数控机床改造中英文对照外文翻译文献

数控机床刀具设计中英文资料英语原文：Design Of Tool Machine PropResearch significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its oth management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditi D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its at six other Des V oeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.1.2.Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing.1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device tion, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical fu as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc sc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knifeand capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.s, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and com mon typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:(1) the turret knifeIncluding the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutterDisc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (includingradial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of theknife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c).D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use theknife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of theknife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be verybeneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of theknife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Toolnumber not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitablygiven the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity andmore occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, morecompact layout, the number ofapply to small and medium-sizedprocessing center.(3) the chain knife Includingsingle-and multi-ring chain ringchain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 doFeatures: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife libraryThe linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though.Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view,generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.1.6.Control of the knife(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application2.1 Auto Rotary ToolRotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simpleinstallation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NCinstructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 º rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 º rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, thetool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure,the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 º "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.2. 2 ATC head-turret installedWith rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 º, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool changeFigure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.Tool Automatic Tool Change When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-endpackages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two,respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election3. 1Common methods of automatic election knifeAutomatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions onthe knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change [(63,71]. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: randomsequence election knives and knife election method.3.1.1 order election knifeTool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. Theneed to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.3.1.2Random election knifeRandom election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the "tool identification device" acceptable identification. When CNCtool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation.2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified.3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First to knives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. ConclusionFocused on in today's manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.译文：机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。

原文：The digital control process technology is summarized1. digital control programming reaches such developmentThe digital control programming is the segment that be able to obviously bring into play the beneficial result in at the moment CAD/CAPP/CAM's system the most most , such is living to achieve to design the process automation and raise process accuracy and processes the quality and cuts down the product development cycle and so on the respect is brining into play the significant action . Being living possess the greats quantity applications such as aviation industry and auto industry and so on territorys . Since giving birth to the intense demand of practice , wide-ranging research has wholly been carried on to the digital control programming technique in the home and abroad , and acquires the plentiful and substantial fruit . The next reaches such to the digital control programming and develops to act as some to introduce .1.1 basic concept of digital control programmingThe digital control programming is through the spare parts drawings up the full process that obtains the digital control processing program . Its main mission is that the sword spot ( Cutterlocationpoint abbreviate CL's spot ) in the sword is processed away in the calculation .The point of intersection that sword the spot was oridinarily get to the cutting tool axial line against the cutting tool face still will be give out the sword shaft vector in much processs1.2 digital control programming technique development surveyMIT designed one kind of special language that is used in the inflexible spare parts digital control processing program establishments to the program problem in order to resolve in the digital control process , andis called APT ( AutomaticallyProgrammedTool ) in the 50's .Well-developed editions such as after APT time and again develops , takeed shape such as APTII and APTIII ( the stereoscopic cutting action is employd ) and APT ( the algorithm improves , add much coordinates surface processes the programming meritorous service capacity ) and APTAC ( Advancedcontouring ) ( add cuts the database administration system ) and APT/SS ( SculpturedSurface ) ( add engraves the camber processes the programming meritorous service capacity ) and so on .Adoping APT language drawing up digital control order to have easy the refineing of order , and gos away the strongs point such as sword control is agile and so on , and causes the digital control process the programming , and moves upward up yet possess much not suitable points to geometry element .APT through " assemble language " grade to the machine tool order : Adoping language definition spare parts geometry form shape , and is difficult to depict complex geometry form shape , and lack audio-visual quality of geometry ;The certification measure that the figure audio-visual that is short of to spare parts form shape and the cutting tool movement locus displays and the cutting tool locus ;Being difficult to effectively join with CAD's data bank and CAPP's system ;Not to act as easily up the high automation , the integrationizationIn view of the APT's language defect , in 1978 , France attained the system that the large rope airplane corporation starts development gathers assemble three dimensions design , analysis and NC's process integration , and is called in the interest of CATIA .Having ariseed alikely the systems such as EUCLID and NPU/GNCP and so on soon afterwards very quickly , the geometry moldswholly valid settlements of these systems and the spare parts geometry form shape display is designed mutually and mends generates the cutting tool locus , and the problems such as the imitation to go away the sword process displays and certification and so on promoteed CAD and CAM developing to the integration orientation . The approximately idea that system ( CIMS ) and parallel project ( CE ) was manufacture in the calculating machine integration take shape up the 80's gradually on the base that the CAD/CAM's integration being living is approximately attend school . At the moment , and the necessaries that CE developed in order to adapt to CIMS , the digital control programming system to integrationization and intelligentization the development .Being living the integration respect , with the development accords with the STEP ( StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData ) criterion parameterization feature moldmaking and systematically gives priority to , having carried on the highly effective work of greats quantity at the moment is the home and abroad development heatpointBeing living the intelligentization respect , the work has start only a short while ago , and still awaits that we leave hard2、NCs' cutting tool locus generates the method study developing actualityDigital control programming core work is generateing the cutting tool locus , afterwards by such scattered one-tenth sword spot , places that the handle comes into being the digital control processing program afterwards viaing .The next cutting tool locus comes into being the means and actes as some and introduce2.1 baseding on a little and string , surface and part of the body NC's sword track formation meansCAD's technique moves through the two dimension mapping , andudergo the three dimensions wires frame and camber and the solid modelling generation , now the parameterization feature reacing is always moldded .Is living two dimension mapping together with three dimensions wires frame phase , in case the opening processes , the rough sketch is processed the digital control process is main with spot and string act as drive target , the plane area process and so on .This kind of level that personnel staff was requireed manipulating in the process is taller , complex mutually .Being living camber and the solid modelling generation , entity process had ariseed to based on .The entity process target is an entity ( oridinarily blendes for CSG and BREP express ) , its ( moreover , intersects , falls short of to operate ) but get yield through some fundamental parts of the body habitually after the set operation .The entity is processed not merely usable rough machining and semi precision work to the spare parts , and the great area cuts Yu Liang , and the effectiveness is processed in the raise , but also usable research together with development to digital control baseding on the feature programming system , is the feature process baseEntity process oridinarily possess entity rough sketch process and the entity area and processes two kinds .The entity process realization means slices law ( SLICE ) in the interest of the straturm , in immediate future slices by the process entity in the way of one series of level , afterwards to obtains the intersection comes into being the isometry string dos worthwhile the sword the going away locus .The original slave system needs the angle depart , the digital control process that the ACIS's geometry moldmaking being living achieved thiskind to based on a little on the terrace and the string and surface and entity Feature NC's sword track formation means 2.2 baseding onThe parameterization feature molds to possess the specified development particular period , yet baseds on that feature cutting tool locus formation means research starts only a short while ago .The feature processes to cause digital control programming personnel staff to be out to let drop the step geometry message to those ( in case : Spot , string , surface and entity ) manipulate , but transforing to carry on the digital control programming in the interest of directly to accords with the feature that engineers and technicians are used to , and liftd the programming effectiveness enormouslyW.R.Mail and A.J.Mcleod are living in their research to give out one to based on feature NC's code generating sub system , and this systematic work rule is : Spare parts every one process wholly may be regarded as to adjust to make up the total that the spare parts form shape feature group processed .In immediate future the queen completees spare parts process is not processed that to the feature adjusting entirely form the shape in that way either form shape feature component .But each form shape feature either form shape feature series NC's code may generate voluntarily .The system opened up at the moment merely is applicable to 2.5D's spare parts processThe LeeandChang opened up one kind of raised liberal camber feature cutting tool locus of means autogeneration in the way of fictitious border system .This systematic work rule is : Being living to inlay inner place the raised liberal camber into one the minimal long and square , so raised liberal camber feature is transformd into the hollow feature .Minimal the long and square incorporation against the end product pattern constituteed to be called one kind of indirect produce pattern on the fictitious pattern .That the cutting tool locus formation means separates into completees three paces : ( 1 ) and the cutting action polyhedron feature ;( 2 ) and cuts the liberal camber feature ;( 3 ) and the cutting action intersects the featureJongYunJung researcies baseds on the non- cutting action cutting tool locus formation problem of feature .The article process baseding on the feature locus separates into rough sketch process and processes two types with the inside area , and the definition this two types of process cutting action orientations , attains the aim that the entirety optimizes the cutting tool locus by means of decreasing the cutting action cutting tool locus .Type who talked about these fundamental features gos away sword way and cutting tool selection and process order and so on to main being aimed at of article some kinds of fundamental features ( hollow inner place Kong and step , trough ) , and averting repeatedly going away the sword by means of IP ( InterProgramming ) technique , with the non- cutting action cutting tool locus of optimization .Besides JongYunJong still is living , and his doctor in 1991 researcied tabrication feature extraction and baseds on feature cutting tool and the cutting tool way in the dissertationThe feature process base is an entity process , and surely of course also may think the entity process being more high-quality .Yet feature process distinct entity process , and entity process possess it oneself the limitations .Feature process chiefly possess below difference against entity process :Through approximately attends school says that the feature is the meritorous service capacity key element to make up the spare parts , and the operation that accords with engineers and technicians is used to , by engineers and technicians are know intimately ;The entity is the geometry target on low straturm , and is a geometric object that obtains after a series of Booleans calculation , and does not have whatever meritorous service capacity semantic information ;It frequently is adjusting the once only process of entire spare parts ( entity ) that the entity is processed .Yet in reality the spare parts is not very much probably merely once processed through in the way of the sword , frequently will go through a series of workmans of rough machining and semi precision work and precision work and so on stage , the place of spare parts difference oridinarily will be employd the difference cutting tool and process ;Now and then not only the spare parts will be employd up turning , but also employ up mill .Hence entity process is chiefly used spare parts rough machining and semi precision work .But but the feature on processing through essentially resolved the above-mentioned issue ;Feature process havees even more intellect .May regulate some kinds of settled admittedly process meanss as to the specially designated feature , particularly those have been living , and STEP's criterion the person who regulates the feature still more is such in this way .In case we wholly draw up the specially designated process means to all standards feature , it is you can imagine that spare parts that in thatway sufficiently succeed through the standard feature to those are processed such convenient quality .In case CAPP systematically be able to supply the relevant technology feature , NCP's system may decrease inputing mutually , and havees even more intellect enormously in that way .But these entity process can not achievedFeature process is favour of achieving through comprehensive integration of CAD , CAPP , NCP and CNC's system , and achieves the two-way going from place to place of message , in the interest of CIMS and even parallel project ( CE ) are settleed the well base ;It be helpless that but the entity is processed to theseNC's sword track formation means 2.3 being on active service in several main CAD/CAM's systems is analysedActive duty CAM constitutes reaching the main meritorous service capacityThat at the moment comparatively more mature CAM's system is main with two kinds of shapes achieves CAD/CAM's system integration : Integration CAD/CAM's system ( in case : UGII , Euclid and Pro/ENGINEERs and so on ) and independent relatively CAM's system ( in case : Mastercam and Surfcams and so on ) . Unitary less than the former data format is directly gaind the produce geometric model through CAD's system , but the latter is main gains the produce geometric model by means of the neutral papers through else CAD's systems . However , no matter is what the CAM's system growed the shape , wholly consising of five modules , in immediate future mutually technology parameter input module and cutting tool locus formation module and cutting tool locus compiler module and three dimensions process that dynamic imitation module and afterwards places the processing module . Next merely some famous CAD/CAM's system NC's process meanss are holied discussions .UGII's process means is analysedOridinarily think that UGII is the best in trade circle , and havees representativeness digital control software most .That such havees the distinguishing feature most is the cutting tool locus formation means that such meritorous service capacity is powerful .Consists of turning , milling and string cuts and so on the consummate process means .In it milling chiefly possess the below meritorous service capacity :And PointtoPoint: Completeing the different openings processesAnd PanarMill: Plane is milled .Consising of that the one-way walkes surely , the two-way row are slice , and the hoop is slice along with rough sketch process to await And FixedContour: Admittedly much projectionss are areed processed stably .Dominateeing on being living on the single camber either much camber the removing of cutting tool in the way of the projection means , and that the control cutting tool is removed may be the cutting tool locus that has generateed , a series of either suite stringAnd VariableContour: Variable projection is processedAnd Parameterline: Await that the parameter string is processed .The successive process of single camber either much camber may be adjustAnd ZigZagSurface: Cutting out processAnd RoughtoDepth: Rough machining .The depth is reachd assigning in the rough machining by Mao PiAnd CavityMill: The many stages depth mould cavity processes .Rough machining that particularly is applicable to the male contact with the hollow standardAnd SequentialSurface: The camber occuies simultaneously the workman .In accordance the spare parts and guides that and the thinking of check adjust the removing suppling the largesttest degree control of cutting toolEDSUnigraphics still consists of greats quantity else the respects meritorous service capacitys , and did not enumerate one by one here STRATA's process means is analysedSTRATA is a digital control programming system development environment , and it is establishing ACIS's geometry model building terrace onIt supplys two kinds of programming development environments in the interest of consumer , in immediate future NC's command language interface and the NC's operation C++ storehouse . It may back three to mill , and turning and string cut NC and process , and may back wire frame , camber and the entity geometry model building . Such NC's cutting tool locus formation means is baseding on the physical model . STRATA is baseded on , and what supplys the process means in entity NC's cutting tool locus formation type storehouse consists of : ProfileToolpath: Rough sketch processAreaClearToolpath: The area on plane processesSolidProfileToolpath: The entity rough sketch is processedSolidAreaClearToolpath: The area on entity plane processesSolidFaceToolPath: The entity face processesSolidSliceToolPath: The entity severs process on planeLanguagebasedToolpath: Baseding on , language cutting tool locus generatesElse CAD/CAM software , in case Euclid the person who awaits the NC's meritorous service capacity is each has his strong point , yet suchfundamental substance is almost alike , the not natural difference .2.4 main problem of systematic sword track formation means of active duty CAMIn accordance tradition CAD/CAM's system and CNC's system work means , CAM's system is with directly either the indirect means gains the produce geometry data model through CAD's system ( by means of neutral papers ) . CAM's system is with spot , string , surface in the three dimensions geometrics model and either the entity is the drive target , the cutting tool locus is processed in the formation , and afterwards the shape with the cutting tool locating file viaes the handle is placed , with the NC's code shape supplys to CNC's machine tool , the some respects problems under being living in entire CAD/CAM and the CNC's system operation process to be :CAM systematically can only gain produce low tier of geometry message through CAD's system , and can not seize voluntarily meritorous service capacity and the semantic information of produce geometry shape information and produce higher level .Hence manufacturing engineering master that entire CAM's process have to be living is very experience haves a hand in secondly , and completees mutually by means of the figure .In case : Manufacturing engineering master .The entire system automation degree is leted dropBeing living in the CAM's system generation cutting tool locus , equal also merely embodying low straturm geometry message ( right line and arc geometry locating information ) , along with the a little process control information ( as moving forward ) to rate , main shaft rotation speed and trading sword and so on .Hence , can not obtain the process technology parameter that haves something to do with against generateing the cutting tool locus yetThe produce data between CAM's system every module are not unitied , and the independence is opposite to each other to every module .For instance the cutting tool locating file is merely keep the minutes the cutting tool locus and is not keep the minutes the relevant process technology parameter , the dynamic imitation of three dimensions merely keeps the minutes that the cutting tool locus interference against runs into , but keep the minutes interference and process target and correlation process technology parameter that runs into happen against suchThe CAM systematically is an independence system .Not thering is the unitary produce data model between CAD's system together with the CAM's system , even if being the integrated CAD/CAM's system of integration in , one-way and unity is enjoyed also being only to message in all . CAM systematically can not sufficiently comprehend and complete message utilizing CAD's system to have something to do with the produce , feature message that especially haves something to do with against process , equal CAD's system can not gain the process data message that CAM systematically come into being yet . This is give parallel project implementation to bring the hardship3、digitals control techniques of simulation3.1 calculating machine imitation approximately idea and applicationThe angle through the project is see , and the imitation is the system by means of the test to the system model leave to research in the existing either design .Analysing the complex dynamic target , the imitation is one kind of valid means , may decrease the hazard , cuts down design and manufactures cycle , and practise thrift the investment .Calculating machine imitation is draing support from the calculatingmachine , and utilizes the system model to adjust actually systematically testing the process which researcied .It is swiftly developed in the wake of the calculating machine technique development , and is living in the imitation to passess the more and more significant position .Three foundation maneuveies between the key element that the calculating machine imitation process may be notify by means of the picture 1 are depictd :The model building maneuver is by means of viewing either examination to the actual system , and is living to over look the less important element to reach on the base that examine the variable , and the means in the way of physics either mathematics is depictd , thereby obtains the similar pattern of actual system simplification .The meritorous service with the actual system of the pattern here be able to together with between the parameter ought to have similarity and homologous qualityThe imitation pattern is the mathematical model to the system ( simplifying the pattern ) carries on the specified algorithm handle , and causes such become the appropriate shape ( in case turns into iterative operation pattern by the numerical integration ) afterwards , yet becomes " computation module computational mode " that be able to be receiveed by the calculating machine .The imitation pattern is two simplification patterns to the actual systemThe imitation test is shall system imitation pattern be living the process rund in the calculating machine .The imitation is researching actual system one kind of technique by means of the test , may clarify systematically immanent structure variable and the ambient condition effect by means of the technique of simulationCalculating machine technique of simulation main expressing of development tendency be living two respects : Application territory enlargement and imitation calculating machine intelligentization .The calculating machine technique of simulation not merely is living tradition project technique territory ( respects such as aviation , spaceflight and chemical industry and so on ) subsequent development , but also broadens up community economy and living beings and so on much non- project territorys , moreover , technique such as parallel processing , artificial intelligence , knowledge base and expert system and so on the development is affecing the imitation calculating machine development Digital control process imitation utilizes the calculating machine imitation practice process , being the forceful means to verify digital control processing program dependability and the calculation cutting action process , in order to decrease work attempies surely , and lifts production efficiency3.2 digital control technique of simulation research present situationThe APT process spare parts are completeed near the digital control order program control .In the interest of right quality to guarrantee the digital control order , guard against in process to intervene happenning , and is living in the actual manufacture , and constantly adopts attempting the anxious means to examine with what runs into .Yet this kind of means requiring a lot of labor expense is anticipateed , the cost expansively causes the manufacturing cost move upward , addd produce process time and production cycle .Adoping once more the locus to display the law afterwards , in immediate future in order to mark needle either pencil or writing brush replace the cutting tool , with colouring plank either paper replaces the work imitation cutting tool movement locus two dimension figure ( alsomay display the two dimension semi process locus ) , possess the considerably great limitations .Three dimension and the many-dimensionss as to the work are processed , the cutting action locus that the inspection that the stuff that also possess use easily to cut replaces the work ( in case , paraffin wax , lumber , midified resin and plastic material and so on ) comes is processed .Yet APT and the process field is very important occupied in the attempt .For this reason , people are living always to research replace gradually attempting the anxious calculating machine emulation mode , and is living to attempt to slice that the respects such as environment modeling and imitation calculation and graphic display and so on acquire the significant progress , and develops to raise pattern accurateness and imitation calculation real timeization and improvement real feeling of graphic display and so on orientations at the momentThrough attempies the pattern distinguishing feature sliceeing the environment seeing , NC's cutting action process imitation branch geometry imitation and mechanics imitation at the moment two respects .Geometry imitation is not consider that cutting action parameter and cutting force reach else the physics elements effects , the imitation cutting tool work geometric object movement , and with right quality of certification NC's order .The problem such as it may decrease either remove as a result of the machine tool injury that the program error causes and clamping apparatus damage either the cutting tool rolls over to snap and the spare parts are reported something as worthless and so on ;May decrease moreover through the product design up time manufacturing , and cut down the manufacturing cost .Cutting action process mechanics imitation pertains to the physics imitation category , and its dynamic mechanics property by means of the imitation cutting action process is forecast that the cutting tool breakage and cutting tool vibration and control cuts the parameter , thereby attains to optimize the cutting action process aimThe geometry technique of simulation development is in the wake of geometry model building technique development but development , and consists of that quality graphic display and the ration is intervened verifying two respects .At the moment the means in common use possess the immediate solid modelling law , and the means of figure image space baseding on is requestted the intersection law with the scattered vector3.3 immediate solid modelling lawThis kind of enveloping solid that the means is the work part of the body against the cutting tool movement takes shape is underway that the entity Boolean falls short of operating , and the work part of the body three dimensions patterns are continuously replaceed in the wake of the cutting action processSungurtekin and Velcker opened up a miller simulation system .The three dimensions patterns that ought to systematically adopt CSG's law to keep the minutes Mao Pi utilize some fundamental primitives like cuboid , the cylindrical body and taper part of the body , and the set operation , particularly operating , the area by Mao Pi and a series of cutting tool scannings is keep the minutes , afterwards usies the set difference and operates through Mao Pizhong's order take-offing the scanning area .Traverse when the so-called area by has sweep is cutting the cutting tool to move along some locuss area .Per length of Mao Pixing's shape that NC's code afterwards。

机床的论文中英文资料外文翻译文献引言机床是制造业中重要的设备，用于加工各种零部件和制造产品。

本文汇总了关于机床的论文中英文资料的外文翻译文献，以供参考和研究使用。

外文翻译文献列表Author: John Smith John SmithYear: 2015 20152. Title: Advanced Techniques for Machine Tool Analysis Title: Advanced Techniques for Machine Tool AnalysisAuthor: Jennifer Lee Jennifer LeeYear: 2016 20163. Title: Intelligent Control Systems for Precision Machining Title: Intelligent Control Systems for Precision MachiningAuthor: David Wang David WangYear: 2018 2018Abstract: This paper focuses on intelligent control systems for precision machining. It discusses the integration of artificial intelligence and control algorithms to enhance the precision and performance of machine tools. The paper presents case studies on the application of intelligent control systems in precision machining processes. This paper focuses on intelligent control systems for precision machining. It discusses the integration of artificial intelligence and control algorithms to enhance the precision and performance of machine tools. The paper presents case studies on the application of intelligent control systems in precision machining processes.4. Title: Advances in Machining Processes for Hard-to-Machine Materials Title: Advances in Machining Processes for Hard-to-Machine MaterialsAuthor: Emily Chen Emily ChenYear: 2019 2019Abstract: This paper reviews recent advances in machining processes for hard-to-machine materials. It discusses the challenges associated with machining materials such as titanium, nickel-basedalloys, and ceramics. The paper highlights the development of new cutting tools, machining strategies, and technologies to improve the machinability of these materials. This paper reviews recent advances in machining processes for hard-to-machine materials. It discusses the challenges associated with machining materials such as titanium, nickel-based alloys, and ceramics. The paper highlights the development of new cutting tools, machining strategies, and technologies to improve the machinability of these materials.5. Title: Optimization of Machining Parameters for Energy Efficiency Title: Optimization of Machining Parameters for Energy EfficiencyAuthor: Michael Liu Michael LiuYear: 2020 2020Abstract: This paper explores the optimization of machining parameters for energy efficiency. It discusses the impact of machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, on energy consumption in machining processes. The paper presents optimization techniques and case studies on reducing energy consumption in machining operations. This paper explores theoptimization of machining parameters for energy efficiency. It discusses the impact of machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, on energy consumption in machining processes. The paper presents optimization techniques and case studies on reducing energy consumption in machining operations.结论以上是关于机床的论文中英文资料的外文翻译文献，希望对研究和了解机床技术的人员有所帮助。

机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备进展趋势及计策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是进展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最差不多的装备。

X62W CNC milling machine transformation1 general CNC transformation of the need for analysisOur about 3200000 existing machine tools, the machine tool technol ogy status of ageing is serious, according to statistics, about 30% of the total country equipment in more than 16 years, of which nearly 30% of age more than 26 years, all these show the present our country did no t go mainly rely on progress of science and technology of machine tools to transform track. In addition, with the development of science and tec hnology, production is dependent on the degree of equipment increases i ncreasingly, the crop of the enterprise, quality, efficiency, cost, safety an d environmental protection and labor emotions get equipment restrict, rea lize the modernization of enterprise oneself be imperative. But according to the data, our metal cutting machine tool production only accounted for similar equipment to have an amount 1 / 28, such as the annual produ ction of all the machines used to replace the old machine tool needs 28 years so, our country is solved at present equipment technical progress is the main way of machine tools.2 domestic and foreign research present situationIn today's world, industrial developed country to machine tool industr y height seriously, competing for the development of mechanical and ele ctrical integration, high precision, high efficiency, high automation and ad vanced machine tool, in order to accelerate the industrial and economic development. For a long time, Europe and the United States, Asia in the international market are in fierce competition, has formed an invisible fr ont, especially with microelectronics, computer technology, numerical cont rol machine tools in the nineteen eighties later accelerated development, put forward more requirements of all users, had become the four big int ernational machine tool exhibition to display machine tool manufacturers advanced technology, for the user, enlarge the market focus. The more f amous control system : Japan FANUC series, Mitsubishi series, OKUNIA series, SODICK series, series of Hitachi, Germany SIEMENS series, DE CKEL series, Heidenhain series, HELLER series, the United States ALLE N-BRADLEY ( AB ) series, CINCINNANTI series, Num series, FIDIA seri es of France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland FAGOR series, AG series of dom estic series.In the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed coun tries, they will machine transformation as a new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in the golden age. As the machine tool and the continuous advancement of technology, machine tools transformation is a "timeless" issue. Transformation of China's machine tool industry, but a lso from the old to the industry into the digital technology-based new industries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with machine tool of num erical control technical reformation and production line has a broad mark et, has formed a production line of CNC machine tool and the new indu stry. In the United States, reconstruction of machine tool industry called machine regeneration ( Remanufacturing ) industry. Engaged in renewabl e industry's well-known companies: Bertsche engineering company, ayton machine tool company, Devlieg-Bullavd ( PO ) services group, US equi pment company. The United States company has been in China for the company. Rebuilding of machine tool industry in Japan called machine m odified ( Retrofitting ) industry. Engaged in refitting industry well-known c ompanies have: Doomsday engineering group, three post machinery com pany, Chiyoda engineering machine company, Nozaki engineering compa ny, Hamada engineering company, Yamamoto engineering company.Catch up with the pace of computer system structure, accelerate the development of NC system for NC development speed, has become the main trend. The fourth generation computer engineering structure and m icroelectronic technology as the basis, make full use of existing computer hardware, software resources, development of bus type, module type, o pen type, embedded on a flexible NC system, which is suitable for mach ining complex parts, vertical machine tool with CNC system, but also for future automation upgrades the function may be expanded requirements.China 's NC system development has the following 3 features:( 1 ) system of high-grade numerical control technology has been a breakthrough. As of I type numerical control system, with multi axis linka ge function, fast feed speed in 1.67m / s above, have stronger communi cation, management function.( 2) universal CNC system is a mature technology. Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute BS9l system, these systems are generally equipp ed with CRT display, can be configured to DC and AC servo drive, 2 ~ 4 shaft linkage.( 3) the economic type CNC system still has vast market prospect. As a result of this kind of system has the advantages of simple structur e, cheap price, very suitable for small and medium enterprises in China,is still the most widely applied in CNC system. A typical Nanjing gener ous JWK series.Our country is big country of production of machine tools, it is the u se of power. NC machine tool is the key to the development of machine ry industry products, China's CNC machine tool in machine tool products in the proportion of the overall low level of. But our country is a develo ping country, a lot of enterprises financial weakness, not likely to spend a lot of money on a lot of new CNC machine tools, while a large numb er of universal machine tool can not be all eliminated.Therefore, the transformation of general machine tools CNC machine is a effective way to improve the rate of NC machine tools transformati on, less cost, reform targeted, time is short, after the transformation of t he machine tool are able to overcome the original machine faults and pr oblems, high production efficiency.3 basic scheme comparison and selectionNC transformation of the main general plan shall include the followin g contents: the servo drive system, numerical control device selection, el ectrical equipment, mechanical design, CNC hardware system. Show cent to narrate as follows.The 3.1 servo drive systemServo system is a important part of NC machine tool, its performanc e will directly affect the machining accuracy, surface quality and producti on efficiency, it can be divided into 3 kinds, namely, open loop, closed l oop, loop.3.1.1 open loop systemOpen loop system is the most simple servo, stepper motor as the o pen loop system main device, it has the advantages of simple structure ( electrical control and drive circuit is simple ), small volume, light weight, low price, convenient repair and maintenance characteristics3.1.2 closed loop systemClosed loop system, its structure is complex, technical difficulty is gr eat, testing and repair more difficult, cost is high. Closed loop control ca n achieve good accuracy of machine tools, to compensate for mechanica l transmission system in a variety of error, eliminate the gap, interferenc e on the accuracy of processing, generally applied to the high requireme nts of NC equipment.3.1.3 semi closed loop systemSemi closed loop system with closed-loop system similar to, the posi tion detection device is mounted on the execution component, but mount ed on the drive motor end or the end of the drive rod, indirectly measur ed actuator position or displacement. Due to its wide range of speed ( 0.1 - 3OOO R / rain ), strong overload capacity, and the feedback control, the precision can reach 0.01 ~ 0.001nlln, as fast as 0.5 m / s, so its p erformance is far superior to the stepping motor open loop control, and t he feedback link does not include most of mechanical transmission comp onents, simple debugging ratio closed loop, the system stability can be e asily ensured, than the closed loop is easy to realize. Therefore, using a closed-loop system, is more reliable and feasible.3.1.4 AC, DC servo motor comparisonClosed loop, half closed loop system can be AC or DC servo motor, the AC speed regulation gradually expanding the scope of application, s eems to have replaced DC servo trend. But AC servo control of complic ated structure, high technical difficulty, popularity is not wide, and the pri ce is high ( DC servo motor 1.5 ~ 20000 yuan / Taiwan, AC servo mot or is 2 - 30000 ) in addition, compared to the DC servo motor AC serv o motor with large inertia, the small inertia, debugging difficulty big, whe n the sources are more difficult to repair components. DC servo motor p rinciple similar to DC motor, control system technology is more mature, spread wide, its main drawback is the large volume, large weight, but als o with the commutator and brush, increased repair workload.Through the comparison, the success rate, technical difficulty, precisi on and investment and other factors, decided to adopt DC servo loop co ntrol.3.2 numerical control deviceNumerical control device also has a variety of scheme selection. For example, can all of its own design, production; can use SBCs or STD module control; can use readily available numerical control device for a small number of applicable changes or matching. In the factory's practica l application, generally use the following 2 kinds of solution. A kind of cir cumstance is required for the function and requirement of ready-made C NC device can meet, then used mostly to buy ready-made products solu tion, because of own design is not only a waste of time, investment is n ot necessarily can save investment, more often, and quality do not nece ssarily guarantee. Another kind of circumstance is not to buy off-the-shelf products to achieve some special function, then mostly adopt buy price performance ratio as high performance close to the device, and then to supplement or transformation, at least also bought STD template or indu strial control computer, single board computer to make.According to the selected DC servo drive and processing requiremen ts, the numerical control device can realize closed loop ( loop ) of contr ol, provides the analog control signal, receives the half closed loop feed back signal to control; three coordinate axis of motion, wherein at least t o simultaneously control linkage to complete the arc differential complem ent; in the processing of can use different size cutter, CNC device with cutting tool radius and length compensation in NC machining, so accordi ng to the contour programming and can adapt to the size of tool change, in order to meet the needs of future development and clear structure, d ecided to adopt the STD template, modular design.3.3 other electrical devicesIn numerical control transformation, also needs to be combined with the numerical control device and servo drive configuration characterized by other electrical parts, including the strong and weak electrical signal c onversion, transmission or processing necessary. The input / lucky bird o ut interface to consider whether isolation, shielding requirements; in additi on, but also configure the needed power, all kinds of protection circuit, a uxiliary circuit detecting display.3.4 mechanical partsIn the equipment of numerical control transformation, although is the core part of CNC, involve more is microelectronics and electrical, but n ot of all. If you ignore the mechanical aspects according to the character istics of CNC machine tools for the corresponding necessary changes, or in the transformation of the design and manufacture of endless and rea sonable, the results will give numerical control transformation brings beat all difficulties, and may even lead to failure because of mechanical prob lems.3.5 CNC numerical control systemThe CNC system is composed of CPU memory template; servo mot or interface circuit board; the keyboard, display interface circuit board an d a switch quantity input, output interface circuit board. Each template m ain function is as follows.3.5.1CPU memory boardThe board carried out various data operations, timer in the interventi on, timing execution system program, coordination, management of vario us parts of the circuit to work.In addition, also has a power down protection, power on reset and generates a pulse signal and other functions. At the same time, board m emory, for storing system software, computing the results of staging and storage parts processing program. Plate communicationInterface for the boards and peripherals to provide a convenient com munication.3.5.2 servo motor interface circuit boardThe plate is connected to the servo motor and the CPU bridge. CP U issued a servo motor control instruction code, through the template D / A conversion, operational amplifier after being sent to the motor drive s ource, thus realizing the electrical automatic control. At the same time th e motor running state, through the detecting device of the pulse, in the plate after processing, in the form of code into CPU, CPU adjust motor control instruction, thereby forming displacement closed loop system. If th e pulse signal by F / V conversion, can get the speed control unit feedb ack voltage, which constitute a closed loop system.X62W铣床数控化改造1.普通机床数控化改造的必要性分析我国现有机床320多万台，这些机床技术状况老化严重，据统计，全国30%左右设备在16年以上，其中近30%的役龄超过了26年，这些都说明目前我国还没有走上主要依靠科技进步对机床进行改造的轨道。

Analysis of transformation of numerical controlmachine toolIn order to survival and development of enterprises, improve the rate of CNC machine tools is necessary. Transformation of the equipment needed for NC machine tools in general, including traditional and recently introduced from abroad, due to a problem can not be put into the machine tool equipment and production lines. First, transform the contents of the NCCNC machine tools and production line transformation of the main contents are: (1) restoration of the original function, machine tools, production lines there is some fault diagnosis and recovery; (2)NC-based, in the general machine tools addend remarkable device or add numerical control system; ( 3) The renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency and degree of automation, mechanical, electrical parts of the renovation, the mechanical part of there-assembly process, to restore the original precision; can not meet the production requirements of its CNC system be updated with the latest CNC; (4) technology updates or technical innovation, in order to improve performance or grade, or for the use of new technology, new technology, based on the original large-scale technology updates or technical innovation.Second, the development trend of CNC systeml. To open, the sixth generation of PC-based directionThe openness of the PC-based, low-cost, high reliability, rich in natural resources such as hardware and software features, and more CNC system manufacturer will be to go down this path. At least with PC, as its front-end machines, to deal with man-machine interface, programming, networking and communications issues, the original system to take over some tasks PC CNC machines has the friendly interface, will reach all of the CNC system. The remote communication, remote diagnostics and maintenance of applications will be more common.2. To the development of high-speed and high precision.3. To the intelligent direction(1) The application of adaptive control technology. Numerical control system can detect the process of important information and automatically adjust system parameters, improving the system operation status.2) the introduction of expert systems to guide processing. Will be skilled workers and expertise, processing and general laws and special laws into the system to process parameter database support, establish an artificial intelligence expert system.(3) the introduction of fault diagnosis expert system(4) intelligent digital servo drives. Can automatically identify the load and automatically adjust the parameters of the drive system to get the best state of operation.Third, the choice of numerical control system1. Open-loop systemThe system's servo-driven device is a stepper motor, power stepper motors, electro-hydraulic pulse motors. This system does not require position and velocity feedback, displacement accuracy depends mainly on the angular displacement precision stepper motor and gear drive components such as precision screw, so displacement of low accuracy. But the system is simple, debugging easy maintenance, reliable, low cost, easily converted successfully.2. Closed-loop systemThe system consists of grating, sensor position detection device synchronization, etc. The actual measured position signal fed back to the computer, compared with a given value, the difference between the two amplification and transformation, driving the implementing agencies in order to eliminate bias. The system complexity, high cost and strict temperature requirements on the environment. But thesystem of high precision, speed and big power. According to technological requirements and decide whether to adopt.3. Semi-closed-loop systemSemi-closed-loop system detects components installed in the middle of transmission parts, the indirect measurement of the location of the implementation of parts. It can only compensate for part of the components within the system loop error, and therefore its more accurate than the accuracy of closed-loop system is low, but its structure and debugging as compared with the closed-loop system is simple.Current production numerical control system are more companies and manufacturers, foreign companies such as Siemens of Germany, Japan, Fanuc, Inc.; domestic Everest companies such as China, the Beijing Aerospace CNC System Corporation, Huazhong CNC CNC high-grade corporate and Shenyang National Engineering Research Center. Select CNC systems are mainly based on numerical control after transformation to be achieved in a variety of precision machine tools, drive motor power and the user's requirements to determine. Fourth, the main steps CNC transformation1. Determination of rehabilitation programs(1) Mechanical and Electrical Repair transformation combined.Generally speaking, in need of transformation of electrical machines, are in need of mechanical repair. To determine repair requirements, scope and content; have to ascertain the electrical modification of the mechanical structure in need of transformation requirements and content; but also determine the transformation of electrical and mechanical repair, reconstruction staggered between the time requirements. Mechanical properties of intact are electrical transformation success.(2) the easier issues first, after the first partial overall. Determine the transformation step, the whole electrical part of the transformation should be divided into several sub-systems, the basic shape of various systems to be connected after the completion of the whole system work. In each subsystem, we should do first the less technical, workload the larger work, and then do a technical high, requiring fine work, can focus people's attention to key areas.(3) selection system under conditions of use. For the transformation of the object to determine its environment and conditions, which the selection of electrical system protection, anti-jamming, self-cooling and air filtering performance can provide the correct basis. Electrical system options must also be considered mature products, their performance should be reasonable and practical, there are spare parts to provide maintenance support, features a number of years to meetthe current and future development requirements.(4) The implementation and responsibilities of personnel involved in reconstruction.(5) The transformation of the determination of the scope and cycle.2. Transformation of the technical preparation(1) mechanical parts ready. In line with the transformation of mechanical electrical repairs should be completed in advance. The same time, be demolished and replaced and processing should be part of such advance planning is necessary to properly interface with the entire transformation.(2) The electrical information on the new system to digest.(3) The conversion of the old system interface design. According to the scope of each of the different equipment modification required to pre-designed interface, part of the conversion, if the entire transformation should be designed to convert mechanical and electrical interfaces, operation panel control and configuration, the Internet part of the contact, parameter measurement, the maintenance and so on. Require the operation and maintenance easy and reasonable, alignments, fluent, primary and secondary connection point less electrical interference with the strength of the smallest, with an appropriate margin and so on. Local transformation, but also need to consider the performance of the system match theold and new, the voltage polarity and size of change, the installation location, digital-analog conversion, etc., if necessary, need to create their own interfaces.(4) operation and programming staff technical training. ①training should cover the new control panel configuration, function and meaning of the instructions; ②the scope of the new system features, use, and the difference between the old system; ③maintenance requirements; ④programming standards and automated programming and more. Focused understood, grasp operating instructions and programming instructions.(5) Debugging steps and acceptance criteria for the determination. Debugging should be done by the project leader carried out with the others. Debugging step can be from simple to complex, from small to large, from outside to inside, you can also after the first local situation, the whole system after the first subsystem. The development of acceptance criteria must be realistic, too high or too low a standard will have a negative impact on the transformation.3. The implementation of reform(1) The overall maintenance of the machine. The long-term use of the original machine, you need to conduct a comprehensive maintenance. Secondly, the response to machine tools to make achange before the geometric accuracy, dimensional accuracy of measurement, and for the record. In this way pairs of reference to guide the transformation of the role, but also in the transformation of the end for comparison analysis.(2) to retain the electrical adjustment of some of the best. If the electrical system as part of the transformation, in turn, should retain the parts of the maintenance and optimization adjustments, such as high power part of the spare parts replacement, electrical maintenance, drying transformer insulation, pollution, cleaning, ventilation and cooling equipment cleaning, servo Drive optimization adjustments, update aging wires and cables, connectors and other fastening. Only the electrical part of the reservation and do excellent optimization adjustment, in order to ensure that transformed the machine tool have lower failure rates.(3) The original systems were dismantled. The removal of the original system must be controlled carefully to the original drawings in time to make mark in the drawings to prevent the omission or been demolished. In the process of demolition will find some of the new system design in the gaps, it is timely to add and correction. Removed the system should be properly safeguarded in case of unsuccessful reconstruction resume use. There is a definite value, and can be used for spare parts.(4) reasonable arrangements for the location and wiring the new system. Connection must be a clear division of labor, there is one person review the inspection to ensure that the connection process specifications, diameter suitable, correct, reliable and beautiful. (5) debugging. Debug must be pre-established procedures and requirements. Debugging the first to test the safety protection system sensitivity, personal and equipment to prevent accidents. Debugging the site must be clean; the moving coordinate extension units at the center of the whole trip; be able to load test, the first no-load after load; can simulate the experiment, the first real action after simulated; be manual, first manually and automatically.4. Acceptance and post-work(1) The mechanical properties of machine tool acceptance. Machine tool should meet the requirements of the mechanical properties, geometric accuracy should be within the limits prescribed.(2) The electrical control functions and control accuracy and acceptance. The various functions of electrical control actions must meet the normal, sensitive and reliable. Control precision application system itself functions (such as step size, etc.) and standard measuring apparatus (such as laser interferometer, coordinate measuring machine, etc.) control checks, to reach within a range. Should also be modified before the machine with the functions andaccuracy to make comparison, access to quantifiable indicators of difference.(3) The test piece cutting and acceptance. Can refer to the relevant domestic and international standards for CNC cutting specimens, in a qualified operator, the programmer with the trial under the cut. Specimen cutting machine tools can be acceptance of stiffness, cutting force, noise, motion trajectory, related actions, are generally not suitable for specimen use of a product part.(4), drawings, information and acceptance. Machine transformation finished, should be promptly drawings, data, transform the file summary, collate, transfer into the file. This is the future and stable operation of the equipment is very important.(5) Summary and improve.5, numerical examples of reconstruction1. Milling machine with the Siemens 810M transformation X53In 1998, the company invested 200,000 yuan, with Germany's Siemens 810M CNC system, 611A AC servo drive system on the company's X53 model of a milling machine to X, Y, Z three-axis numerical control transformation. Retained the original spindle system and cooling system. -Axis transformation of a ball screw used in the machinery and gear transmission mechanism. Thetransformation of work includes mechanical design, electrical design, PLC program preparation and debugging, machine tool repair, machine installation and debugging. After transformation, milling, processing and effective travel X, Y, Z axis respectively, 880mm, 270mm, 280mm; maximum speed of X, Y, Z axis respectively, 5 000mm/min, 1 500mm/min, 800mm/min; point moving speed of X, Y, Z axis respectively 3 000mm/min, 1 000mm/min, 500 mm / min; machining accuracy of ± 0.001 mm. Machine tools, coordinate linkage to be completed by a variety of complex curve or surface processing.2. GSK980T and stepper drive system with the transformation ofC6140 latheIn 1999, the company invested 8 million yuan, with Guangzhou CNC Equipment Factory production GSK980T numerical control system, DY3 hybrid stepper drive unit on the company's a longerC6140 lathe X, Z 2-axis transform. Retained the original spindle system and cooling system. Transformation of two-axis ball screw in the machinery used, and synchronous transmission. The transformation of work includes mechanical design, electrical design, machine overhaul and machine installation and debugging. Lathe After the transformation, processing and effective stroke X, Z axis respectively, 390mm, 1400mm; maximum speed X, Z axisrespectively, 1 200mm/min, 3 000mm/min; jog speed 400mm/min; point moving fast X, Z-axis respectively, 1 200mm/min, 3000mm/min; machine smallest mobile unit 0.001mm.6, numerical transformation of the issues and recommendations1. Transformation problems in NCCNC machine tools through several transformation and found work, there are also many problems, mainly reflected in: (a) The departments, developers uncertain functions, organizational chaos, a serious impact on progress in the transformation; (2) to develop the work process and plans are mostly developed rule of thumb, less reasonable; (3) the training of relevant personnel is not in place, resulting in machine tool technology officers will not be modified after programming, the operator of the machine operator unskilled and so on.2. Transformation of the proposed NC(1) is responsible for transformation of the staff responsibilities of clear penalties and rewards, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the staff; train a batch of high-quality applications and maintenance personnel, training for selected officers to go out and learn the advanced technologies;(2) To focus on users, maintenance of CNC system of technicaltraining, the establishment of numerical control technology at home and abroad resource library. The establishment of technical data files, do the work of spare parts.分析数控机床改造为了我国民营企业的生存与发展,提高数控机床的速度是必要的。

毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目数控立式车削中心数控化改造专业名称班级学号学生姓名指导教师日期20** 年 3 月10 日外文原文：Vertical Turning Center of NCNew SINUMERIK 802D CNC system on the use of more than 10 years of SKIQ16 CNC B Vertical Turning Center of NC, NC Machine Tool powerful features greatly broadened the scope of machining parts, and better ensuring the processing of parts the consistency and quality of products. This article was the second SINUMERIK NC application essay activities and the transformation of a prize-second prize.KIQ16 CNC B Vertical Turning Center in the Czech HULIN companies in the 1990s manufacture, use FANUC-BASK 6T CNC system. Since the machine had been in use for more than 10 years, and the NC system upgrading, BASK 6T-FANUC CNC system has been shutdown, system board of aging, expensive spare parts. A new CNC machine tools to transform the system is imperative so that the machine can restore vitality, and give better play to the potential of machine tools.Transformation programme developmentThe original full-featured machine, including spindle (table) and the rotation axis milling campaign, X, Z-axis coordinates of movement, 15 knives in a knife library systems, and such as the cooling system, hydraulic system, lubrication system , Paixie system functional machine. Spindle axis and milling by DC and DC motor speed regulator. X and Z-axis also coordinates by DC servo motor and DC servo governor. The knife used ordinary three-phase asynchronous AC motor from the five binary cam positioning. The mechanical part of the machine all good mechanical properties of stability, accuracy fair and normal hydraulic system, the part of the capital remain unchanged.NC system and the replacement of electrical control part, by SIEMENS SINUMERIK 802D CNC system. X and Z axes and knives coordinates the servo drive system uses SIIMODRIVE 611UE variable frequency drive system and a FK7 servo motor, encoder pulse chosen as a location detection devices, digital servo drive system to achieve closed-loop control. And milling spindle axis drive system by the British company's 590 + Eurotherm Series DC motor speed control device. Machine control of other electrical lines, the replacement of electrical control devices to ensurethat all kinds of machine control function and operation of the realization of the electrical control machine tools guarantee a long-term reliable work.Apart from increasing MCP machine control panel, we must also re-designed machine operator panel with all types of machine function buttons and lights. NC system and the servo drive system coordinatesSIEMENS SINUMERIK 802D CNC system is all CNC, PLC, HMI and communications tasks integration, is based on the NC system of PROFIBUS. Maintenance-free hardware integration PROFIBUS interface used to drive and I / O module and installed a speed of the operation panel. SINUMERIK 802D CNC control system X, Z axes and knives to the three figures into a spindle axis and. The machine used two I / O modules and machine operator panel PP72/48 MCP. TOOLBOX 802D use in PROGRAMMING TOOL PLC 802 software development PLC control procedures, call the subroutine library PLC SBR32 PLC-INI PLC initialization, SBR33 EMG-STOP exigency stop processing, transmission SBR34 MCP-802D machine control panel corresponding I / O status, NCK-SBR38 MCP MCP machine control panel signal, signal sent to the operation panel HMI NCK interface, SBR39 HANDWHL from the operation panel HMI in the machine coordinates or workpiece coordinate system selection hand wheel, SBR40 AXIS-CTL Feed spindle axis and enable control. The subroutine is the standard lathe control procedures, and so different from the actual situation of the machine, the digital knife-axis, an increase of the number of digital axis. In the machine control panel and feed axis and the spindle can control subroutine will be done in certain modifications. Vertical Turning Center unlike ordinary horizontal lathe, coordinates a different direction, it is also necessary to do subroutine amended accordingly.SIIMODRIVE 611UE variable frequency drive system is a function of the drive system can be configured with SINUMERIK 802D CNC system constitutes an ideal combination. SIIMODRIVE 611UE variable frequency drive system in the machine to meet the dynamic response and speed adjustment range and rotation accuracy characteristics of the requirement to use modular design can be optimized to best independent state. Debugging can drive on a PC using SimoCom U or use of the front of the driver modules for display and keyboard. SimoCom U can be set using drivesand motors and power modules matching the basic parameters of actual under servo motor drive mechanical parts, the SIIMODRIVE 611UE speed controller for automatic optimization of the parameters; can monitor the operational status of drivers, including actual motor current and the actual torque.axis milling spindle and drive systemAnd milling spindle axis drive system using the British company's 590 + Eurotherm Series DC motor speed control device. 590 + series of DC motor speed control device as supporting and control equipment installed in the standard box components and design. AC 380V control devices using the standard three-phase voltage, providing DC output voltage and current for the armature and exciting, applicable to DC Motor control and permanent magnet motor.590 + series of DC motor speed device is used to achieve 32-bit microprocessor, has many advanced features: complex control algorithms; standard software modules and software configuration can control circuit integration of the serial link, and NC transmission devices or other communications systems, advanced to a process system. Axis milling spindle motor and not replaced, the original analog volume control. The spindle motor and non-spindle between 1:1 Direct Connect, spindle SIEMENS installed on the 5000 line TTL pulse incremental encoder. SIIMODRIVE 611UE bus will address the biaxial 12 A feed channel module with the spindle, set a stack axis. Through the SINUMERIK 802D CNC system parameter settings, the use of SimoCom U driver debugging tools adjustment SIIMODRIVE 611UE bus configuration parameters and analog output, analog output interface for a given output spindle speed (±10V), digital Output can be used to simulate the spindle control, WSG interface used to connect a spindle speed encoder feedback, and complete control of spindle configuration.knife Library Systemknife because the original system used for general motors, mechanical transmission ratio 1:360. The mechanical structure of special knives, knife disc in the vertical Z-axis ram, its direction and the B-axis rotation direction of the same. After transformation, using SIIMODRIVE 611UE and a variable frequency drive system FK7 servo motor, a knife to the NC coordinate axis, as increased pulse encoderposition detection devices, digital servo drive system to achieve closed-loop control. The removal of the original five binary cam positioning mechanism. As the knife after the full gravity knives, knife the disk can not achieve balance gravity. Although the movement can knife precise positioning, but the reasons for the deviation of the actual location, location is still used after positioning coordinates movement pin inserted accurate positioning methods.The special machine tool change process, with different vertical lathe general. PLC control ATC procedures are completed the following process: when the knife with X and Z-axis movement a safe place, Z axis, no knife, a machine tool relaxed state. PLC control manipulator out to promote vertical lathe tool to Z axis machine tool after the completion of that process finished with knives. Shirking knife, X and Z-axis movement a safe place, Z axis, a knife, a machine tool clamping state. PLC control mechanical hand outstretched, this tool to relax, manipulator driven vertical lathe tool retractable knife was back on, machine tool, knife disposal process is complete.SINUMERIK 802D CNC system support for the use of M code or user calls T code cycle can be used for machine tool exchange. By setting parameters M activation code, the use of the procedure called M06 fixed exchange cycle enforcement tool. Procedures for the preparation of users cycle through each algorithm to determine the knife knife-axis (B-axis) rotation angle, use of the definition of M ATC activation PLC logic. PLC NC system will be "read to prohibit" buy-signal so that the cycle of a fixed stop. ATC will be mechanical movements M code with a custom implementation of decomposition, such as: M12 dumping knives, M13 with knives. ATC completed, the PLC will be "read prohibits" reset signal so that the fixed cycle continue. In the fixed cycle shown in the preparation of CNC system prompts on the screen to ATC by step.Machine debuggingNC system connecting the various components after the completion of the installation, commissioning start PLC control procedures. Since the equipment is vertical lathe, unlike PLC subroutine library in the lathe applications, it must address the specific conditions of the machine to amend PLC subroutine.Set the knife for B-axis, and the standard procedures only X and Z axis, and the need to increase the B-axis in the MCP plus or minus adding B-axis direction to move the button, the need for SBR34, SBR38, SBR40 such as subroutine. Because it is vertical lathe, X, Z-axis direction to move the plus or minus key MCP and set different standards also needs to be revised. According to MCP on the machine need to design user-defined keys, such as hydraulic launch, hydraulic stop, relax beams, and light beams locking design MCP and machine operator panels PLC control procedures and debugging features to achieve. Fully tested by the use of the subroutine library of subroutines to ensure that the subroutine with the functions of PLC control procedures linked, are correct. Alarm users edit PLC design, machine parameters provided by setting the properties of each alarm. Machine set basic parameters include: PROFIBUS bus configuration, positioning servo drive module, the spindle axis position control and coordinate enable ratio and transmission parameters.In the machine undergone a series of adjustments, NC Machine Tools has basically can be in normal operation. But to make the whole system into the best running state, but also a system parameter optimization work.When the normal operation of the system as a whole, should also coordinate axis corresponding parameters such as optimal adjustment, such as: speed, gain, and the acceleration of the control parameters, in order to enable access to the best system of the state. In the normal operation of machine tools, machine tools should also mechanical parts, such as the vertical axis, the reverse gap, transmission precision measurement adjustments, the mechanical system to the best. Of course, the mechanical adjustments, should also fine-tune system parameters to enable the machine running in the best condition. When the part of the adjustment after the end of the machine through mechanical precision measurement, CNC machine tools needed for the position control system for precision compensation. Reverse clearance compensation for position feedback encoder mounted on the lead screw drive-head, although the slowdown in bins eliminate mechanical part of the reverse gap, but the reverse itself leadscrew gap still exists, the value of the corresponding input system parameters, each reverse operation, the system of compensation. Because long-termuse of the leadscrew wear, the location of the leadscrew pitch and will have a nominal value error, to improve positioning accuracy, the system parameters compensation. According to the production needs of users with the process of transforming machine tools, from SINUMERIK 802D CNC system for the analysis, design and implementation. At present, against the machine mechanical, electrical, various aspects of the system transformation, installation, commissioning work has been completed, samples were processed fully achieve the desired results. Machine Tool has been transformed into normal use, the progressive completion of a number of machining tasks. From the use of the machine running the state, the modified machine compared with the original machine, greatly enhancing the functionality, a high degree of automation. NC powerful features greatly broadened the scope of machining parts. Better guarantee the consistency of the parts processing, and product quality. At the same time a high degree of automation has greatly reduced the labor intensity operations workers, but in the operation of the overall quality of workers has also put forward higher requirements.From the machine operable, compact structure reasonable, displays, switches and indicator of the layout more suitable for the use of operators. At the same time increased by a small handheld unit operations, in order to operate in different state of the operation of a more appropriate choice of location. The hoisting of the entire operating system using TFT LCD, the window menu-operation, not only to reduce the operation buttons, but more simple and easy operation.After transformation, the machine can be maintained and enhanced. NC system for monitoring the work of the state control components and fault and displayed on the monitor in a timely manner, while PLC control applications, so that the whole machine tool control systems greatly simplify the circuit. All this makes machine fault detection and maintenance more convenient and rapid. Secondly, the need to be tested, liquid injection, fuel components are arranged in operation or maintenance staff accessible areas, which will help the day-to-day maintenance.After transformation, the machine reliability greatly improved. NC system, servo control systems, such as the various components of the system are highly integrated computer control system, which makes the whole machine tool control system itselfhas a high reliability. Design and Application of PLC, succeeded in bringing all of the control to the harmonization greatly simplifies the machine control circuit and the necessary components, and more conducive to improving the reliability of the whole system. The completion of the machine tool, not only for users to expand the scope of the processing machine, but also save a lot of money. The success of this transformation for the future transformation of the machine has accumulated a wealth of experience.译文：数控立式车削中心数控化改造用新型SINUMERIK 802D数控系统对使用10多年的SKIQ16 CNC B数控立式车削中心进行数控化改造，机床强大的数控功能极大地拓宽了机床加工零件的范围，更好地保证了零件加工的一致性和产品质量。

常用数控机床维护与维修中英文对照1.absolute dimension（［di’menʃən］尺寸、大小、面积、规格）/2.absolute coordinates（坐标）绝对尺寸/据对坐标值—距坐标系原点的直线距离或角度3. absolute programming 绝对编程—表示用绝对尺寸进行编程4. absolute pulse code 据对位置编码器5. accelerate 加速的6. adapter 适配器7. address 地址一个控制字开始的字符或一组字符，用以辨认其后的数据8. ADI4 Analog Drive Interface for 4 Aixs 四轴模拟驱动接口9. AIHPCC：AI high—precision contour control mode 智能插补高精度轮廓控制方式10. AI NANO：AI nano contour control mode 智能插补纳米精度控制方式11. AICC：AI contour control mode 智能插补轮廓控制方式12. Alarm报警13. alter 取代14. alternative current （AC）交流电15.APCautomatically pallet change 自动托盘交换装置16.arm手臂17.ASCII美国信息交换标准法规18.asynchronism motor 异步电动机19.asynchronism 异步20.ATC automatically tool change 自动刀具交换21.ATC FWD自动刀具交换装置前进22.ATC REV自动刀具交换装置后退23.automatic lathe自动车床24.Axis 轴25.Backlash丝杠反向间隙26.ball screw 滚珠丝杠27.battery,lithium battery 电池，锂电池28.Bearings 轴承29.binary code二进制码30.Block Format程序段格式31. binary 二进制32. Block程序段33.Boring machines 镗床34.Boring—milling 镗铣puter part programming 计算机零件编程36.Buffer缓冲器mand Mode 指令方式38.CAD计算机辅助设计C lathes 数控车床40.CAM计算机辅助制造C grinding machines 数控磨床42.cancel 取消C engraving machines 数控雕刻机44.Character 字符C electric discharge machines 数控电火花机46.Circular Interpolation 圆弧插补C EDM writ—cutting machines数控电火花线切削机48.Clockwise Arc (CW)顺时针圆弧C drilling machines 数控钻床50.Close—loop 闭环51. CNC boring-milling machines 数控镗铣床C bending presses 数控折弯机床C boring machines数控镗床puterized numerical control,CNC计算机数字控制55.gear mechanism齿轮机构 55。

关于数控车床编程外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译英文原文On the NC latheCNC machine tool numerical control machine tools (Computer numerical control machine tools) abbreviation, is provided with a program control system of automatic machine tools. The logic control system can deal with the control code or other symbolic instruction specified program, and decoding the digital code, said information carrier, through the numerical control device input. After processing by CNC device control signals, control the machine movements, by drawing the shape and size requirements, will be automatically processed by the parts.Features: CNC machine tool operation and monitoring of all completed inthe numericalcontrol unit, it is the brain of CNC machine tools. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools has the following characteristics:● the processing object adaptability, adapt to the characteristics of mold products such as a single production, provide the appropriate processing method for die and mould manufacturing; ● high machining accuracy, processing with stable quality; ● can coordinate linkage, processing complex shape parts;● machining parts change, only need to change the program, can save the preparation time of production;● the machine itself high precision, rigidity, can choose the am ount of processing good, high productivity (3~5 times as common machine);The machine is a high degree of automation, reducing labor intensity;● conducive to the production management modernization. The use of CNC machine tools and the standard code of digital information processing, information transmission, the use of computer control method, has laid the foundation for the integration of computer aided design, manufacturing and management;● on the operators of higher quality, higher demands for the repair ofthe technical staff;● high reliability.Composition: CNC machine tools in general by the input medium, man-machine interactive equipment, CNC equipment, feed servo drive system, spindle servo drive system, the auxiliary control device, feedback apparatus and adaptive control device etc.. [4] in NC machining, NC milling processing is the most complex, need to solve most problems. NC programming of NC line in addition to CNC milling, cutting, CNC EDM, CNC lathe, CNC grinding, each with its own characteristics, servo system is the role of the motion signal is convertedinto the machine moving parts from the numerical control device of pulse. Concrete has the following parts: the structure of CNC machine tools.Driver: he is driving parts of CNC machine tools, actuator, including spindle drive unit, feeding unit, spindle motor and feed motor. He through the electric or electro-hydraulic servo system to realize the spindle and feeddrive under the control of numerical control device. When several feed linkage, can complete the positioning, processing line, plane curve and space curve.The main performance (1) the main dimensions. (2) the spindle system. (3) feed system. (4) tool system.(5) electrical. Including the main motor, servo motor specifications and power etc.. (6) cooling system. Including the cooling capacity, cooling pump output. (7) dimensions. Expressed as length * width * height.Development trend of CNC lathe:High speed, precision, complex, intelligent and green is the general trend in the development of CNC machine tool technology, in recent years, made gratifying achievements in practicality and industrialization. Mainly in the:1 machine tool composite technology to further expand with the CNC machine tool technology, composite processing technology matures, including milling - car compound, car millingcompound, car - boring - drill - gear cutting compound, composite grinding, forming, composite processing, precision and efficiency of machining isgreatly improved. \processing factory\the development of compound processing machine tool is the trend of diversified.Intelligent technology 2 CNC machine tools have a new breakthrough, in the performance of NC system has been reflected more. Such as: automaticallyadjust the interference anti-collision function, after the power of workpiece automatically exit safety power-off protection function, machining parts detection and automatic compensation function of learning, high precisionmachining parts intelligent parameter selection function, process automatic elimination of machine vibration functions into the practical stage, intelligent upgrade the function of machine and quality.The 3 robots enable flexible combination of flexible combination of higher efficiency of robot and the host are widely used, make flexible line more flexible, extending the function, flexible line shorten further, more efficient. Robot and machining center, milling composite machine, grinder, gear processing machine tool, tool grinding machine, electric machine, sawing machine, punching machine, laser cutting machine, water cutting machine etc. various forms of flexible unit and flexible production line has already begun the application.4 precision machining technology has the machining precision of CNC metal cutting machine tools from the yarn in the original (0.01mm) up to micronlevel (0.001mm), some varieties has reached about 0.05 μ M. Micro cutting and grinding machining of ultra precision CNC machine tools, precision can reach about 0.05 μ m, shape precision can reach about 0.01 μ M. Special processing precision by using optical, electrical, chemical, energy can reach nanometer level (0.001 μ m). By optimizing the design of machine tool structure, machine tool parts of ultra precision machining and precision assembly, using high precision closed loop control andtemperature, vibration and other dynamic error compensation technology, improve the geometric accuracy of machine tool processing, reduce the shape of error, surface roughness, and into the submicron, nano super finishing tiThe 5 functional component to improve the performance of functional components are at a high speed, high precision, high power and intelligent direction, and obtain the mature application. A full digital AC servo motor and drive device, high technology content of the electric spindle, linear motor, torque motor, linear motion components with high performance, application of high precision spindle unit and other function parts, greatly improving the technical level of CNC machine tools.The feed drive system of CNC lathe: Effect of feed drive system,The feed drive system of CNC machine tools will be received pulse command issued by the numerical control system, and the amplification and conversion machine movements carry the expected movement.Two, the feeding transmission system requirementsIn order to guarantee the machining accuracy of NC machine tool is high,the feed drive system of transmission accuracy, sensitivity high (fast response), stable work, high stiffness and friction and inertia small, service life, and can remove the transmission gap. Category three, feed drive system 1, stepping motor servo system Generally used for NC machine tools. 2, DC servo motor servo systemPower is stable, but because of the brush, the wear resulting in use needto change. Generally used for middle-grade CNC machine tools. 3, AC servomotor servo systemThe application is extremely widespread, mainly used in high-end CNC machine tools. 4, the linear motor servo systemNo intermediate transmission chain, high precision, the feed speed, no length limit; but the poor heat dissipation, protection requirements are particularly high, mainly used for high-speed machine.Driving component four, feed system 1, the ball screw nut pairNC machining, the rotary motion into linear motion, so the use of screwnut transmissionmechanism. NC machine tools are commonly used on the ball screw, as shownin Figure 1-25, it can be a sliding friction into rolling friction, meet the basic requirements of the feed system to reduce friction. The transmissionside of high efficiency, small friction, and can eliminate the gap, no reverse air travel; but the manufacturing cost is high, can not lock, size is not too big, generally used for linear feed in small CNC machine tool. 2, rotary tableIn order to expand the scope of the process of NC machine tools, CNC machine tools in addition to make linear feed along the X, Y, Z three coordinate axes, often also need a circumferential feed movement around Y or Z axis. Circular feed motion of CNC machine tools in general by the rotary table to realize, for machining center, rotary table has become an indispensablepart of. Rotary table of commonly used CNC machine tools in the indexing table and NC rotary table. (1) indexing tableIndexing table can only finish dividing movement, not circular feed, it is in accordance with the instructions in the NC system, when indexing will work together with the workpiece rotation angle. When indexing can also use manual indexing. Provisions of indexing table is generally only rotary angle (such as 90, 60 and 45 degree). (2) NC rotary tableNC rotary table appearance similar to the indexing table, but the internal structure and function is not the same. The main function of the NC rotary table is based on the numerical control device sends command pulse signal, complete circumferential feed movement, various arc processing and surface processing, it can also be graduation work. 3, guideRail is an important part of feed drive system, is one of the basic elements of the structure of machine tool, rigidity, precision and accuracy of NC machine tool which determines to a large extent retention. At present, guide the NC machine tool are sliding rail, rolling guideway and hydrostatic guideway. (1) sliding guideSliding guide rail has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, good stiffness, vibration resistance and high performance, widely used in CNC machine tools, the use of most metal plastic form, known as the plastic guide rail, as shown in figure 1-26.On characteristics of the plastic sliding guide: friction characteristicis good, good wear resistance, stable movement, good manufacturability, low speed. (2) rolling guideRolling guide is placed in the rail surface between the ball, roller or needle roller, roller, the rolling friction instead of sliding surface of the guide rail between wipe.Rolling guide rail and the sliding rail, high sensitivity, small friction coefficient, and the dynamic, static friction coefficient is very small, so the motion is uniform, especially in the low speed movement, the stick-slip phenomenon is not easy to occur; high positioning accuracy,repeatability positioning accuracy is up to 0.2 μ m; traction force is small, wear small, portable in movement; good precision, long service life. But the vibration of rolling guide, high requirements on protection, complicated structure, difficult manufacture, high cost.Automatic tool changer:One, the function of automatic tool changerAutomatic tool changing device can help save the auxiliary time of CNC machine tools, and meet in an installation completed procedure, stepprocessing requirements. Two, on the requirement of automatic tool changerNumerical control machine tool for automatic tool changer requirement is: tool change quickly, time is short, high repetitive positioning accuracy, tool storage capacity is sufficient, small occupation space, stable and reliable work. Three, change the knife form 1, rotary cutter replacementIts structure is similar to the ordinary lathe turret saddle, according to the processing of different objects can be designed into square or six angle form, consists of the NC system sends out the instruction to the rotary cutter.2, the replacement of the spindle head tool changeThe spindle head pre-loaded required tools, in order to machining position, the main motor is switched on, drives the cutter to rotate. The advantage of this method is that eliminates the need for automatic clamping, cutting tool, clamping and cutting tool moving and a series of complex operation, reducetool change time, improve The ATC reliability. 3, the use of changing toolThe processing required tools are respectively arranged in the standard tool, adjust the size of the machine after certain way add to the knife, the exchange device from the knife and the spindle take knife switch.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

外文原文：NC Technology1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our timesResearch and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding, and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:（1）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovationWorldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly.（2）、Improve the precision and research of machine toolingIn order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center, are improving rigidity of the lathe, reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe, repeat precision, working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate, software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.（3）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivityWorld NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft, electrical machinery of straight line, measuring system, NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.（4）、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedlyA、Intelligent research of the numerical control systemMainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control, adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically, since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the electrical machinery parameter; There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monitoring ,etc..B、The numerical control system melts and studies openMainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety, different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, norm, disposing the norm, operation platform, numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instrument, etc. are the core of present research to pass through.C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.2、Classification of the machining center（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up. Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, acommon one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the working bench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece. Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the working bench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally, can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle) of axle process the spiral part at working bench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures, can carry on the processing of most work pieces.Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting, can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest, save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency, reduce the process cost.（2）Classify by craft useIs it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center, horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.（3）Classify by special functionSingle working bench, a pair of working bench machining center;Single axle, dual axle, three axle can change machining center, main shaft of case;Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.3、Development trend of the current numerical control latheAt present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.（1）. The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe, it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile, adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability, namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe working bench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt feedforward control technology, make it lag behind error reduce greatly, thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc.. At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.（2）. Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automatically tofurnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different position of part at the same time. The numerical control system has because adopted many CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out part processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe, realize so-called "the front desk processes, the backstage supporter is an editor ". In order to meet the needs of integrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too.（3）. Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time . Diagnose by oneself, repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipment linking to each other with it at any time. While breaking down, adopt the measure of shutting down etc. immediately, carry on the fault alarm, brief on position, reason to break down, etc.. Can also make trouble module person who take off automatically, put through reserve module ,so as to ensure nobody demand of working environment. For realize high trouble diagnose that requires, its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system.（4）.Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the integration of CAD and CAM. With the development of CIMS technology , the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates has appeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming great differencetheir programming necessary processing technology parameter needn't by artificial to participate in most, get from CAPP database in system directly.（5）. The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time. The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level, will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts, to improve dependability. Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module, standardization, universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenon of the hardware at the same time, make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on. Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing, diagnosing, diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware, software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test, control technology, excess of stroke, knife damages, interfering, cutting out, etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.（6）. Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine, electric device for an organic whole. Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale. And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating system of numerical control miniaturize further. So can install it on the machine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more.本文出自：Shigley J E. Mechanical Engineering Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998译文：数控技术1、当前世界NC机床的研究现状世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。

（数控加工）机械类数控外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控NumericalControlOneofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheareaofadvancedmanufactur ingtechnologiesisnumericalcontrol(NC).PriortotheadventofNC,allmachine toolsweremanualoperatedandcontrolled.Amongthemanylimitationsassoc iatedwithmanualcontrolmachinetools,perhapsnoneismoreprominentthan thelimitationofoperatorskills.Withmanualcontrol,thequalityoftheproducti sdirectlyrelatedtoandlimitedtotheskillsoftheoperator.Numericalcontrolrep resentsthefirstmajorstepawayfromhumancontrolofmachinetools.Numericalcontrolmeansthecontrolofmachinetoolsandothermanufact uringsystemsthoughtheuseofprerecorded,writtensymbolicinstructions.Ra therthanoperatingamachinetool,anNCtechnicianwritesaprogramthatissue soperationalinstructionstothemachinetool,Foramachinetooltobenumeric allycontrolled,itmustbeinterfacedwithadeviceforacceptinganddecodingth ep2ogrammedinstructions,knownasareader.Numericalcontrolwasdevelopedtoovercomethelimitationofhumanop erator,andithasdoneso.Numericalcontrolmachinesaremoreaccuratethanm anuallyoperatedmachines,theycanproducepartsmoreuniformly,theyarefas ter,andthelong-runtoolingcostsarelower.ThedevelopmentofNCledtothede velopmentofseveralotherinnovationsinmanufacturingtechnology:1.Electricaldischargemachining.sercutting.3.Electronbeamwelding.Numericalcontrolhasalsomademachinetoolsmoreversatilethantheirmanuallyoperatedpredecessors.AnNCmachinetoolcanautomaticallyproduc eawidevarietyofpar4s,eachinvolvinganassortmentofundertaketheproducti onofproductsthatwouldnothavebeenfeasiblefromaneconomicperspective usingmanuallycontrolledmachinetoolsandprocesses.Likesomanyadvancedtechnologies,NCwasborninthelaboratoriesofthe MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.TheconceptofNCwasdevelopedinthe early1950swithfundingprovidedbytheU.SAirForce.Initsearlieststages,NCm achineswereabletomakestraightcutsefficientlyandeffectively.However,curvedpathswereaproblembecausethemachinetoolhadtobe programmedtoundertakeaseriesofhorizontalandverticalstepstoproducea curve.Theshorteristhestraightlinesmakingupthestep,thesmootheris4hecu rve.Eachlinesegmentinthestepshadtobecalculated.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentin1959oftheAutomaticallyProgram medTools(APT)languageforNCthatusesstatementssimilartoEnglishlangua getodefinethepartgeometry,describethecuttingtoolconfiguration,andspe cifythenecessarymotions.ThedevelopmentoftheAPTlanguagewasamajors tepforwardinthefurtherdevelopmentofNCtechnology.TheoriginalNCsyste mwerevastlydifferentfromthoseusedpunchedpaper,whichwaslatertorepla cedbymagneticplastictape.Atapereaderwasusedtointerprettheinstruction swrittenonthetapeforthemachine.Together,all/fthisrepresentedgiantstepf orwardinthecontrolofmachinetools.However,therewereanumberofproble mswithNCatthispointinitsdevelopment.Amajorproblemwasthefragilityofthepunchedpapertapemedium.Itwas commonforthepapercontainingtheprogrammedinstructionstobreakortea rduringamachiningprocess,Thisproblemwasexacerbatedbythefactthateac hsuccessivetimeapartwasproducedonamachinetool,thepapertapecarryin gtheprogrammedinstructionshadtorerunthoughtthereader.Ifitwasnecessa rytoproduce100copiesofagivenpart,itwasalsonecessarytorunthepapertap ethoughtthereader100separatetimes.Fragilepapertapessimplycouldnotwi thstandtherigorsofshopfloorenvironmentandthiskindofrepeateduse.Thisledtothedevelopmentofaspecialmagnetictape.Whereasthepapert apecarriedtheprogrammedinstructionsasaseriesofholespunchedinthetap e,theThismostimportantofthesewasthatitwasdifficultorimpossibletochang etheinstructionsenteredonthetape.Tomakeeventhemostminoradjustment sinaprogramofinstructions,itwasnecessarytointerruptmachiningoperation sandmakeanewtape.Itwasalsostillnecessarytorunthetapethoughtthereade rasmanytimesastherewerepartstobeproduced.Fortunately,computertechn ologybecomearealityandsoonsolvedtheproblemsofNC,associatedwithpun chedpaperandplastictape.Thedevelopmentofaconceptknownasnumericalcontrol(DNC)solvethe paperandplastictapeproblemsassociatedwithnumericalcontrolbysimplyeli minatingtapeasthemediumforcarryingtheprogrammedinstructions.Indire ctnumericalcontrol,machinetoolsaretied,viaadatatransmissionlink,toahost computerandfedtothemachinetoolasneededviathedatatransmissionlinkage.Directnumericalcontrolrepresentedamajorstepforwardoverpunchedta peandplastictape.However,itissubjecttothesamelimitationasalltechnologi esthatdependonahostcomputer.Whenthehostcomputergoesdown,thema chinetoolsalsoexperiencedowntime.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentofc omputernumericalcontrol.Thedevelopmentofthemicroprocessorallowedforthedevelopmentofpr ogrammablelogiccontrollers(PLC)andmicrocomputers.Thesetwotechnolo giesallowedforthedevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol(CNC).WithC NC,eachmachinetoolhasaPLCoramicrocomputerthatservesthesamepurpo se.Thisallowsprogramstobeinputandstoredateachindividualmachinetool. CNCsolvedtheproblemsassociateddowntimeofthehostcomputer,butitintr oducedanotherproblemknownasdatamanagement.Thesameprogrammig htbeloadedontendifferentmicrocomputerswithnocommunicationamongt hem.Thisproblemisintheprocessofbeingsolvedbylocalareanetworksthatco nnectDigitalSignalProcessorsTherearenumeroussituationswhereanalogsignalstobeprocessedinma nyways,likefilteringandspectralanalysis,Designinganaloghardwaretoperfo rmthesefunctionsispossiblebuthasbecomelessandpractical,duetoincrease dperformancerequirements,flexibilityneeds,andtheneedtocutdownondev elopment/testingtime.Itisinotherwordsdifficultpmdesignanaloghardware analysisofsignals.Theactofsamplingansignalintothehatarespecialisedforembeddedsignalprocessingoperations,andsuchaprocessoriscalledaDSP,whichstandsforDi gitalSignalProcessor.TodaytherearehundredsofDSPfamiliesfromasmanym anufacturers,eachonedesignedforaparticularprice/performance/usagegro up.Manyofthelargestmanufacturers,likeTexasInstrumentsandMotorola,off erbothspecialisedDSP’sforcertainfieldslikemotor-controlormodems,and generalhigh-performanceDSP’sthatcanperformbroadrangesofprocessin gtasks.Developmentkitsan`softwarearealsoavailable,andtherearecompani esmakingsoftwaredevelopmenttoolsforDSP’sthatallowstheprogrammer toimplementcomplexprocessingalgorithmsusingsimple“drag‘n’drop ”methodologies.DSP’smoreorlessfallintotwocategoriesdependingontheunderlyingar chitecture-fixed-pointandfloating-point.Thefixed-pointdevicesgenerallyo perateon16-bitwords,whilethefloating-pointdevicesoperateon32-40bitsfl oating-pointwords.Needlesstosay,thefixed-pointdevicesaregenerallychea per.Anotherimportantarchitecturaldifferenceisthatfixed-pointprocessorst endtohaveanaccumulatorarchitec ture,withonlyone“generalpurpose”re gister,makingthemquitetrickytoprogramandmoreimportantly,makingC-c ompilersinherentlyinefficient.Floating-pointDSP’sbehavemorelikecomm ongeneral-purposeCPU’s,withregister-files.TherearethousandsofdifferentDSP’sonthemarket,an ditisdifficulttask findingthemostsuitableDSPforaproject.Thebestwayisprobablytosetupaco nstraintandwishlist,andtrytocomparetheprocessorsfromthebiggestmanufacturersagainstit.The“bigfour”manufacturersofDSPs:TexasInstruments,Motorola,AT &TandAnalogDevices.Digital-to-analogconversionInthecaseofMPEG-Audiodecoding,digitalcompresseddataisfedintoth eDSPwhichperformsthedecoding,thenthedecodedsampleshavetobeconv ertedbackintotheanalogdomain,andtheresultingsignalfedanamplifierorsi milaraudioequipment.Thisdigitaltoanalogconversion(DCA)isperformedby acircuitwiththesamename&DifferentDCA’sprovidedifferentperformance andquality,asmeasuredbyTHD(Totalharmonicdistortion),numberofbits,lin earity,speed,filtercharacteristicsandotherthings.TheTMS320familyDQPofTexasInstrumentsTheTLS320familyconsistsoffixed-point,floating-point,multiprocessor digitalsignalprocessors(D[Ps),andfoxed-pointDSPcontrollers.TMS320DSP haveanarchitecturedesignedspecificallyforreal-timesignalprocessing.The ’F/C240isanumberofthe’C2000DSPplatform,andisoptimizedforcontro la pplications.The’C24xseriesofDSPcontrollerscombinesthisreal-timeproce ssingcapabilitywithcontrollerperipheralstocreateanidealsolutionforcontro lsystemapplications.ThefollowingcharacteristicsmaketheTMS320familyth erightchoiceforawiderangeofprocessingapplications:---Veryflexibleinstructionset---Inherentoperationalflexibility---High-speedperformance---Innovativeparallelarchitecture---CosteffectivenessDeviceswithinagenerationoftheTMS320familyhavethesameCPUstruc turebutdifferenton-chipmemoryandperipheralconfigurations.Spin-offdev icesusenewcombinationsofOn-chipmemoryandperipheralstosatisfyawide rangeofneedsintheworldwideelectronicsmarket.Byintegratingmemoryand peripheralsontoasinglechip,TMS320devicesreducesystemcostsandsavecir cuitboardspace.The16-bit,fixed-point DSPcoreofthe‘C24xdevicesprovidesanalogde signersadigitalsolutionthatdoesnotsacrificetheprecisionandperformance oftheirsystemperformancecanbeenhancedthroughtheuseofadvancedcont rolalgorithmsfortechniquessuchasadaptivecontrol,Kalmanfiltering,andsta tecontrol.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerofferreliabilityandprogrammability.Anal ogcontrolsystems,ontheotherhand,arehardwiredsolutionsandcanexperien ceperformancedegradationduetoaging,componenttolerance,anddrift.Thehigh-speedcentralprocessingunit(CPU)allowsthedigitaldesignert oprocessalgorithmsinrealtimeratherthanapproximateresultswithlook-upt ables.TheinstructionsetoftheseDSPcontrollers,whichincorporatesbothsign alprocessinginstructionsandgeneral-purposecontrolfunctions,coupledwit htheextensivedevelopmenttimeandprovidesthesameeaseofuseastradition al8-and16-bitmicrocontrollers.Theinstructionsetalsoallowsyoutoretainyoursoftwareinvestmentwhenmovingfromothergeneral-purpose‘C2xxgen eration,sourcecodecompatiblewiththe’C2xgeneration,andupwardlysour cecodecompatiblewiththe‘C5xgenerationofDSPsfro mTexasInstruments.The‘C24xarchitectureisalsowell-suitedforprocessingcontrolsignals.I tusesa16-bitwordlengthalongwith32-bitregistersforstoringintermediatere sults,andhastwohardwareshiftersavailabletoscalenumbersindependentlyo ftheCPU.Thiscombinationminimizesquantizationandtruncationerrors,andi ncreasesp2ocessingpowerforadditionalfunctions.Suchfunctionsmightincl udeanotchfilterthatcouldcancelmechanicalresonancesinasystemoranesti mationtechniquethatcouldeliminatestatesensorsinasystem.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerstakeadva ntageofansetofperipheralfunction sthatallowTexasInstrumentstoquicklyconfigurevariousseriesmembersfordi fferentprice/performancepointsorforapplicationoptimization.Thislibraryofbothdigitalandmixed-signalperipheralsincludes:---Timers---Serialcommunicationsports(SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digitalconverters(ADC)---Eventmanager---Systemprotection,suchaslow-voltageandwatchdogtimerTheDSPcontrollerperipherallibraryiscontinuallygrowingandchanging tosuittheoftomorrow’sembeddedcontrolmarketplace.TheTMS320F/C240isthefirs tstandarddeviceintroducedinthe‘24xseriesofDSPcontrollers.Itsetsthestandardforasingle-chipdigitalmotorcontrolle r.The‘240canexecute20MIPS.Almostallinstructionsareexecutedinasimple cycleof50ns.Thishighperformanceallowsreal-timeexecutionofverycomple 8controlalgorithms,suchasadaptivecontrolandKalmanfilters.Veryhighsam plingratescanalsobeusedtominimizeloopdelays.The‘240hasthearchitecturalfeaturesnecessaryforhigh-speedsignalp rocessinganddigitalcontrolfunctions,andithastheperipheralsneededtopro videasingle-chipsolutio nformotorcontrolapplications.The‘240ismanufac turedusingsubmicronCMOStechnology,achievingalogpowerdissipationrat ing.Alsoincludedareseveralpower-downmodesforfurtherpowersavings.So meapplicationsthatbenefitfromtheadvancedprocessingpowerofthe‘240i nclude:---Industrialmotordrives---Powerinvertersandcontrollers---Automotivesystems,suchaselectronicpowersteering,antilockbrake s,andclimatecontrol---ApplianceandHVACblower/compressormotorcontrols---Printers,copiers,andotherofficeproducts---Tapedrives,magneticopticaldrives,andothermassstorageproducts ---RoboticandCNCmillingmachinesTofunctionasasystemmanager,aDSPmusthaverobuston-chipI/Oando therperipherals.Theeventmanagerofthe‘240isunlikeanyotheravailableonaDSP.Thisapplication-optimizedperipheralunit,coupledwiththehighperfor manceDSPcore,enablestheuseofadvancedcontroltechniquesforhigh-preci sionandhigh-efficiencyfullvariable-speedcontrolofallmotortypes.Includei ntheeventmanagerarespecialpulse-widthmodulation(PWM)generationfu nctions,suchasaprogrammabledead-bandfunctionandaspacevectorPWMs tatemachinefor3-phasemotorsthatprovidesstate-of-the-artmaximumeffic iencyintheswitchingofpowertransistors.Thereindependentupdowntimers,eachwithit’sowncompareregister, supportthegenerationofasymmetric(noncentered)aswellassymmetric(cen tered)PWMwaveforms.Open-LoopandClosed-LoopControlOpen-loopControlSystemsThewordautomaticimpliesthatthereisacertainamountofsophisticatio ninthecontrolsystem.Byautomatic,itgenerallymeansThatthesystemisusuall ycapableofadaptingtoavarietyofoperatingconditionsandisabletorespondt oaclassofinputssatisfactorily.However,notanytypeofcontrolsystemhasthea ually,theautomaticfeatureisachievedbyfeed.gthefeedbackstructure,itiscalledanopen-loopsystem,whichisthesimp lestandmosteconomicaltypeofcontrolsystem.inaccuracyliesinthefactthato nemaynotknowtheexactcharacteristicsofthefurther,whichhasadefinitebea ringontheindoortemperature.Thisalcopointstoanimportantdisadvantageo ftheperformanceofanopen-loopcontrolsystem,inthatthesystemisnotcapableofadaptingtovariationsinenvironmentalconitionsortoexternaldisturban ces.Inthecaseofthefurnacecontrol,perhapsanexperiencedpersoncanprovi decontrolforacertaindesiredtemperatureinthehouse;butidthedoorsorwin dowsareopenedorclosedintermittentlyduringtheoperatingperiod,thefinal temperatureinsidethehousewillnotbeaccuratelyregulatedbytheopen-loop control.Anelectricwashingmachineisanothertypicalexampleofanopen-loops ystem,becausetheamountofwashtimeisentirelydeterminedbythejudgmen tandestimationofthehumanoperator.Atrueautomaticelectricwashingmach ineshouldhavethemeansofcheckingthecleanlinessoftheclothescontinuous lyandturnitsedtoffwhenthedesireddegisedofcleanlinessisreached.Closed-LoopControlSystemsWhatismissingintheopen-loopcontrolsystemformoreaccurateandmo readaptablecontrolisalinkorfeedbackfromtheoutputtotheinputofthesyste m.Inordertoobtainmoreaccuratebontrol,thecontrolledsignalc(t)mustbefe dbackandcomparedwiththereferenceinput,andanactuatingsignalproporti onaltothedifferenceoftheoutputandtheinputmustbesentthroughthesyste mtocorrecttheerror.Asystemwithoneormorefeedbackpat(slikethatjustdesc ribediscalledaclosed-loopsystem.humanbeingareprobablythemostcompl exandsophisticatedfeedbackcontrolsysteminexistence.Ahumanbeingmay beconsideredtobeacontrolsystemwithmanyinputsandoutputs,capableofc arryingouthighlycomplexoperations.Toillustratethehumanbeingasafeedbackcontrolsystem,letusconsidert hattheobjectiveistoreachforanobjectonaperformthetask.Theeyesserveasa sensingdevicewhichfeedsbackcontinuouslythepositionofthehand.Thedist ancebetweenthehandandtheobjectistheerror,whichiseventuallybroughtto zeroasthehandreachertheobject.Thisisatypicalexampleofclosed-loopcontr ol.However,ifoneistoldtoreachfortheobjectandthenisblindolded,onecano nlyreachtowardtheobjectbyestimatingitsexactposition.ItisAsantherillustra tiveexampleofaclosed-loopcontrolsystem,showstheblockdiagramoftheru ddercontrolsystemofThebasicalementsandtheblocadiagramofaclosed-loo pcontrolsystemareshowninfig.Ingeneral,theconfigurationofafeedbackcon trolsystemmaynotbeconstrainedtothatoffig&.Incomplexsystemstheremay bemultitudeoffeedbackloopsandelementblocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之壹是数控（NC）。

外文资料First, CNC of the need for transformation1.1, microscopic view of the necessity ofFrom the micro perspective, CNC machine tools than traditional machines have the following prominent superiority, and these advantages are from the NC system includes computer power.1.1.1 can be processed by conventional machining is not the curve, surface and other complex partsBecause computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculated instantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous, it can compound into complex curves and surfaces.1.1.2 automated processing can be achieved, but also flexible automation to increase machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times.Because computers are memory and storage capacity, can be imported and stored procedures remember down, and then click procedural requirements to implement the order automatically to achieve automation. CNC machine tool as a replacement procedures, we can achieve another work piece machining automation, so that single pieces and small batch production can be automated, it has been called "flexible automation."1.1.3 high precision machining parts, the size dispersion of small, easy to assemble, no longer needed "repair."1.1.4 processes can be realized more focused, in part to reduce the frequent removal machine.1.1.5 have automatic alarm, automatic control, automatic compensation, and other self-regulatory functions, thus achieving long unattended processing.1.1.6 derived from the benefits of more than five.Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers, save the labor force (onecan look after more than one machine), a decrease of tooling, shorten Trial Production of a new product cycle and the production cycle, the market demand for quick response, and so on.These advantages are our predecessors did not expect, is a very major breakthrough. In addition, CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible Manufacturing Cell), FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), and other enterprises, the basis of information transformation. NC manufacturing automation technology has become the core technology and basic technology.1.2, the macro view of the necessityFrom a macro perspective, the military industrial developed countries, the machinery industry, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, has begun a large-scale application of CNC machine tools. Its essence is the use of information technology on the traditional industries (including the military, the Machinery Industry) for technological transformation. In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNC machine tools, FMC, FMS, but also included in the product development in the implementation of CAD, CAE, CAM, virtual manufacturing and production management in the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System), CIMS, and so on. And the products that they produce an increase in information technology, including artificial intelligence and other content. As the use of information technology to foreign forces, the depth of Machinery Industry (referred to as information technology), and ultimately makes their products in the international military and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger. And we in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about 20 years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, the proportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1.9 percent, while Japan in 1994 reached 20.8 percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical and electrical products. This also explains the macro CNC transformation of the need.Second, CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation of the market2.1, CNC transformation of the marketMy current machine total more than 380 million units, of which only the total number of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan, or that China's CNC rate of less than 3 percent. Over the past 10 years, China's annual output of about 0.6 CNC machine tools to 0.8 million units, an annual output value of about 1.8 billion yuan. CNC machine tools annual rate of 6 per cent. China's machine tool easements over age 10 account for more than 60% below the 10 machines, automatic / semi-automatic machine less than 20 per cent, FMC / FMS, such as a handful more automated production line (the United States and Japan automatic and semi-automatic machine, 60 percent above). This shows that we the majority of manufacturing industries and enterprises of the production, processing equipment is the great majority of traditional machine tools, and more than half of military age is over 10 years old machine. Processing equipment used by the prevalence of poor quality products, less variety, low-grade, high cost, supply a long period, in view of the international and domestic markets, lack of competitiveness, and a direct impact on a company's products, markets, efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises. Therefore, we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools.2.2, import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NC marketSince China's reform and opening up, many foreign enterprises from the introduction of technology, equipment and production lines for technological transformation. According to incomplete statistics, from 1979 to 1988 10, the introduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446, about 16.58 billion US dollars.These projects, the majority of projects in China's economic construction play a due role. Some, however, the introduction of projects due to various reasons, not equipment or normal operation of the production line, and even paralyzed, and the effectiveness of enterprises affected by serious enterprise is in trouble. Some of the equipment, production lines introduced from abroad, the digestion and absorption of some bad, spare parts incomplete, improper maintenance, poor operating results; onlypay attention to the introduction of some imported the equipment, apparatus, production lines, ignore software, technology, and management, resulting in items integrity, and potential equipment can not play, but some can not even start running, did not play due role, but some production lines to sell the products very well, but not because of equipment failure production standards; because some high energy consumption, low pass rate products incur losses, but some have introduced a longer time, and the need for technological upgrading. Some of the causes of the equipment did not create wealth, but consumption of wealth.These can not use the equipment, production lines is a burden, but also a number of significant assets in stock, wealth is repaired. As long as identifying the main technical difficulties, and solve key technical problems, we can minimize the investment and make the most of their assets in stock, gain the greatest economic and social benefits. This is a great transformation of the market.Third, NC transformation of the content and gifted missing3.1, the rise of foreign trade reformIn the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, and their machine transform ation as new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in a golden age. The machine, as well as technology continues to progress, is a machine of the "eternal" issue. China's machine tool industry transformation, but also from old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with CNC machine tools and technological transformation of production lines vast market, has formed a CNC machine tools and production lines of the new industry. In the United States, transforming machine tool industry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry. Renewable industry in the famous companies: Borsches engineering company, atoms machine tool company, Devlieg-Bullavd (Bo) services group, US equipment companies. Companies in the United States-run companies in China. In Japan, the machine tool industry transformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry. Conversion industry in the famous companies: Okuma engineering group, Kong 3 Machinery Company, Chiyoda Engineering Company, Nozaki engineering company, Hamada engineeringcompanies, Yamamoto Engineering Company.3.2, the content of NCMachine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of the following:One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools, production line of the fault diagnosis and recovery; second NC, in the ordinary machine augends significant installations, or additions to NC system, transformed into NC machine tools, CNC machine tools; its Third, renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency and the degree of automation, mechanical, electrical part of the renovation, re-assembly of mechanical parts processing, restore the original accuracy of their production requirements are not satisfied with the latest CNC system update; Fourth, the technology updates or technical innovation, to enhance performance or grades, or for the use of new technology, new technologies, based on the original technology for large-scale update or technological innovation, and more significantly raise the level, and grades of upgrading.3.3, NC transformation of the gifted missing3.3.1 reduce the amount of investment, shorter delivery timeCompared with the purchase of new machine, the general can save 60% to 80% of the costs and transforming low-cost. Especially for large, special machine tools particularly obvious. General transformation of large-scale machine, spent only the cost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3, short delivery time. But some special circumstances, such as high-speed spindle, automatic tray switching systems and the production of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 times compared with the purchase of new machine, only about 50 percent of savings investment.3.3.2 stable and reliable mechanical properties, structure limitedBy the use of bed, column, and other basic items are heavy and solid casting components, rather than kind of welding components of the machine after the high-performance, quality, and can continue to use the new equipment for many years. But by the mechanical structure of the original restrictions, it is not appropriate to thetransformation of a breakthrough.3.3.3 become familiar with the equipment, ease of operation and maintenanceThe purchase of new equipment, new equipment do not know whether to meet the processing requirements. Transformation is not, can be used to calculate the machine processing capacity; In addition, since the use of many years, the operator of the machine has long been understood that in the operation, use and maintenance of the training time is short, quick. Transformation of the machine tools installed, we can achieve full load operation.3.3.4 can take full advantage of the existing conditionsTake full advantage of the existing foundation, not like buying new equipment as necessary to build a foundation.3.3.5 can be used as control technologyAccording to the development speed of technological innovation and in a timely manner increased level of automation in production equipment and efficiency, improve the quality of equipment and grades, and the old machine will be replaced by the current level of machine.Fourth, the main steps of CNC machine tools4.1, for the determination of transformationThrough analysis of the feasibility of transforming the future, we can against a Taiwan or a few machines determine the current status of reform programmes, which are generally include:4.1.1 mechanical and electrical repair of combiningGenerally speaking, the need for a transformation of the electrical machine, are subject to mechanical repairs. Repairs to determine the requirements, scope, content must be decided by electrical machinery required to transform the structure of the request; transformation to determine electrical and mechanical repair, alteration between the staggered time requirements. The mechanical properties of intact electrical transform the basis of success.4.1.2 easy first, and to the overall situation after the first localThe removal of the original system must control the original drawings, carefully, to make drawings in a timely manner marked to prevent the demolition or omission (of local circumstances). In the process of demolition will discover some new system design in the gaps, and that should be promptly added, removed and parts of the system should be disaggregated, safekeeping, in case of failure or partial failure reinstated. There is a definite value, and can be used for spare parts for other machines. Must not extravagantly used and misplaced.4.2 reasonable arrangements for a new location and routing systemUnder the new system design drawings and reasonable new system configurations, including fixed box, panel installation, alignments, and the fixed position adjustment components, sealing and necessary, such as decoration. Connection must be a clear division of work, it was reviewed inspection to ensure connectivity of norms, diameter appropriate, accurate, reliable handsome.4.3 DebuggingCommissioning must be identified in advance by the steps and requirements. Debugging should be cool-headed, keep records, in order to identify a nd solve problems. Commissioning of the first test sensitivity security protection systems to prevent physical, equipment accidents. Debugging the scene must be cleaned, no superfluous items; coordinates extension units in the campaign centre of the whole trip; empty can test, first empty after loading; can simulate the test, after the first real dynamic simulation; can manually the upper hand After moving automatically.4.4, acceptance and post-workAcceptance of the work to employ the staff to join, has been developed in accordance with the acceptance criteria. The transformation of the late work is also very important, it is conducive to enhancing the level of technical projects and equipment as soon as possible so that production. Acceptance and post include:4.4.1 machine mechanical properties acceptanceAfter mechanical repairs and maintenance as well as a full transformation, the mechanical properties of the machine tools should meet the requirement, in the geometric accuracy should be within the limits prescribed.4.4.2 electrical control function and control accuracy acceptanceElectrical control the various functions of action must be normal, sensitive and reliable. Application control accuracy of the system itself functions (such as stepping dimensions, etc.) and standard measurement apparatus (such as laser interferometer, coordinate measurement machines) inspection, the scope of accuracy achieved. At the same time also and the transformation of the former machine tool accuracy of the various functions and to contrast, poor access to quantifiable indicators.4.4.3 specimen cutting AcceptanceYou can refer to the CNC machine tool cutting at home and abroad specimen standards, qualified operatives, with the programming staff to test cutting. Acceptance specimen cutting machine stiffness can be cutting, noise, trajectory, and other related actions, the general should not be used for product components specimen use.4.4.4 drawings, information acceptanceMachine transformation of the latter should be timely drawings (including schematics, layout plans, wiring diagram, ladder diagram, etc.), information (including various brochures), the transformation of files (including the transformation before and after the various records) summary, collating, transfer to stall. Maintain data integrity, effective, continuous, and that the future stability of the equipment running is very important.4.4.5 summing up, enhancingAfter the end of each should be promptly summed up, helps improve the operational level of technical personnel, but also conducive to the whole enterprise technical progress.中文译文一、机床数控化改造的必要性1.1、微观看改造的必要性从微观上看，数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性，而且这些优越性均来自数控系统所包含的计算机的威力。

数控机床外文文献翻译、中英文翻译原文一CNC machine toolsOutdate, J. and Joe, J. Configuration Synthesis of Machining Centers with Tool，JohnWiley & sons, 2001While the specific intention and application for CNC machines vary from one machine type to another, all forms of CNC have common benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by CNC equipment.The first benefit offered by all forms of CNC machine tools is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing work pieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many CNC machines can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the CNC user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each work piece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing work pieces with conventional machine tools.The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent and accurate work pieces. T oday's CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical work pieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency.A third benefit offered by most forms of CNC machine toolsis flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different workpiece is almost as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with today's just-in-time (JIT) product requirements.Motion control - the heart of CNCThe most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner2. All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed commands. Generally speaking, the motion type (rapid, linear, and circular), the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (federate) are programmable with almost all CNC machine tools.A CNC command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw.And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedbackdevice (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3. Refer to fig.1.fig.1 typical drive system of a CNC machine toolThough a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a CNC machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis.How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systemsIt would be infeasible for the CNC user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount4. (This would be like having to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all CNC controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more logical way by utilizing some form of coordinate system. The two most popular coordinate systems used with CNC machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system.The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in a CNC program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a common location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed forthe program can be taken directly from the print.With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one inch to the right of the program zero point, X1.0 is commanded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner. Refer to fig.2, 3.fig.2, 3.Understanding absolute versus incremental motionAll discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most common CNC word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion.In the incremental mode (commonly specified by G91), endpoints for motions are specified from the tool's current position, not from program zero. With this method of commanding motion, the programmer must always be asking "How far should I move the tool?" While there are times when the incremental mode can be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode.Be careful when making motion commands. Beginners have the tendency to think incrementally. If working in the absolute mode (as beginners should), the programmer should always be asking "To what position should the tool be moved?" This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position.Aside from making it very easy to determine the current position for any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one command of the program, only one movement will be incorrect. On the other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect.Assigning program zeroKeep in mind that the CNC control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one CNC machine and control to another8. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possiblyat the beginning of each tool.Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Refer to fig.4. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets.fig.4 assign program zero through G54Flexible manufacturing cellsA flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS:1.An FMC is not under the direct control of thecentral computer. Instead, instructions from the centralcomputer are passed to the cell controller.2.The cell is limited in the number of part families itcan manufacture.The following elements are normally found in an FMC:Cell controllerProgrammable logic controller (PLC)More than one machine toolA materials handling device (robot or pallet)The FMC executes fixed machining operations with parts flowing sequentially between operations.High speed machiningThe term High Speed Machining (HSM) commonly refers to end milling at high rotational speeds and high surface feeds. For instance, the routing of pockets in aluminum airframe sections with a very high material removal rate1. Refer to fig.5 for the cutting data designations and for mulas. Over the past 60 years, HSM has been applied to a wide range of metallic and non-metallic workpiece materials, including the production of components with specific surface topography requirements and machining of materials with hardness of 50 HRC and above. With most steel components hardened to approximately 32-42 HRC, machining options currently include:Fig.5 cutting datarough machining and semi-finishing of the material in its soft (annealed) condition heat treatment to achieve the final required hardness = 63 HRC machining of electrodes and Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of specific parts of dies and moulds (specifically small radii and deep cavities with limited accessibility for metal cutting tools) finishing and super-finishing of cylindrical/flat/cavity surfaces with appropriate cemented carbide, cermets, solid carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN)For many components, the production process involves acombination of these options and in the case of dies and moulds it also includes time consuming hand finishing. Consequently, production costs can be high and lead times excessive.It is typical in the die and mould industry to produce one or just a few tools of the same design. The process involves constant changes to the design, and because of these changes there is also a corresponding need for measuring and reverse engineering.The main criteria are the quality level of the die or mould regarding dimensional, geometric and surface accuracy. If the quality level after machining is poor and if it cannot meet the requirements, there will be a varying need of manual finishing work. This work produces satisfactory surface accuracy, but it always has a negative impact on the dimensional and geometric accuracy.One of the main aims for the die and mould industry has been, and still is, to reduce or eliminate the need for manual polishing and thus improve the quality and shorten the production costs and lead times.Main economical and technical factors for the development of HSMSurvivalThe ever increasing competition in the marketplace is continually setting new standards. The demands on time and cost efficiency is getting higher and higher. This has forced the development of new processes and production techniques to take place. HSM provides hope and solutions...MaterialsThe development of new, more difficult to machine materials has underlined the necessity to find new machining solutions.The aerospace industry has its heat resistant and stainless steel alloys. The automotive industry has different bimetal compositions, Compact Graphite Iron and an ever increasing volume of aluminum3. The die and mould industry mainly has to face the problem of machining high hardened tool steels, from roughing to finishing.QualityThe demand for higher component or product quality is the result of ever increasing competition. HSM, if applied correctly, offers a number of solutions in thisarea. Substitution of manual finishing is one example, which is especially important on dies and moulds or components with a complex 3D geometry.ProcessesThe demands on shorter throughput times via fewer setups and simplified flows (logistics) can in most cases, be solved by HSM. A typical target within the die and mould industry is to completely machine fully hardened small sized tools in one setup. Costly and time consuming EDM processes can also be reduced or eliminated with HSM.Design & developmentOne of the main tools in today's competition is to sell products on the value of novelty. The average product life cycle on cars today is 4 years, computers and accessories 1.5 years, hand phones 3 months... One of the prerequisites of this development of fast design changes and rapid product development time is the HSM technique.Complex productsThere is an increase of multi-functional surfaces on components, such as new design of turbine blades giving newand optimized functions and features. Earlier designs allowed polishing by hand or with robots (manipulators). Turbine blades with new, more sophisticated designs have to be finished via machining and preferably by HSM . There are also more and more examples of thin walled workpiece that have to be machined (medical equipment, electronics, defense products, computer parts).Production equipmentThe strong development of cutting materials, holding tools, machine tools, controls and especially CAD/CAM features and equipment, has opened possibilities that must be met with new production methods and techniques5.Definition of HSMSalomon's theory, "Machining with high cutting speeds..." on which, in 1931, took out a German patent, assumes that "at a certain cutting speed (5-10 times higher than in conventional machining), the chip removal temperature at the cutting edge will start to decrease...".See fig.6.Fig.6 chip removal temperature as a result of the cutting speedGiven the conclusion:" ... seems to give a chance to improve productivity in machining with conventional tools at high cutting speeds..."Modern research, unfortunately, has not been able to verifythis theory totally. There is a relative decrease of the temperature at the cutting edge that starts at certain cutting speeds for different materials.The decrease is small for steel and cast iron. But larger for aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The definition of HSM must be based on other factors.Given today's technology, "high speed" is generally accepted to mean surface speeds between 1 and 10 kilometers perminute, or roughly 3 300 to 33 000 feet per minute. Speeds above 10 km/min are in the ultra-high speed category, and are largely the realm of experimental metal cutting. Obviously, the spindle rotations required to achieve these surface cutting speeds are directly related to the diameter of the tools being used. One trend which is very evident today is the use of very large cutter diameters for these applications - and this has important implications for tool design.There are many opinions, many myths and many different ways to define HSM. Maintenance and troubleshooting Maintenance for a horizontal MCThe following is a list of required regular maintenance for a Horizontal Machining Center as shown in fig.7. Listed are the frequency of service, capacities, and type of fluids required. These required specifications must be followed in order to keep your machine in good working order and protect your warranty.Fig. 7 horizontal machining centerDailyTop off coolant level every eight hour shift (especially during heavy TSC usage).Check way lube lubrication tank level.Clean chips from way covers and bottom pan.Clean chips from tool changer.Wipe spindle taper with a clean cloth rag and apply light oil.WeeklyCheck for proper operation of auto drain on filter regulator. See fig. 8Fig. 8 way lube and pneumaticsOn machines with the TSC option, clean the chip basket on the coolant tank.Remove the tank cover and remove any sediment inside the tank. Be careful to disconnect the coolant pump from the controller and POWER OFF the control before working on the coolant tank. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option.Check air gauge/regulator for 85 psi.For machines with the TSC option, place a dab of grease on the V-flange of tools. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option.Clean exterior surfaces with mild cleaner. DO NOT usesolvents.Check the hydraulic counterbalance pressure according to the machine's specifications.Place a dab of grease on the outside edge of the fingers of the tool changer and run through all tools".MonthlyCheck oil level in gearbox. Add oil until oil begins dripping from over flow tube at bottom of sump tank.Clean pads on bottom of pallets.Clean the locating pads on the A-axis and the load station. This requires removing the pallet.Inspect way covers for proper operation and lubricate with light oil, if necessary.Six monthsReplace coolant and thoroughly clean the coolant tank.Check all hoses and lubrication lines for cracking.AnnuallyReplace the gearbox oil. Drain the oil from the gearbox, and slowly refill it with 2 quarts of Mobil DTE 25 oil.Check oil filter and clean out residue at bottom for the lubrication chart.Replace air filter on control box every 2 years.Mineral cutting oils will damage rubber based components throughout the machine.TroubleshootingThis section is intended for use in determining the solution to a known problem. Solutions given are intended to give the individual servicing the CNC a pattern to follow in, first, determining the problem's source and, second, solving the problem.Use common senseMany problems are easily overcome by correctly evaluating the situation. All machine operations are composed of a program, tools, and tooling. You must look at all three before blaming one as the fault area. If a bored hole is chattering because of an overextended boring bar, don't expect the machine to correct the fault.Don't suspect machine accuracy if the vise bends the part. Don't claim hole miss-positioning if you don't first center-drill the hole.Find the problem firstMany mechanics tear into things before they understand the problem, hoping that it will appear as they go. We know this from the fact that more than half of all warranty returned parts are in good working order. If the spindle doesn't turn, remember that the spindle is connected to the gear box, which is connected to the spindle motor, which is driven by the spindle drive, which is connected to the I/O BOARD, which is driven by the MOCON, which is driven by the processor. The moral here is doing replace the spindle drives if the belt is broken. Find the problem first; don't just replace the easiest part to get to.Don tinker with the machineThere are hundreds of parameters, wires, switches, etc., that you can change in this machine. Don't start randomly changing parts and parameters. Remember, there is a good chance that if you change something, you will incorrectly install it or break something else in the process6. Consider for a moment changing the processor's board. First, you have to download all parameters, remove a dozen connectors, replace the board, reconnect and reload, and if you make one mistake or bend one tiny pin itWON'T WORK. You always need to consider the risk of accidentally damaging the machine anytime you work on it. It is cheap insurance to double-check a suspect part before physically changing it. The less work you do on the machine the better.译文一数控机床虽然各种数控机床的功能和应用各不相同，但它们有着共同的优点。

外文翻译NUMERICAL CONTROLNumerical control(N／C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbols．The numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job．When the job changes，the program of instructions is changed．The capability to change the program is what makes N／C suitable for low-and medium-volume production．It is much easier to write programs th an to make major alterations of the processing equipment．There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring)．Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors，with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement，or while only one motor is running．Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring．The N／C system consists of the following comp onents：data input，the tape reader with the control unit，feedback devices，and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N／C equipment．Data input，also called “man—to—control link”，may be provided to the machine tool manually，or entirely by automatic means．Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs．Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials，pushbuttons，switches，or thumbwheel selectors．These are located on a console near t he machine．Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer．In most cases，pushbuttons，switches，and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devices．Manual input requires that the operator set the controls fo r each operation．It is a slow and tediousprocess and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases．In practically all cases，information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards，punched tapes，or by magnetic tape．Eight—channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N／C systems．The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks．Each block represents a machine function，a machining operation，or a combination of the two．The entire N／C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks．Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film．Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop．Once installed，the tape is used again and again without further handling．In this case，the operator simply loads and unloads the parts．Punched tapes ale prepared on typ e writers with special tape—punching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer system．Tape production is rarelyerror-free．Errors may be initially caused by the part programmer，in card punching or compilation，or as a result of physical damage to the tape during handling，etc．Several trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape．While the data on the tape is fed automatically，the actual programming steps ale done manually．Before the coded tape may be prepared，the programmer，often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate N／C machine tool，determine the kind of material to be machined，calculate the speeds and feeds，and decide upon the type of tooling needed. The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the program．A program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence ofoperations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specifications．The control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulated．It then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motions．The function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone，where，as each digit is dialed，it is stored．When the entire number has been dialed，the equipment becomes activated and the call is completed．Silicon photo diodes，located in the tape reader head on the control unit，detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tape．The light beams are converted to electrical energy，which is amplified to further strengthen the signal．The signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drives．Some photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per second．High reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machine—tool motion；otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operations．The reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the data．A feedback device is a safeguard used on some N／C installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine tool．An N ／C machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop system．Positioning control is accomplished by a sensor which，during the actual operation，records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unit．Signals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape，and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectified．In an alternative system，called an open—loop system，the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllers．There are three basic types of NC motions, as follows: Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements (tools, table, etc.) are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performed after the motion s are completed. The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant; only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled. This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, t apping, or boring operations must be performed at various locations on the work piece. Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parall el or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined. This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control. Machines with this form of control are also capable ofpoint-to-point control.Continuous Path or Contouring Control In continuous path control the motions of two or more of the machine axes are controlled simultaneously, so that the position and velocity of the can be tool are changed continuously. In this way curves and surfaces can be machined at a controlled feed rate. It is the function of the interpolator in the controller to determine the increments of the individual controlled axes of the machines necessary to produce the desired motion. This type of control is referred to as continuous control or a full axis of control.Some terminology concerning controlled motions for NC machines has been introduced. For example, some machines are referred to asfour-or five-or even six-axis machines. For a vertical milling machine three axes of control are fairly obvious, these being the usual X, Y, Z coordinate directions. A fourth or fifth axis of control would imply some form of rotary table to index the work piece or possibly to provide angular motion of the work head. Thus, in NC terminology an axis of control is any controlled motion of the machine elements (spindles, tables, etc). A further complication is use of the term half-axis of control; for example, many milling machines are referred to as 2.5-axis machine. This means that continuous control is possib le for two motions (axes) and only linear control is possible for the third axis. Applied to vertical milling machines, 2.5axis control means contouring in the X, Y plane and linear motion only in the Z direction. With these machines three-dimensional objects have to be machined with water lines around the surface at different heights. With an alternative terminology the same machine could be called a 2CL machine (C for continuous, L for linear control). Thus, a milling machine with continuous control in th e X, Y, Z directions could be termed be a three-axis machine or a 3c machine, Similarly, lathes are usually two axis or 2C machines. The degree of work precision depends almost entirely upon the accuracy of the lead screw and the rigidity of the machine st ructure．With this system．there is no self-correcting action or feedback of information to the control unit．In the event of an unexpected malfunction，the control unit continues to put out pulses of electrical current．If，for example，the table on a N／C milling machine were suddenly to become overloaded，no response would be sent back to the controller．Because stepping motors are not sensitive to load variations，many N／C systems are designed to permit the motors to stall when the resisting torque exceeds the motor torque．Other systems are in use，however，which in spite of the possibility of damage to the machine structure or to the mechanical system，ale designed with special high—torque steppingmotors．In this case，the motors have sufficient capacity to “overpower” the system in the event of almost any contingency．The original N／C used the closed—loop system．Of the two systems，closed and open loop，closed loop is more accurate and，as a consequence，is generally more expensive．Initially，open—loop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motors．Recent advances in the development of electro hydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machin e load applications．数控技术数控是可编程自动化技术的一种形式，通过数字、字母和其他符号来控制加工设备。

Development and maintenance of CNC technology Numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge enabling technology, industry and the most basic equipment. The world information industry, biological industry, aviation, aerospace and other defense industry widely used numerical techniques to improve manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the adaptability of the market and competitiveness. Industrial countries and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as countries of strategic materials, not only to develop their own numerical control technology and industry, and in "sophisticated" technology and equipment, numerical control key aspects of the policy of closures and restrictions. Therefore, efforts to develop advanced numerical control technology as the core manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance the comprehensive national strength and an important way to statehood.Part I: the development of CNC machine tools trends in individual1. High speed, high accuracy, high reliabilityHigh speed: To improve the speed and increase feed spindle speed.High precision: the precision from micron to sub-micron level, and even the nano-level (high reliability: the reliability of numerical control system generally higher than the reliability of numerical control equipment more than an order of magnitude, but not the higher the better reliability because the goods by the cost performance constraints.2. CompositeComposite function CNC machine tool development, its core is in a single machine to complete the turning, milling, drilling, tapping, reaming and reaming and other operating procedures, thereby increasing the efficiency and precision machine tools to improve production flexibility.3. IntelligentIntelligent content included in all aspects of the numerical control system: the pursuit of processing efficiency and processing quality of intelligence; to improve the performance and the use of convenient connections and other aspects of intelligence; simplify programming, simplifying operational intelligence; also like the intelligent automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, as well as intelligent diagnostics, intelligent monitoring and other aspects, to facilitate system diagnostics and maintenance.4. Flexible, integratedThe world of CNC machine tools to the development trend of flexible automation systems are: from the point (CNC single, composite machining centers and CNC machine tools), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to the surface (Section workshop independent manufacturing island FA) , body (CIMS, distributed network integrated manufacturing system) direction, the other to focus on applied and economic direction. Flexible automation technology is the industry to adapt to dynamic market demands and quickly update the primary means of product is the main trend of national manufacturing industry is the basis for the field of advanced manufacturing technology.Second, personalization is the adaptability of the market trendsToday's market, gradually formed the pattern of international cooperation, the products becoming more competitive, efficient and accurate processing of the escalating demand means, the user's individual requirements become increasingly strong, professional, specialization, more and more high-tech machine tools by the users of all ages.Third, the open architecture trend isThe core of a new generation of CNC system development is open. Open software platform and hardware platforms are open systems, modular, hierarchical structure, and through out the form to provide a unified application interface.CNC system to address the closure of the traditional CNC applications and industrial production problems. At present, many countries of open CNC system, CNC system has become an open numerical control system of the future of the road. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is nearly two years of a new focus. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also achieve new manufacturing model, such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing the base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad, and CNC CNC machine tools manufacturing company inPart II: Machine MaintenanceCNC machine tools is electronic technology, measurement technology, automation technology, semiconductor technology, computer technology and electrical technology, and integrated set of automation equipment, high precision, high efficiency and high flexibility. CNC machine tools is a process control equipment and asked him in real-time control of the accuracy of every moment of work, any part of the fault and failure, so that the machine will shut down, resulting in production stoppages, which seriously affected and restricted the production efficiency . CNC machine tools in many industries to work the device is critical, if not after a failure in its maintenance and troubleshooting time, it will cause greater economic losses. Therefore, the principle that complex numerical control system, structure, maintenance of sophisticated equipment is necessary. CNC machine tools to enhance fault diagnosis and maintenance of power, can improve the reliability of CNC machine tools, CNC machine tools is conducive to the promotion and use.CNC machine tools is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, gas combination of complex equipment, though the reasons for failure vary, but the failure occurred, the general idea of the steps are the same. Fails,Spindle start below to stop immediately after the fault diagnosis of CNC machine tools as an example the general process.First, the fault-site investigation. The survey content includes 1, 2 types of failure, the failure frequency of 3, 4, external conditions, the operating conditions 5, 6, machine conditions, the functioning of 7, wiring between machine tools and systems 8, CNC equipment visual inspection. After an investigation, such failure is spindle class failure, only once, outside of all normal, the operator of a boot to reflect this situation.Second, the fault information collation, analysis. For some simple fault, because not alot of time, the method can be used form of logical reasoning, analysis, identification and troubleshooting. After a failed on-site investigation for several reasons we suspect that the system output pulse ①②drive is not enough time to move the state line to control the spindle components ③④damage to the spindle motor short-circuit, causing the spindle thermal relay protection ⑤ not with self-control loop lock circuits, and the parameter is set to pulse signal output, so that the spindle can not operate normally. Identify possible reasons to rule out one by one.Third, conduct fault diagnosis and troubleshooting.Diagnosis usually follows the following principles: 1, after the first outside inside. Reliable line of modern CNC system increasingly high failure rate of CNC system itself less and less, and most are non-occurrence of failure causes the system itself. The CNC machine is a mechanical, hydraulic, electrical as one of the tools, the occurrence of the fault will be reflected by these three comprehensive, maintenance personnel should be from outside to inside one by one investigation to avoid arbitrary unsealed, demolition, otherwise expand the malfunction, so that the loss of precision machine tools, slow performance, outside the system detected the fault is due to open one by one, hydraulic components, pneumatic components, electrical actuators, mechanical devices caused problems. 2, the first after the electrical machinery. In general, the mechanical failure easier to find, and numerical control system and electrical fault diagnosis more difficult, before the troubleshooting to rule out mechanical failure of the first 3, after the first static dynamic. Power off the machine first, quiescent state, through understanding, observation, testing, analysis, confirm the power failure will not result in expansion of the incident only after the power to the machine, run the state, the dynamic of observation, inspection and testing, to find fault. While after the devastating power failure, you must first rule out the danger, before electricity. 4, after the first simple and complex. When multiple failures are intertwined, and sometimes impossible to start with, we should first solve the problem easily, then solve the difficult problem, often a simple problem to solve, the difficulty of the problem may also become easier.CNC machine tools in the fault detection process, should make full use of numerical control system self-diagnostic features to be judged, but also flexibility in the use of some common troubleshooting methods. Troubleshooting common methods are:1. Routine examination methodRoutine examination method is mainly of hands, eyes, ears, nose and other organs of the fault occurrence of various light, sound, smell and abnormal observations and careful look at every system, follow the "first post outside of" the principle of fault diagnosis by looking, listening, smelling, asking, mold and so on, from outside to inside one by one check, the fault can often be narrowed down to a module or a printed circuit board. This requires maintenance personnel have a wealth of practical experience, to the wider multidisciplinary and comprehensive knowledge of the ability to judge.2. Self-diagnostic function methodModern CNC system has yet to achieve a high degree of intelligence. But already has a strong self-diagnostic function. CNC ready to monitor the hardware and software is working. Once the abnormal, immediately displayed on the CRT alarm or fault LEDs indicate the approximate cause. Using self-diagnosis function, but also shows the interface signals between the system and the host state, in order to determine the fault occurred in themechanical part or parts of NC system, and indicate the approximate fault location. This method is currently the most effective maintenance methods.3. Functional program testing methodSo-called functional program testing method is commonly used in the numerical control system functions and special features, such as linear positioning, circular interpolation, helical cut, fixed cycle, such as the user macro programming by hand or automatic programming methods, the preparation of test procedures into a functional program , into the numerical control system, and then start the CNC system to make it run, to check the im time the first boot of CNC whether a programming error or operational error or machine4. Spare parts substitutionSpare parts replacement method is a simple method to determine the scene is one of the most commonly used. The so-called spare substitution is generally the cause of failure in the analysis of the case, maintenance personnel can use the alternate PCB, templates, integrated circuit chip or replace the questionable parts of components, which narrowed the fault to a printed circuit board or chip level. It is actually in the verification analysis is correct. However, before switching the standby board should carefully check the spare board is intact, and should check the status of reserve board should be fully consistent with the original board the state. This includes checking with the board selection switch, set the location and the short rod potentiometer position. In short, we must strictly in accordance with the system's operation, maintenance requirements manual operation.In determining the replacement of a part to, should carefully check the relevant connected to electrical lines and other related, confirming that no failure up to the new replacement to prevent failures caused by external damage to replace the parts up.5. Transfer ActThe so-called transfer method is to have the same numerical control system features two printed circuit boards, templates, integrated circuit chips or components to exchange, observed failure phenomena be transferred. In this way, the system can quickly determine the fault position. This method is actually a kind of spare parts substitution. Therefore, the considerations described in the same spare parts substitution.6. Parameter check methodKnown parameters can directly affect the numerical performance of CNC machine tools. Parameters are usually stored in the magnetic bubble memory, or stored in batteries to be maintained by the CMOS RAM, once the battery is low or because of outside interference and other factors, some parameters will be lost or change in chaos, so that the machine does not work. At this point, through the proofreading, correction parameters, will be able to troubleshoot. When the machine idle for a long time to work again for no reason that there is no normal or failure without warning, it should be based on fault characteristics, inspection and proof-reading the relevant parameters.After a long run of CNC machine tools, wear and tear due to its mechanical drive components, electrical component performance changes and other reasons, also need to adjust the parameters of its. Some machine tool failure is often not timely because the parameters change due to some not meet. Of course, these failures are the fault of the areas are soft.7. Measurement of Comparative LawCNC system in the design of printed circuit board manufacturing plant, in order to adjust, repair facilities, in the printed circuit board designed a number of test terminals. Users can also use normal printed circuit board terminals comparing the measured and the difference between the printed circuit board failure. These terminals can detect the voltage and waveform measurements, analyze the causes of failure and failure location. Even on a normal printed circuit board can sometimes artificially create "fault", such as broken connection or short circuit, unplug the components, in order to determine the real cause of failure. Therefore, maintenance personnel should be in the usual accumulation of key parts of the printed circuit board or failure-prone parts of the right in the normal waveform and voltage values. Because the CNC system manufacturer often does not provide the information in this regard.8. Percussion methodWhen the CNC system failures showed Ruoyouruowu, often used method for detecting the fault struck the site lies. This is because the numerical control system is composed by the multi-block printed circuit boards, each board has a lot of solder joints, plates or between modules and is connected through the connectors and cables. Therefore, any cold solder joint or bad, may cause a malfunction. When the tap with the insulation and poor contact with Weld doubt at fault must be repeated reproduction.9. Local heating methodAfter a long running CNC system components are to be aging, performance will deteriorate. When they are not fully damaged, failures will become from time to time. Then heat can be used such as a hair dryer or electric iron is suspected to local heating components, accelerating the aging so thoroughly exposed fault components. Of course, using this method, be sure to pay attention to components of the temperature parameters, do not roast the original device is a good or bad.10. Principle of analysisThe composition according to principles of numerical control system can be analyzed from various points of logical levels and logical parameters (such as voltage or waveform) and then with a multimeter, logic pen, only the oscilloscope or logic analyzer to measure, analyze and compare, and thus failure positioning. Using this method, which requires maintenance personnel to be on the whole system or the principle of each circuit have a clear, deep understanding.Based on the above principles and methods, we may be itemized on the check it and eliminate the causes.The first possible failure for the system output pulse time is not enough, we adjust the M-code system, start the spindle output time, found the problem still exists, and then find the next possible cause may be in the drive to move the state, refer to the manual drive , set parameters start the spindle, the problem still exists we suspected spindle motor short-circuit, resulting in thermal relay protection. Then find the cause of the short, so that the spindle thermal relay reset the start and found that the normal operation of the spindle, the problem solved.Fourth, do a lessons learned and recorded. After troubleshooting, repair work can not be considered complete, still need technical and management aspects of the underlying causes of failure have to take appropriate measures to prevent failures from happening again. Underfield conditions when necessary use of mature technologies to transform and improve the equipment. Finally, the failure of the maintenance of the phenomenon, cause analysis, resolution process, the replacement of components, legacy, etc. to make a record.数控技术的发展与维修数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业的使能技术和最基本的装备。

LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances upto 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punchedpaper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。

Safety and Maintenance For CNC Machine1 Safety Notes for CNC machine OperationsSafety is always a major concern in a metal-cutting Operation. CNC equipment is automated and very fast, and consequently it is a source of hazards , The hazards have to located and the personnel must be aware of them in order to prevent injuries and damage to the equipment. Main potential hazards include, rotating parts, such as the spindle, the tool in the spindle, chuck, part in the chuck, and the turret with the tools and rotating clamping devices, movable parts, such as the machining center table, lathe slides, tailstock center , and tool carousel, errors in the program such as improper use of the G00 code in conjunction with wrong coordinate value, which can generate an unexpected rapid motion, an error in setting or changing the offset value ,which can result in a collision of the tool with part or the machine, and a hazardous action of the machine caused by unqualified changes in a proven program, To minimize or avoid hazards, try the following preventive action:(1)Keep all of the original covers on the machine as supplied bythe machine tool builder(2)Wear safety glasses, gloves, and proper clothing and shoes.(3)Do not attempt to run the machine before you are familiar withits control.(4)Before running the program, make sure that the parts isclamped properly.(5)When proving a program, follow these safety procedures.✧Run the program using the machine Lock function to check theprogram for errors in syntax and geometry.✧Slow down rapid motions using the RAPID OVERRIDE switchor dry run the program.✧Use a single-block execution to confirm each line in theprogram before executing it.✧When the tool is cutting, slow down the feed rate using theFEED OVERRIDE switch to prevent excessive cutting conditions.(6)Do not handle chip by hand and do not use chip hooks to breaklong curled chips. Program different cutting conditions for better chip control. Stop the machine if you need to properly clean the chips.(7)If there is any doubt that the insert will break under theprogrammed cutting conditions, choose a thicker insert or reduce feed or depth of cut.(8)Keep tool overhang as short as possible, since it can be a sourceof vibration that can break the insert.(9)When supporting a large part by the center, make sure that thehole-center is large enough to adequately support and hold thepart.(10)Stop the machine when changing the tools, indexing inserts, orremoving chips.(11)Replace dull or broken tools or inserts.(12)Write a list of offsets for active tools, and clear (set to zero )the offsets for tools removed from the machine.(13)Do not make changes in the program if your supervisor hasprohibited your doing so.(14)If you have any satety-related concerns, notify your instructoror supervisor immediately.2 Daily Maintenance2.1 Checking the External View(1)Machine oil (cutting oil, lubrication oil)has been scattered ontothe servomoter, detector, or main unit of the NC , or is leaking.(2)Damage is found on the cables of the movable blocks, or thecables are twisted.(3)Filter clogging.(4) A door of the control panel is not open.(5)Ambient vibration.(6)The unit is located in a dusty location.(7)Something that causes high frequency is played near the controlunit.2.2 Checking the inside of the control unitCheck that the following troubles have been eliminated:(1)Cable connectors are loosened.(2)Installing screws are loosened.(3)Attachment amplifier screws are loosened.(4)The cooling fan operates abnormally.(5)Cable damage.(6)Printed circuit boards have been inserted abnormally.2.3 Fault diagnosis and ActionWhen a running fault occurs, examine the correct cause to take proper action. To do this, execute the checks below:2.3.1 Checking the Fault Occurrence StatusCheck the following:(1)When did the fault occur?(2)During what operation did the fault occur?(3)What fault?(4)For automatic operation．．．Program number, sequencenumber, and contents of Program?(5)For manual operation．．．Mode?a)Operating procedure?b)Preceding and succeeding operations?c)Set/display unit’s screen?d)During I/O operation?e)Machine system status?f)During tool change?g)Controlled axis hunting?h) What fault occurred?i) What does the alarm display of the set/display unit’s alarmdiagnosis screen indicate?(6)Display the alarm diagnosis screen to check the contents ofalarm.(7)What does the driving amplifier status display indicate?Checkthe contents of alarm based on the driving amplifier status display.(8)What does the machine sequence alarm indicate?(9)Is the CRT screen normal?(10)Is the control axis hunting?(11)Frequency of fault?(12)When did the fault occur?(13)Frequency? (Did the fault occur during operation of anothermachine?) If the ffrequency is too small, or the fault occurred during operation of another machine, the cause may be noisesof the supply voltage.(14)For example, in this case, check that the supply voltage isnormal(15)does momentary drop occur during operation of anothermachine?(16)and measures have been taken against noises.(17)In specific mode?(18)When did the ceiling crane move?(19)Frequency for the same kind of work?(20)Does the fault occur when the same operation is made?(Repeatability check)(21)Change the conditions (override, contents of program,operation procedure, etc.)(22)Does the same fault occur?译文计算机数控机床的安全和维护1 计算机数控机床的安全操作注意事项在金属切削操作中安全性一直是特别受关注的．由于计算机数控设备自动化程度高并且速度快，所以它是一个危险源。