数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

原文：The digital control process technology is summarized1. digital control programming reaches such developmentThe digital control programming is the segment that be able to obviously bring into play the beneficial result in at the moment CAD/CAPP/CAM's system the most most , such is living to achieve to design the process automation and raise process accuracy and processes the quality and cuts down the product development cycle and so on the respect is brining into play the significant action . Being living possess the greats quantity applications such as aviation industry and auto industry and so on territorys . Since giving birth to the intense demand of practice , wide-ranging research has wholly been carried on to the digital control programming technique in the home and abroad , and acquires the plentiful and substantial fruit . The next reaches such to the digital control programming and develops to act as some to introduce .1.1 basic concept of digital control programmingThe digital control programming is through the spare parts drawings up the full process that obtains the digital control processing program . Its main mission is that the sword spot ( Cutterlocationpoint abbreviate CL's spot ) in the sword is processed away in the calculation .The point of intersection that sword the spot was oridinarily get to the cutting tool axial line against the cutting tool face still will be give out the sword shaft vector in much processs1.2 digital control programming technique development surveyMIT designed one kind of special language that is used in the inflexible spare parts digital control processing program establishments to the program problem in order to resolve in the digital control process , andis called APT ( AutomaticallyProgrammedTool ) in the 50's .Well-developed editions such as after APT time and again develops , takeed shape such as APTII and APTIII ( the stereoscopic cutting action is employd ) and APT ( the algorithm improves , add much coordinates surface processes the programming meritorous service capacity ) and APTAC ( Advancedcontouring ) ( add cuts the database administration system ) and APT/SS ( SculpturedSurface ) ( add engraves the camber processes the programming meritorous service capacity ) and so on .Adoping APT language drawing up digital control order to have easy the refineing of order , and gos away the strongs point such as sword control is agile and so on , and causes the digital control process the programming , and moves upward up yet possess much not suitable points to geometry element .APT through " assemble language " grade to the machine tool order : Adoping language definition spare parts geometry form shape , and is difficult to depict complex geometry form shape , and lack audio-visual quality of geometry ;The certification measure that the figure audio-visual that is short of to spare parts form shape and the cutting tool movement locus displays and the cutting tool locus ;Being difficult to effectively join with CAD's data bank and CAPP's system ;Not to act as easily up the high automation , the integrationizationIn view of the APT's language defect , in 1978 , France attained the system that the large rope airplane corporation starts development gathers assemble three dimensions design , analysis and NC's process integration , and is called in the interest of CATIA .Having ariseed alikely the systems such as EUCLID and NPU/GNCP and so on soon afterwards very quickly , the geometry moldswholly valid settlements of these systems and the spare parts geometry form shape display is designed mutually and mends generates the cutting tool locus , and the problems such as the imitation to go away the sword process displays and certification and so on promoteed CAD and CAM developing to the integration orientation . The approximately idea that system ( CIMS ) and parallel project ( CE ) was manufacture in the calculating machine integration take shape up the 80's gradually on the base that the CAD/CAM's integration being living is approximately attend school . At the moment , and the necessaries that CE developed in order to adapt to CIMS , the digital control programming system to integrationization and intelligentization the development .Being living the integration respect , with the development accords with the STEP ( StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData ) criterion parameterization feature moldmaking and systematically gives priority to , having carried on the highly effective work of greats quantity at the moment is the home and abroad development heatpointBeing living the intelligentization respect , the work has start only a short while ago , and still awaits that we leave hard2、NCs' cutting tool locus generates the method study developing actualityDigital control programming core work is generateing the cutting tool locus , afterwards by such scattered one-tenth sword spot , places that the handle comes into being the digital control processing program afterwards viaing .The next cutting tool locus comes into being the means and actes as some and introduce2.1 baseding on a little and string , surface and part of the body NC's sword track formation meansCAD's technique moves through the two dimension mapping , andudergo the three dimensions wires frame and camber and the solid modelling generation , now the parameterization feature reacing is always moldded .Is living two dimension mapping together with three dimensions wires frame phase , in case the opening processes , the rough sketch is processed the digital control process is main with spot and string act as drive target , the plane area process and so on .This kind of level that personnel staff was requireed manipulating in the process is taller , complex mutually .Being living camber and the solid modelling generation , entity process had ariseed to based on .The entity process target is an entity ( oridinarily blendes for CSG and BREP express ) , its ( moreover , intersects , falls short of to operate ) but get yield through some fundamental parts of the body habitually after the set operation .The entity is processed not merely usable rough machining and semi precision work to the spare parts , and the great area cuts Yu Liang , and the effectiveness is processed in the raise , but also usable research together with development to digital control baseding on the feature programming system , is the feature process baseEntity process oridinarily possess entity rough sketch process and the entity area and processes two kinds .The entity process realization means slices law ( SLICE ) in the interest of the straturm , in immediate future slices by the process entity in the way of one series of level , afterwards to obtains the intersection comes into being the isometry string dos worthwhile the sword the going away locus .The original slave system needs the angle depart , the digital control process that the ACIS's geometry moldmaking being living achieved thiskind to based on a little on the terrace and the string and surface and entity Feature NC's sword track formation means 2.2 baseding onThe parameterization feature molds to possess the specified development particular period , yet baseds on that feature cutting tool locus formation means research starts only a short while ago .The feature processes to cause digital control programming personnel staff to be out to let drop the step geometry message to those ( in case : Spot , string , surface and entity ) manipulate , but transforing to carry on the digital control programming in the interest of directly to accords with the feature that engineers and technicians are used to , and liftd the programming effectiveness enormouslyW.R.Mail and A.J.Mcleod are living in their research to give out one to based on feature NC's code generating sub system , and this systematic work rule is : Spare parts every one process wholly may be regarded as to adjust to make up the total that the spare parts form shape feature group processed .In immediate future the queen completees spare parts process is not processed that to the feature adjusting entirely form the shape in that way either form shape feature component .But each form shape feature either form shape feature series NC's code may generate voluntarily .The system opened up at the moment merely is applicable to 2.5D's spare parts processThe LeeandChang opened up one kind of raised liberal camber feature cutting tool locus of means autogeneration in the way of fictitious border system .This systematic work rule is : Being living to inlay inner place the raised liberal camber into one the minimal long and square , so raised liberal camber feature is transformd into the hollow feature .Minimal the long and square incorporation against the end product pattern constituteed to be called one kind of indirect produce pattern on the fictitious pattern .That the cutting tool locus formation means separates into completees three paces : ( 1 ) and the cutting action polyhedron feature ;( 2 ) and cuts the liberal camber feature ;( 3 ) and the cutting action intersects the featureJongYunJung researcies baseds on the non- cutting action cutting tool locus formation problem of feature .The article process baseding on the feature locus separates into rough sketch process and processes two types with the inside area , and the definition this two types of process cutting action orientations , attains the aim that the entirety optimizes the cutting tool locus by means of decreasing the cutting action cutting tool locus .Type who talked about these fundamental features gos away sword way and cutting tool selection and process order and so on to main being aimed at of article some kinds of fundamental features ( hollow inner place Kong and step , trough ) , and averting repeatedly going away the sword by means of IP ( InterProgramming ) technique , with the non- cutting action cutting tool locus of optimization .Besides JongYunJong still is living , and his doctor in 1991 researcied tabrication feature extraction and baseds on feature cutting tool and the cutting tool way in the dissertationThe feature process base is an entity process , and surely of course also may think the entity process being more high-quality .Yet feature process distinct entity process , and entity process possess it oneself the limitations .Feature process chiefly possess below difference against entity process :Through approximately attends school says that the feature is the meritorous service capacity key element to make up the spare parts , and the operation that accords with engineers and technicians is used to , by engineers and technicians are know intimately ;The entity is the geometry target on low straturm , and is a geometric object that obtains after a series of Booleans calculation , and does not have whatever meritorous service capacity semantic information ;It frequently is adjusting the once only process of entire spare parts ( entity ) that the entity is processed .Yet in reality the spare parts is not very much probably merely once processed through in the way of the sword , frequently will go through a series of workmans of rough machining and semi precision work and precision work and so on stage , the place of spare parts difference oridinarily will be employd the difference cutting tool and process ;Now and then not only the spare parts will be employd up turning , but also employ up mill .Hence entity process is chiefly used spare parts rough machining and semi precision work .But but the feature on processing through essentially resolved the above-mentioned issue ;Feature process havees even more intellect .May regulate some kinds of settled admittedly process meanss as to the specially designated feature , particularly those have been living , and STEP's criterion the person who regulates the feature still more is such in this way .In case we wholly draw up the specially designated process means to all standards feature , it is you can imagine that spare parts that in thatway sufficiently succeed through the standard feature to those are processed such convenient quality .In case CAPP systematically be able to supply the relevant technology feature , NCP's system may decrease inputing mutually , and havees even more intellect enormously in that way .But these entity process can not achievedFeature process is favour of achieving through comprehensive integration of CAD , CAPP , NCP and CNC's system , and achieves the two-way going from place to place of message , in the interest of CIMS and even parallel project ( CE ) are settleed the well base ;It be helpless that but the entity is processed to theseNC's sword track formation means 2.3 being on active service in several main CAD/CAM's systems is analysedActive duty CAM constitutes reaching the main meritorous service capacityThat at the moment comparatively more mature CAM's system is main with two kinds of shapes achieves CAD/CAM's system integration : Integration CAD/CAM's system ( in case : UGII , Euclid and Pro/ENGINEERs and so on ) and independent relatively CAM's system ( in case : Mastercam and Surfcams and so on ) . Unitary less than the former data format is directly gaind the produce geometric model through CAD's system , but the latter is main gains the produce geometric model by means of the neutral papers through else CAD's systems . However , no matter is what the CAM's system growed the shape , wholly consising of five modules , in immediate future mutually technology parameter input module and cutting tool locus formation module and cutting tool locus compiler module and three dimensions process that dynamic imitation module and afterwards places the processing module . Next merely some famous CAD/CAM's system NC's process meanss are holied discussions .UGII's process means is analysedOridinarily think that UGII is the best in trade circle , and havees representativeness digital control software most .That such havees the distinguishing feature most is the cutting tool locus formation means that such meritorous service capacity is powerful .Consists of turning , milling and string cuts and so on the consummate process means .In it milling chiefly possess the below meritorous service capacity :And PointtoPoint: Completeing the different openings processesAnd PanarMill: Plane is milled .Consising of that the one-way walkes surely , the two-way row are slice , and the hoop is slice along with rough sketch process to await And FixedContour: Admittedly much projectionss are areed processed stably .Dominateeing on being living on the single camber either much camber the removing of cutting tool in the way of the projection means , and that the control cutting tool is removed may be the cutting tool locus that has generateed , a series of either suite stringAnd VariableContour: Variable projection is processedAnd Parameterline: Await that the parameter string is processed .The successive process of single camber either much camber may be adjustAnd ZigZagSurface: Cutting out processAnd RoughtoDepth: Rough machining .The depth is reachd assigning in the rough machining by Mao PiAnd CavityMill: The many stages depth mould cavity processes .Rough machining that particularly is applicable to the male contact with the hollow standardAnd SequentialSurface: The camber occuies simultaneously the workman .In accordance the spare parts and guides that and the thinking of check adjust the removing suppling the largesttest degree control of cutting toolEDSUnigraphics still consists of greats quantity else the respects meritorous service capacitys , and did not enumerate one by one here STRATA's process means is analysedSTRATA is a digital control programming system development environment , and it is establishing ACIS's geometry model building terrace onIt supplys two kinds of programming development environments in the interest of consumer , in immediate future NC's command language interface and the NC's operation C++ storehouse . It may back three to mill , and turning and string cut NC and process , and may back wire frame , camber and the entity geometry model building . Such NC's cutting tool locus formation means is baseding on the physical model . STRATA is baseded on , and what supplys the process means in entity NC's cutting tool locus formation type storehouse consists of : ProfileToolpath: Rough sketch processAreaClearToolpath: The area on plane processesSolidProfileToolpath: The entity rough sketch is processedSolidAreaClearToolpath: The area on entity plane processesSolidFaceToolPath: The entity face processesSolidSliceToolPath: The entity severs process on planeLanguagebasedToolpath: Baseding on , language cutting tool locus generatesElse CAD/CAM software , in case Euclid the person who awaits the NC's meritorous service capacity is each has his strong point , yet suchfundamental substance is almost alike , the not natural difference .2.4 main problem of systematic sword track formation means of active duty CAMIn accordance tradition CAD/CAM's system and CNC's system work means , CAM's system is with directly either the indirect means gains the produce geometry data model through CAD's system ( by means of neutral papers ) . CAM's system is with spot , string , surface in the three dimensions geometrics model and either the entity is the drive target , the cutting tool locus is processed in the formation , and afterwards the shape with the cutting tool locating file viaes the handle is placed , with the NC's code shape supplys to CNC's machine tool , the some respects problems under being living in entire CAD/CAM and the CNC's system operation process to be :CAM systematically can only gain produce low tier of geometry message through CAD's system , and can not seize voluntarily meritorous service capacity and the semantic information of produce geometry shape information and produce higher level .Hence manufacturing engineering master that entire CAM's process have to be living is very experience haves a hand in secondly , and completees mutually by means of the figure .In case : Manufacturing engineering master .The entire system automation degree is leted dropBeing living in the CAM's system generation cutting tool locus , equal also merely embodying low straturm geometry message ( right line and arc geometry locating information ) , along with the a little process control information ( as moving forward ) to rate , main shaft rotation speed and trading sword and so on .Hence , can not obtain the process technology parameter that haves something to do with against generateing the cutting tool locus yetThe produce data between CAM's system every module are not unitied , and the independence is opposite to each other to every module .For instance the cutting tool locating file is merely keep the minutes the cutting tool locus and is not keep the minutes the relevant process technology parameter , the dynamic imitation of three dimensions merely keeps the minutes that the cutting tool locus interference against runs into , but keep the minutes interference and process target and correlation process technology parameter that runs into happen against suchThe CAM systematically is an independence system .Not thering is the unitary produce data model between CAD's system together with the CAM's system , even if being the integrated CAD/CAM's system of integration in , one-way and unity is enjoyed also being only to message in all . CAM systematically can not sufficiently comprehend and complete message utilizing CAD's system to have something to do with the produce , feature message that especially haves something to do with against process , equal CAD's system can not gain the process data message that CAM systematically come into being yet . This is give parallel project implementation to bring the hardship3、digitals control techniques of simulation3.1 calculating machine imitation approximately idea and applicationThe angle through the project is see , and the imitation is the system by means of the test to the system model leave to research in the existing either design .Analysing the complex dynamic target , the imitation is one kind of valid means , may decrease the hazard , cuts down design and manufactures cycle , and practise thrift the investment .Calculating machine imitation is draing support from the calculatingmachine , and utilizes the system model to adjust actually systematically testing the process which researcied .It is swiftly developed in the wake of the calculating machine technique development , and is living in the imitation to passess the more and more significant position .Three foundation maneuveies between the key element that the calculating machine imitation process may be notify by means of the picture 1 are depictd :The model building maneuver is by means of viewing either examination to the actual system , and is living to over look the less important element to reach on the base that examine the variable , and the means in the way of physics either mathematics is depictd , thereby obtains the similar pattern of actual system simplification .The meritorous service with the actual system of the pattern here be able to together with between the parameter ought to have similarity and homologous qualityThe imitation pattern is the mathematical model to the system ( simplifying the pattern ) carries on the specified algorithm handle , and causes such become the appropriate shape ( in case turns into iterative operation pattern by the numerical integration ) afterwards , yet becomes " computation module computational mode " that be able to be receiveed by the calculating machine .The imitation pattern is two simplification patterns to the actual systemThe imitation test is shall system imitation pattern be living the process rund in the calculating machine .The imitation is researching actual system one kind of technique by means of the test , may clarify systematically immanent structure variable and the ambient condition effect by means of the technique of simulationCalculating machine technique of simulation main expressing of development tendency be living two respects : Application territory enlargement and imitation calculating machine intelligentization .The calculating machine technique of simulation not merely is living tradition project technique territory ( respects such as aviation , spaceflight and chemical industry and so on ) subsequent development , but also broadens up community economy and living beings and so on much non- project territorys , moreover , technique such as parallel processing , artificial intelligence , knowledge base and expert system and so on the development is affecing the imitation calculating machine development Digital control process imitation utilizes the calculating machine imitation practice process , being the forceful means to verify digital control processing program dependability and the calculation cutting action process , in order to decrease work attempies surely , and lifts production efficiency3.2 digital control technique of simulation research present situationThe APT process spare parts are completeed near the digital control order program control .In the interest of right quality to guarrantee the digital control order , guard against in process to intervene happenning , and is living in the actual manufacture , and constantly adopts attempting the anxious means to examine with what runs into .Yet this kind of means requiring a lot of labor expense is anticipateed , the cost expansively causes the manufacturing cost move upward , addd produce process time and production cycle .Adoping once more the locus to display the law afterwards , in immediate future in order to mark needle either pencil or writing brush replace the cutting tool , with colouring plank either paper replaces the work imitation cutting tool movement locus two dimension figure ( alsomay display the two dimension semi process locus ) , possess the considerably great limitations .Three dimension and the many-dimensionss as to the work are processed , the cutting action locus that the inspection that the stuff that also possess use easily to cut replaces the work ( in case , paraffin wax , lumber , midified resin and plastic material and so on ) comes is processed .Yet APT and the process field is very important occupied in the attempt .For this reason , people are living always to research replace gradually attempting the anxious calculating machine emulation mode , and is living to attempt to slice that the respects such as environment modeling and imitation calculation and graphic display and so on acquire the significant progress , and develops to raise pattern accurateness and imitation calculation real timeization and improvement real feeling of graphic display and so on orientations at the momentThrough attempies the pattern distinguishing feature sliceeing the environment seeing , NC's cutting action process imitation branch geometry imitation and mechanics imitation at the moment two respects .Geometry imitation is not consider that cutting action parameter and cutting force reach else the physics elements effects , the imitation cutting tool work geometric object movement , and with right quality of certification NC's order .The problem such as it may decrease either remove as a result of the machine tool injury that the program error causes and clamping apparatus damage either the cutting tool rolls over to snap and the spare parts are reported something as worthless and so on ;May decrease moreover through the product design up time manufacturing , and cut down the manufacturing cost .Cutting action process mechanics imitation pertains to the physics imitation category , and its dynamic mechanics property by means of the imitation cutting action process is forecast that the cutting tool breakage and cutting tool vibration and control cuts the parameter , thereby attains to optimize the cutting action process aimThe geometry technique of simulation development is in the wake of geometry model building technique development but development , and consists of that quality graphic display and the ration is intervened verifying two respects .At the moment the means in common use possess the immediate solid modelling law , and the means of figure image space baseding on is requestted the intersection law with the scattered vector3.3 immediate solid modelling lawThis kind of enveloping solid that the means is the work part of the body against the cutting tool movement takes shape is underway that the entity Boolean falls short of operating , and the work part of the body three dimensions patterns are continuously replaceed in the wake of the cutting action processSungurtekin and Velcker opened up a miller simulation system .The three dimensions patterns that ought to systematically adopt CSG's law to keep the minutes Mao Pi utilize some fundamental primitives like cuboid , the cylindrical body and taper part of the body , and the set operation , particularly operating , the area by Mao Pi and a series of cutting tool scannings is keep the minutes , afterwards usies the set difference and operates through Mao Pizhong's order take-offing the scanning area .Traverse when the so-called area by has sweep is cutting the cutting tool to move along some locuss area .Per length of Mao Pixing's shape that NC's code afterwards。

英文文献Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development.Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; applicationBefore: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shellsurface (malleable iron material) laser quenching process, the wear-resisting performance of the hardened parts up to 10 times higher than that of untreated before. This is the first time laser surface modification technology of industrial application. Over the years, the nations of the world into a large amount of money and manpower to laser, laser processing equipment and laser processing and the study of material science, laser processing has been rapid development, and have gained great economic and social benefits. Now in China, the laser technology has been in industry, agriculture, medicine, war industry and get widerin people's modern life Widely used, and gradually realize industrialization of laser technology, countries will it as a research one of the key projects of the ninth five-year plan. Overview, Laser Technology, Laser Technology)Laser processing technology is the use of the characteristics of the interaction between laser and material on the material (including metal and nonmetal) for cutting, welding, surface treatment, punch and a processing technology of micro processing, etc. Laser processing technology is involved in optical, mechanical, electrical, materials and testing different subjects, such as, a comprehensive technology, its research scope in general can be divided into:1. The laser processing system. Including laser, light system, machine tools, control system and testing system.2. Laser processing technology. Including cutting (laser beam cutting), Welding, laser Welding), surface treatment, punching, marking, marking, trimming, etc. Various kinds of processing technology.Has the mature processing technology include: laser rapid prototyping technology, laser welding, laser drilling, laser cutting, laser marking, laser to weight balance technology, laser etching, laser trimming technology, storage technology, laser marking, laser cleaning, laser heat treatment and surface treatment technology.Second, the application of laser processing technologyCO2 laser laser processing applications, the most widely in cutting and welding, accounted for 70% and 20% respectively, surface treatment is less than 10%. The YAG laser application in welding, mark (50%) and cutting (15%). CO2 laser in the United States and Europe accounted for 70-80%. In laser processing is given priority to with cutting accounted for 10%, of which more than 98% of the CO2 laser, power within the scope of the 1.5 kW ~ 2 kW, and given priority to with heat treatment accounted for about 15%, mostly for laser processingof automobile engine cylinder jacket. The economic and social benefits of this technology is very high, it has a great market prospect.In the auto industry, give full play to its advanced laser processing technology, fast and flexible processing characteristics. Such as in car prototype and small batch production extensive use of 3 d laser cutting machine, not only save the sample and tooling equipment, also greatly shorten the production preparation cycle; Laser beam on the surface of high hardness material and complex and bending spile, speed and does not produce damage; Laser welding in automobile industry has become a standard process, Japan's Toyota has laser welding used in automobile body panel, different thickness and different surface coating metal plates welded together, and then to stamping. Welding and cutting laser heat treatment abroad, though less common, but are still widely used in the automotive industry, such as cylinder liner, crankshaft, piston ring, commutator, gear and other parts of heat treatment. In the industrial developed country, laser processing technology and computer numerical control technology and flexible manufacturing technology, the combination of derived laser rapid prototyping technology. The technology not only canquickly manufacturing model, but also can directly by the molten metal powder and produce metal mould.In the 80 s, YAG laser in welding, cutting, punching and tag has played a more and more big function. Generally think of YAG laser cutting can get a good cutting quality and high cutting precision, but is restricted in the cutting speed. With the improvement of YAG laser output power and beam quality were breakthrough. YAG laser level has started to squeeze into kw CO2 laser cutting market. YAG laser is especially suitable for welding does not allow the thermal deformation and micro devices of welding pollution, such as lithium battery, heart pacemakers, sealed relay, etc. YAG laser punch it has developed into the largest laser processing applications.At present, foreign laser drilling is mainly used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, electronic instrument, chemical industry, etc. The rapid development of laser drilling, mainly reflected in the punching with YAG laser average output power has been five years ago from 400 w to 800 w to 1000 w. Peak power of holing up to 30 ~ 50 kw, punch with narrow pulse width, repetition frequency is more and more high, the improvement of laser output parameters, to a large extent to improve the quality of drilling and improve drilling speed, alsoenlarged the application range of the punch. The application of laser drilling at present more mature is in the production of synthetic diamond and natural diamond die and watch jewel bearing production. YAG laser repetition frequency has amounted to 2000 times per second, diode array pumped Nd: YAG laser in the mean time to repair has increased from the original hundreds of hours to 1 to 20000 hours.With the further study of the interaction between laser and material, laser processing technology will be widely used in flexible manufacturing system. Realization of laser machining flexible systematic mainly refers to the laser head can be flexible to guide the laser beam to parts for processing position. From the complexity of the laser machine can processing parts, and points in a two-dimensional space and three-dimensional laser processing, high power laser 3 d processing is the development direction of the future direction of the laser processing, in order to achieve the flexibility of laser processing, 3 d laser optical system must be adopted. High-powerthree-dimensional YAG laser processing system usually adopt robots (or machine hand) with optical fiber transmission of the beam, by holding the laser robot to complete all kinds of sports, the laser through the optical fiber transmission to the laser head,reach the surface of the workpiece, the processing system, the beam transmission and focusing characteristics is not affected by processing position.Three, is the focus of the laser processing technology research and development can be summarized as:1, a new generation of industrial laser research, is currently in technical update period, its mark is the development and application of PuQuan diode pump solid state laser.2, fine processing, laser micro machining in the laser processing application statistics accounted for only 6% in 1996, and doubled up to 12% in 1997, has increased to 19% in 1998;3, intelligent machining system, system integration is not only the process itself, but with a real-time detection and feedback processing, with the establishment of the expert system, intelligent processing system has become the inevitable development trend.Laser technology in our country after more than 30 years of development, has made thousands of scientific and technological achievements, many have been used to the production practice, laser processing equipment production is growing at 20% per year on average, for the technical transformation of traditional industries, improve product qualityto solve many problems, such as chemical fiber laser hair technology is pushing, baosteel, benxi steel and other large steel mills will change our country automobile covering parts of steel completely dependent on imports, laser marking machine and laser welding machine quality, function, price is in line with the demand of the market at present, the market share of more than 90%.Four, the main problems:1, poor ability of scientific research achievements into products, the market prospect of achievements have been many stay in the laboratory prototype stage;2, the core component of laser processing system of laser small variety, backward technology, poor reliability. Abroad not only diode pumped solid-state laser has been used in the production process, and a diode laser is also used, and the diode pumped solid-state laser is still in its beginning stage of research and development.3, less study on processing technology, especially the study of fine machining technology is more weak, the study of ultraviolet wave laser processing are rare.4, laser processing equipment reliability, safety, maintainability, compatibility is poorer, difficult to meet the needs of industrial production.Conclusion: laser has good monochromaticity, high energy density, good space control and time control, and a series of advantages, it has been widely used in materials processing and other fields. Laser processing of industries including automotive, aerospace, electronics, chemical industry, packaging, medical equipment, etc. Combined with computer numerical control technology, laser processing technology has become the key technology of industrial production automation, has can't be matched by ordinary processing technology advantages. Such as laser machining for non-contact, high speed, no noise, high precision machining of various complex shape can be objective, and not usually in the sense of "tool" wear and tear, do not need to replace the "head". Predictably, with the development of laser technology and perfect, will play a huge role in economic construction and national defense construction. By the words we can find that laser processing has good compatibility with flexible manufacturing system, combine the two laser flexible manufacturing system, under the condition of good cooperatewith each other will certainly receive special effect and achieved good returns.reference[1] xiao-chun zhu Editor, the numerical control technology, mechanical industry publishing house; 2001[2] blue letter written by major such as, laser technology, science press. 2005[3] SiTuZhong editor, "mechanical engineering English", wuhan university of science and technology publishing house; 2001.7 [4] national engineering research center of laser machining, departments: the ministry of education[5] wash Yang Chen Hui-shan li, such as laser remanufacturing technology and its industrial application, the tianjin industrial university institute of laser technology[6] mischa, special processing methods and the content of the trend, Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics engineering training center of advanced manufacturing中文翻译数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用摘要：作为 20 世纪科学技术发展的主要标志和现代信息社会光电子技术的支柱之一，激光技术(Laser Technology)和激光产业的发展受到世界先进国家的高度重视。

数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度,数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业的使能技术和最基本的装备;马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别,不在于生产什么,而在于怎样生产,用什么劳动资料生产”;制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料,而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术;当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术,以提高制造能力和水平,提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力;此外,世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资,不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业,而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策;总之,大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径;数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术,数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品,即所谓的数字化装备,其技术范围覆盖很多领域：1机械制造技术；2信息处理、加工、传输技术；3自动控制技术；4伺服驱动技术；5传感器技术；6软件技术等;1. 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化,使制造业成为工业化的象征,而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大,他对国计民生的一些重要行业IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等的发展起着越来越重要的作用,因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势;从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看,其主要研究热点有以下几个方面1～4;高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体;高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率,提高产品的质量和档次,缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力;为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一,国际生产工程学会CIRP将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一;在轿车工业领域,年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆,而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域,其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋,刚度很差,材料为铝或铝合金,只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下,才能对这些筋、壁进行加工;近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装,使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高;这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求;从EMO2001展会情况来看,高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min,甚至更高,空运行速度可达100m/min左右;目前世界上许多汽车厂,包括我国的上海通用汽车公司,已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床;美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min,快速为100m/min,加速度达2g,主轴转速已达60 000r/min;加工一个薄壁飞机零件,只用30min,而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h,在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG 公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达120000r/mm和1g;在加工精度方面,近10年来,普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm,精密级加工中心则从3～5μm,提高到1～μm,并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级μm;在可靠性方面,国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6 000h以上,伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上,表现出非常高的可靠性;为了实现高速、高精加工,与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展,应用领域进一步扩大;五轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工,可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削,不仅光洁度高,而且效率也大幅度提高;一般认为,1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床,特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时,5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益;但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因,其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍,加之编程技术难度较大,制约了5轴联动机床的发展;当前由于电主轴的出现,使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化,其制造难度和成本大幅度降低,数控系统的价格差距缩小;因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床含5面加工机床的发展;在EMO2001展会上,新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头,可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工,使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现,还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工;德国DMG公司展出DMUV oution系列加工中心,可在一次装夹下实现5面加工和5轴联动加工,可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制;智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统,智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化,如加工过程的自适应控制,工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化,如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化,如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等;为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题;目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究,如美国的NGCThe Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control、欧共体的OSACAOpen System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems、日本的OSECOpen System Environment for Controller,中国的ONCOpen Numerical Control System等;数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路;所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上,面向机床厂家和最终用户,通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象数控功能,形成系列化,并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中,快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统,形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品;目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心;网络化数控装备是近两年国际着名机床博览会的一个新亮点;数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求,也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元;国内外一些着名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机,如在EMO2001展中,日本山崎马扎克Mazak公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”智能生产控制中心,简称CPC；日本大隈Okuma机床公司展出“IT plaza”信息技术广场,简称IT广场；德国西门子Siemens公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment 开放制造环境,简称OME等,反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势;重视新技术标准、规范的建立关于数控系统设计开发规范如前所述,开放式数控系统有更好的通用性、柔性、适应性、扩展性,美国、欧共体和日本等国纷纷实施战略发展计划,并进行开放式体系结构数控系统规范OMAC、OSACA、OSEC的研究和制定,世界3个最大的经济体在短期内进行了几乎相同的科学计划和规范的制定,预示了数控技术的一个新的变革时期的来临;我国在2000年也开始进行中国的ONC数控系统的规范框架的研究和制定;关于数控标准数控标准是制造业信息化发展的一种趋势;数控技术诞生后的50年间的信息交换都是基于ISO6983标准,即采用G,M代码描述如何how加工,其本质特征是面向加工过程,显然,他已越来越不能满足现代数控技术高速发展的需要;为此,国际上正在研究和制定一种新的CNC系统标准ISO14649STEP－NC,其目的是提供一种不依赖于具体系统的中性机制,能够描述产品整个生命周期内的统一数据模型,从而实现整个制造过程,乃至各个工业领域产品信息的标准化;STEP-NC的出现可能是数控技术领域的一次革命,对于数控技术的发展乃至整个制造业,将产生深远的影响;首先,STEP-NC提出一种崭新的制造理念,传统的制造理念中,NC加工程序都集中在单个计算机上;而在新标准下,NC程序可以分散在互联网上,这正是数控技术开放式、网络化发展的方向;其次,STEP-NC数控系统还可大大减少加工图纸约75％、加工程序编制时间约35％和加工时间约50％;2. 对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计我国数控技术起步于1958年,近50年的发展历程大致可分为3个阶段：第一阶段从1958年到1979年,即封闭式发展阶段;在此阶段,由于国外的技术封锁和我国的基础条件的限制,数控技术的发展较为缓慢;第二阶段是在国家的“六五”、“七五”期间以及“八五”的前期,即引进技术,消化吸收,初步建立起国产化体系阶段;在此阶段,由于改革开放和国家的重视,以及研究开发环境和国际环境的改善,我国数控技术的研究、开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长足的进步;第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间,即实施产业化的研究,进入市场竞争阶段;在此阶段,我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质性进步;在“九五”末期,国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达50％,配国产数控系统普及型也达到了10％;纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程,特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关,总体来看取得了以下成绩;1 奠定了数控技术发展的基础,基本掌握了现代数控技术;我国现在已基本掌握了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术,其中大部分技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础,部分技术已商品化、产业化;2 初步形成了数控产业基地;在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上,建立了诸如华中数控、航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂;兰州电机厂、华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、济南第一机床厂等若干数控主机生产厂;这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地;3建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍;虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步,但我们也要清醒地认识到,我国高端数控技术的研究开发,尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距;虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快,但横向比与国外对比不仅技术水平有差距,在某些方面发展速度也有差距,即一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势;从国际上来看,对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下;1 技术水平上,与国外先进水平大约落后10～15年,在高精尖技术方面则更大;2 产业化水平上,市场占有率低,品种覆盖率小,还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高,商品化程度不足；国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应,用户信心不足;3 可持续发展的能力上,对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强；相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后;分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下几个方面;1 认识方面;对国产数控产业进程艰巨性、复杂性和长期性的特点认识不足；对市场的不规范、国外的封锁加扼杀、体制等困难估计不足；对我国数控技术应用水平及能力分析不够;2 体系方面;从技术的角度关注数控产业化问题的时候多,从系统的、产业链的角度综合考虑数控产业化问题的时候少；没有建立完整的高质量的配套体系、完善的培训、服务网络等支撑体系;3 机制方面;不良机制造成人才流失,又制约了技术及技术路线创新、产品创新,且制约了规划的有效实施,往往规划理想,实施困难;4 技术方面;企业在技术方面自主创新能力不强,核心技术的工程化能力不强;机床标准落后,水平较低,数控系统新标准研究不够;3. 对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考战略考虑我国是制造大国,在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移,即要掌握先进制造核心技术,否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中,我国制造业将进一步“空芯”;我们以资源、环境、市场为代价,交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心”,而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位,这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程;我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控技术和产业问题,首先从社会安全看,因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业,制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生活水平,而且还可缓解我国就业的压力,保障社会的稳定；其次从国防安全看,西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质,对我国实现禁运和限制,“东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证;发展策略从我国基本国情的角度出发,以国家的战略需求和国民经济的市场需求为导向,以提高我国制造装备业综合竞争能力和产业化水平为目标,用系统的方法,选择能够主导21世纪初期我国制造装备业发展升级的关键技术以及支持产业化发展的支撑技术、配套技术作为研究开发的内容,实现制造装备业的跨跃式发展;强调市场需求为导向,即以数控终端产品为主,以整机如量大面广的数控车床、铣床、高速高精高性能数控机床、典型数字化机械、重点行业关键设备等带动数控产业的发展;重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件数字化伺服系统与电机、高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等的可靠性和生产规模问题;没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品；没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品；当然,没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日;在高精尖装备研发方面,要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合,以“做得出、用得上、卖得掉”为目标,按国家意志实施攻关,以解决国家之急需;在竞争前数控技术方面,强调创新,强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品,为我国数控产业、装备制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础;三、原文Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in howto produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: 1Mechanical manufacturing technology; 2Information processing, processing, transmission technology; 3Automatic control technology; 4Servo drive technology; 5Technology of the sensor; 6Software engineering ,etc.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn CIRP to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in internationalproduction engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already μm.In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axlecomplex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe process the lathe including 5.At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUV oution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Japan, ONC Open Numerical Control System of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure targetnumerical control function, form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical controllathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan Mazak intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC; The lathe company of Japanese big Wei Okuma exhibits " IT plaza " the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ; Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens Siemens open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME,etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemChina too in 2000.About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 STEP-NC in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing about 75%, process the procedure to work out the time about 35% and process the time about 50% greatly.Japan2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the。

Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is 4he curve . Each line segmentin the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all /f this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmablelogic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital Signal ProcessorsThere are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in many ways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP‟s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance DSP‟s that can perform broad ranges of processing tasks. Development kits an` software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP‟s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag …n‟ drop” methodologies.DSP‟s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP‟s behave more like common general-purpose CPU‟s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP‟s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSPs: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA‟s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (D[Ps) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The‟ F/C240 is a number of the‟C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The‟C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the …C24x device s provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The …C24x DSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions andgeneral-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-pur pose…C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the‟C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the …C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The …C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The …C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow‟s embedded control mark etplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the …24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The …240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The … 240 has the architectural features necessar y for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The …240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the …240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the …240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it‟s own compare register, supp ort the generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.g the feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of thehuman operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or more feedback pat(s like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It isAs anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system ofThe basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之一是数控（NC）。

Reference: classification and their respective characteristics of nc machining center Press: chemical industry press; Version 1 (March 16, 2009)Author: Xu Heng, Duan XiaoxuMachining center is a typical set of high-tech machining equipment in one, itsdevelopmentrepresents a country'slevel of design andmanufacture greatlyimproved laborproductivity, reducelabor costs, improvedworking environmentand reduce the laborof workers strength.This movementthrough the differentprograms and thedesign of variouscomponents of qualitative analysis and comparison of vertical machining centers to determine the progress of education to drive the program are: fixed-bed body, spindle seat installed by installing the sliding seat rail bed , use rolling guide rail bed can beachieved to the movement into the Y direction. Precision CNC XY table by a two-way drive to complete the workpiece X, Y two directions into a movement; X, Y, Z three directions of movement are ball screw feed, driven by AC servo motor. Guides, ball screws with the corresponding lubrication, protection and other devices.Processing center ( English abbreviate is CNC called Computerized Numerical Control ): is the library with a knife and automatic tool changer of a highly automated multi function numerical control machine tool. In China, Hongkong, Taiwan and Guangdong generation also has many people call it the computer gongs.Workpiece in machining center by a clamping, digital control system can control the machine tool according to different process, automatic selection and replacement of tools, automatically change the spindle speed, feed rate and cutting tool relative to the workpiece movement track and other auxiliary functions, followed by the completion of several surface workpiece multiple processing procedures. And there are a variety of changing knife or blade selection function, thereby greatly improving the production efficiency.Machining center CNC machine tool is provided with a computer numerical control system of machine tools, CNC system capable of processing procedures, control machine tools to complete a variety of actions. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools to complete the plane curve and space curve surface machining, the machining precision and the production efficiency is relatively high, so it has been widely applied.The composition of CNC machine toolsIn general, numerical control machine tool is composed of a mechanical part, a digital control computer, servo system, PC control part, hydraulic pressure drive system, cooling and lubrication and discharge device. CNC machine tool is controlled by a program, part of the programming work is the important part of NC machine tool. Servo system of CNC machine tool is driven in part, computer output control command is generated by the servo system coordinate movement. Ordinary vertical machining center with three servo motors to respectively drive workbench,longitudinal, transverse worktable, spindle box along the X direction, Y, Z to exercise. X, Y, Z are mutually vertical coordinate axis, so when the machine three coordinate linkage can machining space curved surface. And for the five axis linkage CNC machine, is a B axis and C axis. The Y axis of rotation of the shaft as the axis B, Z axis of rotation of the shaft as the C axis.The processing of CNC machine tools motionMachining by cutting the main movement and feed motor complete, control the main movement can be a reasonable speed, to control the feed can obtain all kinds of different machining surface. CNC machine tool coordinate motion is motion, for the three coordinate NC machine tool, the coordinates of the direction of movement is usually perpendicular to each other, whereby the respective along the Cartesian coordinates X, Y, Z axis positive and negative direction. How to control the moving coordinate system to complete different kinds of spatial curved surface processing is the main task of digital control. As we all know, in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, space any point can be used X, Y, Z coordinate values to indicate, to a space curve can also use the three-dimensional coordinate function to express. How to control the axis of movement to finish machining of curved surface? Now to introduce it.Curved surface cutting tool moving trajectory and theoretic curves do not coincide, but an approximation line. Due to various interpolation formula is different, the approximation of the line are also different, usually has the following several calculation methods: point by point comparison method, integration method and time division method.The advantages, disadvantages of NC machine toolCNC machine tool has many advantages, it is developing very quickly, become the dominant machine machining.( 1) machining with NC machine tool can achieve good accuracy, stable processing qualityCNC machine tool transmission parts, particularly a ball screw with high precision. The assembly eliminates the transmission gap, and the use of improved stiffness measures, so the transmission precision is very high. Machine tool use rolling guide rail or bonded with the friction coefficient is small synthetic plastic, thus reducing the friction force, elimination of slow speed creeping. Loop, loop servo system, with high accuracy position detection device, and at any time to position error feedback to the computer, which can timely error correction. Thus the CNC machine tools to obtain high precision. CNC machine tools of all operations are performed by program control, if the control system is stable and reliable, it is very reliable, and the manual operation, numerical control machine tool without human interference, and stable processing quality.( 2) has a high production efficiencyIn the NC machine tool is usually not heavy grinding clamping type props, with hard surface coating, so the high cutting speed. Using a tool for cutting, machining center knife with a sufficient number of cutter, automatic tool change speed is very quick, air travel speed is in 15m/min above, some reached 240m/min, so the auxiliary time is short.Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tool production efficiency can be increased by 2~3 times, some can reach several tens of times.( 3) multiple functionsMany numerical control machine tool has many processing functions, on one machine can be boring, boring, milling, slot milling, milling plane cam curves and contours, and lettering.In addition to clampingsurface of thehexahedron fivesurface processing,sometimes also withthe coordinate planeangled plane processing. Installed in a card to complete a variety of processing, can be eliminated by the repeated clamping errors. Also reduces the measuring and clamping auxiliary time.( 4) in different parts of adaptabilityIn the same units of CNC machine tools can be adapted to different types and sizes of the parts processing, as long as the replacement of the processing procedures, can change the processing parts varieties.( 5) to complete the common machine tool can not complete the complex surface processingSome of the space curved surface, such as a screw surface, five coordinate NC machine tool processing, so that the performance is greatly improved; NC copying a broader range of applications, with repeated application, image processing function.( 6) CNC machine tools can greatly reduce the labor intensity of workers, and has higher economic benefit.Everything has its duality, CNC machine tools is not without drawbacks, mainly has the following several aspects:1) high price, a large investment.2) repair and operate more complicated requirements with high technical level and cultural level of the workers and staff in operation and repair repair. NC machine tool is the development of science and technology results. High technology products, certain requirements of high technology talent operation and repair, and if it is a weakness, still be inferior to saying it to people culture to improve the technology level of a promotion.CNC machine tool is applicable to many varieties, small batch production; the more complex shapes, high precision parts processing; frequent update of the products, the production cycle short processing; NC machine tool can be composed with automation workshop and factory automation ( FA ), the more is composed of flexible automation production line ( FML ), flexible manufacturing unit ( FMC ) and flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ).CNC machine tool classificationAt present, CNC machine too ls complete varieties, many specifications, but from different angles and in various principles of classification.According to the technological purpose classification( 1) metal cutting type NC machine tool of this kind of machine tool and the traditional general breed of machine tool, CNC lathes, CNC milling machine, CNC drilling machine, CNC grinding machines, CNC boring machine and machining center. Machining centers with automatic tool changer, installed in a card can be a variety of processes of CNC machine tools.( 2) metal molding CNC machines such as CNC bending machine, CNC bending machine, CNC turret press.( 3) NC machining and other types of CNC machines such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM machine, CNC laser cutting machine, CNC flame cutting machine.Vertical machining center: refers to the spindle axis and a worktable arranged vertically processing center, is mainly suitable for processing board type, disc type, mold and small housing complex parts. Vertical machining center can finish milling, boring, drilling, tapping and using thread cutting process. Vertical machining center is at least three two axis, the general can achieve three three axis. Some five axes, six axis control. Vertical machining center column height is limited, to a case-body-like workpiece processing to be reduced, this is a vertical machining center. But the vertical machining center the workpiece clamping, convenient location; cutting tool trajectory easy observation, convenient debugging program check measurement, can discover a problem in time, is shut down or modified; cooling condition easy to establish, cutting fluid can directly reach the tool and machining surface; a three coordinate axis and Cartesian coordinates anastomosis, intuitional sense and pattern from the perspective of consistent, chip easy removal and fall, to avoid scratching the processed surface. And the corresponding horizontal machining center, and has the advantages of simple structure, small occupied area, low price.Machining center is a under the control of the computer with automatic tool changing system can complete multiple process composite processing automationmachine tool, and a forward high speed, high precision, modularization, network and complex of the direction of development. The machining center is a typical set of high-tech in one of the mechanical processing equipment, its high production efficiency, good flexibility, the use of a machine and is easy to process the complex curve, surface features, has become the industry developed countries the main processing equipment and machinery industry. A national processing center has quantity, consumption and overall technical level and the national machinery industry manufacturing technology level is closely related to. China's processing center begins from 70 time, already had very great progress, but the technology, variety and quantity are not adapted to the economy of our country, the needs of technology development. Enter after twenty-first Century, Chinese processing center consumption with the military and civilian machinery industry large-scale technical reformation and rapid growth, such as the 2001 China machining center consumption was only 2662 (of which imports 2290 ), and the same year the United States, Japan and German machining center consumption respectively 11505, 6090 and 5291. By 2005, China processing center consumption soared to about 13200 ( estimates, machining center output data not released), which imports 10343. In 2005 the processing center consumption is 4.96 times that of 2001, year all amplitude is amounted to 49.2%, in one fell swoop over the United States, Japan, Germany and countries, to become the world most the country consumption processing center.According to the "machinist " magazine andother units of the survey,from nearly 600 copies onthe user's effectivequestionnaire results,machining centerapplication has beenthroughout the 26 industries, including automobiles, motorcycles and spare parts manufacturing industry accounted for 34%, aerospace and military industry accountedfor 24%, accounting for 18% of machine tool industry, the mold industry accounted for 15%, light industry machinery industry accounted for 9%. In these enterprises have the processing center, although the popular type of vertical and horizontal machining centers still accounted for the majority, but the multi-axis, high speed, large precision and other high-end machining centers also occupy a certain proportion, such as in a survey of nearly 600 users, with 5 axis machining center 24%. Description of Chinese consumption market of machining center although popular mid-range machine, but high-grade machine in consumption proportion is estimated that 15% to 20%. China's consumption of machining center most rely on imports ( 2005 imports accounted for more than 70% of consumption ), import an amount of $1297000000, ranking first in all kinds of machine tool imports, mainly from Japan, China, Taiwan, Germany and South Korea to import. The first half of 2006, China imported machining center 5511, amount 688000000 dollar, grow respectively compared to the same period 20% and 11%, still maintain two digit growth, China machining center market scale and growth space.The technological level of industrial equipment and modernization of the entire national economy determines the level and degree of modernization, numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge industries ( such as information technology and industry, biological technology and industry of aviation, aerospace and other defense industry industries) of the enabling technology and the most basic equipment, Kyth once said, " the distinction between the economic times, what is not production which is how the production, what the production of labor manufacturing technology and equipment is the human production of the most basic means of production activities, and numerical control technology is today's advanced manufacturing technology and equipment, the core technology. This in order to enhance the level of manufacturing capacity and to increase the dynamic market, adapt to the widely used around the world NC manufacturing technology, in addition, the developed countries in the world the numerical control technology and numerical control equipment as the strategic materials of the country, not only take significant measures to develop its own digitaltechnology and its industry, but also in the "sophisticated " digital key technology and equipment to China's policy of closures and restrictions. In conclusion, develop energetically with numerical control technology as the core of the advanced manufacturing technology has become the world each developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance comprehensive national strength and the national status of important ways.NC technology is the use of digital information on the mechanical movement and the work process control technology, numerical control equipment is based on CNC technology as the representative of the new technology to traditional industry and burgeoning manufacturing industry form the infiltration of electromechanical integration products, the so-called digital equipment, the technical scope covers many fields: ( 1) machinery manufacturing technology; ( 2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; ( 3) automatic control technology; ( 4) servo drive technology; sensor technology; ( 5) ( 6) software technology.The development tendency of CNC numerical control technology application is not only to the traditional manufacturing industry has brought a revolutionary change, make the manufacturing industry to become a symbol of industrialization, and, with the continuous development of NC technology and the expansion of application fields, beneficial to the people's livelihood he on some important industry ( IT, automobiles, light industry, medical and so on ) development plays a more and more important, because these industries needed equipment digital is a modern development trend.Numerical control technology in China started in 1958, nearly 50 years of the development process can be divided into 3 stages: the first stage is from 1958 to 1979, i.e. closed type development stage. At this stage, because foreign technology blockadeand our basic conditionsof development ofnumerical controltechnology is relativelyslow. The second stageis in the national " six five ", " seven five " and " eight five " during early restriction, namely technology introduction, digestion and absorption, preliminary build localization system stage. At this stage, because of reform and opening up the country, and the importance of research and development of environment and international environment improvement. Our country numerical control technology research and development as well as in the domestic products have made considerable progress. The third stage is in the national " eight five " and " Nine Five " of the late period, namely the implementation industrialization research, into the market competition stage. At this stage, China's domestic CNC equipment industry has made substantial progress. The "Nine Five " stage, domestic CNC machine tool 's 50% share of the domestic market with domestic NC system ( Universal ) also reached 10%. Looking at China's CNC technology development course of nearly 50 years, especially after the 4 5 years plan research, overall obtained the following results. Lay the CNC technology development foundation, basic knowledge of modern NC technique. China now has basically mastered from the NC system, servo drive, NC machine, special machines and accessories based technology. Most of these techniques have commercial development foundation, part of technology commercialization, industrialization. B. initially formed the industrial base of CNC, the research achievements and technology commercialization based on. To establish such as CNC, aerospace has a production capacity of the production plant of CNC system, CNC and a number of servo system and servo motor production plant, Beijing first machine tool plant, Ji'nan first machine tool plant of machine manufacturing plant. These factories basically formed our country numerical control industry base. C. established a CNC research, development, management personnel of the basic team. In the numerical control technology research and development and industrialization has made considerable progress, but we also should realise soberly, our high-end CNC technology research and development. Especially in the industrialization level of technical current situation and the reality of China's demand to still have bigger difference. Although from a longitudinal look at our country develops very fast, but transverse than ( contrast with abroad ) not only technical level to have difference, insome aspects of development speed also has difference, i.e. the number of sophisticated CNC equipment technical level difference has distensible tendency. Internationally, to our country numerical control technology and industrialization level is estimated as follows. The level of A. technique, with foreign advanced level lags behind about 10 ~ 15 years, in the sophisticated technology is larger. B. industrialization level, the market is had rate is low, breed coverage, has formed the scale of production, functional components of professional production level and complete sets of capacity is low; the appearance quality is relatively poor; reliability; commercialization; domestic CNC system has not been established their own brand, customer confidence. C. sustainable development ability of competition, before NC technology research and development, engineering ability is weaker; CNC technical application field strength is not strong; related standards, research, develop lag, analyse the existence of the gap between the main reason has the following sides, A. recognition. On domestic CNC industry process difficult, the complexity and the long-term characteristic of insufficient understanding; to the market is not standardized, overseas blockade and kill the system difficult underestimate; to our country numerical control technology application level and ability analysis is not enough. B. system, from the technical point of view about numerical control industrialization problem when much, from the system the angle of industrial catenary considering CNC industrialization problem when little; not the establishment of a complete quality system, perfect training, service network support system. C. mechanism of adverse mechanisms causing the loss of talented people, and restricted technology and technical route of innovation, product innovation, and restricts the effective implementation of the project, often the planning ideal, implementation difficulties. D. technology, enterprise technology independent innovation capability is not strong, the core technology of engineering ability is not strong, bed standard is backward, level is low, the new standard is not enough research of CNC system.control technology andindustrial development strategy:( 1) the strategic considerationof our country is a bigmanufacturing country in theworld, in the transfer ofindustry to accept the frontrather than the back transfer,namely to grasp the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in the new roundinternational industry structural adjustment, our country manufacturing industry willfurther " air core ". Our resources, environment, market price exchange may be thenew world economic pattern in the international " machining center " or " assemblycenters ", rather than to master the core technology of manufacturing center position,this will seriously affect our country with the development of modern manufacturingprocess. First, from the social security, because we should stand in the height ofnational security strategy to take the numerical control technology and the industrycontrol, industry in China is the most populous industry employment, manufacturingindustry development can not only improve the people's living standard, but also canalleviate the pressure of employment of our country social stability; secondly, fromthe defense safety, western developed countries have sophisticated CNC products areclassified as national strategic material for China to realize embargo and restrictions, "Toshiba event " and " the Cox report " is the best example. ( 2) development strategyfrom the perspective of China's basic national conditions, to the needs of nationalstrategy and national economy to market demand-oriented, to improve China'sequipment manufacturing industry comprehensive competitive ability andindustrialization level as the goal, in a systematic way, leading to the beginning of thetwenty-first Century time choice of China's equipment manufacturing industryupgrade key techniques and support industrialization development technology,supporting technology as the research content of the development of equipmentmanufacturing industry leaping development. Emphasize the market demand oriented, i.e. to terminal NC products, to machine ( such as the large volume of CNC lathes, milling machine, high speed and high precision high performance machine tools, key industries and key equipment ) drives the NC industry development, solve CNC system and related functional components ( digital servo system with high speed electric motor, the spindle system and the new equipment accessories ) reliability and scale of production problems. No scale will not have the high reliability of the products; no scale will have low prices and competitive products; of course not the scale of China's CNC equipment finally to have one's day. In the sophisticated equipment research and development, production and research and to emphasize the end user closely, with " do, use, sell out " as the goal, according to the national will to tackle key problem, in order to solve the urgent state. In the competition before the NC technology, emphasis on innovation, emphasis on research and development with independent intellectual property rights of technology and products, to industry of our country numerical control, the equipment manufacturing industry and the manufacturing industry to lay the foundation for sustainable development.加工中心数控技术出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版(2009年3月16日)作者：徐衡、段晓旭加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。

数控技术外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文The development trend of numerical control technology AbstractThe current trends in the development of numerical control technology and equipment in the world and the status quo of the development and industrialization of CNC equipment technology in China are briefly introduced. On this basis, we discuss the development of CNC technology and equipment in China under the new environment of China's accession to the WTO and further opening to the outside world. The importance of improving the level of China's manufacturing informatization and international competitiveness, and put forward some views on the development of China's CNC technology and equipment from both strategic and strategic aspects.The technological level and degree of modernization of the equipment industry determine the level of the entire national economy and the degree of modernization. Numerical control technology and equipment are the development of emerging high-tech industries and cutting-edge industries (such as information technology and its industries, biotechnology and its industries, aviation, aerospace, etc.) (Defense Industry Industry) enabling technology and basic equipment. Marx oncesaid that “the difference between various economic times is no t what is produced but how it is produced and what labor data it is used to produce”. Manufacturing technology and equipment are the most basic production materials for human production activities, and numerical control technology is the core technology of today's advanced manufacturing technologies and equipment. In the manufacturing industry of the world today, CNC technology is widely used to improve manufacturing capabilities and levels, and to improve the adaptability and competitiveness of dynamic markets. In addition, various industrialized countries in the world have also listed numerical control technology and numerical control equipment as strategic materials of the country. They not only take significant measures to develop their own numerical control technologies and their industries, but also have the key technology and equipment of “high-precision” numerical control. Our country adopts a policy of blockade and restriction. In short, the vigorous development of advanced manufacturing technologies centered on numerical control technology has become an important way for all developed countries in the world to accelerate economic development and improve their overall national strength and national status.Numerical control technology is a technology that uses digital information to control mechanical movement and work process. Numerical control equipment is a mechatronic product formed by thepenetration of new technologies represented by numerical control technology into traditional manufacturing industries and emerging manufacturing industries, namely, so-called digital equipment. Its technical scope covers many fields: (1) machinery manufacturing technology; (2) information processing, processing, and transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo drive technology;(5) sensor technology; (6) software Technology and so on. Keywords: CNC technology, machinery manufacturing, information processing, sensors1 Development Trends of Numerical Control TechnologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought about revolutionary changes in the traditional manufacturing industry, but also made manufacturing a symbol of industrialization. With the continuous development of numerical control technology and the expansion of application fields, he has made important contributions to the national economy and people's livelihood (IT, automotive The development of light industry, light industry, medical care, etc. is playing an increasingly important role, because the digitalization of the equipment required by these industries is a major trend of modern development. From the current trend of numerical control technology and its equipment development in the world, its main research hotspots are the following aspects [1~4].1.1 New trends in high-speed, high-precision processing technology and equipmentEfficiency and quality are the mainstays of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-precision machining technology can greatly improve efficiency, improve product quality and grade, shorten production cycle and increase market competitiveness. To this end, the Japanese Advanced Technology Research Institute will list it as one of the five major modern manufacturing technologies. The International Association of Production Engineers (CIRP) has identified it as one of the central research directions for the 21st century.In the passenger car industry, the production cycle of 300,000 vehicles per year is 40 seconds per vehicle, and multi-species processing is one of the key issues that must be addressed for car equipment. In the aviation and aerospace industries, the parts processed by them are mostly thin-walled. With thin ribs, the rigidity is poor, and the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy. These ribs and walls can be processed only when the high cutting speed and cutting force are small. Recently, the method of “hollowing out” large-size aluminum alloy billets has been used to manufacture large parts such as wings and fuselage to replace multiple parts and assembled by numerous rivets, screws, and other coupling methods to obtain strength, stiffness, and reliability of components. improve. All of these require high-speed, high-precision andhigh-flexibility for processing equipment.From the standpoint of EMO2001, the feed rate of high-speed machining centers can reach 80m/min, or even higher, and the airspeed can reach around 100m/min. At present, many automobile plants in the world, including China's Shanghai General Motors Corporation, have adopted a part of the production line consisting of a high-speed machining center to replace the combined machine tools. The HyperMach machine tool feed rate of CINCINNATI, USA is up to 60m/min, the speed is 100m/min, the acceleration is 2g, and the spindle speed has reached 60,000r/min. It takes only 30 minutes to machine a thin-walled aircraft part, and the same part takes 3h for general high-speed milling and 8h for normal milling; the spindle speed and acceleration of the twin-spindle lathe of DMG, Germany, reach 12*!000r/mm respectively. And 1g.In terms of machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, the machining accuracy of ordinary CNC machine tools has increased from 10μm to 5μm, precision machining centers have increased from 3~5μm to 1~1.5μm, and ultra-precision machining precision has begun to enter the nanometer level. (0.01μm).In terms of reliability, the MTBF value of foreign numerical control devices has reached more than 6000 hours, and the MTBF value of the servo system has reached more than 30,000 hours, showing very highreliability.In order to achieve high-speed, high-precision machining, the supporting functional components such as electric spindles and linear motors have been rapidly developed and the application fields have been further expanded.1.2 Rapid development of 5-axis simultaneous machining and compound machiningThe use of 5-axis simultaneous machining of 3D surface parts allows cutting with the best geometry of the tool, resulting in not only a high degree of finish, but also a significant increase in efficiency. It is generally considered that the efficiency of a 5-axis machine tool can be equal to 2 3-axis linkage machines. Especially when using ultra-hard material milling tools such as cubic boron nitride for high-speed milling of hardened steel parts, 5-axis simultaneous machining can be compared with 3-axis linkage. Processing to play a higher efficiency. In the past, due to the complexity of the 5-axis linkage CNC system and the host machine structure, the price was several times higher than that of the 3-axis linkage CNC machine tool, and the programming technology was more difficult, which restricted the development of 5-axis linkage machine tools.At present, due to the emergence of electric spindles, the structure of the composite spindle head that realizes 5-axis simultaneous machining isgreatly simplified, its manufacturing difficulty and cost are greatly reduced, and the price gap of the numerical control system is reduced. As a result, the development of composite spindle head type 5-axis linkage machine tools and compound machine tools (including 5-sided machine tools) has been promoted.At the EMO2001 exhibition, the new 5-axis machine tool of Nippon Machine Tool Co., Ltd. adopts a compound spindle head, which can realize the processing of four vertical planes and processing at any angle, so that 5-sided machining and 5-axis machining can be realized on the same machine tool. It can realize the processing of inclined surface and inverted cone. Germany DMG company exhibited DMUV oution series machining center, which can be processed in five-face machining and five-axis linkage in a single clamping. It can be directly or indirectly controlled by CNC system control or CAD/CAM.1.3 Intelligentization, openness, and networking have become major trends in the development of modern digital control systemsThe 21st century CNC equipment will be a certain intelligent system. The intelligent content is included in all aspects of the CNC system: in order to pursue the processing efficiency and processing quality in the intelligent, such as the process of adaptive control, process parameters automatically Generated; To improve the driving performance and the use of convenient connection intelligent, such as feed-forward control,adaptive calculation of motor parameters, automatic identification load automatic selection model, self-tuning, etc.; simplify the programming, simplify the operation of intelligent, such as smart The automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, etc.; as well as the contents of intelligent diagnosis, intelligent monitoring, convenient system diagnosis and maintenance.In order to solve the problems of traditional CNC system closure and industrial application of CNC application software. At present, many countries have conducted research on open numerical control systems such as NGC of the United States, OSACA of the European Community, OSEC of Japan, and ONC of China. The openness of numerical control systems has become the future of CNC systems. The so-called open CNC system is the development of CNC system can be in a unified operating platform, for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting structure objects (CNC function), to form a series, and can be convenient to the user's special The application and technology are integrated into the control system to quickly realize open numerical control systems of different varieties and different grades to form brand-name products with distinctive personality. At present, the architecture specification, communication specification, configuration specification, operation platform, numerical control system function library and numerical control system function software development toolof open CNC system are the core of current research.Networked CNC equipment is a new bright spot in the international well-known machine tool exposition in the past two years. The networking of CNC equipment will greatly satisfy the requirements of information integration for production lines, manufacturing systems, and manufacturing companies. It is also the basic unit for realizing new manufacturing models such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprise, and global manufacturing. Some famous domestic and foreign CNC machine tools and numerical control system manufacturing companies have introduced relevant new concepts and prototypes in the past two years. For example, at the EMO 2001 exhibition, the “Cyber Production Center” exhibited by Japan's Mazak company Mazak Production Control Center (CPC); Okuma Machine Too l Company, Japan exhibited “ITplaza” (Information Technology Plaza, IT Plaza); Open Manufacturing Environment (Open Manufacturing Environment, OME), exhibited by Siemens, Germany Etc., reflecting the trend of the development of CNC machine tools to the direction of the network.1.4 Emphasizing the Establishment of New Technology Standards and Specifications1.4.1 About Design and Development of CNC SystemsAs mentioned above, the open CNC system has better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, and expandability. The United States, theEuropean Community, and Japan have implemented strategic development plans one after another, and have conducted the open architecture system specification (OMAC). , OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term carried out almost the same set of scientific plans and norms, indicating that the arrival of a new revolution in digital technology. In 2000, China began to conduct research and development of the regulatory framework for China's ONC numerical control system.1.4.2 About CNC StandardsCNC standards are a trend in the development of manufacturing informatization. The information exchange in the 50 years since the birth of CNC technology was based on the ISO 6983 standard. That is how the G and M codes describe how to process. The essential feature is the processing-oriented process. Obviously, he has been unable to meet the high speed of modern CNC technology. The need for development. For this purpose, a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) is being researched and developed internationally. Its purpose is to provide a uniform data model that can describe the entire life cycle of a product without relying on a neutral mechanism of a specific system. , in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, and even the standardization of product information in various industrial fields. The emergence of STEP-NC may be a revolution in CNC technology. It will have aprofound impact on the development of CNC technology and even the entire manufacturing industry. First, STEP-NC proposes a brand-new manufacturing concept. In the traditional manufacturing concept, NC machining programs are concentrated on a single computer. Under the new standard, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet. This is the direction of open and networked CNC technology. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can also greatly reduce the processing drawings (about 75%), processing program preparation time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%).At present, European and American countries attach great importance to the research of STEP-NC, and Europe has initiated STEP-NC's IMS plan ( Participation in this program comes from 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, vendors and academic institutions in Europe and Japan. STEPTools of the United States is the developer of global manufacturing data exchange software. He has developed a SuperModel for the information exchange of CNC machine tools. Its goal is to describe all machining processes with a unified specification. This new data exchange format has now been validated on prototype prototypes equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control systems.2 Basic Estimates of China's CNC Technology and Its Industrial DevelopmentCNC technology in China started in 1958. The development process in the past 50 years can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage from 1958 to 1979, which is the closed development stage. At this stage, the development of numerical control technology is relatively slow due to the limitations of foreign technology and China's basic conditions. The second stage is the introduction of technology during the “sixth and fifth” periods of the country, the “seventh five-year plan” period, and the “eighth five-year plan period,”and it will be digested and absorbed to initially establish the stage of the national production system. At this stage, due to the reform and opening up and the country’s attention, as well as the improvement of the research and development environment an d the international environment, China’s CNC technology has made great progress in research, development, and localization of products. The third stage is the implementation of industrialization research in the later period of the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period of the country, entering the stage of market competition. At this stage, the industrialization of domestically-manufactured CNC equipment has achieved its essenceSexual progress. At the end of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, the domestic market share of domestic CNC machine tools reached 50%, and the number of domestically-manufactured numerical control systems (pervasive models) also reached 10%.Looking at the development process of CNC technology in China in the past 50 years, especially after four five-year plans, the overall results are as follows:a. It lays the foundation for the development of CNC technology and basically masters modern CNC technology. China has now basically mastered the basic technologies from numerical control systems, servo drives, numerical control mainframes, special planes and their accessories. Most of these technologies already have the basis for commercial development. Some technologies have been commercialized and industrialized.b. Initially formed a CNC industrial base. Based on the research results and the commercialization of some technologies, we have established numerical control system production plants such as Huazhong Numerical Control and Aerospace Numerical Control which have mass production capabilities. Lanzhou Electric Machinery Factory, Huazhong Numerical Control and a number of servo systems and servo motor manufacturers, as well as a number of CNC machine manufacturers such as Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Plant and Jinan No. 1 Machine Tool Plant. These production plants have basically formed China's CNC industrial base.c. Established a basic team of CNC research, development and management talents.Although significant progress has been made in the research, development, and industrialization of numerical control technology, we must also soberly realize that the research and development of high-end numerical control technologies in China, especially the status quo of the technological level of industrialization and the actual needs of China There is a big gap. Although our country's development speed is very fast in the vertical direction, the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign countries) not only has a gap in the level of technology, but also has a gap in the development speed in certain aspects, that is, the gap in the technological level of some highly sophisticated numerical control equipment has expanded. From the international point of view, the estimated level of China's numerical control technology and industrialization is roughly as follows:a. On the technical level, it will be about 10 to 15 years behind the advanced level in foreign countries, and it will be even bigger in terms of sophisticated technology.b. At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage is small, and scale production has not yet been established; the specialized production level of functional components and the complete set capacity are low; the appearance quality is relatively poor; the reliability is not high, and the degree of commercialization is insufficient; The domestic CNC system has not established its own brand effect, andthe user's confidence is insufficient.c. On the ability of sustainable development, the research and development and engineering capabilities of pre-competitive numerical control technology are weak; the application of numerical control technology is not strong; the research and formulation of related standard specifications is lagging behind.The main reasons for analyzing the above gaps are as follows:a. Awareness. Insufficient understanding of the arduous, complex and long-term characteristics of the domestic CNC industry process; Insufficient estimates of market irregularities, foreign blockades, killings, and systems; and insufficient analysis of the application level and capabilities of CNC technology in China.b. Systematic aspects. From the point of view of technology, attention has been paid to the issue of CNC industrialization. It has been a time to consider the issue of CNC industrialization from the perspectives of system and industry chain; there is no complete supporting system of high-quality supporting systems, perfect training, and service networks. .c. Mechanisms. Bad mechanisms have led to brain drain, which in turn has restricted technological and technological route innovations and product innovations, and has constrained the effective implementation of planning. It is often planned to be ideal and difficult to implement.d. Technical aspects. Enterprises have little ability to independentlyinnovate in technology, and the engineering ability of core technologies is not strong. The standard of machine tools is backward, the level is low, and the new standard of CNC system is not enough.3 Strategic Thinking on the Development of CNC Technology and Industrialization in China3.1 Strategic ConsiderationsChina is a manufacturing country, and we must try to accept the transfer of the front-end rather than the back-end in the industrial transfer of the world. That is to master the advanced manufacturing core technologies, otherwise, in the new round of international industrial restructuring, China's manufacturing industry will further “empty core”. At the expense of resources, the environment, and the market, we may obtain only the international "processing centers" and "assembly centers" in the world's new economic structure, rather than the status of manufacturing centers that master core technologies. This will seriously affect our country. The development of modern manufacturing.We should pay attention to numerical control technology and industrial issues from the perspective of national security strategy. First of all, we must look at social security because manufacturing industry is the industry with the largest number of employed people in China. Manufacturing industry development can not only improve the people’s living standards, but also ease the country’s The pressure of employmentguarantees social stability. Secondly, from the perspective of national defense security, Western developed countries classify high-precision numerical control products as national strategic materials and implement embargoes and restrictions on China. The “Toshiba Incident” and the “Cox Report” "This is the best illustration.3.2 Development StrategyFrom the perspective of China’s basic national conditions, taking the country’s strategic needs and the market demand of the national economy as the guide, and aiming at improving the comprehensive competitiveness and industrialization le vel of China’s manufacturing equipment industry, we can use systematic methods to choose to dominate the early 21st century in China. The key technologies for the development and upgrade of the manufacturing equipment industry and supporting technologies and supporting technologies for supporting industrialization development are the contents of research and development and the leap-forward development of the manufacturing equipment industry. Emphasizing the market demand as the orientation, that is, taking CNC terminal products as the mainstay, and driving the CNC industry with complete machines (such as large-scale CNC lathes, milling machines, high-speed, high-precision and high-performance CNC machine tools, typical digital machines, key equipment of key industries, etc.). development of. The focus is on the reliability and production scale of CNC systems andrelated functional components (digital servos and motors, high-speed spindle systems and accessories for new equipment, etc.). Without scale, there will be no high-reliability products; without scale, there will be no cheap and competitive products; of course, CNC equipment without scale in China will be difficult to come to the fore. In the research and development of high-precision equipment, we must emphasize the close integration of production, learning, research, and end-users, and aim at “doing, using, and selling off” as a goal, and implement national research on the will of the country to solve the urgent need of the country. . Before the competition, CNC technology emphasizes innovation, emphasizes research and development of technologies and products with independent intellectual property rights, and lays a foundation for the sustainable development of China's CNC industry, equipment manufacturing industry, and even the entire manufacturing industry.中文译文数控技术的发展趋势摘要本文简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状, 在此基础上讨论了在我国加入WTO 和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下, 发展我国数控技术及装备、提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争能力的重要性, 并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。

Advantages of NCRecent studies show that of the amount of time an average part spent in a shop, only a fraction of that time was actually spent in the machining process. Let us assume that a part spent 50 hours from the time it arrived at a plant as a rough casting or bar stock to the time it was a finished product. During this time, it would be on the machine for only 2.5 hours and be cut for only 0.75 hour. The rest of the time would be spent on waiting, moving, setting up, loading, unloading, inspecting the part, setting speeds and feeds, and changing cutting tools.NC reduces the amount of non-chip-producing time by selecting speeds and feeds, making rapid moves between surfaces to be cut, using automatic fistures, automatic tool changing, controlling the coolant, in-process gaging, and loading and unloading the part. There factors, plus the fact that it is no longer necessary to train machine operators, have resulted in considerable savings throughout the entire manufacturing process and caused tremendous growth in the use of NC. Some of the major advantages of NC are as follows:(1) There is automatic or semiautomatic operation of machine tools. The degree of automantion can be selected as required.(2) Flexible manufacturing of parts is much easier. Only the tape needs changing to produce another part.(3) Storage space is reduced. Simple workholding fixtures are generally used, reducing the number of jigs or fixtutres which must be stored.(4) Small part lots can be run economically. Often a single part can be produced more quickly and better by NC.(5) Nonproductive time is reduced. More time is spent on machining the part, and less time is spent on moving and waiting.(6) Tooling costs are reduced. In most cases complex jigs and fixtures are not required.(7) Inspevtion and assembly costs are lower. The quality of the product is improved, reducing the need for inspection and ensuring that parts fit as required.(8) Machine utilization time is increased. There is less time that a machine tool is idle because workpiece and tool changes are rapid and automatic.(9) Complex forms can easily be machined. The new control unit features and programming capabilities make the machining of contours and complex forms veryeasy.(10) Parts inventory is reduced. Parts can be made as required from the information on the punched tape.Since the first industrial revolution, about 200 years age, NC has had a significant effect on the industrial world. The developments in the computer and NC have extended a person’s min d and muscle. The NC unit takes symbolic input and changes it to useful output, expanding a person’s concepts into creative and productive results. NC technology has made such rapid advances that it is being used in almost every area of manufacturing, such as machining, welding, pressworking, and assembly.If industry’s planning and logic are good, the second industrial revolution will have as much or more effect on society as the first industrial revolution had. As we progress through the various stages of NC, it is the entire manufacturing process which must be kept in mind.Computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) and computer-integrated machining (CIM) are certainly where the future of manufacturing lies, and considering the developments of the past, it will not be too far in the future before the automated factory is a reality.Developed originally for use in aerospace industries, NC is enjoying widespread acceptance in manufacturing. The use of CNC machines continues to increase, becoming visible in most metalworking and manufacturing industries. Aerospace, defense contract, automotive, electronic, appliance, and tooling industries all employ numerical control machinery. Advances in microelectronics have lowered the cost of acquiring CNC equipment. It is not unusual to find CNC machinery in contract tool, die, and moldmaking shops. With the advent of low cost OEM(original equipment manufacturer) and retrofit CNC vertical milling machines, even shops specializing in one-of-a-kind prototype work are using CNCs.Although numerical control machines traditionally have been machine tools, bending, forming, stamping, and inspection machines have also been produced as numerical control systems.数控的优点近期研究表明，在加工零件时，只有一少部分时间真正用于加工工件。

（数控加工）机械类数控外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控NumericalControlOneofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheareaofadvancedmanufacturingte chnologiesisnumericalcontrol(NC).PriortotheadventofNC,allmachinetools weremanualoperatedandcontrolled.Amongthemanylimitationsassociatedwith manualcontrolmachinetools,perhapsnoneismoreprominentthanthelimitation ofoperatorskills.Withmanualcontrol,thequalityoftheproductisdirectlyre latedtoandlimitedtotheskillsoftheoperator.Numericalcontrolrepresentst hefirstmajorstepawayfromhumancontrolofmachinetools.Numericalcontrolmeansthecontrolofmachinetoolsandothermanufacturin gsystemsthoughtheuseofprerecorded,writtensymbolicinstructions.Rathert hanoperatingamachinetool,anNCtechnicianwritesaprogramthatissuesoperat ionalinstructionstothemachinetool,Foramachinetooltobenumericallycontr olled,itmustbeinterfacedwithadeviceforacceptinganddecodingthep2ogramm edinstructions,knownasareader.Numericalcontrolwasdevelopedtoovercomethelimitationofhumanoperato r,andithasdoneso.Numericalcontrolmachinesaremoreaccuratethanmanuallyo peratedmachines,theycanproducepartsmoreuniformly,theyarefaster,andthe long-runtoolingcostsarelower.ThedevelopmentofNCledtothedevelopmentofs everalotherinnovationsinmanufacturingtechnology:1.Electricaldischargemachining.sercutting.3.Electronbeamwelding.Numericalcontrolhasalsomademachinetoolsmoreversatilethantheirmanuallyoperatedpredecessors.AnNCmachinetoolcanautomaticallyproduceawidev arietyofpar4s,eachinvolvinganassortmentofundertaketheproductionofprod uctsthatwouldnothavebeenfeasiblefromaneconomicperspectiveusingmanuall ycontrolledmachinetoolsandprocesses.Likesomanyadvancedtechnologies,NCwasborninthelaboratoriesoftheMas sachusettsInstituteofTechnology.TheconceptofNCwasdevelopedintheearly1 950swithfundingprovidedbytheU.SAirForce.Initsearlieststages,NCmachine swereabletomakestraightcutsefficientlyandeffectively.However,curvedpathswereaproblembecausethemachinetoolhadtobeprogra mmedtoundertakeaseriesofhorizontalandverticalstepstoproduceacurve.The shorteristhestraightlinesmakingupthestep,thesmootheris4hecurve.Eachli nesegmentinthestepshadtobecalculated.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentin1959oftheAutomaticallyProgrammedT ools(APT)languageforNCthatusesstatementssimilartoEnglishlanguagetodef inethepartgeometry,describethecuttingtoolconfiguration,andspecifythen ecessarymotions.ThedevelopmentoftheAPTlanguagewasamajorstepforwardint hefurtherdevelopmentofNCtechnology.TheoriginalNCsystemwerevastlydiffe rentfromthoseusedpunchedpaper,whichwaslatertoreplacedbymagneticplasti ctape.Atapereaderwasusedtointerprettheinstructionswrittenonthetapefor themachine.Together,all/fthisrepresentedgiantstepforwardinthecontrolo fmachinetools.However,therewereanumberofproblemswithNCatthispointinit sdevelopment.Amajorproblemwasthefragilityofthepunchedpapertapemedium.Itwascomm onforthepapercontainingtheprogrammedinstructionstobreakortearduringam achiningprocess,Thisproblemwasexacerbatedbythefactthateachsuccessivet imeapartwasproducedonamachinetool,thepapertapecarryingtheprogrammedin structionshadtorerunthoughtthereader.Ifitwasnecessarytoproduce100copi esofagivenpart,itwasalsonecessarytorunthepapertapethoughtthereader100 separatetimes.Fragilepapertapessimplycouldnotwithstandtherigorsofshop floorenvironmentandthiskindofrepeateduse.Thisledtothedevelopmentofaspecialmagnetictape.Whereasthepapertape carriedtheprogrammedinstructionsasaseriesofholespunchedinthetape,theT hismostimportantofthesewasthatitwasdifficultorimpossibletochangethein structionsenteredonthetape.Tomakeeventhemostminoradjustmentsinaprogra mofinstructions,itwasnecessarytointerruptmachiningoperationsandmakean ewtape.Itwasalsostillnecessarytorunthetapethoughtthereaderasmanytimes astherewerepartstobeproduced.Fortunately,computertechnologybecomearea lityandsoonsolvedtheproblemsofNC,associatedwithpunchedpaperandplastic tape.Thedevelopmentofaconceptknownasnumericalcontrol(DNC)solvethepaper andplastictapeproblemsassociatedwithnumericalcontrolbysimplyeliminati ngtapeasthemediumforcarryingtheprogrammedinstructions.Indirectnumeric alcontrol,machinetoolsaretied,viaadatatransmissionlink,toahostcompute randfedtothemachinetoolasneededviathedatatransmissionlinkage.Directnumericalcontrolrepresentedamajorstepforwardoverpunchedtapeandplasticta pe.However,itissubjecttothesamelimitationasalltechnologiesthatdependo nahostcomputer.Whenthehostcomputergoesdown,themachinetoolsalsoexperie ncedowntime.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol.Thedevelopmentofthemicroprocessorallowedforthedevelopmentofprogra mmablelogiccontrollers(PLC)andmicrocomputers.Thesetwotechnologiesallo wedforthedevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol(CNC).WithCNC,eachmachi netoolhasaPLCoramicrocomputerthatservesthesamepurpose.Thisallowsprogr Csolvedtheproblems associateddowntimeofthehostcomputer,butitintroducedanotherproblemknow nasdatamanagement.Thesameprogrammightbeloadedontendifferentmicrocompu terswithnocommunicationamongthem.Thisproblemisintheprocessofbeingsolv edbylocalareanetworksthatconnectDigitalSignalProcessorsTherearenumeroussituationswhereanalogsignalstobeprocessedinmanywa ys,likefilteringandspectralanalysis,Designinganaloghardwaretoperformt hesefunctionsispossiblebuthasbecomelessandpractical,duetoincreasedper formancerequirements,flexibilityneeds,andtheneedtocutdownondevelopmen t/testingtime.Itisinotherwordsdifficultpmdesignanaloghardwareanalysis ofsignals.Theactofsamplingansignalintothehatarespecialisedforembeddedsignal processingoperations,andsuchaprocessoriscalledaDSP,whichstandsforDigi talSignalProcessor.TodaytherearehundredsofDSPfamiliesfromasmanymanufacturers,eachonedesignedforaparticularprice/performance/usagegroup.Man yofthelargestmanufacturers,likeTexasInstrumentsandMotorola,offerboths pecialisedDSP’sforcertainfieldslikemotor-controlormodems,andgeneralh igh-performanceDSP’sthatcanperformbroadrangesofprocessingtasks.Devel opmentkitsan`softwarearealsoavailable,andtherearecompaniesmakingsoftw aredevelopmenttoolsforDSP’sthatallowstheprogrammertoimplementcomplex processingalgorithmsusingsimple“drag‘n’drop”methodologies.DSP’smoreorlessfallintotwocategoriesdependingontheunderlyingarch itecture-fixed-pointandfloating-point.Thefixed-pointdevicesgenerallyo perateon16-bitwords,whilethefloating-pointdevicesoperateon32-40bitsfl oating-pointwords.Needlesstosay,thefixed-pointdevicesaregenerallychea per.Anotherimportantarchitecturaldifferenceisthatfixed-pointprocessor stendtohaveanaccumulatorarchitecture,withonlyone“generalpurpose”reg ister,makingthemquitetrickytoprogramandmoreimportantly,makingC-compil ersinherentlyinefficient.Floating-pointDSP’sbehavemorelikecommongene ral-purposeCPU’s,withregister-files.TherearethousandsofdifferentDSP’sonthemarket,anditisdifficulttas kfindingthemostsuitableDSPforaproject.Thebestwayisprobablytosetupacon straintandwishlist,andtrytocomparetheprocessorsfromthebiggestmanufact urersagainstit.The“bigfour”manufacturersofDSPs:TexasInstruments,Motorola,AT&Ta ndAnalogDevices.Digital-to-analogconversionInthecaseofMPEG-Audiodecoding,digitalcompresseddataisfedintotheDS Pwhichperformsthedecoding,thenthedecodedsampleshavetobeconvertedbacki ntotheanalogdomain,andtheresultingsignalfedanamplifierorsimilaraudioe quipment.Thisdigitaltoanalogconversion(DCA)isperformedbyacircuitwitht hesamename&DifferentDCA’sprovidedifferentperformanceandquality,asmea suredbyTHD(Totalharmonicdistortion),numberofbits,linearity,speed,filt ercharacteristicsandotherthings.TheTMS320familyDQPofTexasInstrumentsTheTLS320familyconsistsoffixed-point,floating-point,multiprocesso rdigitalsignalprocessors(D[Ps),andfoxed-pointDSPcontrollers.TMS320DSP haveanarchitecturedesignedspecificallyforreal-timesignalprocessing.Th e’F/C240isanumberofthe’C2000DSPplatform,andisoptimizedforcontrolapp lications.The’C24xseriesofDSPcontrollerscombinesthisreal-timeprocess ingcapabilitywithcontrollerperipheralstocreateanidealsolutionforcontr olsystemapplications.ThefollowingcharacteristicsmaketheTMS320familyth erightchoiceforawiderangeofprocessingapplications:---Veryflexibleinstructionset---Inherentoperationalflexibility---High-speedperformance---Innovativeparallelarchitecture---CosteffectivenessDeviceswithinagenerationoftheTMS320familyhavethesameCPUstructure butdifferenton-chipmemoryandperipheralconfigurations.Spin-offdevicesu senewcombinationsofOn-chipmemoryandperipheralstosatisfyawiderangeofne edsintheworldwideelectronicsmarket.Byintegratingmemoryandperipheralso ntoasinglechip,TMS320devicesreducesystemcostsandsavecircuitboardspace .The16-bit,fixed-pointDSPcoreofthe‘C24xdevicesprovidesanalogdesi gnersadigitalsolutionthatdoesnotsacrificetheprecisionandperformanceof theirsystemperformancecanbeenhancedthroughtheuseofadvancedcontrolalgo rithmsfortechniquessuchasadaptivecontrol,Kalmanfiltering,andstatecont rol.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerofferreliabilityandprogrammability.Analogco ntrolsystems,ontheotherhand,arehardwiredsolutionsandcanexperienceperf ormancedegradationduetoaging,componenttolerance,anddrift.Thehigh-speedcentralprocessingunit(CPU)allowsthedigitaldesignert oprocessalgorithmsinrealtimeratherthanapproximateresultswithlook-upta bles.TheinstructionsetoftheseDSPcontrollers,whichincorporatesbothsign alprocessinginstructionsandgeneral-purposecontrolfunctions,coupledwit htheextensivedevelopmenttimeandprovidesthesameeaseofuseastraditional8 -and16-bitmicrocontrollers.Theinstructionsetalsoallowsyoutoretainyour softwareinvestmentwhenmovingfromothergeneral-purpose‘C2xxgeneration, sourcecodecompatiblewiththe’C2xgeneration,andupwardlysourcecodecompa tiblewiththe‘C5xgenerationofDSPsfromTexasInstruments.The‘C24xarchitectureisalsowell-suitedforprocessingcontrolsignal s.Itusesa16-bitwordlengthalongwith32-bitregistersforstoringintermedia teresults,andhastwohardwareshiftersavailabletoscalenumbersindependent lyoftheCPU.Thiscombinationminimizesquantizationandtruncationerrors,an dincreasesp2ocessingpowerforadditionalfunctions.Suchfunctionsmightinc ludeanotchfilterthatcouldcancelmechanicalresonancesinasystemoranestim ationtechniquethatcouldeliminatestatesensorsinasystem.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerstakeadvantageofansetofperipheralfunctions thatallowTexasInstrumentstoquicklyconfigurevariousseriesmembersfordif ferentprice/performancepointsorforapplicationoptimization.Thislibraryofbothdigitalandmixed-signalperipheralsincludes:---Timers---Serialcommunicationsports(SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digitalconverters(ADC)---Eventmanager---Systemprotection,suchaslow-voltageandwatchdogtimerTheDSPcontrollerperipherallibraryiscontinuallygrowingandchanging tosuittheoftomorrow’sembeddedcontrolmarketplace.TheTMS320F/C240isthefirststandarddeviceintroducedinthe‘24xserie sofDSPcontrollers.Itsetsthestandardforasingle-chipdigitalmotorcontrol ler.The‘240canexecute20MIPS.Almostallinstructionsareexecutedinasimpl ecycleof50ns.Thishighperformanceallowsreal-timeexecutionofverycomple8controlalgorithms,suchasadaptivecontrolandKalmanfilters.Veryhighsampl ingratescanalsobeusedtominimizeloopdelays.The‘240hasthearchitecturalfeaturesnecessaryforhigh-speedsignalp rocessinganddigitalcontrolfunctions,andithastheperipheralsneededtopro videasingle-chipsolutionformotorcontrolapplications.The‘240ismanufac turedusingsubmicronCMOStechnology,achievingalogpowerdissipationrating.A lsoincludedareseveralpower-downmodesforfurtherpowersavings.Someapplic ationsthatbenefitfromtheadvancedprocessingpowerofthe‘240include: ---Industrialmotordrives---Powerinvertersandcontrollers---Automotivesystems,suchaselectronicpowersteering,antilockbrake s,andclimatecontrol---ApplianceandHVACblower/compressormotorcontrols---Printers,copiers,andotherofficeproducts---Tapedrives,magneticopticaldrives,andothermassstorageproducts---RoboticandCNCmillingmachinesTofunctionasasystemmanager,aDSPmusthaverobuston-chipI/Oandotherp eripherals.Theeventmanagerofthe‘240isunlikeanyotheravailableonaDSP.T hisapplication-optimizedperipheralunit,coupledwiththehighperformanceD SPcore,enablestheuseofadvancedcontroltechniquesforhigh-precisionandhi gh-efficiencyfullvariable-speedcontrolofallmotortypes.Includeintheeve ntmanagerarespecialpulse-widthmodulation(PWM)generationfunctions,suchasaprogrammabledead-bandfunctionandaspacevectorPWMstatemachinefor3-ph asemotorsthatprovidesstate-of-the-artmaximumefficiencyintheswitchingo fpowertransistors.Thereindependentupdowntimers,eachwithit’sowncompareregister,sup portthegenerationofasymmetric(noncentered)aswellassymmetric(centered) PWMwaveforms.Open-LoopandClosed-LoopControlOpen-loopControlSystemsThewordautomaticimpliesthatthereisacertainamountofsophistication inthecontrolsystem.Byautomatic,itgenerallymeansThatthesystemisusually capableofadaptingtoavarietyofoperatingconditionsandisabletorespondtoa classofinputssatisfactorily.However,notanytypeofcontrolsystemhastheau ually,theautomaticfeatureisachievedbyfeed.gthefeedbackstructure,itiscalledanopen-loopsystem,whichisthesimp lestandmosteconomicaltypeofcontrolsystem.inaccuracyliesinthefactthato nemaynotknowtheexactcharacteristicsofthefurther,whichhasadefinitebear ingontheindoortemperature.Thisalcopointstoanimportantdisadvantageofth eperformanceofanopen-loopcontrolsystem,inthatthesystemisnotcapableofa daptingtovariationsinenvironmentalconitionsortoexternaldisturbances.I nthecaseofthefurnacecontrol,perhapsanexperiencedpersoncanprovidecontr olforacertaindesiredtemperatureinthehouse;butidthedoorsorwindowsareop enedorclosedintermittentlyduringtheoperatingperiod,thefinaltemperatureinsidethehousewillnotbeaccuratelyregulatedbytheopen-loopcontrol.Anelectricwashingmachineisanothertypicalexampleofanopen-loopsyst em,becausetheamountofwashtimeisentirelydeterminedbythejudgmentandesti mationofthehumanoperator.Atrueautomaticelectricwashingmachineshouldha vethemeansofcheckingthecleanlinessoftheclothescontinuouslyandturnitse dtoffwhenthedesireddegisedofcleanlinessisreached.Closed-LoopControlSystemsWhatismissingintheopen-loopcontrolsystemformoreaccurateandmoread aptablecontrolisalinkorfeedbackfromtheoutputtotheinputofthesystem.Ino rdertoobtainmoreaccuratebontrol,thecontrolledsignalc(t)mustbefedbacka ndcomparedwiththereferenceinput,andanactuatingsignalproportionaltothe differenceoftheoutputandtheinputmustbesentthroughthesystemtocorrectth eerror.Asystemwithoneormorefeedbackpat(slikethatjustdescribediscalled aclosed-loopsystem.humanbeingareprobablythemostcomplexandsophisticate dfeedbackcontrolsysteminexistence.Ahumanbeingmaybeconsideredtobeacont rolsystemwithmanyinputsandoutputs,capableofcarryingouthighlycomplexop erations.Toillustratethehumanbeingasafeedbackcontrolsystem,letusconsidert hattheobjectiveistoreachforanobjectonaperformthetask.Theeyesserveasas ensingdevicewhichfeedsbackcontinuouslythepositionofthehand.Thedistanc ebetweenthehandandtheobjectistheerror,whichiseventuallybroughttozeroa sthehandreachertheobject.Thisisatypicalexampleofclosed-loopcontrol.However,ifoneistoldtoreachfortheobjectandthenisblindolded,onecanonlyrea chtowardtheobjectbyestimatingitsexactposition.ItisAsantherillustrativ eexampleofaclosed-loopcontrolsystem,showstheblockdiagramoftherudderco ntrolsystemofThebasicalementsandtheblocadiagramofaclosed-loopcontrols ystemareshowninfig.Ingeneral,theconfigurationofafeedbackcontrolsystem maynotbeconstrainedtothatoffig&.Incomplexsystemstheremaybemultitudeof feedbackloopsandelementblocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之壹是数控（NC）。

关于数控车床编程外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译英文原文On the NC latheCNC machine tool numerical control machine tools (Computer numerical control machine tools) abbreviation, is provided with a program control system of automatic machine tools. The logic control system can deal with the control code or other symbolic instruction specified program, and decoding the digital code, said information carrier, through the numerical control device input. After processing by CNC device control signals, control the machine movements, by drawing the shape and size requirements, will be automatically processed by the parts.Features: CNC machine tool operation and monitoring of all completed inthe numericalcontrol unit, it is the brain of CNC machine tools. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools has the following characteristics:● the processing object adaptability, adapt to the characteristics of mold products such as a single production, provide the appropriate processing method for die and mould manufacturing; ● high machining accuracy, processing with stable quality; ● can coordinate linkage, processing complex shape parts;● machining parts change, only need to change the program, can save the preparation time of production;● the machine itself high precision, rigidity, can choose the am ount of processing good, high productivity (3~5 times as common machine);The machine is a high degree of automation, reducing labor intensity;● conducive to the production management modernization. The use of CNC machine tools and the standard code of digital information processing, information transmission, the use of computer control method, has laid the foundation for the integration of computer aided design, manufacturing and management;● on the operators of higher quality, higher demands for the repair ofthe technical staff;● high reliability.Composition: CNC machine tools in general by the input medium, man-machine interactive equipment, CNC equipment, feed servo drive system, spindle servo drive system, the auxiliary control device, feedback apparatus and adaptive control device etc.. [4] in NC machining, NC milling processing is the most complex, need to solve most problems. NC programming of NC line in addition to CNC milling, cutting, CNC EDM, CNC lathe, CNC grinding, each with its own characteristics, servo system is the role of the motion signal is convertedinto the machine moving parts from the numerical control device of pulse. Concrete has the following parts: the structure of CNC machine tools.Driver: he is driving parts of CNC machine tools, actuator, including spindle drive unit, feeding unit, spindle motor and feed motor. He through the electric or electro-hydraulic servo system to realize the spindle and feeddrive under the control of numerical control device. When several feed linkage, can complete the positioning, processing line, plane curve and space curve.The main performance (1) the main dimensions. (2) the spindle system. (3) feed system. (4) tool system.(5) electrical. Including the main motor, servo motor specifications and power etc.. (6) cooling system. Including the cooling capacity, cooling pump output. (7) dimensions. Expressed as length * width * height.Development trend of CNC lathe:High speed, precision, complex, intelligent and green is the general trend in the development of CNC machine tool technology, in recent years, made gratifying achievements in practicality and industrialization. Mainly in the:1 machine tool composite technology to further expand with the CNC machine tool technology, composite processing technology matures, including milling - car compound, car millingcompound, car - boring - drill - gear cutting compound, composite grinding, forming, composite processing, precision and efficiency of machining isgreatly improved. \processing factory\the development of compound processing machine tool is the trend of diversified.Intelligent technology 2 CNC machine tools have a new breakthrough, in the performance of NC system has been reflected more. Such as: automaticallyadjust the interference anti-collision function, after the power of workpiece automatically exit safety power-off protection function, machining parts detection and automatic compensation function of learning, high precisionmachining parts intelligent parameter selection function, process automatic elimination of machine vibration functions into the practical stage, intelligent upgrade the function of machine and quality.The 3 robots enable flexible combination of flexible combination of higher efficiency of robot and the host are widely used, make flexible line more flexible, extending the function, flexible line shorten further, more efficient. Robot and machining center, milling composite machine, grinder, gear processing machine tool, tool grinding machine, electric machine, sawing machine, punching machine, laser cutting machine, water cutting machine etc. various forms of flexible unit and flexible production line has already begun the application.4 precision machining technology has the machining precision of CNC metal cutting machine tools from the yarn in the original (0.01mm) up to micronlevel (0.001mm), some varieties has reached about 0.05 μ M. Micro cutting and grinding machining of ultra precision CNC machine tools, precision can reach about 0.05 μ m, shape precision can reach about 0.01 μ M. Special processing precision by using optical, electrical, chemical, energy can reach nanometer level (0.001 μ m). By optimizing the design of machine tool structure, machine tool parts of ultra precision machining and precision assembly, using high precision closed loop control andtemperature, vibration and other dynamic error compensation technology, improve the geometric accuracy of machine tool processing, reduce the shape of error, surface roughness, and into the submicron, nano super finishing tiThe 5 functional component to improve the performance of functional components are at a high speed, high precision, high power and intelligent direction, and obtain the mature application. A full digital AC servo motor and drive device, high technology content of the electric spindle, linear motor, torque motor, linear motion components with high performance, application of high precision spindle unit and other function parts, greatly improving the technical level of CNC machine tools.The feed drive system of CNC lathe: Effect of feed drive system,The feed drive system of CNC machine tools will be received pulse command issued by the numerical control system, and the amplification and conversion machine movements carry the expected movement.Two, the feeding transmission system requirementsIn order to guarantee the machining accuracy of NC machine tool is high,the feed drive system of transmission accuracy, sensitivity high (fast response), stable work, high stiffness and friction and inertia small, service life, and can remove the transmission gap. Category three, feed drive system 1, stepping motor servo system Generally used for NC machine tools. 2, DC servo motor servo systemPower is stable, but because of the brush, the wear resulting in use needto change. Generally used for middle-grade CNC machine tools. 3, AC servomotor servo systemThe application is extremely widespread, mainly used in high-end CNC machine tools. 4, the linear motor servo systemNo intermediate transmission chain, high precision, the feed speed, no length limit; but the poor heat dissipation, protection requirements are particularly high, mainly used for high-speed machine.Driving component four, feed system 1, the ball screw nut pairNC machining, the rotary motion into linear motion, so the use of screwnut transmissionmechanism. NC machine tools are commonly used on the ball screw, as shownin Figure 1-25, it can be a sliding friction into rolling friction, meet the basic requirements of the feed system to reduce friction. The transmissionside of high efficiency, small friction, and can eliminate the gap, no reverse air travel; but the manufacturing cost is high, can not lock, size is not too big, generally used for linear feed in small CNC machine tool. 2, rotary tableIn order to expand the scope of the process of NC machine tools, CNC machine tools in addition to make linear feed along the X, Y, Z three coordinate axes, often also need a circumferential feed movement around Y or Z axis. Circular feed motion of CNC machine tools in general by the rotary table to realize, for machining center, rotary table has become an indispensablepart of. Rotary table of commonly used CNC machine tools in the indexing table and NC rotary table. (1) indexing tableIndexing table can only finish dividing movement, not circular feed, it is in accordance with the instructions in the NC system, when indexing will work together with the workpiece rotation angle. When indexing can also use manual indexing. Provisions of indexing table is generally only rotary angle (such as 90, 60 and 45 degree). (2) NC rotary tableNC rotary table appearance similar to the indexing table, but the internal structure and function is not the same. The main function of the NC rotary table is based on the numerical control device sends command pulse signal, complete circumferential feed movement, various arc processing and surface processing, it can also be graduation work. 3, guideRail is an important part of feed drive system, is one of the basic elements of the structure of machine tool, rigidity, precision and accuracy of NC machine tool which determines to a large extent retention. At present, guide the NC machine tool are sliding rail, rolling guideway and hydrostatic guideway. (1) sliding guideSliding guide rail has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, good stiffness, vibration resistance and high performance, widely used in CNC machine tools, the use of most metal plastic form, known as the plastic guide rail, as shown in figure 1-26.On characteristics of the plastic sliding guide: friction characteristicis good, good wear resistance, stable movement, good manufacturability, low speed. (2) rolling guideRolling guide is placed in the rail surface between the ball, roller or needle roller, roller, the rolling friction instead of sliding surface of the guide rail between wipe.Rolling guide rail and the sliding rail, high sensitivity, small friction coefficient, and the dynamic, static friction coefficient is very small, so the motion is uniform, especially in the low speed movement, the stick-slip phenomenon is not easy to occur; high positioning accuracy,repeatability positioning accuracy is up to 0.2 μ m; traction force is small, wear small, portable in movement; good precision, long service life. But the vibration of rolling guide, high requirements on protection, complicated structure, difficult manufacture, high cost.Automatic tool changer:One, the function of automatic tool changerAutomatic tool changing device can help save the auxiliary time of CNC machine tools, and meet in an installation completed procedure, stepprocessing requirements. Two, on the requirement of automatic tool changerNumerical control machine tool for automatic tool changer requirement is: tool change quickly, time is short, high repetitive positioning accuracy, tool storage capacity is sufficient, small occupation space, stable and reliable work. Three, change the knife form 1, rotary cutter replacementIts structure is similar to the ordinary lathe turret saddle, according to the processing of different objects can be designed into square or six angle form, consists of the NC system sends out the instruction to the rotary cutter.2, the replacement of the spindle head tool changeThe spindle head pre-loaded required tools, in order to machining position, the main motor is switched on, drives the cutter to rotate. The advantage of this method is that eliminates the need for automatic clamping, cutting tool, clamping and cutting tool moving and a series of complex operation, reducetool change time, improve The ATC reliability. 3, the use of changing toolThe processing required tools are respectively arranged in the standard tool, adjust the size of the machine after certain way add to the knife, the exchange device from the knife and the spindle take knife switch.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

外文原文：NC Technology1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our timesResearch and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding, and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:（1）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovationWorldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly.（2）、Improve the precision and research of machine toolingIn order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center, are improving rigidity of the lathe, reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe, repeat precision, working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate, software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.（3）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivityWorld NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft, electrical machinery of straight line, measuring system, NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.（4）、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedlyA、Intelligent research of the numerical control systemMainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control, adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically, since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the electrical machinery parameter; There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monitoring ,etc..B、The numerical control system melts and studies openMainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety, different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, norm, disposing the norm, operation platform, numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instrument, etc. are the core of present research to pass through.C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.2、Classification of the machining center（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up. Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, acommon one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the working bench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece. Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the working bench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally, can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle) of axle process the spiral part at working bench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures, can carry on the processing of most work pieces.Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting, can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest, save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency, reduce the process cost.（2）Classify by craft useIs it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center, horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.（3）Classify by special functionSingle working bench, a pair of working bench machining center;Single axle, dual axle, three axle can change machining center, main shaft of case;Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.3、Development trend of the current numerical control latheAt present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.（1）. The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe, it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile, adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability, namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe working bench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt feedforward control technology, make it lag behind error reduce greatly, thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc.. At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.（2）. Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automatically tofurnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different position of part at the same time. The numerical control system has because adopted many CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out part processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe, realize so-called "the front desk processes, the backstage supporter is an editor ". In order to meet the needs of integrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too.（3）. Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time . Diagnose by oneself, repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipment linking to each other with it at any time. While breaking down, adopt the measure of shutting down etc. immediately, carry on the fault alarm, brief on position, reason to break down, etc.. Can also make trouble module person who take off automatically, put through reserve module ,so as to ensure nobody demand of working environment. For realize high trouble diagnose that requires, its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system.（4）.Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the integration of CAD and CAM. With the development of CIMS technology , the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates has appeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming great differencetheir programming necessary processing technology parameter needn't by artificial to participate in most, get from CAPP database in system directly.（5）. The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time. The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level, will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts, to improve dependability. Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module, standardization, universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenon of the hardware at the same time, make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on. Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing, diagnosing, diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware, software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test, control technology, excess of stroke, knife damages, interfering, cutting out, etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.（6）. Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine, electric device for an organic whole. Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale. And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating system of numerical control miniaturize further. So can install it on the machine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more.本文出自：Shigley J E. Mechanical Engineering Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998译文：数控技术1、当前世界NC机床的研究现状世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。

数控专业的介绍作文英文英文：As a CNC major, I have learned a lot about the world of computer numerical control. CNC technology is a vital partof modern manufacturing, allowing for precise and efficient production of parts and products. In my studies, I have gained a deep understanding of the principles andtechniques involved in CNC machining, including programming, tool selection, and machine operation.One of the most important aspects of CNC machining is programming. This involves writing code that tells the machine how to move and operate. It requires a high levelof technical skill and attention to detail, as even a small mistake in the code can result in a faulty product. However, with practice and experience, programming becomes easierand more intuitive.Another key skill in CNC machining is tool selection.Different tools are used for different tasks, and it is important to choose the right tool for the job in order to achieve the desired result. This requires knowledge of the properties of different materials and the capabilities of different tools.Finally, machine operation is a crucial part of CNC machining. This involves setting up the machine, loading the program, and monitoring the process to ensure that everything is running smoothly. It requires a keen eye for detail and the ability to troubleshoot problems quickly and effectively.Overall, I have found studying CNC technology to be both challenging and rewarding. It has given me a deep appreciation for the precision and complexity of modern manufacturing, as well as the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in this field.中文：作为一名数控专业的学生，我学到了很多关于计算机数控技术的知识。

Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control representsthe first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors.An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is 4he curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statementssimilar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all /f this representedgiant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If itwas necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigorsof shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associatedwith numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital Signal ProcessorsThere are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in many ways, likefiltering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usagegroup. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP for certain'fieslds like motor -control or modems ,and general highp- erformance DSP ' s that can perform broad ranges of processingtasks. Development kits an' software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP' sth at allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag ‘n' drop ” methodologies.DSP's more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “generaplurpose ”register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP'sbehave more like common general-purpose CPU's ,with re g i s-tfei l er s .There are thousands of different DSP 's on the market, and it is difficult task finding themost suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four ” manufacturers of DSPs: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits,linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (D[Ps) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The' F/C240 is a number of the 'C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The 'C24x series o controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but differenton-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the ‘C24xdevicesprovides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniquessuch as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , andstate control. The ‘ C24x DSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwiredsolutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use astraditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purpose‘ C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the ' C2gxeneration , and upwardly source code compatible with the ‘ C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The ‘C24x architecture is also w-eslul ited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonancesin a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The ‘ C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheraful nctions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow ' s embedded control matrpkleace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the ‘ 24x series of DScontrollers. It sets the standard for a singlec-hip digital motor controller. The ‘ 240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The ‘ 240 has the architectural features necessfaorryhigh-speed signal processing anddigital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The ‘ 240is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the ‘ 240 include: ---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control---Appliance and HVAC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the ‘ 240is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types.Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it 'oswn compare register, support the generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to avariety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.g the feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantageof the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or more feedback pat(s like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It isAs anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system ofThe basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之一是数控（ NC。

外文资料First, CNC of the need for transformation1.1, microscopic view of the necessity ofFrom the micro perspective, CNC machine tools than traditional machines have the following prominent superiority, and these advantages are from the NC system includes computer power.1.1.1 can be processed by conventional machining is not the curve, surface and other complex partsBecause computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculated instantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous, it can compound into complex curves and surfaces.1.1.2 automated processing can be achieved, but also flexible automation to increase machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times.Because computers are memory and storage capacity, can be imported and stored procedures remember down, and then click procedural requirements to implement the order automatically to achieve automation. CNC machine tool as a replacement procedures, we can achieve another work piece machining automation, so that single pieces and small batch production can be automated, it has been called "flexible automation."1.1.3 high precision machining parts, the size dispersion of small, easy to assemble, no longer needed "repair."1.1.4 processes can be realized more focused, in part to reduce the frequent removal machine.1.1.5 have automatic alarm, automatic control, automatic compensation, and other self-regulatory functions, thus achieving long unattended processing.1.1.6 derived from the benefits of more than five.Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers, save the labor force (onecan look after more than one machine), a decrease of tooling, shorten Trial Production of a new product cycle and the production cycle, the market demand for quick response, and so on.These advantages are our predecessors did not expect, is a very major breakthrough. In addition, CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible Manufacturing Cell), FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), and other enterprises, the basis of information transformation. NC manufacturing automation technology has become the core technology and basic technology.1.2, the macro view of the necessityFrom a macro perspective, the military industrial developed countries, the machinery industry, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, has begun a large-scale application of CNC machine tools. Its essence is the use of information technology on the traditional industries (including the military, the Machinery Industry) for technological transformation. In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNC machine tools, FMC, FMS, but also included in the product development in the implementation of CAD, CAE, CAM, virtual manufacturing and production management in the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System), CIMS, and so on. And the products that they produce an increase in information technology, including artificial intelligence and other content. As the use of information technology to foreign forces, the depth of Machinery Industry (referred to as information technology), and ultimately makes their products in the international military and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger. And we in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about 20 years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, the proportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1.9 percent, while Japan in 1994 reached 20.8 percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical and electrical products. This also explains the macro CNC transformation of the need.Second, CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation of the market2.1, CNC transformation of the marketMy current machine total more than 380 million units, of which only the total number of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan, or that China's CNC rate of less than 3 percent. Over the past 10 years, China's annual output of about 0.6 CNC machine tools to 0.8 million units, an annual output value of about 1.8 billion yuan. CNC machine tools annual rate of 6 per cent. China's machine tool easements over age 10 account for more than 60% below the 10 machines, automatic / semi-automatic machine less than 20 per cent, FMC / FMS, such as a handful more automated production line (the United States and Japan automatic and semi-automatic machine, 60 percent above). This shows that we the majority of manufacturing industries and enterprises of the production, processing equipment is the great majority of traditional machine tools, and more than half of military age is over 10 years old machine. Processing equipment used by the prevalence of poor quality products, less variety, low-grade, high cost, supply a long period, in view of the international and domestic markets, lack of competitiveness, and a direct impact on a company's products, markets, efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises. Therefore, we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools.2.2, import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NC marketSince China's reform and opening up, many foreign enterprises from the introduction of technology, equipment and production lines for technological transformation. According to incomplete statistics, from 1979 to 1988 10, the introduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446, about 16.58 billion US dollars.These projects, the majority of projects in China's economic construction play a due role. Some, however, the introduction of projects due to various reasons, not equipment or normal operation of the production line, and even paralyzed, and the effectiveness of enterprises affected by serious enterprise is in trouble. Some of the equipment, production lines introduced from abroad, the digestion and absorption of some bad, spare parts incomplete, improper maintenance, poor operating results; onlypay attention to the introduction of some imported the equipment, apparatus, production lines, ignore software, technology, and management, resulting in items integrity, and potential equipment can not play, but some can not even start running, did not play due role, but some production lines to sell the products very well, but not because of equipment failure production standards; because some high energy consumption, low pass rate products incur losses, but some have introduced a longer time, and the need for technological upgrading. Some of the causes of the equipment did not create wealth, but consumption of wealth.These can not use the equipment, production lines is a burden, but also a number of significant assets in stock, wealth is repaired. As long as identifying the main technical difficulties, and solve key technical problems, we can minimize the investment and make the most of their assets in stock, gain the greatest economic and social benefits. This is a great transformation of the market.Third, NC transformation of the content and gifted missing3.1, the rise of foreign trade reformIn the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, and their machine transform ation as new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in a golden age. The machine, as well as technology continues to progress, is a machine of the "eternal" issue. China's machine tool industry transformation, but also from old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with CNC machine tools and technological transformation of production lines vast market, has formed a CNC machine tools and production lines of the new industry. In the United States, transforming machine tool industry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry. Renewable industry in the famous companies: Borsches engineering company, atoms machine tool company, Devlieg-Bullavd (Bo) services group, US equipment companies. Companies in the United States-run companies in China. In Japan, the machine tool industry transformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry. Conversion industry in the famous companies: Okuma engineering group, Kong 3 Machinery Company, Chiyoda Engineering Company, Nozaki engineering company, Hamada engineeringcompanies, Yamamoto Engineering Company.3.2, the content of NCMachine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of the following:One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools, production line of the fault diagnosis and recovery; second NC, in the ordinary machine augends significant installations, or additions to NC system, transformed into NC machine tools, CNC machine tools; its Third, renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency and the degree of automation, mechanical, electrical part of the renovation, re-assembly of mechanical parts processing, restore the original accuracy of their production requirements are not satisfied with the latest CNC system update; Fourth, the technology updates or technical innovation, to enhance performance or grades, or for the use of new technology, new technologies, based on the original technology for large-scale update or technological innovation, and more significantly raise the level, and grades of upgrading.3.3, NC transformation of the gifted missing3.3.1 reduce the amount of investment, shorter delivery timeCompared with the purchase of new machine, the general can save 60% to 80% of the costs and transforming low-cost. Especially for large, special machine tools particularly obvious. General transformation of large-scale machine, spent only the cost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3, short delivery time. But some special circumstances, such as high-speed spindle, automatic tray switching systems and the production of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 times compared with the purchase of new machine, only about 50 percent of savings investment.3.3.2 stable and reliable mechanical properties, structure limitedBy the use of bed, column, and other basic items are heavy and solid casting components, rather than kind of welding components of the machine after the high-performance, quality, and can continue to use the new equipment for many years. But by the mechanical structure of the original restrictions, it is not appropriate to thetransformation of a breakthrough.3.3.3 become familiar with the equipment, ease of operation and maintenanceThe purchase of new equipment, new equipment do not know whether to meet the processing requirements. Transformation is not, can be used to calculate the machine processing capacity; In addition, since the use of many years, the operator of the machine has long been understood that in the operation, use and maintenance of the training time is short, quick. Transformation of the machine tools installed, we can achieve full load operation.3.3.4 can take full advantage of the existing conditionsTake full advantage of the existing foundation, not like buying new equipment as necessary to build a foundation.3.3.5 can be used as control technologyAccording to the development speed of technological innovation and in a timely manner increased level of automation in production equipment and efficiency, improve the quality of equipment and grades, and the old machine will be replaced by the current level of machine.Fourth, the main steps of CNC machine tools4.1, for the determination of transformationThrough analysis of the feasibility of transforming the future, we can against a Taiwan or a few machines determine the current status of reform programmes, which are generally include:4.1.1 mechanical and electrical repair of combiningGenerally speaking, the need for a transformation of the electrical machine, are subject to mechanical repairs. Repairs to determine the requirements, scope, content must be decided by electrical machinery required to transform the structure of the request; transformation to determine electrical and mechanical repair, alteration between the staggered time requirements. The mechanical properties of intact electrical transform the basis of success.4.1.2 easy first, and to the overall situation after the first localThe removal of the original system must control the original drawings, carefully, to make drawings in a timely manner marked to prevent the demolition or omission (of local circumstances). In the process of demolition will discover some new system design in the gaps, and that should be promptly added, removed and parts of the system should be disaggregated, safekeeping, in case of failure or partial failure reinstated. There is a definite value, and can be used for spare parts for other machines. Must not extravagantly used and misplaced.4.2 reasonable arrangements for a new location and routing systemUnder the new system design drawings and reasonable new system configurations, including fixed box, panel installation, alignments, and the fixed position adjustment components, sealing and necessary, such as decoration. Connection must be a clear division of work, it was reviewed inspection to ensure connectivity of norms, diameter appropriate, accurate, reliable handsome.4.3 DebuggingCommissioning must be identified in advance by the steps and requirements. Debugging should be cool-headed, keep records, in order to identify a nd solve problems. Commissioning of the first test sensitivity security protection systems to prevent physical, equipment accidents. Debugging the scene must be cleaned, no superfluous items; coordinates extension units in the campaign centre of the whole trip; empty can test, first empty after loading; can simulate the test, after the first real dynamic simulation; can manually the upper hand After moving automatically.4.4, acceptance and post-workAcceptance of the work to employ the staff to join, has been developed in accordance with the acceptance criteria. The transformation of the late work is also very important, it is conducive to enhancing the level of technical projects and equipment as soon as possible so that production. Acceptance and post include:4.4.1 machine mechanical properties acceptanceAfter mechanical repairs and maintenance as well as a full transformation, the mechanical properties of the machine tools should meet the requirement, in the geometric accuracy should be within the limits prescribed.4.4.2 electrical control function and control accuracy acceptanceElectrical control the various functions of action must be normal, sensitive and reliable. Application control accuracy of the system itself functions (such as stepping dimensions, etc.) and standard measurement apparatus (such as laser interferometer, coordinate measurement machines) inspection, the scope of accuracy achieved. At the same time also and the transformation of the former machine tool accuracy of the various functions and to contrast, poor access to quantifiable indicators.4.4.3 specimen cutting AcceptanceYou can refer to the CNC machine tool cutting at home and abroad specimen standards, qualified operatives, with the programming staff to test cutting. Acceptance specimen cutting machine stiffness can be cutting, noise, trajectory, and other related actions, the general should not be used for product components specimen use.4.4.4 drawings, information acceptanceMachine transformation of the latter should be timely drawings (including schematics, layout plans, wiring diagram, ladder diagram, etc.), information (including various brochures), the transformation of files (including the transformation before and after the various records) summary, collating, transfer to stall. Maintain data integrity, effective, continuous, and that the future stability of the equipment running is very important.4.4.5 summing up, enhancingAfter the end of each should be promptly summed up, helps improve the operational level of technical personnel, but also conducive to the whole enterprise technical progress.中文译文一、机床数控化改造的必要性1.1、微观看改造的必要性从微观上看，数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性，而且这些优越性均来自数控系统所包含的计算机的威力。

CNC Cutting Technology ReviewNumerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology.1, high-speed CNC machining meaningHigh speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency.With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas.The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting.In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a can obtain good economic benefits and high speed, is the unity of technology and benefit.High-speed cutting technology is in the machine tool structure and materials, machine tool design, manufacturing technology, high-speed spindle system, high performance and fast feeding system, a high performance CNC system, tool holder system, high performance tool material and tool design and manufacturing technology, high efficiency and high precision measurement and testing technology, the mechanism of high speed cutting, high speed cutting process and other related hardware and software technology are fully integrated into the development foundation. Therefore, high speed cutting technology is a complex system engineering, is a with the related technology development and the development of the concept of.2, the superiority of high-speed CNC machiningDue to the large amplitude of the increase of the cutting speed, high speed machining technology not only improves the cutting productivity, and compared with the conventional cutting also has some obvious advantages: first, small cutting force: in high speed milling, cutting adopts the form of small quantities, high cutting speed, the cutting force is reduced by 30% compared to the conventional cutting, especially the radial cutting force greatly spindle bearing, tool, workpiece is reduced. Both to reduce tool wear, and effective control of the vibration machining system, improve the machining accuracy. Second, the material removal rate is high: the use of high speed cutting, cutting speed and feed rate are improved greatly, the same time the material removal rate is improved greatly. Thus greatly improve the processing efficiency. Third, thermal deformation small: in the high-speed cutting, cutting heat, most of the time to the work piece by the outflow of high-speed chip away, so the heating time of the machined surface is short, not because of the temperature rise leads to thermal deformation, is helpful to improve the surface accuracy, physical and mechanical properties of the machined surface processing method is better than the common. Fourth, high precision machining: high speed cutting usually feed is relatively small, so that the machined surface roughness is greatly reduced, at the same time as the cutting force is smaller than the conventional vibration cutting, machining system is reduced, the machining process more smoothly, so that good quality, can realize high accuracy, low degree of rough machining. Fifth, the green environmental protection: when high speed cutting, workpiece machining time is shortened, the use of energy and equipment rate, high processing efficiency, low processing energy consumption, at the same time, due to the high speed cutting can be achieved even without dry cutting, reduce the cutting fluid, reduce pollution and consumption.Research and application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, 3In view of the above characteristics of high speed machining, the technology has great application potential in the field of traditional processing weak. First of all, the workpiece for thin-wall parts and slender, uses the high-speed cutting, the cutting force is significantly reduced, the heat is chipping away, can be very good for using the traditional method of the deformation problem caused due to the influence of cutting force and cutting heat, greatly improving the processing quality. Secondly, because of the cutting resistance is small, to reduce tool wear, materials of highmanganese steel, hardened steel, austenitic stainless steel, composite materials, wear-resistant cast iron is difficult to be processed by traditional methods, can be studied using numerical control high speed cutting technology to process. In addition, in the automotive, aerospace, mold, manufacturing field, some integral components require relatively large material removal rate, the feed speed CNC high speed cutting with the cutting speed increase and the corresponding increase in unit time, so that the material removal rate is greatly improved, thus in the mold manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, aerospace manufacturing application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, will produce the enormous economic benefits. Fourth, because of the high-speed cutting, machining process is stable, the vibration is small, compared with the conventional cutting, high speed cutting can significantly improve the precision of 1~2, can be cancelled completely finishing, and subsequent, adopt numerical control high speed cutting technology, can achieve and rough, finishing on the overall structure of complex parts in a machine, reduces the likelihood of locating error transfer process, which is also conducive to improve the machining accuracy. Therefore, high speed cutting technology has a wide application prospect in precision manufacturing. Aluminium mould such as a business process, the mold cavity length is 1500mm, the required size error of ±0.05mm, surface roughness Ra0.8 μm, manufacturing process the original: rough planing - semi finish planing - finishing - Manual scraping - manual polishing, manufacturing cycle is 60 hours. Using high speed milling, after semi-finish machining and finish machining, the processing cycle is only 6 hours, not only improve efficiency, but also greatly improve the quality of mold.4, research on Key Technologies of high-speed CNC machiningNC High-speed machining is a complex systems engineering, involves cutting mechanism, cutting machine, cutter, cutting process monitoring and processing technology and other related hardware and software technology, implementation and development of numerical control high speed cutting technology, rely on this system of various elements, the key technology to realize high-speed CNC cutting technology cannot do without, specifically in the following aspects:1) the mechanism of high speed cutting: the various materials in high speed machining conditions, the chip formation mechanism, variation of cutting force, cutting heat, tool wear patterns and effects on the surface quality, the basic theory above experiments and research, will be conducive to promoting the high-speed cutting process for determining and cutting the amount of choice, and provide a theoretical basis for the processing of specific parts and material formulation, which belongs to the technical principle. At present, to determine the process specification of high speed cutting and cutting ferrous metals and difficult to machine materials, is one of the difficulties in the production of high-speed cutting, and is also the focus of research in the field of high speed machining.2) technology of high speed cutting machine tool module: high-speed cutting machine needs high-speed spindle system, feeding system and high-speed CNC control system. Able to work invery high speed under the high-speed processing requirements of spindle unit, the above general spindle speed 10000 r\/min, some even as high as 60000-100000r\/min, and to ensure good dynamic and thermal properties. The key part is the main shaft bearing, it decides the life of high-speed spindle and load capacity, one of the core components and high-speed cutting machine tool spindle structure, improvement and performance improvement is one of the most important technology of high-speed machine tools. Another important element of the technology is high speed feed system. With the development of machine tool spindle speed increasing, in order to ensure each cutter teeth or feeding amount per rotation invariant, machine tool feed speed and acceleration is also a corresponding increase, the same time to improve travel speed. Therefore, machine tool feed system must move quickly and fast and accurate positioning, which is obviously on the machine tool guide, servo system, working table, put forward new and higher requirements, is the key technology of high-speed machine tool technology control unit.3) the high speed cutting tool technology module: high-speed machining process system composed of machine tools, tool and workpiece, tool is the most active factor. The cutting tool is one of the key technology to ensure high speed cutting smoothly. With the substantial increase of cutting velocity, have put forward different from traditional speed cutting requirements of cutting tool materials, geometric parameters of cutting tool, cutter body structure, high speed cutting tool material and tool manufacturing technology has undergone tremendous changes, high-speed machining, to ensure productivity and high machining precision, but also to to ensure safety and reliability. Therefore, high speed cutting tool system must meet with a clamp repeat positioning accuracy of geometric accuracy good and high loading, clamping rigidity, good high speed when the equilibrium state and safe and reliable. As far as possible to reduce the knife body quality, in order to reduce the high speed rotating centrifugal force by security, meet the requirement for high speed cutting tool, clamping method improvement. Technology research and development tool system is one of the key tasks of high-speed CNC machining.4) numerical control high speed cutting process: high speed cutting as a new cutting method, to be applied to actual production, the lack of application examples for reference, not the amount of cutting and processing parameter database, parameter optimization technology of high speed machining is one of the key technologies of the current constraints should be used. In addition, the high-speed cutting parts NC program must ensure stable load in the whole cutting process, but most CNC software is now used in the automatic programming function still cannot meet the requirements, needs to be added and optimized by manual programming, which reduces the high speed cutting value in a certain extent, must study a new programming method, so that the cutting data power characteristic curve for high speed spindle, give full play to the advantages of numerical control high speed cutting.Development and comprehensive development and application of high speed machining technology depends on the key technology of the above principles, machine tool, cutting tool, theprocess of the.Research status and development trend of high speed cutting technology, 5Due to the high speed cutting has great potential in improving production efficiency, has already become important technologies in the field of competing for the United States and Japan, Germany and other countries. The United States Japan as early as the 60 century, started to study on the mechanism of high speed cutting. The last century 70's, the United States has developed high-speed milling machine maximum speed of up to 20000r\/min. Now, Europe and the United States and other developed countries the production of different specifications of the various high-speed machine tool has the commercial production and into the market, the actual application in aircraft, automotive and mold manufacturing industry. For example, manufacturing enterprises in the American Boeing aircraft, has adopted the high-speed CNC machining technology to machining integral super high-speed milling of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy thin-walled structure and the waveguide, flexible gyroscope frame of the ordinary method of parts. In recent years, the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries of the new generation of NC machine tools, high-speed machining center, high speed tool system and industrialization process further speed up the pace, the specialized production electric spindle technology and high performance products increase; tool system technology of high performance rapid development; application of linear motor in high speed feed system.Our country in the research and development of high speed cutting technology, many universities and research efforts and exploration, including cutting mechanism, cutting tool material, spindle bearing, etc., have also made considerable achievements. However, compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, basically still in the research stage of laboratory. In order to meet the needs of economic and social development, to meet the needs of aerospace, automobile, mold and other industry, NC Application Research of high-speed cutting technology has a long way to go.At present, the research of high-speed cutting technology has been to the application stage from the stage of experiment. Research in the application of includes two aspects: one is the basic theoretical research on the key technology of high speed machining, including high speed spindle unit and a high speed feed unit, realizing the localization of high-speed machine tool. On the other hand, based on existing laboratory practice technology, application of process performance and process scope. Among them, research on the high speed cutting process is one of the most active research areas at present, the main goal is to directly process through advanced equipment testing or import, processing technology to resolve the issue of key parts, the development and perfection of the high-speed cutting method of special materials; research and development to adapt to the CAD\/CAM software system in high speed machining and post processing system, the processing state safety monitoring system based on a new detection technology.When we entered the twenty-first Century, from the observation of the world, we are in theadvanced manufacturing technology unprecedented rapid development period. Due to the advent of CNC machine tool (NC), the development of a series of CNC machining, such as machining center (MC), flexible manufacturing unit of flexible manufacturing system (FMS), computer integrated manufacturing system, and even the emergence of virtual axis machine tool is completely different with the traditional machine (also known as the six legs machine), closely and machine tool at the same time complement each other up the development of high speed machining technology, new tools, new technology, make the mechanical processing greatly reduces the labor intensity, auxiliary time is greatly shortened, the product quality and the production efficiency is improved greatly, become the development of manufacturing industry and the global economy has played a tremendous role in promoting. In the case of the United States, the manufacturing industry is known as the most economic sectors in the United States, for the United States in the 90's gross domestic product (GDP) growth reached 29%.Today, vigorously develop the NC technology and equipment, has become the strategic decision of the governments in the world, with CNC equipped modern industry and transformation of traditional industries have become the developing direction of manufacturing countries in the world. In the late 90's as the output of CNC machine tools of Germany, Japan, Italy, the rate has reached more than 51.75%. CNC machine tools has become the main equipment in modern manufacturing technology, NC machining technology has become the mainstream of the advanced manufacturing technology, a new era of the modern manufacturing industry. The party's sixteen big clearly pointed out: "to revitalize the equipment manufacturing industry". New China's equipment manufacturing industry after many generations, especially the 20 years of reform and opening up and modernization construction, has established a relatively complete, independent industrial system, has the certain material and technical basis, the overall production scale has been ranked the fourth in the world. Many economists predict, in数控切削技术综述数控高速切削技术(High Speed Machining,HSM,或High Speed Cutting,HSC),是提高加工效率和加工质量的先进制造技术之一,相关技术的研究已成为国内外先进制造技术领域重要的研究方向。

外文翻译NUMERICAL CONTROLNumerical control(N／C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbols．The numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job．When the job changes，the program of instructions is changed．The capability to change the program is what makes N／C suitable for low-and medium-volume production．It is much easier to write programs th an to make major alterations of the processing equipment．There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring)．Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors，with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement，or while only one motor is running．Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring．The N／C system consists of the following comp onents：data input，the tape reader with the control unit，feedback devices，and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N／C equipment．Data input，also called “man—to—control link”，may be provided to the machine tool manually，or entirely by automatic means．Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs．Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials，pushbuttons，switches，or thumbwheel selectors．These are located on a console near t he machine．Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer．In most cases，pushbuttons，switches，and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devices．Manual input requires that the operator set the controls fo r each operation．It is a slow and tediousprocess and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases．In practically all cases，information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards，punched tapes，or by magnetic tape．Eight—channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N／C systems．The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks．Each block represents a machine function，a machining operation，or a combination of the two．The entire N／C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks．Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film．Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop．Once installed，the tape is used again and again without further handling．In this case，the operator simply loads and unloads the parts．Punched tapes ale prepared on typ e writers with special tape—punching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer system．Tape production is rarelyerror-free．Errors may be initially caused by the part programmer，in card punching or compilation，or as a result of physical damage to the tape during handling，etc．Several trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape．While the data on the tape is fed automatically，the actual programming steps ale done manually．Before the coded tape may be prepared，the programmer，often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate N／C machine tool，determine the kind of material to be machined，calculate the speeds and feeds，and decide upon the type of tooling needed. The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the program．A program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence ofoperations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specifications．The control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulated．It then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motions．The function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone，where，as each digit is dialed，it is stored．When the entire number has been dialed，the equipment becomes activated and the call is completed．Silicon photo diodes，located in the tape reader head on the control unit，detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tape．The light beams are converted to electrical energy，which is amplified to further strengthen the signal．The signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drives．Some photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per second．High reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machine—tool motion；otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operations．The reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the data．A feedback device is a safeguard used on some N／C installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine tool．An N ／C machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop system．Positioning control is accomplished by a sensor which，during the actual operation，records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unit．Signals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape，and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectified．In an alternative system，called an open—loop system，the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllers．There are three basic types of NC motions, as follows: Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements (tools, table, etc.) are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performed after the motion s are completed. The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant; only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled. This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, t apping, or boring operations must be performed at various locations on the work piece. Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parall el or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined. This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control. Machines with this form of control are also capable ofpoint-to-point control.Continuous Path or Contouring Control In continuous path control the motions of two or more of the machine axes are controlled simultaneously, so that the position and velocity of the can be tool are changed continuously. In this way curves and surfaces can be machined at a controlled feed rate. It is the function of the interpolator in the controller to determine the increments of the individual controlled axes of the machines necessary to produce the desired motion. This type of control is referred to as continuous control or a full axis of control.Some terminology concerning controlled motions for NC machines has been introduced. For example, some machines are referred to asfour-or five-or even six-axis machines. For a vertical milling machine three axes of control are fairly obvious, these being the usual X, Y, Z coordinate directions. A fourth or fifth axis of control would imply some form of rotary table to index the work piece or possibly to provide angular motion of the work head. Thus, in NC terminology an axis of control is any controlled motion of the machine elements (spindles, tables, etc). A further complication is use of the term half-axis of control; for example, many milling machines are referred to as 2.5-axis machine. This means that continuous control is possib le for two motions (axes) and only linear control is possible for the third axis. Applied to vertical milling machines, 2.5axis control means contouring in the X, Y plane and linear motion only in the Z direction. With these machines three-dimensional objects have to be machined with water lines around the surface at different heights. With an alternative terminology the same machine could be called a 2CL machine (C for continuous, L for linear control). Thus, a milling machine with continuous control in th e X, Y, Z directions could be termed be a three-axis machine or a 3c machine, Similarly, lathes are usually two axis or 2C machines. The degree of work precision depends almost entirely upon the accuracy of the lead screw and the rigidity of the machine st ructure．With this system．there is no self-correcting action or feedback of information to the control unit．In the event of an unexpected malfunction，the control unit continues to put out pulses of electrical current．If，for example，the table on a N／C milling machine were suddenly to become overloaded，no response would be sent back to the controller．Because stepping motors are not sensitive to load variations，many N／C systems are designed to permit the motors to stall when the resisting torque exceeds the motor torque．Other systems are in use，however，which in spite of the possibility of damage to the machine structure or to the mechanical system，ale designed with special high—torque steppingmotors．In this case，the motors have sufficient capacity to “overpower” the system in the event of almost any contingency．The original N／C used the closed—loop system．Of the two systems，closed and open loop，closed loop is more accurate and，as a consequence，is generally more expensive．Initially，open—loop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motors．Recent advances in the development of electro hydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machin e load applications．数控技术数控是可编程自动化技术的一种形式，通过数字、字母和其他符号来控制加工设备。

Development and maintenance of CNC technology Numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge enabling technology, industry and the most basic equipment. The world information industry, biological industry, aviation, aerospace and other defense industry widely used numerical techniques to improve manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the adaptability of the market and competitiveness. Industrial countries and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as countries of strategic materials, not only to develop their own numerical control technology and industry, and in "sophisticated" technology and equipment, numerical control key aspects of the policy of closures and restrictions. Therefore, efforts to develop advanced numerical control technology as the core manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance the comprehensive national strength and an important way to statehood.Part I: the development of CNC machine tools trends in individual1. High speed, high accuracy, high reliabilityHigh speed: To improve the speed and increase feed spindle speed.High precision: the precision from micron to sub-micron level, and even the nano-level (high reliability: the reliability of numerical control system generally higher than the reliability of numerical control equipment more than an order of magnitude, but not the higher the better reliability because the goods by the cost performance constraints.2. CompositeComposite function CNC machine tool development, its core is in a single machine to complete the turning, milling, drilling, tapping, reaming and reaming and other operating procedures, thereby increasing the efficiency and precision machine tools to improve production flexibility.3. IntelligentIntelligent content included in all aspects of the numerical control system: the pursuit of processing efficiency and processing quality of intelligence; to improve the performance and the use of convenient connections and other aspects of intelligence; simplify programming, simplifying operational intelligence; also like the intelligent automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, as well as intelligent diagnostics, intelligent monitoring and other aspects, to facilitate system diagnostics and maintenance.4. Flexible, integratedThe world of CNC machine tools to the development trend of flexible automation systems are: from the point (CNC single, composite machining centers and CNC machine tools), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to the surface (Section workshop independent manufacturing island FA) , body (CIMS, distributed network integrated manufacturing system) direction, the other to focus on applied and economic direction. Flexible automation technology is the industry to adapt to dynamic market demands and quickly update the primary means of product is the main trend of national manufacturing industry is the basis for the field of advanced manufacturing technology.Second, personalization is the adaptability of the market trendsToday's market, gradually formed the pattern of international cooperation, the products becoming more competitive, efficient and accurate processing of the escalating demand means, the user's individual requirements become increasingly strong, professional, specialization, more and more high-tech machine tools by the users of all ages.Third, the open architecture trend isThe core of a new generation of CNC system development is open. Open software platform and hardware platforms are open systems, modular, hierarchical structure, and through out the form to provide a unified application interface.CNC system to address the closure of the traditional CNC applications and industrial production problems. At present, many countries of open CNC system, CNC system has become an open numerical control system of the future of the road. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is nearly two years of a new focus. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also achieve new manufacturing model, such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing the base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad, and CNC CNC machine tools manufacturing company inPart II: Machine MaintenanceCNC machine tools is electronic technology, measurement technology, automation technology, semiconductor technology, computer technology and electrical technology, and integrated set of automation equipment, high precision, high efficiency and high flexibility. CNC machine tools is a process control equipment and asked him in real-time control of the accuracy of every moment of work, any part of the fault and failure, so that the machine will shut down, resulting in production stoppages, which seriously affected and restricted the production efficiency . CNC machine tools in many industries to work the device is critical, if not after a failure in its maintenance and troubleshooting time, it will cause greater economic losses. Therefore, the principle that complex numerical control system, structure, maintenance of sophisticated equipment is necessary. CNC machine tools to enhance fault diagnosis and maintenance of power, can improve the reliability of CNC machine tools, CNC machine tools is conducive to the promotion and use.CNC machine tools is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, gas combination of complex equipment, though the reasons for failure vary, but the failure occurred, the general idea of the steps are the same. Fails,Spindle start below to stop immediately after the fault diagnosis of CNC machine tools as an example the general process.First, the fault-site investigation. The survey content includes 1, 2 types of failure, the failure frequency of 3, 4, external conditions, the operating conditions 5, 6, machine conditions, the functioning of 7, wiring between machine tools and systems 8, CNC equipment visual inspection. After an investigation, such failure is spindle class failure, only once, outside of all normal, the operator of a boot to reflect this situation.Second, the fault information collation, analysis. For some simple fault, because not alot of time, the method can be used form of logical reasoning, analysis, identification and troubleshooting. After a failed on-site investigation for several reasons we suspect that the system output pulse ①②drive is not enough time to move the state line to control the spindle components ③④damage to the spindle motor short-circuit, causing the spindle thermal relay protection ⑤ not with self-control loop lock circuits, and the parameter is set to pulse signal output, so that the spindle can not operate normally. Identify possible reasons to rule out one by one.Third, conduct fault diagnosis and troubleshooting.Diagnosis usually follows the following principles: 1, after the first outside inside. Reliable line of modern CNC system increasingly high failure rate of CNC system itself less and less, and most are non-occurrence of failure causes the system itself. The CNC machine is a mechanical, hydraulic, electrical as one of the tools, the occurrence of the fault will be reflected by these three comprehensive, maintenance personnel should be from outside to inside one by one investigation to avoid arbitrary unsealed, demolition, otherwise expand the malfunction, so that the loss of precision machine tools, slow performance, outside the system detected the fault is due to open one by one, hydraulic components, pneumatic components, electrical actuators, mechanical devices caused problems. 2, the first after the electrical machinery. In general, the mechanical failure easier to find, and numerical control system and electrical fault diagnosis more difficult, before the troubleshooting to rule out mechanical failure of the first 3, after the first static dynamic. Power off the machine first, quiescent state, through understanding, observation, testing, analysis, confirm the power failure will not result in expansion of the incident only after the power to the machine, run the state, the dynamic of observation, inspection and testing, to find fault. While after the devastating power failure, you must first rule out the danger, before electricity. 4, after the first simple and complex. When multiple failures are intertwined, and sometimes impossible to start with, we should first solve the problem easily, then solve the difficult problem, often a simple problem to solve, the difficulty of the problem may also become easier.CNC machine tools in the fault detection process, should make full use of numerical control system self-diagnostic features to be judged, but also flexibility in the use of some common troubleshooting methods. Troubleshooting common methods are:1. Routine examination methodRoutine examination method is mainly of hands, eyes, ears, nose and other organs of the fault occurrence of various light, sound, smell and abnormal observations and careful look at every system, follow the "first post outside of" the principle of fault diagnosis by looking, listening, smelling, asking, mold and so on, from outside to inside one by one check, the fault can often be narrowed down to a module or a printed circuit board. This requires maintenance personnel have a wealth of practical experience, to the wider multidisciplinary and comprehensive knowledge of the ability to judge.2. Self-diagnostic function methodModern CNC system has yet to achieve a high degree of intelligence. But already has a strong self-diagnostic function. CNC ready to monitor the hardware and software is working. Once the abnormal, immediately displayed on the CRT alarm or fault LEDs indicate the approximate cause. Using self-diagnosis function, but also shows the interface signals between the system and the host state, in order to determine the fault occurred in themechanical part or parts of NC system, and indicate the approximate fault location. This method is currently the most effective maintenance methods.3. Functional program testing methodSo-called functional program testing method is commonly used in the numerical control system functions and special features, such as linear positioning, circular interpolation, helical cut, fixed cycle, such as the user macro programming by hand or automatic programming methods, the preparation of test procedures into a functional program , into the numerical control system, and then start the CNC system to make it run, to check the im time the first boot of CNC whether a programming error or operational error or machine4. Spare parts substitutionSpare parts replacement method is a simple method to determine the scene is one of the most commonly used. The so-called spare substitution is generally the cause of failure in the analysis of the case, maintenance personnel can use the alternate PCB, templates, integrated circuit chip or replace the questionable parts of components, which narrowed the fault to a printed circuit board or chip level. It is actually in the verification analysis is correct. However, before switching the standby board should carefully check the spare board is intact, and should check the status of reserve board should be fully consistent with the original board the state. This includes checking with the board selection switch, set the location and the short rod potentiometer position. In short, we must strictly in accordance with the system's operation, maintenance requirements manual operation.In determining the replacement of a part to, should carefully check the relevant connected to electrical lines and other related, confirming that no failure up to the new replacement to prevent failures caused by external damage to replace the parts up.5. Transfer ActThe so-called transfer method is to have the same numerical control system features two printed circuit boards, templates, integrated circuit chips or components to exchange, observed failure phenomena be transferred. In this way, the system can quickly determine the fault position. This method is actually a kind of spare parts substitution. Therefore, the considerations described in the same spare parts substitution.6. Parameter check methodKnown parameters can directly affect the numerical performance of CNC machine tools. Parameters are usually stored in the magnetic bubble memory, or stored in batteries to be maintained by the CMOS RAM, once the battery is low or because of outside interference and other factors, some parameters will be lost or change in chaos, so that the machine does not work. At this point, through the proofreading, correction parameters, will be able to troubleshoot. When the machine idle for a long time to work again for no reason that there is no normal or failure without warning, it should be based on fault characteristics, inspection and proof-reading the relevant parameters.After a long run of CNC machine tools, wear and tear due to its mechanical drive components, electrical component performance changes and other reasons, also need to adjust the parameters of its. Some machine tool failure is often not timely because the parameters change due to some not meet. Of course, these failures are the fault of the areas are soft.7. Measurement of Comparative LawCNC system in the design of printed circuit board manufacturing plant, in order to adjust, repair facilities, in the printed circuit board designed a number of test terminals. Users can also use normal printed circuit board terminals comparing the measured and the difference between the printed circuit board failure. These terminals can detect the voltage and waveform measurements, analyze the causes of failure and failure location. Even on a normal printed circuit board can sometimes artificially create "fault", such as broken connection or short circuit, unplug the components, in order to determine the real cause of failure. Therefore, maintenance personnel should be in the usual accumulation of key parts of the printed circuit board or failure-prone parts of the right in the normal waveform and voltage values. Because the CNC system manufacturer often does not provide the information in this regard.8. Percussion methodWhen the CNC system failures showed Ruoyouruowu, often used method for detecting the fault struck the site lies. This is because the numerical control system is composed by the multi-block printed circuit boards, each board has a lot of solder joints, plates or between modules and is connected through the connectors and cables. Therefore, any cold solder joint or bad, may cause a malfunction. When the tap with the insulation and poor contact with Weld doubt at fault must be repeated reproduction.9. Local heating methodAfter a long running CNC system components are to be aging, performance will deteriorate. When they are not fully damaged, failures will become from time to time. Then heat can be used such as a hair dryer or electric iron is suspected to local heating components, accelerating the aging so thoroughly exposed fault components. Of course, using this method, be sure to pay attention to components of the temperature parameters, do not roast the original device is a good or bad.10. Principle of analysisThe composition according to principles of numerical control system can be analyzed from various points of logical levels and logical parameters (such as voltage or waveform) and then with a multimeter, logic pen, only the oscilloscope or logic analyzer to measure, analyze and compare, and thus failure positioning. Using this method, which requires maintenance personnel to be on the whole system or the principle of each circuit have a clear, deep understanding.Based on the above principles and methods, we may be itemized on the check it and eliminate the causes.The first possible failure for the system output pulse time is not enough, we adjust the M-code system, start the spindle output time, found the problem still exists, and then find the next possible cause may be in the drive to move the state, refer to the manual drive , set parameters start the spindle, the problem still exists we suspected spindle motor short-circuit, resulting in thermal relay protection. Then find the cause of the short, so that the spindle thermal relay reset the start and found that the normal operation of the spindle, the problem solved.Fourth, do a lessons learned and recorded. After troubleshooting, repair work can not be considered complete, still need technical and management aspects of the underlying causes of failure have to take appropriate measures to prevent failures from happening again. Underfield conditions when necessary use of mature technologies to transform and improve the equipment. Finally, the failure of the maintenance of the phenomenon, cause analysis, resolution process, the replacement of components, legacy, etc. to make a record.数控技术的发展与维修数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业的使能技术和最基本的装备。

本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题The Effective Use in the Process of Numerical
Technology in Mechanical Manufacturing
译文标题数控技术在机械制造中的有效应用
作者所在系别机电工程学院
作者所在专业车辆工程
作者所在班级B13142
作者姓名郝立新
作者学号201322375
指导教师姓名赵秋芳
指导教师职称副教授
完成时间2017 年 2 月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。

2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。

1 原文一CNC machine tools Outdate, J. and Joe, J. Configuration Synthesis of Machining Centers with Tool ，John Wiley & sons, 2001 While the specific intention and application for CNC machines vary from one machine type to another, all forms of CNC have common benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by CNC equipment. The The first first first benefit benefit benefit offered offered offered by by by all all all forms forms forms of of of CNC CNC CNC machine machine machine tools tools tools is is is improved improved automation. automation. The The The operator operator operator intervention intervention intervention related related related to to to producing producing producing work work work pieces pieces pieces can can can be be reduced reduced or or or eliminated. eliminated. eliminated. Many Many Many CNC CNC CNC machines machines machines can can can run run run unattended unattended unattended during during during their their their entire entire machining machining cycle, cycle, cycle, freeing freeing freeing the the the operator operator operator to to to do do do other other other tasks. tasks. tasks. This This This gives gives gives the the the CNC CNC CNC user user several several side side side benefits benefits benefits including including including reduced reduced reduced operator operator operator fatigue, fatigue, fatigue, fewer fewer fewer mistakes mistakes mistakes caused caused caused by by human human error, error, error, and and and consistent consistent consistent and and and predictable predictable predictable machining machining machining time time time for for for each each each work work work piece. piece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing work pieces with conventional machine tools. The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent a nd accurate work and accurate work pieces. Today's CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical work pieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency. A third benefit offered by most forms of CNC machine tools is flexibility. Since these these machines machines machines are are are run run run from from from programs, programs, programs, running running running a a a different different different workpiece workpiece workpiece is is is almost almost almost as as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with today's just-in-time (JIT) product requirements. Motion control - the heart of CNC The The most most most basic basic basic function function function of of of any any any CNC CNC CNC machine machine machine is is is automatic, automatic, automatic, precise, precise, precise, and and consistent consistent motion motion motion control. control. control. Rather Rather Rather than than than applying applying applying completely completely completely mechanical mechanical mechanical devices devices devices to to cause cause motion motion motion as as as is is is required required required on on on most most most conventional conventional conventional machine machine machine tools, tools, tools, CNC CNC CNC machines machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner2. All forms of CNC equipment have two two or or or more more more directions directions directions of of of motion, motion, motion, called called called axes. axes. axes. These These These axes axes axes can can can be be be precisely precisely precisely and and automatically automatically positioned positioned positioned along along along their their their lengths lengths lengths of of of travel. travel. travel. The The The two two two most most most common common common axis axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path). Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed programmed commands. commands. commands. Generally Generally Generally speaking, speaking, speaking, the the the motion motion motion type type type (rapid, (rapid, (rapid, linear, linear, linear, and and circular), the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (federate) are programmable with almost all CNC machine tools. A CNC command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw. And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedback device (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3. Refer to fig.1. fig.1 typical drive system of a CNC machine tool Though a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a CNC machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis. How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systems It would be infeasible for the CNC user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion motion amount4. amount4. amount4. (This (This (This would would would be be be like like like having having having to to to figure figure figure out out out how how how many many many turns turns turns of of of the the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all CNC controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more a much simpler and more logical logical way way way by by by utilizing utilizing utilizing some some some form form form of of of coordinate coordinate coordinate system. system. system. The The The two two two most most most popular popular coordinate coordinate systems systems systems used used used with with with CNC CNC CNC machines machines machines are are are the the the rectangular rectangular rectangular coordinate coordinate coordinate system system and and the the the polar polar polar coordinate coordinate coordinate system. system. system. By By By far, far, far, the the the more more more popular popular popular of of of these these these two two two is is is the the rectangular coordinate system. The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in in a a a CNC CNC CNC program. program. program. This This This allows allows allows the the the programmer programmer programmer to to to specify specify specify movements movements movements from from from a a common common location. location. location. If If If program program program zero zero zero is is is chosen chosen chosen wisely, wisely, wisely, usually usually usually coordinates coordinates coordinates needed needed needed for for the program can be taken directly from the print. With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one one inch inch inch to to to the the the right right of of the the the program program program zero zero zero point, point, point, X1.0 X1.0 X1.0 is is is commanded. commanded. If If the the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner. Refer to fig.2, 3. fig.2, 3. Understanding absolute versus incremental motion All discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most common CNC word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion. In the incremental mode (commonly specified by G91), end points for motions are are specified specified specified from from from the the the tool's tool's tool's current current current position, position, position, not not not from from from program program program zero. zero. zero. With With With this this method method of of of commanding commanding commanding motion, motion, motion, the the the programmer programmer programmer must must must always always always be be be asking asking asking "How "How "How far far should should I I I move move move the the the tool?" tool?" tool?" While While While there there there are are are times times times when when when the the the incremental incremental incremental mode mode mode can can can be be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode. Be Be careful careful careful when when when making making making motion motion motion commands. commands. commands. Beginners Beginners Beginners have have have the the the tendency tendency tendency to to think think incrementally. incrementally. incrementally. If If If working working working in in in the the the absolute absolute absolute mode mode mode (as (as (as beginners beginners beginners should), should), should), the the programmer should always be asking "To what position should the tool be moved?" This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position. Aside Aside from from from making making making it it it very very very easy easy easy to to to determine determine determine the the the current current current position position position for for for any any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one one command command command of of of the the the program, program, program, only only only one one one movement movement movement will will will be be be incorrect. incorrect. incorrect. On On On the the the other other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect. Assigning program zero Keep in mind that the CNC control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one CNC machine and control to another8. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. program. With this With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from from the the program program zero point to zero point to t he starting position of the machine. This the starting position of the machine. This is is commonly done commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possibly at the beginning of each tool. Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Refer to fig.4. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets. fig.4 assign program zero through G54 Flexible manufacturing cells A flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS: 1. An FMC is not under the direct control of the central computer. Instead, instructions from the central computer are passed to the cell controller. 2. The cell is limited in the number of part families it can manufacture. The following elements are normally found in an FMC: • Cell controller • Programmable logic controller (PLC) • More than one machine tool • A materials handling device (robot or pallet) The The FMC FMC FMC executes executes executes fixed fixed fixed machining machining machining operations operations operations with with with parts parts parts flowing flowing flowing sequentially sequentially between operations. High speed machining The term High Speed Machining (HSM) commonly refers to end milling at high rotational rotational speeds speeds speeds and and and high high high surface surface surface feeds. feeds. feeds. For For For instance, instance, instance, the the the routing routing routing of of of pockets pockets pockets in in aluminum airframe sections with a very high material removal rate1. Refer to fig.5 for the cutting data designations and for mulas. Over the past 60 60 years, HSM years, HSM has been applied to a wide range of metallic and non-metallic workpiece materials, including the the production production production of of of components components components with with with specific specific specific surface surface surface topography topography topography requirements requirements requirements and and machining machining of of of materials materials materials with with with hardness hardness hardness of of of 50 50 50 HRC HRC HRC and and and above. above. above. With With most most steel steel components components hardened hardened hardened to to to approximately approximately approximately 32-42 32-42 32-42 HRC, HRC, HRC, machining machining machining options options options currently currently include: Fig.5 cutting data rough rough machining machining machining and and and semi-finishing semi-finishing semi-finishing of of of the the the material material material in in in its its its soft soft soft (annealed) (annealed) condition heat treatment to achieve the final required hardness = 63 HRC machining of electrodes and Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of specific parts of dies and moulds (specifically small radii and deep cavities with limited accessibility for metal cutting cutting tools) tools) tools) finishing finishing finishing and and and super-finishing super-finishing super-finishing of of of cylindrical/flat/cavity cylindrical/flat/cavity cylindrical/flat/cavity surfaces surfaces surfaces with with appropriate cemented carbide, cermets, solid carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) For many components, the production process involves a combination of these options options and and and in in in the the the case case case of of of dies dies dies and and and moulds moulds moulds it it it also also also includes includes includes time time time consuming consuming consuming hand hand finishing. Consequently, production costs can be high and lead times excessive. It is typical in the die and mould industry to produce one or just a few tools of the same design. The process involves constant changes to the design, and because of these changes there is also a corresponding need for measuring and reverse engineering. The main criteria are the quality level of the die or mould regarding dimensional, geometric and surface accuracy. If the quality level after machining is poor and if it cannot meet the requirements, there will be a varying need of manual finishing work. This work produces satisfactory surface accuracy, but it always has a negative impact on the dimensional and geometric accuracy. One of the main aims for the die and mould industry has been, and still is, to reduce or eliminate the need for manual polishing and thus improve the quality and shorten the production costs and lead times. Main economical and technical factors for the development of HSM Survival The The ever ever ever increasing increasing increasing competition competition competition in in in the the the marketplace marketplace marketplace is is is continually continually continually setting setting setting new new standards. The demands on time and cost efficiency is getting higher and higher. This has forced the development of new processes and production techniques to take place. HSM provides hope and solutions... Materials The development of new, more difficult to machine materials has underlined the necessity necessity to to to find find find new new new machining machining machining solutions. solutions. solutions. The The The aerospace aerospace aerospace industry industry industry has has has its its its heat heat resistant resistant and and and stainless stainless stainless steel steel steel alloys. alloys. alloys. The The The automotive automotive automotive industry industry industry has has has different different different bimetal bimetal compositions, Compact Graphite Iron and an ever increasing volume of aluminum3. The The die die die and and and mould mould mould industry industry industry mainly mainly mainly has has has to to to face face face the the the problem problem problem of of of machining machining machining high high hardened tool steels, from roughing to finishing. Quality The The demand demand demand for for for higher higher higher component component component or or or product product product quality quality quality is is is the the the result result result of of of ever ever increasing competition. HSM, if applied correctly, offers a number of solutions in this area. Substitution of manual finishing is one example, which is especially important on dies and moulds or components with a complex 3D geometry. Processes The demands on shorter throughput times via fewer setups and simplified flows (logistics) can in most cases, be solved by HSM. A typical target within the die and mould industry is to completely machine fully hardened small sized tools in one setup. Costly and time consuming EDM processes processes can can can also also also be reduced or eliminated with be reduced or eliminated with HSM. Design & development One of the main tools in today's competition is to sell products on the value of novelty. novelty. The The The average average average product product product life life life cycle cycle cycle on on on cars cars cars today today today is is is 4 4 4 years, years, years, computers computers computers and and accessories accessories 1.5 1.5 1.5 years, years, years, hand hand hand phones phones phones 3 3 3 months... months... months... One One One of of of the the the prerequisites prerequisites prerequisites of of of this this development of fast design changes and rapid product development time is the HSM technique. Complex products There is an increase of m ulti-functional multi-functional multi-functional surfaces surfaces surfaces on components, such on components, such a s new as new design design of of of turbine turbine turbine blades blades blades giving giving giving new new new and and and optimized optimized optimized functions functions functions and and and features. features. features. Earlier Earlier designs allowed polishing by hand or with robots (manipulators). Turbine blades with new, more sophisticated designs have to be finished via machining and preferably by HSM . There are also more and more examples of thin walled workpiece that have to be machined (medical equipment, electronics, defense products, computer parts). Production equipment The The strong strong strong development development development of of of cutting cutting cutting materials, materials, materials, holding holding holding tools, tools, tools, machine machine machine tools, tools, controls and especially CAD/CAM features and equipment, has opened possibilities that must be met with new production methods and techniques5. Definition of HSM Salomon's Salomon's theory, theory, theory, "Machining "Machining "Machining with with with high high high cutting cutting cutting speeds..." speeds..." speeds..." on on on which, which, which, in in in 1931, 1931, took out a German patent, assumes that "at a certain cutting speed (5-10 times higher than than in in in conventional conventional conventional machining), machining), machining), the the the chip chip chip removal removal removal temperature temperature temperature at at at the the the cutting cutting cutting edge edge will start to decrease...".See fig.6. Fig.6 chip removal temperature as a result of the cutting speed Given Given the the the conclusion:" ... conclusion:" ... seems seems to to to give give give a a a chance chance chance to to to improve improve improve productivity productivity productivity in in machining with conventional tools at high cutting speeds..." Modern research, unfortunately, has not been able to verify this theory totally. There is a relative decrease of the temperature at the cutting edge that starts at certain cutting speeds for different materials. The decrease is small for steel and cast iron. But larger for aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The definition of HSM must be based on other factors. Given Given today's today's today's technology, technology, technology, "high "high "high speed" speed" speed" is is is generally generally generally accepted accepted accepted to to to mean mean mean surface surface speeds between 1 and 10 kilometers perminute, or roughly 3 300 to 33 000 feet per minute. Speeds above 10 km/min are in the ultra-high speed category, and are largely the realm of experimental metal cutting. Obviously, the spindle rotations required to achieve these surface cutting speeds are directly related to the diameter of the tools being being used. used. used. One One One trend trend trend which which which is is is very very very evident evident evident today today today is is is the the the use use use of of of very very very large large large cutter cutter diameters for these applications - and this has important implications for tool design. There are many opinions, many myths and many different ways to define HSM. Maintenance and troubleshooting Maintenance for a horizontal MC The The following following following is is a a list list list of of of required required required regular regular regular maintenance maintenance for for a a a Horizontal Horizontal Machining Center as shown in fig.7. Listed are the frequency of service, capacities, and type of fluids required. These required specifications must be followed in order to keep your machine in good working order and protect your warranty. Fig. 7 horizontal machining center Daily Top Top off off off coolant coolant coolant level level level every every every eight eight eight hour hour hour shift shift shift (especially (especially (especially during during during heavy heavy heavy TSC TSC usage). Check way lube lubrication tank level. Clean chips from way covers and bottom pan. Clean chips from tool changer. Wipe spindle taper with a clean cloth rag and apply light oil. Weekly • Check for proper operation of auto drain on filter regulator. See fig. 8 Fig. 8 way lube and pneumatics On machines with the TSC option, clean the chip basket on the coolant tank. Remove the tank cover and remove any sediment inside the tank. Be careful to disconnect the coolant pump from the controller and POWER OFF the control before working on the coolant tank. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option. Check air gauge/regulator for 85 psi. For For machines machines machines with with with the the the TSC TSC TSC option, option, option, place place place a a a dab dab dab of of of grease grease grease on on on the the the V-flange V-flange V-flange of of tools. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option. Clean exterior surfaces with mild cleaner. DO NOT use solvents. Check the hydraulic counterbalance pressure according to the machine's specifications. Place a dab of grease on the outside edge of the fingers of the tool changer and run through all tools". Monthly Check oil level in gearbox. Add oil until oil begins dripping from over flow tube at bottom of sump tank. Clean pads on bottom of pallets. Clean Clean the the the locating locating locating pads pads pads on on on the the the A-axis A-axis A-axis and and and the the the load load load station. station. station. This This This requires requires removing the pallet. • Inspect Inspect way way way covers covers covers for for for proper proper proper operation operation operation and and and lubricate lubricate lubricate with with with light light light oil, oil, oil, if if necessary. Six months Replace coolant and thoroughly clean the coolant tank. Check all hoses and lubrication lines for cracking. Annually • Replace the gearbox oil. Drain the oil from the gearbox, and slowly refill it with 2 quarts of Mobil DTE 25 oil. • Check oil filter and clean out residue at bottom for the lubrication chart. Replace air filter on control box every 2 years. Mineral Mineral cutting cutting cutting oils oils oils will will will damage damage damage rubber rubber rubber based based based components components components throughout throughout throughout the the machine. Troubleshooting This section is intended for use in determining the solution to a known problem. Solutions Solutions given given given are are are intended intended intended to to to give give give the the the individual individual individual servicing servicing servicing the the the CNC CNC CNC a a a pattern pattern pattern to to follow in, first, determining the problem's source and, second, solving the problem. Use common sense Many Many problems problems problems are are are easily easily easily overcome overcome overcome by by by correctly correctly correctly evaluating evaluating evaluating the the the situation. situation. situation. All All machine operations are composed of a program, tools, and tooling. You must look at all three before blaming one as the fault area. If a bored hole is chattering because of an overextended boring bar, don't expect the machine to correct the fault. Don't Don't suspect suspect suspect machine machine machine accuracy accuracy accuracy if if if the the the vise vise vise bends bends bends the the the part. part. part. Don't Don't Don't claim claim claim hole hole miss-positioning if you don't first center-drill the hole. Find the problem first Many Many mechanics mechanics mechanics tear tear tear into into into things things things before before before they they they understand understand understand the the the problem, problem, problem, hoping hoping that it will appear as they go. We know this from the fact that more than half of all warranty warranty returned returned returned parts parts parts are are are in in in good good good working working working order. order. If If the the the spindle spindle spindle doesn't doesn't doesn't turn, turn, remember remember that that that the the the spindle spindle spindle is is is connected connected connected to to to the the the gear gear gear box, box, box, which which which is is is connected connected connected to to to the the spindle spindle motor, motor, motor, which which which is is is driven driven driven by by by the the the spindle spindle spindle drive, drive, drive, which which which is is is connected connected connected to to to the the the I/O I/O BOARD, BOARD, which which which is is is driven driven driven by by by the the the MOCON, MOCON, MOCON, which which which is is is driven driven driven by by by the the the processor. processor. processor. The The moral here is doing replace the spindle drives if the belt is broken. Find the problem first; don't just replace the easiest part to get to. Don tinker with the machine There are hundreds of parameters, wires, switches, etc., that you can change in this machine. Don't start randomly changing parts and parameters. Remember, there is a good chance that if you change something, y ou will incorrectly install it or break you will incorrectly install it or break something else in the process6. Consider for a moment changing the processor's board. First, you have to download all parameters, remove a dozen connectors, replace the board, board, reconnect reconnect reconnect and and and reload, reload, reload, and and and if if if you you you make make make one one one mistake mistake mistake or or or bend bend bend one one one tiny tiny tiny pin pin pin it it WON'T WORK. You always need to consider the risk of accidentally damaging the machine anytime you work on it. It is cheap insurance to double-check a suspect part before physically changing it. The less work you do on the machine the better. 。