keep connect the grounding wire to the capacitive products before voltage discharging completely, and then we can remove high voltage lead and other wire.14、If green light is off, red light is bright, voltage is dropping, which is relatedprotection to the product .You should turn off the power switch, panel lights are not bright. Turn the pressure regulating potentiometer to zero position, while low voltage capacitor discharging completely, then open the power switch a minute later. If you start a no loading test again, you can begin raising voltage test before checking all situations.Fault resolveComplete sets of products1. Control box 12. High-voltage cylinder 13. Use’s manual book 14. Fuse some5. Power cable 16. Special grounding wire 17. Discharging rod 18. Water resistance or current limiting resistor 19. Microampere ammeter 1Quality assurance1. The equipment made by the company can meet the requirements of the buyer, andprovide free pre-sale technical services.2. Products of the company have effective inspection and control, strictly productaccording to ISO9001 quality system of production service.3. The quality of our products is according to the standards of our company andrelevant national standards.Service PromiseThe product’s warrant time is one year, the implementation of "Three Guarantees", life-long repairing, all of the equipment of the company quality problem, we can provide free repair in the warranty period. Improper operation due to the user or accidental damage, we can provide preferential services. We’ll be looking forward to your valuable opinions to our products.。

电子类文献中英文翻译发电机Electricity is the backbone of modern society, and it is generated by using various methods, with one of the most common ways being through the use of generators. This article explores the concept of generators and their role in electricity production.GeneratorA generator is a device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, which was discovered by Michael Faraday in the early 19th century. A generator consists of two parts: the rotor and the stator. The rotor is the rotating part of the generator, while the stator is the stationary part. The two parts are separated by an air gap.When the rotor rotates inside the stator, it produces a magnetic field that cuts across the wires in the stator. This creates an electric current. The amount of electric current generated by the generator depends on the speed of the rotor and the number of wire turns in the stator.Types of GeneratorsThere are two main types of generators: AC generators and DC generators. AC generators generate alternating current, while DC generators generate direct current.AC GeneratorsAC generators are the most common type of generators used in modern society. They produce electrical power by rotating a coil of wire around a magnetic field. This creates a changing magnetic field, which induces a current in the coil. The current flows back and forth at a set frequency, resulting in an alternating current.The advantage of AC generators is that the voltage and frequency can be easily controlled. This makes it possible to build large power plants that can produce electricity at high voltage and transmit it over long distances.DC GeneratorsDC generators are less common than AC generators, but they are still used in some applications. They generate a constant DC voltage by rotating a coil of wire around a magnetic field. The voltage produced by a DC generator is proportional to the speed of the rotor and the number of wire turns in the coil.The main disadvantage of DC generators is that the voltage cannot be easily changed. This makes them unsuitable for large power plants and long-distance transmission.ConclusionGenerators play a vital role in the production of electricity, and the development of more efficient and effective generators has greatly improved the quality of life for people all over the world. The ability to generate electricity has enabled people to access a wide range of electronic devices that improve communication, enable faster transportation, and enhance safety and security. As technology continues to advance, the generators of the future will undoubtedly become even more efficient and effective, providing sustainable, reliable, and affordable energy for generations to come.。

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FS系列直流高压发生器
一、产品概述：
FS系列直流高压发生器吸收和消化国外先进技术的基础上精心研制和生产的国家专利产品，产品全部指标均高于国家行业标准规定的技术要求，该产品1996年底被评为国家级新产品，现己在全国30个省市自治区中被广泛的使用。

该产品适用于各类静电试验和校对静电设备用，也适用于发供电部门、火电公司、输变电工程公司，电力铁路及大型厂矿企业作直流耐压和泄漏试验以及科研院所作为直流高压稳定电源。

二、产品优点
1、具有纹波系数小、电压输出稳定可靠、无噪音、可靠性好；
2、具有过压、过流、零压启动和故障保护功能，电压保护值可整定，显示直观；
3、电压、电流采用数码显示，且通电源就有读数，方便监视输出状态；
4、具有0.75倍电压换算，方便测试氧化锌避雷器；
5、产品结构紧凑、体积小、携带方便。

三、工作原理
工作原理简述如下：在高压曝光之前，CT主控计算机发出指令并提供要求曝光的参数条件(KV、MA、KW) ，本高压发生器(简称本机)接到指令后对本机状态进行检测，确认一
切正常后发出高压准备好的信息给CT主机，本高压发生器(简称本机)接到指令后对本机状态进行检测，确认一切正常后发出高压准备好的信息给CT，随后CT主机下达曝光命令并传送曝光控制脉冲到本机，本机启动旋转阳极，激励灯丝电流，主机调整高压变压器初级电压达到CT要求参数值后，送出高压发生器OK信息并开始产生高压供给球管曝光，在整个曝光期间，不断根据管电流的变化，及时调整高压初级电压以保证整个曝光过程产生平稳的脉冲高压和较为恒定的管电流，一旦检测到高压参数异常，立即切断并报出错误代码。

四、技术指标。

整理的高电压绝缘技术相关英文词汇Ambient air temperature 周围空气温度External insulation 外绝缘Internal insulation 内绝缘Self-restoring insulation 自恢复绝缘Non-self restoring insulation 非自恢复绝缘Disruptive discharge 破坏性放电Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker SF6断路器Rated value 额定值Applied voltage 外施电压Clearance 间距两个导电部件间的、沿这些导电部件间最短路径的直线距离Insulation level 绝缘水平Power frequency withstand voltage 工频耐受电压Impulse withstand voltage冲击耐受电压Switching impulse 操作冲击Lightning impulse withstand voltage（LIWV）雷电冲击Atmospheric conditions 大气条件Altitude correction 海拔修正Long air-gap 长空气间隙Correction coefficient 校正系数Plateau region of china 中国高原地区Relative atmospheric density 相对大气密度Absolute humidity 绝对湿度Triangulation 三角测量Transducer 转换器；变频器；换能器，转换装置；发送器；传感器Time delay histogramWave front time 波前时间Wave tail time 波尾时间Impulse generator (IG) 冲击电压发生器Marx’s circuit 马克斯回路Trigger gap 点火间隙Testing transformer 试验变压器Power transformer 电力变压器Cascade connection （变压器的）串级连接Cockcroft-Wolton电路（直流）串级整流电路Accreditation system 认证制度Sphere gap 球间隙Rod gap 棒间隙Ultra high voltage （UHV）特高压Extra high voltage （EHV）超高压Electric charge 电荷Electric field 电场Electric potential 电位Poission’s equation 泊松方程Permittivity in vacuum 真空中的介电常数Laplace’s equation 拉普拉斯方程Conformal mapping method 保角变换法Electric flux density 电通量密度Absolute dielectric constant 绝对介电常数Relative dielectric constant 相对介电常数Conductivity 电导率Current density 电流密度Difference method 差分法Taylor expansion 泰勒展开式Finite elements method 有限元法Charger superposition method 模拟电荷法Corona noise 电晕干扰Corona discharge 电晕放电Electric shock 电击Insulating material 绝缘体Dielectric 电介质Insulating property绝缘性质Dielectric breakdown 绝缘击穿Dielectric strength 介质强度Dielectric polarization 介质极化Polarized charge 极化电荷Bound charge 束缚电荷Dielectric loss 介质损耗Dielectric absorption 介质吸收Spontaneous charging current 瞬时充电电流Absorption current 吸收电流Leakage current 泄流电流Ionization 电离Diffusion and recombination （分子）扩散和复合Impact ionization 碰撞电离Electron avalanche电子雪崩First ionization coefficient 第1电离系数Criterion for spark discharge 汤逊火花放电条件Secondary ionization coefficient 第2电离系数Streamer theory 流注理论Plasma 等离子体Leader （放电）先导Main stroke 主放电Glow discharge 辉光放电Arc discharge 电弧放电Intrinsic breakdown 本征击穿Electronic thermal breakdown 电子热击穿Electronic avalanche breakdown场致发射击穿Partial discharge degradation 局部放电劣化Treeing degradation 树枝化劣化Electric tree 电树枝Water tree 水树枝Chemical tree 化学树枝Composite insulation 复合绝缘Surface discharge 沿面放电Insulation characteristics test 绝缘特性试验High voltage direct current test 直流高压试验Dielectric loss tangent test 介质损耗角正切试验Alternating current test 交流电流试验Type test型式试验Acceptance test 验收试验Test after installation 竣工试验Step by step voltage rising 逐步升压法Residual life 剩余寿命Schering bridge 西林电桥Acoustic emission sensor （AE）传感器Corss-linked polyethylene insulated polyvingl-chrolide sheathed cable 交联聚乙烯Ceramic varistor 陶瓷变阻元件Long wave frontsThe external insulation under high-altitude, icing, pollution and other adverse natural conditions need in-depth test studies.Semi-peak value resistance 半电压电阻Rationalization of insulation 绝缘配合gantry crane 龙门吊车航吊empirical 经验的，实验的empirical analysis / assumption / coefficient / comparison / constant经验分析/假设/系数/比较/常数smoothing capacitor 平波电抗器valve tower 分水塔loose flange 活套法兰mounting hole 安装孔o ring groove o 型坡口长间隙击穿long air gap，breakbown ofAuxiliary equipment 辅助设备Long term energisation at 855kV 在855kV下长期运行Water repellant properties of composite insulator负荷绝缘子的憎水性Resonant Test System 谐振试验系统Leader Propagation Model 先导发展模型Dielectric loss 介质损耗Series resonant 串联谐振Stochastic 随机性Oil impregnated paper bushing（OIP）油浸纸套管Epoxy resin impregnated bushing 环氧浸纸套管PASS (Plug and Switch System)Condenser 电容器Resin Impregnated Paper bushing(RIP) 树脂浸纸套管Bushings 套管Wall bushings 穿墙套管Routine and special tests 常规和特殊试验Power/dissipation factor 介质损耗因数chopped lightning impulse 雷电截波permanently hydrophilic insulator 憎水绝缘子artificial climate hall 人工气候室composite housed SF6 filled bushing SF6气体绝缘复合套管creeping distance 爬电距离（绝缘子的）Corrugate pipe 波纹管ultra-high frequency measurement 超高频法（测局放的一种方法）Capacitive voltage dividing principle 电容分压原理Electrolyte 电解液Bode diagram 波特图Environment humidity 环境湿度Non linearity characteristics 非线性特性Pollution duration 污秽持续时间（污秽试验中）Resonance potential 共振电压Glow discharge 辉光放电Electric arc discharge 电弧放电Dielectric breakdown discharge 电击穿强度Sparking voltage 火花电压Formation 老练处理Polarity effect 极性效应Edge effect 边缘效应Coaxial cylinder gap 同轴圆筒间隙Knife edge electrode 刃型电极Virtual front time 视在波前时间Virtual time to half value 视在波尾时间Peak value 峰值Time above 90% 90%持续时间Discharge ratio 放电概率50% flashover voltage 50%放电电压Main stroke 主放电Electronegative gas 电负性气体Lightning rod 避雷针Grounding/ eathling 接地Root mean square value 有效值（方均根值）Distortion factor 波形畸变率Cascade connection 串接（试验变压器）Ripple factor 纹波系数Multistage impulse voltage generator 多级冲击电压发生器Electromagnetic type potential transformer 电磁式电压互感器Capacitance potential device 电容式电压互感器Damped capacitor divider 阻尼电容分压器Scale factor 分压比Matching resistor 匹配电阻Multiple level method 多级法（测量50%放电电压的一种方法）Up and down method 升降法（测量50%放电电压的一种方法）Impulse peak voltmeter 峰值电压表Current measuring shunt 分流器Coaxial tubular shunt 同轴分流器Insulation characteristics test 绝缘特性试验Insulation resistance test 绝缘电阻试验Polarization 极化指数Leakage index 泄漏指数Schering bridge 西林电桥Oscillating impulse voltage OIV 振荡冲击电压波形Oscillating lighting impulse OLI 振荡雷电波Oscillating switching impulse OSI 振荡操作波。

直流发生器直流发生器又称高压发生器，英文名称是英文：high voltage power supply 简称：HVPS。

直流高压发生器引用的有关国家标准：所生产的智能直流高压发生器采纳下列技术引用标准。

目录技术特点选型原则保养操作步骤排出故障技术特点采纳高频倍压电路，应用PWM脉宽调制技术和大功率IGBT 器件。

采纳电压大反馈，输出电压稳定度高，纹波系数小≤1%。

全量程平滑调压，电压调整细度好调整精度≤0.5%，稳定度≤1%，电压电流误差1%（读数±0.2KV），电流误差±1个字。

升压电位器零起升压。

75%UDC1mA功能按钮，便利氧化锌避雷器试验，精度1%读数±1%。

过压保护采纳拔码设定，一目了然，误差±1%。

倍压采纳新型料子，灵巧、坚固。

外表涂特种绝缘料子，电气性能好，防潮本领强。

折叠式撑脚，直径面积大，稳定性能好。

40KV一体化设计、高压拖地电缆引出，便利现场试验。

产品符合DL/T848.1—2023技术要求，并经电力部电气设备质量检测测试中心型式试验.实在型号与用途：直流高压发生器（直高发）是依照中国行业标准ZBF 24003—90《便携式直流高压发生器通用技术条件》的要求，讨论、制造的便携式直流高压发生器，适用于电力部门、厂矿企业动力部门、科研单位、铁路、化工、发电厂等对氧化锌避雷器、磁吹避雷器、电力电缆、发电机、变压器、开关等设备的直流高压试验。

直流高压发生器采纳中频倍压电路，首先应用最新的PWM中频脉宽调制技术，闭环调整，采纳了电压大反馈，使电压稳定度大幅度提高。

使用性能杰出的大功率IGBT器件及其驱动技术，并依据电磁兼容性理论，采纳特别屏蔽、隔离和接地等措施。

使直流高压发生器具备了高品质、便携式，并能经受额定电压放电而不损坏。

直流高压发生器仪器重要部件选用美国、德国、日本等国先进技术的元器件，使仪器更牢靠、更稳定，倍压筒体积小，容量大，过载本领强，便于现场作业试验。

常用实验仪器名称中英文对照表常用试验仪器名称中英文对照表试验仪器test instrument万能试验机 Universal Testing Machine电阻炉温度控制器temperature controller for electric resistance furnace单冲压片机single-puncher pin tablet compression machine台式小型离心机Compact Variable-Speed Microcentrifuges冷冻离心机low temperature Programmable Universal Centrifuges高速离心机High-speed Programmable Universal Centrifuges紫外分光光度计ultraviolet spectrophotometer恒温水浴锅constant temperature water bath电炉electric furnace高温炉High Temperature Furnaces Heating Apparatus马弗炉Muffle Furnaces真空干燥箱vacuum drying oven红外线干燥箱infrared dryer恒温水浴振荡器stable temperature Horizontal shaking bath振荡水浴Shaking Water Bath矢量网络分析仪 Vector Network Analyzer原子力显微镜Atomic Force Microscopy AFM单晶衍射仪 Single Crystal Diffractometer原子发射光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer AES电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer ICP 直流等离子体发射光谱仪Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer DCP紫外-可见光分光光度计UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Vis微波等离子体光谱仪Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer MIP原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS原子荧光光谱仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AFS傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT-IR Spectrometer FTIR傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪 FT-Raman Spectrometer FTIR-Raman气相色谱仪 Gas Chromatograph GC高压/效液相色谱仪High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC离子色谱仪Ion Chromatograph凝胶渗透色谱仪Gel Permeation Chromatograph GPC体积排阻色谱Size Exclusion Chromatograph SECX射线荧光光谱仪X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRFX射线衍射仪X-Ray Diffractomer XRD同位素X荧光光谱仪 Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer电子能谱仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy能谱仪 Energy Disperse Spectroscopy EDS质谱仪Mass Spectrometer MSICP-质谱联用仪ICP-MS ICP-MS气相色谱-质谱联用仪 GC-MS GC-MS液相色谱-质谱联用仪 LC-MS LC-MS核磁共振波谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer NMR电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer ESR极谱仪 Polarograph伏安仪 Voltammerter自动滴定仪 Automatic Titrator电导仪 Conductivity MeterpH计pH Meter水质分析仪Water Test Kits电泳仪 Electrophoresis System表面科学Surface Science电子显微镜 Electro Microscopy光学显微镜Optical Microscopy金相显微镜 Metallurgical Microscopy扫描探针显微镜 Scanning Probe Microscopy表面分析仪 Surface Analyzer无损检测仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析Physical Property Analysis热分析仪Thermal Analyzer粘度计Viscometer流变仪Rheometer粒度分析仪Particle Size Analyzer热物理性能测定仪Thermal Physical Property Tester电性能测定仪 Electrical Property Tester光学性能测定仪Optical Property Tester机械性能测定仪Mechanical Property Tester燃烧性能测定仪Combustion Property Tester老化性能测定仪Aging Property Tester生物技术分析Biochemical analysisPCR仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCRDNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein 传感器 Sensors实验室仪器常用词汇玻璃漏斗Glass funnel long stem试管test tube test tube brush test tube holder test tube rack蒸发皿evaporating dish small烧杯beaker锥形瓶Erlenmeyer量筒grad cylinder洗瓶plastic wash bottle勺皿casserole ,small stoppered flask分液漏斗separalory funnel water bath/oil bath strring bar magnetic stirrer 冷凝器condenser Ballast bottle圆颈烧瓶Round-buttom flask试剂瓶reagent bottles托盘天平platform balance指针刻度表pointer and scale游码crossbeams and sliding weights分析天平two-pan/single-pan analytical balance滴定管burette glass bead(basic) nozzle移液管pipette胖肚elongated glass bulb洗耳球rubber suction bulb玻棒glass rod玻璃活塞stopcock容量瓶pyknowmeter flasks比重瓶(one-mark)volumetric flasks胖肚吸管one-mark pipette刻度吸管graduated pipettes(责任编辑：耀华仪器总汇)。

高压静电发生器，输出百流电压为1OOkV，可用于粉末涂料生产及高压静电喷塑。

电路工作原理该高压静电发生器电路由振荡升压电路和倍压整流电路组成，如图8-116所示。

振荡升压电路由电阻器Rl-R3、电容器Cl-C3、晶闸管VTl-VT3、二极管VDl-VD6和升压变压器Tl-T3组成。

倍压整流电路由二极管VD7-VDl6和电容器C4-Cl3组成。

接通电源开关S后，ELA亮，Cl-C3开始充电，在Tl-m的一次绕组中产生充电电流，二次绕组中产生感应高压。

当Cl-C3充满电时，VTl-VT3受触发导通，Cl-C3通过Tl-T3的一次绕组对VTl-VT3放电，使VTl-VT3截止，然后Cl-C3又开始充电，使VTl-VT3间歇导通，以上充、放电振荡过程周而复始地进行，即可在Tl-T3的二次绕组上产生近万伏脉冲高压。

此脉冲高压经l0倍压整流(VD7-VD9和C4、C8、C9为3倍压整流;VDlO-VDl2和C5、ClO、Cl1为3倍压整流;VDl3-VDl6和C6、C7、Cl2、C13为4倍压整流)后，产生1OOkV 的直流高压。

高压发生器工作后，在放电间隙(司隙可调)产生放电火花，这样既可限制输出电压过高，又可以指示高压的有无。

整个电路安装完毕后，应用环氧树脂封装或浸在变压器油中，防止对空气放电。

元器件选择Rl-R3均选用1/2W金属膜电阻器。

Cl-C3均选用耐压值为630V的CBB电容器;C4-C13均选用耐压值为lkV 的高压瓷介电容器。

VDl-VD6均选用1N4007型硅整流二极管;VD7-VDl6均选用耐压值为2OkV的高压整流硅堆。

VTl-VT均选用3A、800V的晶同管。

Tl-T3使用14in黑白电视机的行输出变压器改制:一次绕组用φ0.41mm的高强度漆包线绕50匝，二次绕组使用原行输出变压器的高压包，安装时，二次绕组应与高压包拉开距离，可安装在高压包另一侧磁柱上。

S选用5A、220V的双极开关。

参考资料原文：Capacitive sensors and the main features of the basic concepts: The measured volume of the machinery, such as displacement, pressure change is converted to the sensor capacitance. It is the sensitive part of the capacitor with variable parameters. Its most common form is composed of two parallel electrodes, a very inter-air as the medium of the capacitor, if the neglect edge effects, the capacitance for the capacitor plate ε A / δ, where εis a very inter-medium dielectric constant, A two electrode effective area covered by each other, δ is the distance between two electrodes. δ, A, εone of the three parameters will lead to the change in capacitance changes can be used for measurement. Therefore capacitive sensors can be divided into polar distance change type, change type size, media type three types of changes.Most from the changes in small type generally used to measure the linear displacement, or as a result of force, pressure, vibration caused by changes in polar distance (see capacitive pressure sensors). Change type size generally used to measure the angular displacement or linear displacement larger. Changes in media type commonly used in level measurement and a variety of media, temperature, density, humidity measurement. The advantage of the sensor capacitor structure is simple, inexpensive, high sensitivity,过载能力strong, good dynamic response and high temperature, radiation, vibration and other adverse conditions of strong adaptability and strong. The disadvantage is that there are non-linear output, parasitic capacitance and the distributed capacitance on the sensitivity and accuracy the impact of larger and more complex circuits, such as connectivity. Since the late 70s, with the development of integrated circuit technology, a packaging and micro-measuring instrument with capacitive sensors.This new type of distributed capacitance sensors can greatly reduce the impact to overcome the inherent drawbacks. Capacitive sensor is a very wide use, a great potential for development of the sensor.Capacitive sensor working principle：Capacitive sensor surface of the induction of two coaxial metal electrode composition, much like "open" capacitor electrode, the two electrodes form a capacitor, in series with the RC oscillation circuit. Power when connected, RC oscillator is notoscillating, when a goal of moving around electrical capacitor, the capacitor capacity increased, the oscillator to start oscillation. Circuit after the passage of the deal, will be two kinds of vibration and vibration signals into switching signals, which played a detection purpose of the existence of any objects. The sensor can detect metal objects, but also to detect non-metallic objects, metal objects can move away from the largest, non-metallic objects on the decision to move away from the dielectric constant material, the greater the dielectric constant materials, the availability of action the greater distance.Application of capacitive sensors：Capacitive sensor can be used to measure linear displacement, angular displacement, vibration amplitude, especially suitable for measuring high-frequency vibration amplitude, precision rotary axis accuracy, acceleration and other mechanical parameters. Pole-changing type of application from a smaller displacement in the measurement range to several hundred microns in 0.01m, precision can reach 0.01m, a resolution of up to 0.001m. Change type size larger displacement can be measured, for the zero-range a few millimeters to a few hundred mm, 0.5 percent better than the linear resolution of 0.01 ~ 0.001m. Capacitive angular displacement sensor point of view and the dynamic range to a few degrees, a resolution of about 0.1 "up to the stability of the zero angle-second, widely used in precision angle measurement, such as for high-precision gyroscopes and accelerometers tilting . capacitive measurement sensor can measure the peak amplitude for the 0 ~ 50m, a frequency of 10 ~ 2kHz, sensitivity is higher than 0.01m, non-linear error of less than 0.05m.Capacitive sensor can also be used to measure pressure, differential pressure, level, surface, composition content (such as oil, the water content of food), non-metallic coating materials, such as film thickness, dielectric measurements of humidity, density, thickness, etc., in the automatic detection and control systems are also often used as a location signal generator. Capacitive differential pressure sensor measuring range up to 50MPa, an accuracy of ± 0.25% ~ ± 0.5%. Capacitive sensor for measuring range of the thickness of a few hundred microns, resolution of up to 0.01m. Capacitive Proximity Switches can not only detect metal, but also can detect plastic, wood,paper, and other dielectric liquids, but can not achieve the ultra-small, the movement distance of about 10 ~ 20mm. Electrostatic capacitive level switch is widely used in detection is stored in the tank, hopper, such as the location of containers in a variety of objects of a mature product. When the capacitive sensor measuring metal surface conditions, from the size, vibration amplitude is often used very variable from unilateral type, when the measured object is a capacitor electrode, and the other electrode in the sensor inside. This type of sensor is a non-contact measurement, dynamic range is relatively small, about a few millimeters is about the precision of more than 0.1m, a resolution of 0.01 ~ 0.001m.译文：电容式传感器的基本概念及主要特点:把被测的机械量，如位移、压力等转换为电容量变化的传感器。

专利名称：High-Power Electric Pulse Generator发明人：Vincent Couderc,Bertrand Vergne,AlainBarthelemy,Dominique Gontier,PatrickBrunel申请号：US12164803申请日：20080630公开号：US20090009227A1公开日：20090108专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A high power electric pulse generator includes a charge storage device, a high voltage source for charging the charge storage device, a first photoconductor elementconnected to the reference potential and to the storage device, a second photoconductor element connected to the storage device and to a useful load, a first light source for delivering a pulse of light to the first photoconductor, a second light source for delivering a pulse of light to the second photoconductor and a synchronization device for synchronizing the emission delay between the first light source and the second light source. The first photoconductor and the second photoconductor are passive semiconductor elements with a linear regime forming photosensitive switches, with the first and second photoconductors being doped silicon photoconductors.申请人：Vincent Couderc,Bertrand Vergne,Alain Barthelemy,Dominique Gontier,Patrick Brunel地址：Verneuil-Sur-Vienne FR,Limoges FR,Limoges FR,La Norville FR,Mandres-Les-Roses FR国籍：FR,FR,FR,FR,FR更多信息请下载全文后查看。

3B SCIENTIFIC® PHYSICS1Bobina de alta tensión, incluye 2 electrodos en forma decuerno 1000991Instrucciones de uso06/15 TL/ALF1 Ranuras de aireamiento2 Carcasa3 Palanca de ajuste 4Electrodos1. Advertencias de seguridadSi se aplica según su uso específico se garantiza el funcionamiento seguro del apara-to. Por lo tanto la seguridad no se garantiza cuando el aparato no se maneja o emplea adecuadamente.∙ Cuando es de asumir que el trabajo sinpeligro no es posible (p. ej. por daños visi-bles) es necesario poner el aparato inme-diatamente fuera de servicio resp. no ponerlo en servicio.∙ El aparato no es apropiado paraexperimentos de alumnos.∙ Para la experimentación se deben usarcables de seguridad.∙Cambios en el montaje de experi-mentación se deben hacer sólo con el apa-rato sin corriente.∙ La bobina de red se conecta después de que el montaje experimental esté listo.∙ El tiempo máximo de trabajo se debe limitar a 1 minuto.∙La carcasa, las ranuras de aireamiento y los electrodos no se deben tapar durante la experimentación.∙ No se deben tapar las ranuras de aireamiento.∙ Nunca se debe abrir la carcasa de la bobina.∙La bobina no deben entrar en contacto con líquidos.3B Scientific GmbH ▪ Rudorffweg 8 ▪ 21031 Hamburgo ▪ Alemania ▪ Nos reservamos el derecho a cambios técnicos© Copyright 2015 3B Scientific GmbH2. DescripciónBobina secundaria para el núcleo de transformador D, para la generación de tensiones más altas, que pueden generar un salto de chispa entre dos electrodos de cuerno.Bobina de carcasa de plástico, resistente a golpes y protegida contra contacto directo. El número de espiras, la corriente máxima per-manente, la resistencia activa y la inductividad se indican en la carcasa.Debido a la ionización se produce un arco de descarga gaseosa entre los electrodos de forma de V Como consecuencia del recalentamiento del aire, este arco se desplaza hacia arriba . El arco de rompe y vuelve a encenderse en la posición de dis-tancia mínima entre los electrodos. Durante la fase de encendido la tensión decae a un valor mínimo. Por lo tanto, otros fenómenos de en-cendido son posibles después de que el arco se haya apagado.La distancia óptima para los electrodos se puede ajustar finamente con la palanca de ajuste.2.1 AccesoriosNúcleo de transformador D 1000976 Bobina de red con cable de entrada 1000986 oBobina de red con cable de entrada 10009873. Volumen de suministro1 Bobina de alta tensión2 electrodos en forma de cuerno4. Dato técnicosNúmero de espiras: 24000Tensión de conexión en vacío: aprox. 9200 V Resistencia:10 k Ω Máx. intensidad de corriente: 0,02 A Inductancia:28 HTiempo de funcionamiento: max. 1 min Fase de enfriamiento: min. 5 minDimensiones: 90x70x350 mm³ Masa: aprox. 550 g5. Almacenamiento, Limpieza, Desecho∙ La bobina se almacena en un lugar limpio, seco y libre de polvo.∙ No se debe usar ningún elemento agresivo ni disolventes para limpiar la bobina.∙ Para limpiarlo se utiliza un trapo suave húmedo.∙ El embalaje se desecha en los lugares lo-cales para reciclaje.∙En caso de que la bobina se deba desechar como chatarra, no se debe de-poner entre los desechos domésticos normales. Sedeben cumplir las prescripciones localespara el desecho de cha-tarra eléctrica.Fig.1 Montaje experimental。