应收账款管理外文翻译文献编辑

上海财经大学浙江学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文：会计帐户应收账款(AR)侯赛因·Pashang瑞典延雪平大学文摘:治理工商管理财务报表的质量是一个关键问题。

经过痛苦的经验与实践的表外会计、应收账款(AR)的概念越来越多地得到了管理层的注意。

这种关注的原因之一是,可以使用基于“增大化现实”的技术,高度灵活的方式,来影响底线和债务/股本比例。

本研究的目的是,通过必要的信息披露和其他一些会计原则和客观性等思想, 重要性、匹配和公允价值批判分析中使用的技术评估和测量的基于“增大化现实”技术。

关键词:会计确认、会计应收账款、会计披露。

1.介绍账户操作的概念,包括“收益管理”,主要是附加的损益表的项目。

例如,科普兰(1968)集中在收入报表和观察到管理影响净利润的大小有目的地。

按照构建三个“否则”不利于收入的概念,“收益极大化者”和“收入smoothers”他把收入作为管理中心的研究重点。

值得注意的是,盈余管理的概念,表示一个特定类型的会计实践,把注意力只在损益表。

然而,账户操作可能分类上的实践,这些相关的平衡负债表和损益表分类。

这些类型的操作不是文学中描述。

也许,这个缺点的原因应该与复杂的会计技术有关,应用于促进盈余管理。

一项研究由理查森et al .(2002)表明,盈余管理主要是根据收入确认,包括基于“增大化现实”技术。

他没有表明,使用基于“增大化现实”技术的方式来操纵帐户。

观察的会计违规和会计错误当局要求重述或修正的年度报告。

AR-related重述的原因应该与所需的“盈余管理”,包括操作的资产负债表和损益表。

看起来,“收益管理”是在路上被安放“管理帐户”的概念。

新概念建构的旧概念收入管理和沟通管理更中性时尚的观点影响会计(见,例如。

金融时报》6月8日,2009年)。

根据定义,收益管理一组通信方式管理人为管理以满足一些预先设定的预期收益水平,如,分析师预期。

跟上一些收入趋势,据分析师估计,它是先验假定可以影响投资者对风险的看法(Riahi-Belkaoui 2005;马修斯和佩雷拉1996)。

应收账款管理英文文献应收账款管理Management of Account ReceivableAccounts Receivable Management Best PracticesJohn G. SalekISBN: 978-0-471-71654-9Hardcover224 pagesJuly 2005Wiley List Price: US $64.00Praise for Accounts Receivable Management Best Practices"An excellent reference tool on how to manage the accounts receivable process for any company. The use of real-life examples makes the concepts easy to understand. I recommend the book to anyone who wants to improve cash flow and reduce bad debt loss."—Michael E. Beaulieu, Senior Vice President, Finance Cardinal Health"Rather than simply explaining how to get the greatest return from an investment in accounts receivable, John G. Salek reveals how companies shoot themselves in the foot when management sets policies and procedures without consideration of the impact on cash flow. Accounts Receivable Management Best Practices isn't just for credit and collection professionals who often spend more time cleaning up process errors and other corporate 'garbage,' instead of managing risk. It should be required reading for C-level executives, the sales staff,operations managers, and anybody else whose job impacts the order-to- cash cycle."—David Schmidt, Principal, A2 Resources Coauthor of Power Collecting: Automation for Effective Asset Management"Enhancing a company's competitive profile is all about giving enough customers the right product, at the right price, at the right time. This author's real-world approach to accomplishing this goal through the prism of receivables management makes this book a must-read for those companies looking to make their mark as an organization that cares about its customers as well as their own need to produce financial results." —Bruce C. Lynn, Managing Director The Financial Executives Consulting Group, LLC"I have worked with John Salek since 1992, both as his client and as a project manager working with his organization. His knowledge of receivables management . . . the technology, the processes, and the formula for success . . . are unsurpassed in the field."—Stephen L. Watts, Manager, Global Receivables (retired) General Electric Medical Systems"Mr. Salek has written a masterpiece on the intricacies and management of the accounts receivable portfolio. I would recommend this book to CFOs, controllers, treasurers, credit managers, and small business owners." —Steve Kozack, Credit Manager Lennox Hearth Products"Written by an author who has been in the trenches and cites actual examples. This is not written in theory, butfrom practice."—Milt Dardis, Collection Consultant Dardis & AssociatesAbstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be received from the purchasing or labor hiring entity for anenterprise 's sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major method for enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However,by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties in ente rprise 's capital turnover.Those hard situations even made the employees can 't get their fullpay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable.关键词key words: 应收账款Account receivable; 工程施工Engineering construction; 合同管理The managementof contracts摘要: 应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等，应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。

企业应收账款管理外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Enterprise receivables management analysedFenXi mining chemical company zhaoAiping【abstract 】in order to meet the expanding sales and increase the competitiveness of the enterprises, reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management expenses need, the business activities in El often created accounts receivable. Accounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. Because of the important account receivable, according to some accounts receivable management and accounting, points out the existing problems in the disadvantages of account receivable mismanagement, and puts forward some to strengthen the management of accounts receivable practices.【keywords 】receivables; The provision for; Management riskAccounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. These long-term difficult to recover the accounts receivable existence, seriously affected the enterprise. The normal production and business enterprise management costs, increased to different extent some enterprise into a financial crisis.The role of account receivable. Expand sales, increase the competitiveness of the enterprises in the fierce market competition situation, is to promote the sales of credit is an important way. Enterprise credit is actually to provide customers with the two transactions, to customer selling products, and in a limited period introverted customers funds. In credit-tightening, market weakness, lack of money, the promotion with obvious credit for enterprise sales role. New products and explore new market is more important significance.Reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management costs. To the enterprise to hold finished goods inventory additional fee, warehousing costs and insurance expenses; Instead, the enterprise to hold accounts receivable, you do not need the spending. Therefore, when the enterprise products inventory more for long time,generally can use more favorable credit conditions, the inventory into pipes receivable and reduce finished goods in stock, save related expenses.Accounts receivable in the management of the existing problemsAccounts receivable is broad, fixed number of year long. AmountsEnterprise to accounts receivable accounting is not standard. According to the provisions of the state financial and accounting systems. Accounts receivable is accounting enterprise for selling goods or services to happen to purchase unit shall be recovered or accept labor unit payments. But the enterprise did not strictly according to the provisions of the accounting enterprise receivables. Cause some should not be in the project accounting money also included in the project, cause accounts receivable accounting has no reality.The account receivable NPLS not timely, to the enterprise confirmed the appearance of virtually increased asset caused. Because enterprise to accounts receivable slackened management, especially some enterprise also to accounts receivable as means of adjusting profit. So on the account receivable SiZhang confirmation on staying there ~ some problems. Is mainly to stay SiZhang has already formed the receivables confirm fast enough, for many years in the accounts receivable formed account long-term, eased some already can't withdraw, this provision for the provision for no provision of virtual enterprise assets, causing thickening.Because some of the managers and operators enterprise financial management consciousness and lack of management concept. To accounts receivable is lack of effective management and collect investigation the author feel. In Shanxi Province in the part of the province tube enterprise still exist serious planned economy of ideas, these people to the market economy can't say don't understand, also cannot say don't understand, the main thing is not starts from oneself, and in practical work is often said the much, do less. Thought is drunk on the production and business operation this center, not how to do well management finance the primacy, failed to do the business management financial management as the center. Financial management to fund management as the center. The management of funds and use only paying attention to how to borrow and spend money, not for existing resources and capital for effective configuration and mobilize. Cause enterprise produced a considerable amount of receivables, also do not actively from the Angle of strengthening management, so lots of money to clean up the long-term retention outside. Affected the enterprise normalproduction and operation activities and the efficient use of the funds.The drawbacks of the receivable mismanagementReduce enterprise funds use efficiency, make enterprise profits down because of enterprise logistics and cash flow not consistent, merchandise shipped, prescribing sales invoices. Payment is not keeping pace recovery, and sales have established, this not up recovery entry sales. Certainly will cause no cash inflow generated sales tax on profits and losses, and sales income paid and years be paid in advance. If involves span more than to sales revenue account receivable. Then can produce enterprise by current assets paid annual shareholders dividend. Enterprise for such pursuit arising from the pad surface benefits and tax payment paid shareholders take up a lot of liquidity, as time passes will influence enterprise capital turnover. Which led to the enterprise actual operation situation veiled. Influence enterprise production plan and sales plan, etc, can't realize the set benefit goal.Exaggerated enterprise operating results. Because our country enterprise executes accounting foundation is the accrual (receivable meet system). The current credit happened all to write down current income. Therefore, the enterprise account profit increase does not mean that can meet the schedule of realizing cash inflows. Accounting system requires the enterprise in accordance with the percentage of account receivable balance to extract the provision for, the provision for a 5% rates generally for 3% (special enterprise except). If the actual loss of bad happened more than extract the provision for, will give enterprise to bring the great loss. Therefore, the enterprise of account receivable existence. On the TAB virtually increased sales income. In oerstate enterprise operation results. Increased risks of an enterprise cost.Speeding up the enterprise's cash outflows. Sell on credit although can make the enterprise produces more profits, but did not make enterprise cash inflows increase, on the contrary make enterprise had to use limited liquidity to various taxes and fees paid, accelerate the enterprise's cash outflows, main performance for:Enterprise tax payments. Accounts receivable bring sales income. Not actually receive cash, turnover is computational basis with sales, the enterprise must on time pay by cash. Enterprise pay tax as value added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resources tax and urban construction tax, inevitable meeting with sales revenue increases.Income tax payments. Accounts receivable generate revenue, but not in cashincome tax, and realizing cash payment must on time.Cash the distribution of the profits. Also exist such problems. In addition, the cost of the management of accounts receivable and accounts receivable recycling costs will accelerate enterprise cash outflows.The business cycle has influence on enterprise. Operating cycle from obtain inventory to the sales that inventory and withdraw cash this time so far. Operating cycle depends on inventory turnover days and accounts receivable turnover days, the business cycle is combined. From that. Unreasonable accounts receivable existence, make business cycle extended, affected the enterprise capital circulation, make a lot of liquidity precipitation in non-productive link. Cause enterprise cash shortage, influence salaries and raw material purchasing, serious impact on the enterprise normal production and operation.Increased receivables management process. Error probability, brings to the enterprise enterprise to face the additional loss accounts receivable account, possibly to the timely discovery, accounting errors can prompt understanding and other receivables accounts receivable dynamic enterprise details. Cause responsibility unclear. Accounts receivable contract, Taiwan about, commitments, the formalities of examination and approval of such material scattered, lost may make the enterprise has happened on the account receivable unable to receive the full recovery of repayment, the only partially withdraw through legal means. Can recover, but due to material not whole and cannot be recovered, until eventually form the enterprise assets loss.To strengthen the management of accounts receivable methodComprehensive comb, and establish material parameter. For enterprise all kinds of receivables launch a comprehensive system of comb, queuing, check the work. Because in past economic activity business minority, inefficient pattern. Hard to adapt to the market economy requirement, the law of development in the increasingly fierce market competition gradually be eliminated, the enterprise is in production, BanTingChan, failed state, has formed a widespread accounts receivable account for a long (most age 3 years), former party leave the state of operation and the debtor changes etc. Phenomenon, to clear a check increase the difficulty. Workers should browse a large number of original documents, traced back to carefully each individual accounts receivable from the nature, time, happened contents, amount. According to zhang age, systems, area and the possibility of recovery of accounts receivable areclassified. Carefully analyzed collection verify each sum of money and amount. And this system, more likely way back near the door check account receivable; Way to outside the system, and is unlikely to far back of receivables through telephone enquiries, enterprise sent a letter, lawyers sent a letter way to undertake checking: some not so clear accounts receivable multilateral bug verification. Please go back to the original sales personnel, agent help check to ensure that the data obtained by the accurate, reliable and accurate data collected in the visiting for the future of written-off receivables smoothly provide effective legal evidence. More importantly, with the debtor written-off receivables personnel and check accounts concerning the debtor family residence, operation sites, property status, income level made a comprehensive and detailed understanding, and according to the command of the debtor to evaluate solvency debt-repaying possibility. Judge, lock key goals for the next great written-off receivables smoothly and lay the foundation.Multi-pronged approach.we great effort, increase. After the preparation work or do. Accounts receivable written-off receivables entered the substantial "punish collect" crucial stage. In actual work, in order to give attention to collect the magnificence of the enterprise with benefit, one of the debtor to classify, different properties analysis of the debtor to adopt targeted collect method, in order to make the whole written-off receivables achieved good effect. The debtor to business clients. To possess management qualification, sound system, assets in good condition of customers, after consultations communication with the other, try to take groovy gathering way, so that both the collect keep good business cooperation relations; But for malicious long-term default behavior, used first lawyer in demand for collection, correspondence is invalid cases, still choose be representative of the debtor to court, apply for a court for compulsory execution. In the majesty of the law, the other group of a deterrent to repay the debtor will repay arrears, self-consciously plays to the whole written-off receivables to point the impetus with. On the system internal worker arrears. For system inside worker due to illness, life difficult, and many other reason formed non-business temporary loan, first of all, issued a document, clearly stipulates that deadline repossessed; Secondly, a large amount of arrears. Indeed, in a difficult to pay off after consultation with staff. Payment agreement signed. Divide second month in salary charged or deduct; Finally, the internal to laid-off employees and have extra-large disease worker, its economy is really difficult to repay embarrassment. In a humane treatment, offer certain debt relief. Such already make whole written-off receivables reach the expected effect, also can let laid-off workersto their real challenges organization care. Adopting property preservation measures. In the actual collect process. Often encountered some have the repayment ability but reimbursement conditions or timing immature the obligor, collect personnel can cooperate actively court on the debtor's property implement preservation, making cdo in court, under the help of the relevant accounting units and individuals to impose preservation of property. For property preservation at the same time. Appoint our wealth pipe center visit regularly the obligor, closely watching the debtor whereabouts, understand their property status. Once found the debtor reimbursement conditions mature, immediately notify the court, suspend the property preservation, reactivated cases. Applied to the court for compulsory execution withdraw arrears.Establish customer credit system. Strict credit business formalities for examination and approval from years of written-off receivables accounts receivable see. A few enterprises in experience increased sales push credit sales policy. Did not establish a complete customer credit system, to the customer assets status, reimbursement ability, financial situation, the credit rating don't know much. Even after receivable formation. Find the debtor to punish frequently occurred. There are a few enterprise to the customer credit conditions are too broad. Credit approval rights too scattered, sometimes a sales personnel can decided to sell on credit business formation. Cause some credit rating is low customers easily get credit, increasing the risk of bad loans.Earnestly implement post responsibility system, strict appraisal, rewards and punishments and trenchantSome enterprise although also established a comparatively perfect accounts receivable credit sales, management, a great responsibility and internal control system, but in actual work but become a mere formality, non-existing. Cause the enterprise internal responsibility unclear, the reward is unknown situation. To a certain extent, encourages the formation of large receivables, increasing the operating risk of an enterprise. So only with a good set of system doesn't solve all the problems in the practical work, the key still need to implement these system will reach the designated position, achieves truly in the bud.Foreign source ：Friends of the accounting, in 2009 (30) 84 85译文:企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策汾西矿业化工公司赵爱萍【摘要】公司为了满足扩大销售、增加企业的竞争力、减少库存、降低存货风险和管理开支等的需要，在El常的经营活动中产生了应收账款。

企业应收账款风险控制外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：On Risk Control Accounts Receivable Abstract:Accounts receivable credit enterprise by way of sale of goods or services but to the cust o mers received, accounts receivable management directly affect the capital flow and economic operation of the article pointed out that enterprises should combine their actual situation, the establishment of receivables Accounts of the risk prevention mechanism, from the source control and take preventive measures not only the accounts receivable of enterprises face the risk of recovery, but also the existence of operating risks to the enterprise, from the status of receivables management business to start Analyze accounts receivable management business problems. Accounts receivable is the product of credit, credit on the one hand can improve the market competitiveness of enterprises, to expand sales, but on the other hand delayed the cash recovery time and increases the cost of collection of trade receivables, receivables from the paper The causes and management of money in terms of how to prevent the risk of accounts receivable.Key words:accounts receivable,controlIntroductionAccounts receivable is a result of external business credit products,materials, supplies, labor, etc. to purchase or receive services units to receive the funds. Enterprises can sell two basic forms, namely, credit method is way off. Cash sales approach is themost expected a sales settlement. However, in the fierce market economy, totally dependent on marketing approach is often unrealistic. Under the credit method, the enterprise in sales of products, can be provided to the buyer within a certain period of time free use of money the business of credit funds in an amount equal to the price of goods, which for the purchaser in terms of great attractive. For the enterprise is an important promotional tool, the enterprise product sales are sluggish, the market decline, the case of weak competition, or in enterprise sales of new products, new markets, in order to meet the needs of market competition and adopting various effective the credit method, it is wise for businesses. In the current market economic conditions, increased competition, with the continuous development of commercial credit, business credit sales of products means more favor. However, a large number of accounts receivable resulting in sales revenue growth can only book profits to the enterprise, can not bring business to maintain and expand the scale of production necessary for cash flow, and with the continued increase in the amount of accounts receivable, growing an average of aging, accounts receivable aging structure tends to deteriorate, may be more and more bad debt losses, to the huge enterprise production and management of potential risks. Therefore, how to effectively enhance the control and management of accounts receivable is a enterprises financial imperative.First, the business performance of accounts receivable riskAccounts receivable is an enterprise in the normal course of business, from selling goods, products or services or receive services to purchase units of a unit charge or debit the accounts of the transport fees. It is the business generated by the short-term credit product claims to offer the enterprise a commercial credit. Accounts receivable in an expanding market, increase sales revenue while also forming a receivables risk, mainly reflected in:1, accounts receivable possession of large amounts of liquidity, adding to the difficulties of shortage of working capital business. Enterprise credit products, issue stock, but can not recover the money, and enterprise customers on overdue payments can not take appropriate measures, resulting in a large number of corporate working capital was occupied by the long run will affect the flow of liquidity to enable enterprises to monetary shortage of funds, which affect the normal cost and normal production operations.2, exaggerated accounts receivable business results, so that the existence of hidden losses or loss of business. At present, revenue is recognized when the company followed the principle of accrual accounting, the accounting treatment for the occurrence of credit, debit "accounts receivable" account, credited "business income" subject to credit all revenue credited to current income, , the increase in corporate profits and the current period can not be achieved, said the cash income. According to the precautionary principle, the actual situation of enterprises according to their own accounts receivable Provision for bad debts, but in practice, in order to facilitate tax, the tax laws, administrative regulations expressly provides that the proportion of the general provision of 0.3% to 0.5%. If there is a lot of business accounts receivable, there is increased likelihood of bad debts, bad debts that actual extraction of the bad debts far exceeded. This is equal to exaggerate the company's operating results, andthe losses that may occur can not be fully estimated.3, accounts receivable increased by the loss of corporate cash flow. From handling the accounts of credit can be seen that although the company had a credit more revenue, increase profits, but did not make the cash inflow, but the company had to advance funds to pay various taxes and payment of costs and accelerate the enterprise's cash outflows.4, accounts receivable increased the opportunity cost of corporate capital losses. First of all, occupied by accounts receivable financing, which calls for accelerated turnover in the business, be rewarded, but because there are a lot of accounts receivable, in particular, the proportion of overdue accounts receivable on the rise (at present, China's late accounts receivable accounts receivable as high as 60%, while the Western countries, less than 10%), resulting in accounts receivable on the occupied capital lost its time value. Second, because the accounts receivable arising in the collection process, forcing the enterprises have to invest a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, and increased collection costs; the same time, because a lot of money by settling, the borrower time to be extended, increased interest expense. A variety of cost increase, making funds lost profit opportunities and increase the opportunity cost of capital.Third, how to control the risk of accounts receivable1, credit risk prevention policyWith the further development of China's market economy and increasing business competition, commercial credit receivables of the objective to be a competitive necessity of issuing commercial credit companies that do not attract customers to lose the competitiveness of the credit offers; course, the payment of business inevitably bring credit offers credit risk and credit policies on the manage receivables plays an important role. Credit policies include the following:(1) Credit standards. Credit standards are the company to provide commercial credit made the minimum requirements for the development of credit standards is the key to consider the customer to delay payment or refuse to pay money to bring the possibility of loss to the company size. To this end, companies need credit to customers for regular inspection and assessment of the quality of analysis on the credit quality of the testing and evaluation standards, there are three commonly used methods.First, 5C system evaluation. The system is to assess the important factor in customer credit quality, the following five aspects.①Quality: Quality is the customers and reputation, that is, the possibility of obligation, this factor is critical, it is a moral credit of the subjective factor, which is required to have the management of corporate credit experience, the right to judge and keen insight.②capacity: Capacity is the customers ability to pay when the credit expires, it is according to customer financial information, especially under the regular income and expenditure data be analyzed to determine their ability to pay the purchase price.③Capital: capital refers to the customer's financial strength and financial status, indicating that the background of the customer may pay the debt, usually reflect thefinancial position of the ratio of customers include: debt ratio, current ratio, earnings coverage ratio, fixed charges coverage ratio.④collateral: collateral or credit status on the bottom line I do not know the customer and requires a disputed credit guarantee of a variety of assets.⑤economic environment: mainly refers to the economic environment can affect the ability of customers to fulfill financial responsibility of economic development trends, it is beyond the control of the customer. Corporate credit managers in considering this factor, the analysis should focus on regional economic conditions and business products related to the development of industry-specific.Second, the credit analysis. According to customer's credit information, credit screening of several major factors, the number of statistical methods used for processing classified and quantified to calculate the weights, assessment of credit quality, enterprise credit management section based on credit scores to determine the weighted credit rating .Third, credit risk model method. According to the customer's financial business risk and receivables management company's own risk to determine credit risk, the use of the principle of mathematical statistics to establish a credit risk model, which ARC (credit risk) = PR risk customers can not pay the creditors × MR (accounts receivable risk management), MR (accounts receivable risk management) is the company's own accounts receivable management system, measures methods, control and supervision, the quality of personnel and other internal factors, can affect the risk of a few accounts receivable management major factors in assessing the scores of each factor and the weights, the weighted scores obtained MR values; Similarly, PR value is the major risk factors based on ratios of financial position (cash ratio, inventory turnover, quick ratio, etc.) to assess the score of each factor, calculated using the principle of mathematical statistics weight each factor, then the integrated value is calculated PR value. Several standard methods of the above can apply for credit credit offer credit quality of customers to predict, analyze, judge, to determine whether to grant credit offers.(2) credit terms. Corporate credit conditions is the need to pay money on credit conditions, including credit terms, discounts, terms and cash discounts. Credit period is the longest business requirements to the customer time to pay; discount period is required for customers to enjoy the time of payment cash discounts; cash discount to encourage customers in the period of early payment discounts given preferential treatment. Generally provide more favorable credit terms to increase sales, but it can also bring additional burdens, such as accounts receivable will increase the opportunity cost of bad debts, cash discounts and other costs, so companies must be carefully weighed. I think we can grasp the following principles: the principle of prudence, risk principle (the principle of loose-type), the principle of cooperation. Prudence two possibilities: First, companies in the market weakness, deteriorating economic environment, companies should make a negative decision management sales strategy, market risk should be taken to avoid the principle of prudence. Second, the customer, without the ability to pay low credit quality, and poor financial situation, or do not understand the ins and outs and the dispute by the credit quality to theprecautionary principle of justice.The principle of risk can be divided into two situations: First, companies in the economic recovery increased, the product in the industry or the District of merchantability good, corporate decision-making authorities should take active sales policy. Second, the customer, the credit quality is high, financial condition, ability to pay, credit managers should be taken when issuing credit risk principles.The principle of cooperation: For SMEs, the capital less strength is poor, the general financial situation, ability to resist market risk is small, it should be taken in the aggregate principle.2, accounts receivable, risk prevention intervalSince the formation of the company credit accounts receivable, the sales and billing between the two acts of a settlement time, the interval. Interval of the recovered funds back in time to enable enterprises to have more liquidity to carry out production and service activities, and actively take the initiative to debt collection units or individuals. Bad debt losses will be reduced to a minimum, strengthen the recognition that not justify the amount of time being to let the other know and recognize the debt, in practice, can be sent to the business or personal debts confirmation or destroy a single paragraph, so that Check the arrears owed the content of individual units or signature confirmation mail, so that companies understand the availability of debt, repayment intentions each other, urging each other timely repayment, but also easy to check the authenticity of accounts receivables.For the other debts but delays longer recognized or return the book debts owed to strengthen preventive work is to understand the delay in repayment, arrears mail confirmation is not the reason to visit the other units in the field, to identify the existence of the other units or individuals, whether deliberately delayed payments, if unable to pay the debt, is facing bankruptcy, whether the cases escaping with money, etc., will cause a timely manner to the departments concerned to jointly study measures, do everything possible to receivables, reduce bad debts, bad loss account, but also to prevent blindness in future credit. If the payment has been made to identify the other party, shall immediately identify the whereabouts of, would have been diverted, whether the corruption of the unit personnel, wrong billing, etc., to ensure timely detection of errors were corrected.Even for the reputation, business or reputation has always been very high against individuals should not be relaxed, because "the portal does not close tightly, sages from the Pirates of the Heart", the unit if not often to learn about, mission, and it will part of the business or reputation of high prestige individual to ill-gotten gains, regardless of honor towards the idea of development, trust, reputation has been misused, to the unit causing serious economic losses.3, the daily management of accounts receivable risk prevention(1) enterprises in order to accelerate the turnover rate of accounts receivable, factoring risk reduction, you must do the following basic work. We must first place the accounts receivable should be registered in time, the household accounts receivable detailing the time, amount, reason, and the billing period to recover the situation and so on, and collect credit information about customers, such as access to Customerrecent balance sheet and income statement and other statements, analyze liquidity, ability to pay and the rate of business performance; second request to the customer's bank credit certificate of the client to understand the customer's deposit balance, loan conditions and settlement status; the last customer-related exchange of other suppliers of credit information companies to understand the timely payment of the customer and so on. These measures, analysis of customer's credit status in order to detect and propose a solution.(2) To strengthen management and total management of a single customer. (1) make the basis of records, level of understanding of customer payments in a timely manner.(2) Check whether the customers break through credit. (3) grasp the customer's debt credit period has expired, customers have been closely monitoring the dynamic changes in debt maturity. (4) analysis of accounts receivable turnover and average billing period, to see whether at the normal level of liquidity. (5) to strengthen aging analysis of accounts receivable. Aging analysis of accounts receivable accounts receivable ledger should be based on the setting business case may be, the general ledger accounts receivable business sales region and sales by the household setting. (3) to strengthen the management of accounts receivable ledger. Screening of the accounts receivable ledger, aging analysis to determine which needs and which does not require, or purchase a unit occurs only a few pen and the amount outstanding, as a result of product quality, dispute, or disputes resulting from breach of contract Such accounts receivable should be shown separately case by case basis and specify the reasons put forward to resolve issues.4, accounting, risk prevention(1) Select the correct extractionChina's current accounting system to prepare low corporate law provides that only accounted for bad debts, this is an accounts receivable effective risk prevention measures. 2006 "Enterprise Accounting Standards" provides enterprises the ratio of provision for bad debts 0.3% -0.5%, specifically determined by the enterprises themselves, so that different companies to solve practical problems opened up a new way. The company shall state the specific circumstances under the scope of provision for bad debts, extraction method, the division of aging and extraction ratio, in accordance with administrative privileges, general meeting of shareholders or managers (the director) or similar approval, and in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations report to the relevant provisions of the parties to the record, the extraction method for bad debts has been determined shall not be changed, you need to change, based upon the above procedures, and report to the parties approved the record, and be stated in the accounting statements.(2) Select the correct method of settlement. The right of settlement to reduce the risk of accounts receivable is also very important. Settlement between the Bank of China's enterprises are mainly the following: check settlement, foreign exchange settlement, commission collection settlement, settlement and other bank draft, corporate customers operating according to ability, capacity to repay and credit status, select the appropriate settlement of strong profitability and solvency, credit risk of large customers to choose a good way, this will help the two sides establish a relationship ofmutual trust, expand the sales network and improve competitiveness.5, accounts receivable factoring risk preventionIf the enterprise is the work done against accounts receivable in the former, and effective, will be able to grasp the size of the risk of accounts receivable, then the problem will be greatly reduced workload. But a business in the ordinary course of business can be without accounts receivable, and its purpose is simply to do preventive work is to control the line of credit and change the overall aging structure, increasing the recoverability of the existing accounts receivable. Therefore, enterprises must conduct research into prevention of accounts receivable, to establish their own processing methods and principles.First, the analysis of total receivables. Look at the accounts receivable balance is reasonable, whether the enterprise's production and management has become a burden, whether the compression of the needs and possibilities, what basis. Based on the analysis in the total amount, further the balance of accounts receivable aging analysis carried out by detailed subjects. Accounts receivable aging analysis is the quality and value of the total re-evaluation is to determine the recoverability of the account balance and determine what measures to use to resolve basis. Aging in general the smaller the longer the greater the risk the possibility of recovery.Second is to determine the collection process. According to aging analysis to determine needs and special circumstances of the customer billing, the normal billing procedures: submit a letter - Telephone collection - send people to interview - legal action. First, analysis of the causes of default, such as customer due to poor management, inability to pay, the should be further analysis is temporary or has reached bankruptcy. The reason for the temporary relaxation of the repayment period should be appropriate to help clients through difficult times. This is more compatible with the aging short, good reputation, part of the customer accounts receivable. But should also seek to extend the normal part of the total share. In order to recover more money, but the two sides can establish good business relationship.For the already bankrupt state, can not be revitalized, it should be in a timely manner to the court to be liquidated in bankruptcy pay off some debt.Third, the customer has repayment ability, but refuses to pay, the enterprises should adopt appropriate methods of debt collection. Consultation method: with the debt repayment customers, deadlines, payment methods and friendly consultations. 1, the probation law: clarifying the position of creditors or debt collection proud of the hard to move the debtor, moved their compassion. 2, the carrot and stick method: two people with debt collection, hard unwilling to compromise, soft in the stone, complement each other. Make payment by debtors. $ Fatigue War and attempting to rally: the main leaders of business debt pegged to fight a protracted war, it will collapse. Or language stimulation, so as to save face and dignity and had to pay. 3, the storm Law: explicitly tell the debtor to its proceedings. For repayment in any case fail to reach an agreement negotiations have had a lawyer to take legal action.Before taking legal action against the principle of cost-effectiveness should be considered, do not face prosecution following conditions: 1, court costs exceed the amount of the debt claim; 2, the customer value of the collateral can not write off debt,it has a wide range of social relations, prosecution may be hurt the business operation or cause damage, even if successful, the possibility of recovery of receivables is extremely limited.In short, the establishment of sound policies and effective debt collection, collection costs and to reduce the trade-off between bad debt, effective debt collection policies to a large extent by the experience of the management staff, the enterprise should have a professional knowledge is solid, experienced, responsible and accounts receivable management team can do a better job to Collection.本文摘自《黑龙江科技信息》2010年第4期，作者：孙丽译文：论企业应收账款风险的控制摘要：应收账款是企业采用赊销方式销售商品或劳务而应向顾客收取的款项，应收账款管理直接影响企业营运资金的周转和经济效益文章指出，企业要结合自身的实际情况，建立应收账款的风险防范机制，从源头控制，防患于未然企业的应收账款不仅面临着回收的风险，同时其存在也会给企业带来经营风险，从企业应收账款管理的现状入手，分析企业应收账款管理中面临的问题。

应收账款外文文献本科毕业论文外文原文及译文题目 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 系别管理系专业会计学班级学号学生姓名指导老师外文原文外文原文Enterprise receivables management analysedFenXi mining chemical company zhaoAiping【 abstract 】 in order to meet the expanding sales and increase the competitiveness of the enterprises, reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management expenses need, the business activities in El often created accounts receivable. Accounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. Because of the important account receivable, according to some accounts receivable management and accounting, points out the existing problems in the disadvantages of account receivable mismanagement, and puts forward some to strengthen the management of accounts receivable practices.【 keywords 】 receivables; The provision for; Management riskAccounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business oftenhas had a significant impact. These long-term difficult to recover the accounts receivable existence, seriously affected the enterprise. The normal production and business enterprise management costs, increased to different extent some enterprise into a financial crisis.The role of account receivable. Expand sales, increase the competitiveness of the enterprises in the fierce market competition situation, is to promote the sales of credit is an important way. Enterprise credit is actually to provide customers with the two transactions, to customer selling products, and in a limited period introverted customers funds. In credit-tightening, market weakness, lack of money, the promotion with obvious credit for enterprise sales role. New products and explore new market is more important significance.Reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management costs. To the enterprise to hold finished goods inventory additional fee, warehousing costs and insurance expenses; Instead, the enterprise to hold accounts receivable, you do not need the spending. Therefore, when the enterprise products inventory more for long time, generally can use more favorable credit conditions, the inventory into pipes receivable and reduce finished goods in stock, save related expenses.1Accounts receivable in the management of the existing problemsAccounts receivable is broad, fixed number of year long. Amounts Enterprise to accounts receivable accounting is not standard. According to the provisions of the state financial and accountingsystems. Accounts receivable is accounting enterprise for selling goods or services to happen to purchase unit shall be recovered or acceptlabor unit payments. But the enterprise did not strictly according tothe provisions of the accounting enterprise receivables. Cause some should not be in the project accounting money also included in the project, cause accounts receivable accounting has no reality.The account receivable NPLS not timely, to the enterprise confirmed the appearance of virtually increased asset caused. Because enterpriseto accounts receivable slackened management, especially some enterprise also to accounts receivable as means of adjusting profit. So on the account receivable SiZhang confirmation on staying there ~ some problems. Is mainly to stay SiZhang has already formed the receivables confirmfast enough, for many years in the accounts receivable formed account long-term, eased some already can't withdraw, this provision for the provision for no provision of virtual enterprise assets, causing thickening.Because some of the managers and operators enterprise financial management consciousness and lack of management concept. To accounts receivable is lack of effective management and collect investigation the author feel. In Shanxi Province in the part of the province tube enterprise still exist serious planned economy of ideas, these people to the market economy can't say don't understand, also cannot say don't understand, the main thing is not starts from oneself, and in practical work is often said the much, do less. Thought is drunk on the productionand business operation this center, not how to do well management finance the primacy, failed to do the business management financial management as the center. Financial management to fund management as the center. The management of funds and use only paying attention to how to borrow and spend money, not for existing resources and capital for effective configuration and mobilize. Cause enterprise produced a considerable amount of receivables, also do not actively from the Angle of strengthening management, so lots of money to clean up the long-term retention outside. Affected the enterprise normal production and operation activities and the efficient use of the funds.The drawbacks of the receivable mismanagement2外文原文Reduce enterprise funds use efficiency, make enterprise profits down because of enterprise logistics and cash flow not consistent, merchandise shipped, prescribing sales invoices. Payment is not keeping pace recovery, and sales have established, this not up recovery entry sales. Certainly will cause no cash inflow generated sales tax onprofits and losses, and sales income paid and years be paid in advance. If involves span more than to sales revenue account receivable. Then can produce enterprise by current assets paid annual shareholders dividend. Enterprise for such pursuit arising from the pad surface benefits and tax payment paid shareholders take up a lot of liquidity, as time passes will influence enterprise capital turnover. Which led to the enterpriseactual operation situation veiled. Influence enterprise production plan and sales plan, etc, can't realize the set benefit goal.Exaggerated enterprise operating results. Because our country enterprise executes accounting foundation is the accrual (receivable meet system). The current credit happened all to write down current income. Therefore, the enterprise account profit increase does not mean that can meet the schedule of realizing cash inflows. Accounting system requires the enterprise in accordance with the percentage of account receivable balance to extract the provision for, the provision for a 5% rates generally for 3% (special enterprise except). If the actual loss of bad happened more than extract the provision for, will give enterprise to bring the great loss. Therefore, the enterprise of account receivable existence. On the TAB virtually increased sales income. In oerstate enterprise operation results. Increased risks of an enterprise cost.Speeding up the enterprise's cash outflows. Sell on credit although can make the enterprise produces more profits, but did not make enterprise cash inflows increase, on the contrary make enterprise had to use limited liquidity to various taxes and fees paid, accelerate the enterprise's cash outflows, main performance for:Enterprise tax payments. Accounts receivable bring sales income. Not actually receive cash, turnover is computational basis with sales, the enterprise must on time pay by cash. Enterprise pay tax as value addedtax, business tax, consumption tax, resources tax and urban construction tax, inevitable meeting with sales revenue increases.Income tax payments. Accounts receivable generate revenue, but notin cash income tax, and realizing cash payment must on time.Cash the distribution of the profits. Also exist such problems. In addition, the3cost of the management of accounts receivable and accountsreceivable recycling costs will accelerate enterprise cash outflows.The business cycle has influence on enterprise. Operating cycle from obtain inventory to the sales that inventory and withdraw cash this time so far. Operating cycle depends on inventory turnover days and accounts receivable turnover days, the business cycle is combined. From that. Unreasonable accounts receivable existence, make business cycle extended, affected the enterprise capital circulation, make a lot of liquidity precipitation in non-productive link. Cause enterprise cash shortage, influence salaries and raw material purchasing, serious impact on the enterprise normal production and operation.Increased receivables management process. Error probability, bringsto the enterprise enterprise to face the additional loss accounts receivable account, possibly to the timely discovery, accounting errors can prompt understanding and other receivables accounts receivable dynamic enterprise details. Cause responsibility unclear. Accounts receivable contract, Taiwan about, commitments, the formalities ofexamination and approval of such material scattered, lost may make the enterprise has happened on the account receivable unable to receive the full recovery of repayment, the only partially withdraw through legal means. Can recover, but due to material not whole and cannot be recovered, until eventually form the enterprise assets loss.To strengthen the management of accounts receivable methodComprehensive comb, and establish material parameter. For enterprise all kinds of receivables launch a comprehensive system of comb, queuing, check the work. Because in past economic activity business minority, inefficient pattern. Hard to adapt to the market economy requirement,the law of development in the increasingly fierce market competition gradually be eliminated, the enterprise is in production, BanTingChan, failed state, has formed a widespread accounts receivable account for a long (most age 3 years), former party leave the state of operation and the debtor changes etc. Phenomenon, to clear a check increase the difficulty. Workers should browse a large number of original documents, traced back to carefully each individual accounts receivable from the nature, time, happened contents, amount. According to zhang age, systems, area and the possibility of recovery of accounts receivable are classified. Carefully analyzed collection verify each sum of money and amount. And this system, more likely way back near the door checkaccount receivable; Way to outside the system, and is unlikely to far back of receivables through telephone 4外文原文enquiries, enterprise sent a letter, lawyers sent a letter way to undertake checking: some not so clear accounts receivable multilateral bug verification. Please go back to the original sales personnel, agent help check to ensure that the data obtained by the accurate, reliable and accurate data collected in the visiting for the future of written-off receivables smoothly provide effective legal evidence. More importantly, with the debtor written-off receivables personnel and check accounts concerning the debtor family residence, operation sites, property status, income level made a comprehensive and detailed understanding, and according to the command of the debtor to evaluate solvency debt-repaying possibility. Judge, lock key goals for the next great written-off receivables smoothly and lay the foundation.Multi-pronged approach.we great effort, increase. After the preparation work or do. Accounts receivable written-off receivables entered the substantial "punish collect" crucial stage. In actual work, in order to give attention to collect the magnificence of the enterprise with benefit, one of the debtor to classify, different properties analysis of the debtor to adopt targeted collect method, in order to make the whole written-off receivables achieved good effect. The debtor to business clients. To possess management qualification, sound system, assets in good condition of customers, after consultations communication with the other, try to take groovy gathering way, so that both the collect keep good business cooperation relations; But for maliciouslong-term default behavior, used first lawyer in demand for collection,correspondence is invalid cases, still choose be representative of the debtor to court, apply for a court for compulsory execution. In the majesty of the law, the other group of a deterrent to repay the debtor will repay arrears, self-consciously plays to the whole written-off receivables to point the impetus with. On the system internal worker arrears. For system inside worker due to illness, life difficult, and many other reason formed non-business temporary loan, first of all, issued a document, clearly stipulates that deadline repossessed; Secondly, a large amount of arrears. Indeed, in a difficult to pay off after consultation with staff. Payment agreement signed. Divide second month in salary charged or deduct; Finally, the internal to laid-off employees and have extra-large disease worker, its economy is really difficult to repay embarrassment. In a humane treatment, offer certain debt relief. Such already make whole written-off receivables reach the expected effect, also can let laid-off workers to their real challenges organization care. Adopting property preservation measures. In the actual collect process. Often encountered some have the repaymentability but reimbursement conditions or timing immature the obligor, collect personnel can5cooperate actively court on the debtor's property implement preservation, making cdo in court, under the help of the relevant accounting units and individuals to impose preservation of property. For property preservation at the same time. Appoint our wealth pipe centervisit regularly the obligor, closely watching the debtor whereabouts, understand their property status. Once found the debtor reimbursement conditions mature, immediately notify the court, suspend the property preservation, reactivated cases. Applied to the court for compulsory execution withdraw arrears.Establish customer credit system. Strict credit business formalities for examination and approval from years of written-off receivables accounts receivable see. A few enterprises in experience increased sales push credit sales policy. Did not establish a complete customer credit system, to the customer assets status, reimbursement ability, financial situation, the credit rating don't know much. Even after receivable formation. Find the debtor to punish frequently occurred. There are a few enterprise to the customer credit conditions are too broad. Credit approval rights too scattered, sometimes a sales personnel can decided to sell on credit business formation. Cause some credit rating is low customers easily get credit, increasing the risk of bad loans.Earnestly implement post responsibility system, strict appraisal, rewards and punishments and trenchantSome enterprise although also established a comparatively perfect accounts receivable credit sales, management, a great responsibility and internal control system, but in actual work but become a mere formality, non-existing. Cause the enterprise internal responsibility unclear, the reward is unknown situation. To a certain extent, encourages the formation of large receivables, increasing the operating risk of anenterprise. So only with a good set of system doesn't solve all the problems in the practical work, the key still need to implement these system will reach the designated position, achieves truly in the bud.Foreign source :Friends of the accounting, in 2009 (30) 84 856外文译文外文译文企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策汾西矿业化工公司赵爱萍【摘要】公司为了满足扩大销售、增加企业的竞争力、减少库存、降低存货风险和管理开支等的需要，在El常的经营活动中产生了应收账款。

企业应收账款风险控制外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：On Risk Control Accounts Receivable Abstract:Accounts receivable credit enterprise by way of sale of goods or services but to the cust o mers received, accounts receivable management directly affect the capital flow and economic operation of the article pointed out that enterprises should combine their actual situation, the establishment of receivables Accounts of the risk prevention mechanism, from the source control and take preventive measures not only the accounts receivable of enterprises face the risk of recovery, but also the existence of operating risks to the enterprise, from the status of receivables management business to start Analyze accounts receivable management business problems. Accounts receivable is the product of credit, credit on the one hand can improve the market competitiveness of enterprises, to expand sales, but on the other hand delayed the cash recovery time and increases the cost of collection of trade receivables, receivables from the paper The causes and management of money in terms of how to prevent the risk of accounts receivable.Key words:accounts receivable,controlIntroductionAccounts receivable is a result of external business credit products,materials, supplies, labor, etc. to purchase or receive services units to receive the funds. Enterprises can sell two basic forms, namely, credit method is way off. Cash sales approach is themost expected a sales settlement. However, in the fierce market economy, totally dependent on marketing approach is often unrealistic. Under the credit method, the enterprise in sales of products, can be provided to the buyer within a certain period of time free use of money the business of credit funds in an amount equal to the price of goods, which for the purchaser in terms of great attractive. For the enterprise is an important promotional tool, the enterprise product sales are sluggish, the market decline, the case of weak competition, or in enterprise sales of new products, new markets, in order to meet the needs of market competition and adopting various effective the credit method, it is wise for businesses. In the current market economic conditions, increased competition, with the continuous development of commercial credit, business credit sales of products means more favor. However, a large number of accounts receivable resulting in sales revenue growth can only book profits to the enterprise, can not bring business to maintain and expand the scale of production necessary for cash flow, and with the continued increase in the amount of accounts receivable, growing an average of aging, accounts receivable aging structure tends to deteriorate, may be more and more bad debt losses, to the huge enterprise production and management of potential risks. Therefore, how to effectively enhance the control and management of accounts receivable is a enterprises financial imperative.First, the business performance of accounts receivable riskAccounts receivable is an enterprise in the normal course of business, from selling goods, products or services or receive services to purchase units of a unit charge or debit the accounts of the transport fees. It is the business generated by the short-term credit product claims to offer the enterprise a commercial credit. Accounts receivable in an expanding market, increase sales revenue while also forming a receivables risk, mainly reflected in:1, accounts receivable possession of large amounts of liquidity, adding to the difficulties of shortage of working capital business. Enterprise credit products, issue stock, but can not recover the money, and enterprise customers on overdue payments can not take appropriate measures, resulting in a large number of corporate working capital was occupied by the long run will affect the flow of liquidity to enable enterprises to monetary shortage of funds, which affect the normal cost and normal production operations.2, exaggerated accounts receivable business results, so that the existence of hidden losses or loss of business. At present, revenue is recognized when the company followed the principle of accrual accounting, the accounting treatment for the occurrence of credit, debit "accounts receivable" account, credited "business income" subject to credit all revenue credited to current income, , the increase in corporate profits and the current period can not be achieved, said the cash income. According to the precautionary principle, the actual situation of enterprises according to their own accounts receivable Provision for bad debts, but in practice, in order to facilitate tax, the tax laws, administrative regulations expressly provides that the proportion of the general provision of 0.3% to 0.5%. If there is a lot of business accounts receivable, there is increased likelihood of bad debts, bad debts that actual extraction of the bad debts far exceeded. This is equal to exaggerate the company's operating results, andthe losses that may occur can not be fully estimated.3, accounts receivable increased by the loss of corporate cash flow. From handling the accounts of credit can be seen that although the company had a credit more revenue, increase profits, but did not make the cash inflow, but the company had to advance funds to pay various taxes and payment of costs and accelerate the enterprise's cash outflows.4, accounts receivable increased the opportunity cost of corporate capital losses. First of all, occupied by accounts receivable financing, which calls for accelerated turnover in the business, be rewarded, but because there are a lot of accounts receivable, in particular, the proportion of overdue accounts receivable on the rise (at present, China's late accounts receivable accounts receivable as high as 60%, while the Western countries, less than 10%), resulting in accounts receivable on the occupied capital lost its time value. Second, because the accounts receivable arising in the collection process, forcing the enterprises have to invest a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, and increased collection costs; the same time, because a lot of money by settling, the borrower time to be extended, increased interest expense. A variety of cost increase, making funds lost profit opportunities and increase the opportunity cost of capital.Third, how to control the risk of accounts receivable1, credit risk prevention policyWith the further development of China's market economy and increasing business competition, commercial credit receivables of the objective to be a competitive necessity of issuing commercial credit companies that do not attract customers to lose the competitiveness of the credit offers; course, the payment of business inevitably bring credit offers credit risk and credit policies on the manage receivables plays an important role. Credit policies include the following:(1) Credit standards. Credit standards are the company to provide commercial credit made the minimum requirements for the development of credit standards is the key to consider the customer to delay payment or refuse to pay money to bring the possibility of loss to the company size. To this end, companies need credit to customers for regular inspection and assessment of the quality of analysis on the credit quality of the testing and evaluation standards, there are three commonly used methods.First, 5C system evaluation. The system is to assess the important factor in customer credit quality, the following five aspects.①Quality: Quality is the customers and reputation, that is, the possibility of obligation, this factor is critical, it is a moral credit of the subjective factor, which is required to have the management of corporate credit experience, the right to judge and keen insight.②capacity: Capacity is the customers ability to pay when the credit expires, it is according to customer financial information, especially under the regular income and expenditure data be analyzed to determine their ability to pay the purchase price.③Capital: capital refers to the customer's financial strength and financial status, indicating that the background of the customer may pay the debt, usually reflect thefinancial position of the ratio of customers include: debt ratio, current ratio, earnings coverage ratio, fixed charges coverage ratio.④collateral: collateral or credit status on the bottom line I do not know the customer and requires a disputed credit guarantee of a variety of assets.⑤economic environment: mainly refers to the economic environment can affect the ability of customers to fulfill financial responsibility of economic development trends, it is beyond the control of the customer. Corporate credit managers in considering this factor, the analysis should focus on regional economic conditions and business products related to the development of industry-specific.Second, the credit analysis. According to customer's credit information, credit screening of several major factors, the number of statistical methods used for processing classified and quantified to calculate the weights, assessment of credit quality, enterprise credit management section based on credit scores to determine the weighted credit rating .Third, credit risk model method. According to the customer's financial business risk and receivables management company's own risk to determine credit risk, the use of the principle of mathematical statistics to establish a credit risk model, which ARC (credit risk) = PR risk customers can not pay the creditors × MR (accounts receivable risk management), MR (accounts receivable risk management) is the company's own accounts receivable management system, measures methods, control and supervision, the quality of personnel and other internal factors, can affect the risk of a few accounts receivable management major factors in assessing the scores of each factor and the weights, the weighted scores obtained MR values; Similarly, PR value is the major risk factors based on ratios of financial position (cash ratio, inventory turnover, quick ratio, etc.) to assess the score of each factor, calculated using the principle of mathematical statistics weight each factor, then the integrated value is calculated PR value. Several standard methods of the above can apply for credit credit offer credit quality of customers to predict, analyze, judge, to determine whether to grant credit offers.(2) credit terms. Corporate credit conditions is the need to pay money on credit conditions, including credit terms, discounts, terms and cash discounts. Credit period is the longest business requirements to the customer time to pay; discount period is required for customers to enjoy the time of payment cash discounts; cash discount to encourage customers in the period of early payment discounts given preferential treatment. Generally provide more favorable credit terms to increase sales, but it can also bring additional burdens, such as accounts receivable will increase the opportunity cost of bad debts, cash discounts and other costs, so companies must be carefully weighed. I think we can grasp the following principles: the principle of prudence, risk principle (the principle of loose-type), the principle of cooperation. Prudence two possibilities: First, companies in the market weakness, deteriorating economic environment, companies should make a negative decision management sales strategy, market risk should be taken to avoid the principle of prudence. Second, the customer, without the ability to pay low credit quality, and poor financial situation, or do not understand the ins and outs and the dispute by the credit quality to theprecautionary principle of justice.The principle of risk can be divided into two situations: First, companies in the economic recovery increased, the product in the industry or the District of merchantability good, corporate decision-making authorities should take active sales policy. Second, the customer, the credit quality is high, financial condition, ability to pay, credit managers should be taken when issuing credit risk principles.The principle of cooperation: For SMEs, the capital less strength is poor, the general financial situation, ability to resist market risk is small, it should be taken in the aggregate principle.2, accounts receivable, risk prevention intervalSince the formation of the company credit accounts receivable, the sales and billing between the two acts of a settlement time, the interval. Interval of the recovered funds back in time to enable enterprises to have more liquidity to carry out production and service activities, and actively take the initiative to debt collection units or individuals. Bad debt losses will be reduced to a minimum, strengthen the recognition that not justify the amount of time being to let the other know and recognize the debt, in practice, can be sent to the business or personal debts confirmation or destroy a single paragraph, so that Check the arrears owed the content of individual units or signature confirmation mail, so that companies understand the availability of debt, repayment intentions each other, urging each other timely repayment, but also easy to check the authenticity of accounts receivables.For the other debts but delays longer recognized or return the book debts owed to strengthen preventive work is to understand the delay in repayment, arrears mail confirmation is not the reason to visit the other units in the field, to identify the existence of the other units or individuals, whether deliberately delayed payments, if unable to pay the debt, is facing bankruptcy, whether the cases escaping with money, etc., will cause a timely manner to the departments concerned to jointly study measures, do everything possible to receivables, reduce bad debts, bad loss account, but also to prevent blindness in future credit. If the payment has been made to identify the other party, shall immediately identify the whereabouts of, would have been diverted, whether the corruption of the unit personnel, wrong billing, etc., to ensure timely detection of errors were corrected.Even for the reputation, business or reputation has always been very high against individuals should not be relaxed, because "the portal does not close tightly, sages from the Pirates of the Heart", the unit if not often to learn about, mission, and it will part of the business or reputation of high prestige individual to ill-gotten gains, regardless of honor towards the idea of development, trust, reputation has been misused, to the unit causing serious economic losses.3, the daily management of accounts receivable risk prevention(1) enterprises in order to accelerate the turnover rate of accounts receivable, factoring risk reduction, you must do the following basic work. We must first place the accounts receivable should be registered in time, the household accounts receivable detailing the time, amount, reason, and the billing period to recover the situation and so on, and collect credit information about customers, such as access to Customerrecent balance sheet and income statement and other statements, analyze liquidity, ability to pay and the rate of business performance; second request to the customer's bank credit certificate of the client to understand the customer's deposit balance, loan conditions and settlement status; the last customer-related exchange of other suppliers of credit information companies to understand the timely payment of the customer and so on. These measures, analysis of customer's credit status in order to detect and propose a solution.(2) To strengthen management and total management of a single customer. (1) make the basis of records, level of understanding of customer payments in a timely manner.(2) Check whether the customers break through credit. (3) grasp the customer's debt credit period has expired, customers have been closely monitoring the dynamic changes in debt maturity. (4) analysis of accounts receivable turnover and average billing period, to see whether at the normal level of liquidity. (5) to strengthen aging analysis of accounts receivable. Aging analysis of accounts receivable accounts receivable ledger should be based on the setting business case may be, the general ledger accounts receivable business sales region and sales by the household setting. (3) to strengthen the management of accounts receivable ledger. Screening of the accounts receivable ledger, aging analysis to determine which needs and which does not require, or purchase a unit occurs only a few pen and the amount outstanding, as a result of product quality, dispute, or disputes resulting from breach of contract Such accounts receivable should be shown separately case by case basis and specify the reasons put forward to resolve issues.4, accounting, risk prevention(1) Select the correct extractionChina's current accounting system to prepare low corporate law provides that only accounted for bad debts, this is an accounts receivable effective risk prevention measures. 2006 "Enterprise Accounting Standards" provides enterprises the ratio of provision for bad debts 0.3% -0.5%, specifically determined by the enterprises themselves, so that different companies to solve practical problems opened up a new way. The company shall state the specific circumstances under the scope of provision for bad debts, extraction method, the division of aging and extraction ratio, in accordance with administrative privileges, general meeting of shareholders or managers (the director) or similar approval, and in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations report to the relevant provisions of the parties to the record, the extraction method for bad debts has been determined shall not be changed, you need to change, based upon the above procedures, and report to the parties approved the record, and be stated in the accounting statements.(2) Select the correct method of settlement. The right of settlement to reduce the risk of accounts receivable is also very important. Settlement between the Bank of China's enterprises are mainly the following: check settlement, foreign exchange settlement, commission collection settlement, settlement and other bank draft, corporate customers operating according to ability, capacity to repay and credit status, select the appropriate settlement of strong profitability and solvency, credit risk of large customers to choose a good way, this will help the two sides establish a relationship ofmutual trust, expand the sales network and improve competitiveness.5, accounts receivable factoring risk preventionIf the enterprise is the work done against accounts receivable in the former, and effective, will be able to grasp the size of the risk of accounts receivable, then the problem will be greatly reduced workload. But a business in the ordinary course of business can be without accounts receivable, and its purpose is simply to do preventive work is to control the line of credit and change the overall aging structure, increasing the recoverability of the existing accounts receivable. Therefore, enterprises must conduct research into prevention of accounts receivable, to establish their own processing methods and principles.First, the analysis of total receivables. Look at the accounts receivable balance is reasonable, whether the enterprise's production and management has become a burden, whether the compression of the needs and possibilities, what basis. Based on the analysis in the total amount, further the balance of accounts receivable aging analysis carried out by detailed subjects. Accounts receivable aging analysis is the quality and value of the total re-evaluation is to determine the recoverability of the account balance and determine what measures to use to resolve basis. Aging in general the smaller the longer the greater the risk the possibility of recovery.Second is to determine the collection process. According to aging analysis to determine needs and special circumstances of the customer billing, the normal billing procedures: submit a letter - Telephone collection - send people to interview - legal action. First, analysis of the causes of default, such as customer due to poor management, inability to pay, the should be further analysis is temporary or has reached bankruptcy. The reason for the temporary relaxation of the repayment period should be appropriate to help clients through difficult times. This is more compatible with the aging short, good reputation, part of the customer accounts receivable. But should also seek to extend the normal part of the total share. In order to recover more money, but the two sides can establish good business relationship.For the already bankrupt state, can not be revitalized, it should be in a timely manner to the court to be liquidated in bankruptcy pay off some debt.Third, the customer has repayment ability, but refuses to pay, the enterprises should adopt appropriate methods of debt collection. Consultation method: with the debt repayment customers, deadlines, payment methods and friendly consultations. 1, the probation law: clarifying the position of creditors or debt collection proud of the hard to move the debtor, moved their compassion. 2, the carrot and stick method: two people with debt collection, hard unwilling to compromise, soft in the stone, complement each other. Make payment by debtors. $ Fatigue War and attempting to rally: the main leaders of business debt pegged to fight a protracted war, it will collapse. Or language stimulation, so as to save face and dignity and had to pay. 3, the storm Law: explicitly tell the debtor to its proceedings. For repayment in any case fail to reach an agreement negotiations have had a lawyer to take legal action.Before taking legal action against the principle of cost-effectiveness should be considered, do not face prosecution following conditions: 1, court costs exceed the amount of the debt claim; 2, the customer value of the collateral can not write off debt,it has a wide range of social relations, prosecution may be hurt the business operation or cause damage, even if successful, the possibility of recovery of receivables is extremely limited.In short, the establishment of sound policies and effective debt collection, collection costs and to reduce the trade-off between bad debt, effective debt collection policies to a large extent by the experience of the management staff, the enterprise should have a professional knowledge is solid, experienced, responsible and accounts receivable management team can do a better job to Collection.本文摘自《黑龙江科技信息》2010年第4期，作者：孙丽译文：论企业应收账款风险的控制摘要：应收账款是企业采用赊销方式销售商品或劳务而应向顾客收取的款项，应收账款管理直接影响企业营运资金的周转和经济效益文章指出，企业要结合自身的实际情况，建立应收账款的风险防范机制，从源头控制，防患于未然企业的应收账款不仅面临着回收的风险，同时其存在也会给企业带来经营风险，从企业应收账款管理的现状入手，分析企业应收账款管理中面临的问题。

财务会计论文应收账款外文参考文献Foreign source :Friends of the accounting, in 2009 (30) 84 85Enterprise receivables management analysed【 abstract 】 in order to meet the expanding sales and increase the competitiveness ofthe enterprises, reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management expensesneed, the business activities in El often created accounts receivable. Accountsreceivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its qualityis good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. Because of theimportant account receivable, according to some accounts receivable management andaccounting, points out the existing problems in the disadvantages of accountreceivable mismanagement, and puts forward some to strengthen the management of accounts receivable practices.【 keywords 】 receivables; The provision for; Management riskAccounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. These long-term difficult to recover theaccounts receivable existence, seriously affected the enterprise. The normal production and business enterprise management costs, increased to different extent some enterprise into a financial crisis.1.The role of account receivable. Expand sales, increase the competitiveness ofthe enterprises in the fierce market competition situation, is to promote the sales ofcredit is an important way. Enterprise credit is actually to provide customers with thetwo transactions, to customer selling products, and in a limitedperiod introverted customers funds. In credit-tightening, market weakness, lack of money, the promotion with obvious credit forenterprise sales role. New products and explore new market is more important significance.Reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management costs. To the enterprise to hold finished goods inventory additional fee, warehousing costs andinsurance expenses; Instead, the enterprise to hold accounts receivable, you do notneed the spending. Therefore, when the enterprise products inventory more for long1 time, generally can use more favorable credit conditions, the inventory into pipesreceivable and reduce finished goods in stock, save related expenses.2.Accounts receivable in the management of the existing problemsAccounts receivable is broad, fixed number of year long. Amounts Enterprise to accounts receivable accounting is not standard. According to theprovisions of the state financial and accounting systems. Accounts receivable isaccounting enterprise for selling goods or services to happen to purchase unit shall berecovered or accept labor unit payments. But the enterprise did not strictly accordingto the provisions of the accounting enterprise receivables. Cause some should not bein the project accounting money also included in the project, cause accountsreceivable accounting has no reality.The account receivable NPLS not timely, to the enterprise confirmed theappearance of virtually increased asset caused. Because enterprise to accountsreceivable slackened management, especially some enterprise also to accountsreceivable as means of adjusting profit. So on the account receivable SiZhangconfirmation on staying there ~ some problems. Is mainly to stay SiZhang has alreadyformed the receivables confirm fast enough, for many years in the accounts receivableformed account long-term, eased some already can't withdraw, this provision for theprovision for no provision of virtual enterprise assets, causing thickening.Because some of the managers and operators enterprise financial managementconsciousness and lack of management concept. To accounts receivable is lack ofeffective management and collect investigation the author feel. In Shanxi Province inthe part of the province tube enterprise still exist serious planned economy of ideas,these people to the market economy can't say don't understand, also cannot say don't understand, the main thing is not starts from oneself, and in practical work is often said the much, do less. Thought is drunk on the production and business operation thiscenter, not how to do well management finance the primacy, failed to do the businessmanagement financial management as the center. Financial management to fundmanagement as the center. The management of funds and use only paying attention tohow to borrow and spend money, not for existing resources andcapital for effectiveconfiguration and mobilize. Cause enterprise produced a considerable amount ofreceivables, also do not actively from the Angle of strengthening management, solotsof money to clean up the long-term retention outside. Affected the enterprise normalproduction and operation activities and the efficient use of the funds.2 3.The drawbacks of the receivable mismanagementReduce enterprise funds use efficiency, make enterprise profits down because ofenterprise logistics and cash flow not consistent, merchandise shipped, prescribingsales invoices. Payment is not keeping pace recovery, and sales have established, thisnot up recovery entry sales. Certainly will cause no cash inflow generated sales tax onprofits and losses, and sales income paid and years be paid in advance. If involvesspan more than to sales revenue account receivable. Then can produce enterprise bycurrent assets paid annual shareholders dividend. Enterprise forsuch pursuit arisingfrom the pad surface benefits and tax payment paid shareholders take up a lot ofliquidity, as time passes will influence enterprise capital turnover. Which led to theenterprise actual operation situation veiled. Influence enterprise production plan andsales plan, etc, can't realize the set benefit goal.Exaggerated enterprise operating results. Because our country enterpriseexecutes accounting foundation is the accrual (receivable meet system). The currentcredit happened all to write down current income. Therefore, the enterprise account profit increase does not mean that can meet the schedule of realizing cash inflows. Accounting system requires the enterprise in accordance with the percentage of account receivable balance to extract the provision for, the provision for a 5% rates generally for 3% (special enterprise except). If the actual loss of bad happened more than extract the provision for, will give enterprise to bring the great loss. Therefore,the enterprise of account receivable existence. On the TAB virtually increased sales income. In oerstate enterprise operation results. Increased risks of an enterprise cost.Speeding up the enterprise's cash outflows. Sell on credit although can make theenterprise produces more profits, but did not make enterprise cash inflows increase,on the contrary make enterprise had to use limited liquidity to various taxes and feespaid, accelerate the enterprise's cash outflows, main performance for:Enterprise tax payments. Accounts receivable bring sales income. Not actually receive cash, turnover is computational basis with sales, the enterprise must on time pay by cash. Enterprise pay tax as value added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resources tax and urban construction tax, inevitable meeting with sales revenue increases.Income tax payments. Accounts receivable generate revenue, but notin cash income tax, and realizing cash payment must on time.3 Cash the distribution of the profits. Also exist such problems. In addition, thecost of the management of accounts receivable and accountsreceivable recyclingcosts will accelerate enterprise cash outflows.The business cycle has influence on enterprise. Operating cycle from obtain inventory to the sales that inventory and withdraw cash this time so far. Operating cycle depends on inventory turnover days and accounts receivable turnover days, the business cycle is combined. From that. Unreasonable accounts receivable existence, make business cycle extended, affected the enterprise capital circulation, make a lot of liquidity precipitation in non-productive link. Cause enterprisecash shortage, influence salaries and raw material purchasing, serious impact on the enterprisenormal production and operation.Increased receivables management process. Error probability, bringsto theenterprise enterprise to face the additional loss accountsreceivable account, possiblyto the timely discovery, accounting errors can prompt understanding and otherreceivables accounts receivable dynamic enterprise details. Cause responsibilityunclear. Accounts receivable contract, Taiwan about, commitments,the formalities ofexamination and approval of such material scattered, lost may makethe enterprise hashappened on the account receivable unable to receive the fullrecovery of repayment,the only partially withdraw through legal means. Can recover, butdue to material notwhole and cannot be recovered, until eventually form the enterprise assets loss.4.To strengthen the management of accounts receivable methodComprehensive comb, and establish material parameter. For enterprise all kindsof receivables launch a comprehensive system of comb, queuing, check the work.Because in past economic activity business minority, inefficient pattern. Hard to adaptto the market economy requirement, the law of development in the increasingly fierce market competition gradually be eliminated, the enterprise is in production, BanTingChan, failed state, has formed a widespread accounts receivable account for along (most age 3 years), former party leave the state of operation and the debtor changes etc. Phenomenon, to clear a check increase the difficulty. Workers should browse a large number of original documents, traced back to carefully each individual accounts receivable from the nature, time, happened contents, amount. According to zhang age, systems, area and the possibility of recovery of accounts receivable are classified. Carefully analyzed collection verify each sum of money and amount. And this system, more likely way back near the door checkaccount receivable; Way to4 outside the system, and is unlikely to far back of receivables through telephoneenquiries, enterprise sent a letter, lawyers sent a letter way to undertake checking: some not so clear accounts receivable multilateral bug verification. Please go back tothe original sales personnel, agent help check to ensure that thedata obtained by theaccurate, reliable and accurate data collected in the visiting forthe future of written-off receivables smoothly provide effective legal evidence. More importantly, with thedebtor written-off receivables personnel and check accounts concerning the debtor family residence, operation sites, property status, income level made a comprehensive and detailed understanding, and according to the command of the debtor to evaluate solvency debt-repaying possibility. Judge, lock key goals for the next great written-offreceivables smoothly and lay the foundation.Multi-pronged approach.we great effort, increase. After the preparation work ordo. Accounts receivable written-off receivables entered thesubstantial "punish collect" crucial stage. In actual work, in order to give attention to collect the magnificence of the enterprise withbenefit, one of the debtor to classify, different properties analysis of the debtor to adopt targeted collect method, in order to make the whole written-off receivables achieved good effect. The debtor to business clients. Topossess management qualification, sound system, assets in good condition of customers, after consultations communication with the other, try to take groovy gathering way, so that both the collect keep good business cooperation relations;Butfor malicious long-term default behavior, used first lawyer in demand for collection, correspondence is invalid cases, still choose be representative of the debtor to court,apply for a court for compulsory execution. In the majesty of the law, the other group of a deterrent to repay the debtor will repay arrears, self-consciously plays to the whole written-off receivables to point the impetus with. On the system internal worker arrears. For system inside worker due to illness, life difficult, and many other reason formed non-business temporary loan, first of all, issued a document, clearly stipulates that deadline repossessed; Secondly, alarge amount of arrears. Indeed, in adifficult to pay off after consultation with staff. Paymentagreement signed. Divide second month in salary charged or deduct; Finally, the internal to laid-off employees and have extra-large disease worker, its economy is really difficult to repay embarrassment. In ahumane treatment, offer certain debt relief. Such already make whole written-off receivables reach the expected effect, also can let laid-off workersto their real challenges organization care. Adopting property preservation measures. In the actual collect process. Often encountered some have the repayment ability but5 reimbursement conditions or timing immature the obligor, collect personnel cancooperate actively court on the debtor's property implement preservation, making cdoin court, under the help of the relevant accounting units and individuals to imposepreservation of property. For property preservation at the same time. Appoint ourwealth pipe center visit regularly the obligor, closely watching the debtorwhereabouts, understand their property status. Once found the debtor reimbursementconditions mature, immediately notify the court, suspend theproperty preservation,reactivated cases. Applied to the court for compulsory execution withdraw arrears.Establish customer credit system. Strict credit business formalities for examination and approval from years of written-off receivablesaccounts receivable see. A few enterprises in experience increased sales push credit sales policy. Did notestablish a complete customer credit system, to the customer assets status, reimbursement ability, financial situation, the credit rating don't know much. Even after receivable formation. Find the debtor to punish frequently occurred. There are afew enterprise to the customer credit conditions are too broad. Credit approval rights too scattered, sometimes a sales personnel can decided to sell on credit business formation. Cause some credit rating is low customers easily get credit, increasing therisk of bad loans.Earnestly implement post responsibility system, strict appraisal, rewards andpunishments and trenchant.Some enterprise although also established a comparativelyperfect accounts receivable credit sales, management, a great responsibility andinternal control system, but in actual work but become a mere formality, non-existing.Cause the enterprise internal responsibility unclear, the reward is unknown situation.To a certain extent, encourages the formation of large receivables, increasing theoperating risk of an enterprise. So only with a good set of system doesn't solve all theproblems in the practical work, the key still need to implement these system willreach the designated position, achieves truly in the bud.Foreign source :Friends of the accounting, in 2009 (30) 84 856 企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策【摘要】公司为了满足扩大销售、增加企业的竞争力、减少库存、降低存货风险和管理开支等的需要，在El常的经营活动中产生了应收账款。

应收账款管理外文文献MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEIN A COMPANYAbstractAccounts receivable management directly impacts the profitability of a company. Firstly, the purpose of the empirical part of the study is to analyze accounts receivable and to demonstrate a correlation between the accounts receivable level and profitability expressed in terms of Retun on Assets (ROA) of sample companies. Secondly, the aim of theoretical research is to explore cost and benefits of changes in credit policy, determine the independent variables which have an impact on net savings and establish a relationship among them in order to develop a new mathematical model for calculating net savings following a revision of credit policy. On the basis of research result, a mathematical model for calculating net savings and following a revision of credit policy, has been developed and with this model a company can consider different credit policies as well as changes in credit policy in order to improve its income and profitability and establish a credit policy that results in the greatest net profitability. Keywords: accounts receivable, profitability, net savings, credit policy21EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS... 1. INTRODUCTIONAccounts receivable is the money owed to a company as a result of having sold its products to customers on credit. The primary determinants of the company's investment in accounts receivable are the industry, the level of total sales along with the company's credit and the collection policies.Accounts receivable management includes establishing a credit and collections policy.Credit policy consists of four variables: credit period, discounts given for early payment, credit standards and collection policy. The three primary issues in accounts receivable management are to whomcredit should be extended, the terms of the credit and the procedurethat should be used to collect the money.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is thedetermination of the amount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accounts receivable outstanding at any given time is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the average length of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a direct bearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from receivables. If credit terms are tight, there will be less of an investment in accounts receivable and fewer bad debt losses, but there will also be lower sales and reduced profits.We hypothesize that by applying scientifically-based accounts receivable management and by establishing a credit policy that resultsin the highest net earnings, companies can earn a satisfactory profit as well as a return on investment.The purpose of this study is to determine ways of finding an optimal accounts receivable level along with making optimum use of different credit policies in order to achieve a maximum return at an acceptable level of risk. In striving to fill in the gaps relating to net savings from changes in credit policy, the study makes its own contribution to research and thereby to managers by giving them general recommendation. With the aim of completing these gaps, the study will investigate accounts receivables, their management and explore costs and benefits from changes in credit policy as well as net profitability.When a company is considering changes in its credit policy in order to improve its income, incremental profitability must be compared with the cost of discount and the opportunity cost associated with higher investment in accounts receivable.The outcome represents a new mathematical model for calculating net savings from changes in credit policy and with this model a company can consider different credit policies as well as changes in credit policyin order to improve its income and profitability.22EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS... 2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. Accounts receivable managementAccounts receivable represents a sizable percentage of most firms' assets. Investments in accounts receivable, particularly for manufacturing companies, represent a significant part of short-term financial management. Firms typically sell goods and services on both cash and a credit basis. Firms would rather sell for cash than on credit, but competitive pressures force most firms to offer credit. Theextension of trade credit leads to the establishment of accounts receivable. Receivables represent credit sales that have not been collected. As the customers pay these accounts, the firm receives the cash associated with the original sale. If the customer does not pay an account, a bad debt loss is incurred1 When a credit sale is made, the following events occur:inventories are . reduced by the cost of goods sold, accounts receivable are increased by the sales price, and the difference is profit, which is added to retained earnings. If the sale is for cash, then the cash from the sale has actually been received by the firm, but if the sale is on credit, the firm will not receive the cash from the sale unless anduntil the account is collected. Carrying receivable has both direct and indirect costs, but it also has an important benefit-increased sales.According to Chambers and Lacey there are three primary issues inthe2 management of accounts receivable: to whom to extend credit, what the terms of the credit should be, and what procedure should be used to collect the money. Extending credit should be based upon a comparison ofcosts and benefits. The analysis must build in uncertainty because weare uncertain of future payment, and we will handle this by computingthe expected costs and expected benefits through payment probabilities. The potential cost of extending credit is that the customer will not pay. Although there is a temptation to compute this cost as the full price of the product, it is almost always more appropriate to use the actual cost of the product. The potential benefit of extending credit is not justthe hope for profit on the one transaction; rather, it is the potential value of the customer for a long-term relationship.The decision of how much credit to offer must be made when the customer initially requests credit and when the customer requests additional credit. The fundamental principle that guides financial decisions can be used: marginal benefit versus marginal cost. The marginal cost is the additional potential lost costs of the product. The costs of past uncollected sales are sunk costs and should not beincluded as a marginal costs. The marginal benefits are the potential sales and 1 Pinches, G.: Financial Management, Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, 1994., p. 701-702. 2 Chambers, D. R., Lacey, N. L.: Modern Corporate Finance, Hayden McNeil Publishing, Michigan, 2011, p. 518.23EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS... interest revenues – including the potentialto recover past sales that remain 3 uncollected .Once the decision to grant credit has been made, the firm must establish the terms of the credit. Credit terms are often separated into two parts: the credit period and the credit discount.Collection of accounts receivable is an important process for a corporation and requires a well-designed and well-implemented policy. One technique is the factoring of accounts receivables. In a typical factoring arrangement, one firm will sell their accounts receivable outright to another firm for an agreed-upon price. There ia usually no recourse in such transactions, such that the buyer (also known as the factor) takes the loss if the purchaser of the goods does not ultimately pay for them.Another technique to expedite the receipt of accounts receivable is to utilize lock boxes. Lock boxes are payment collection locations spread geographically so as to reduce the amount of time required for checks mailed to the firm to be deposited and cleared. The lock boxes are typically post office box addresses from which deposits go directly to a bank on the day of receipt. The reduction of mailing time and check clearing time for the banks can produce significant savings when large sums of money are involved.Payments of accounts receivable should be closely monitored todetect potential problems such as would be indicated by slow payments. Following up on slow-paying customers is an important function of the credit department. Procedures should be carefully developed and consistently implemented4.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is thedetermination of the amount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accounts receivable is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the average length of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a direct bearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated fromreceivables. In evaluating a potential customer’s ability to pay, consideration should be given to the firm’s integrity, financia l soundness, collateral to be pledged, and current economic conditions. A customer’s credit soundness may be evaluated through quantitative techniques such as regression analysis. Bad debt losses can be estimated reliably when a company sells to many customers and when its credit policies have not changed for a long period of time. In managing accounts receivable, the following procedures are recommended: establish a credit policyestablish a policy concerning billingestablish a policy concerning collection.3 Ibidem, p. 520.4 Ibidem, p. 521-522 .24EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS...The establishment of a credit policy can include the following activities:A detailed review of a pote ntial customer’s soundness should bemadeprior to extending credit. Procedures such as a careful review ofthecustomer’s financial statements and credit rating, as well as areview offinancial service reports are common.As customer financial health changes, credit limit should be revised.Marketing factors must be noted since an excessively restrictedcreditpolicy will lead to lost sales.The policy is financially appropriate when the return on theadditionalsales plus the lowering in inventory costs is greater than the incremental 5 cost associated with the additional investment in accounts receivable .The following procedures are recommended in establishing a policy concerning billing:Customer statements should be sent within 1 day subsequent to thecloseof the period.Large sales should be billed immediately.Customers should be invoiced for goods when the order is processed rather than when it is shipped.Billing for services should be done on an interim basis or immediatelyprior to the actual services. The billing process will be more uniform ifcycle billing is employed.The use of seasonal dating’s should be considered.In establishing a policy concerning collection the following procedures should be used:Accounts receivable should be aged in order to identify delinquent andhigh-risk customers. The aging should be compared to industry norms.Collection efforts should be undertaken at the very first sign of customer 6 financial unsoundness .2.2. Managing the credit policyThe success or failure of a business depends primarily on the demand for its products.5 Shim, J. K., Siegel, J. G.: Financial Management, Third edition, Mc Graw Hill, New York, 2007,p. 107-108.6 Ibidem, p. 108 .25EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS...The major determinants of demand are sales prices, product quality, advertising, and the company’s credit policy. The financial manager isresponsible for administering the company’s credi t policy. Receivables management begins with the credit policy. Credit policy consists of four major components: credit standards, credit terms, the credit limit and collection procedures.Credit standards refer to the required financial strength of acceptable credit customers.Based on financial analysis and non financial data, the credit analyst determines whether each credit applicant exceeds the credit standard and thus qualifies for credit. Lower credit standards boost sales, but also increase bad debts. The minimum standards a customer must meet to be extended credit are: character, capital, capacity, conditions and collateral.The credit period, stipulating how long from the invoice the customer has to pay, and the cash discount together comprise theseller’s credit terms. A company’s credit terms are usually very similar to that of other companies in its industry7.Discounts given for early payment include the discount percentage and how rapidly payment must be made to qualify for the discount.If credit is extended, the dollar amount that cumulative credit purchases can reach for a given customer constitutes that customer’s credit limit. The customer periodically pays for credit purchases, freeing up that amount of the credit limit for further orders. The two primary determinants of the amount of a customer’s credit limit are requirements for the supplier’s products and the ability of thecustomer to pay its debts. The latter factor is based primarily on the customer’s recent payment record with t he seller and others and a review and analysis of the customer’s most recent financial statements8 Detailed statements regarding when and how the company will carry out . collection of past-due accounts make up the company’s collection procedures. These policies specify how long the company will wait past the due date to initiate collection efforts, the methods of contact with delinquent customers, and whether and at what point accounts will be referred to an outside collection agency .9 Collection policy is measured by its toughness or laxity in attempting to collect on slow-paying accounts. A tough policy may speed up collections, by it might also anger customers, causing them to take their business elsewhere .10 7 Maness, T. S., Zietlow, J. T.: Short-Term Financial Management, Third Edition, Thomson South- Western, Ohio, 2005, p. 139. 8 Ibidem, p. 139 . 9 Ibidem, p. 141 . 10 Brigham, E. F., Daves, P. R.: Intermediate Financial Management, 8th edition, Thomson South- Western, Ohio, 2004., p. 715 .26EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS...A firm may liberalize its credit policy by extanding full credit to presently limited credit customers or to non-credit customers. Fullcredit should be given only if net profitability occurs. A financial manager has to compare the earnings on sales obtained to the added cost of the receivables. The additional earnings represent the contribution margin on the incremental sales because fixed costs are constant. The additional costs on the additional receivables result from the greater number of bad debts and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer time period.If a firm considers offering credit to customers with a higher-than-normal risk rating, the profitability on additional sales generated must be compared with the amount of additional bad debts expected, higher investing and collection costs, and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer period of time. When idle capacity exists, the additional profitability represents the incremental contribution margin (sales less variable costs) since fixed costs remain the same.3. RESEARCH3.1. MethodologyThis paper presents results from the empirical research undertakenon a representative sample of Croatian companies with the aim of exploring their receivables, accounts receivables and, finally, explore changes in credit policy especially costs and benefits as well as net profitability from changes in credit policy.The empirical research was based on a sample of randomly selected companies in the Republic of Croatia. The analyzed sample comprises 60 large companies and 60 medium-sized companies.We analyzed the structure of receivables used by sample companies in the Republic of Croatia in 2010, accounts receivable ratios along with a dependence between accounts receivable levels and profitability. Using methods from statistics, we investigated whether there was a relation between accounts receivable ratios and profitability expressed in terms of return on assets. To improve the quality of analysis and descriptive statistics analysis, we used financial ratios.Our body of data includes: receivables levels, accounts receivable divided by current assets, accounts receivable divided by total assets and Return on Assets (ROA).We also analyzed costs and benefits from changes in credit policy as well as net earnings from changes in credit policy. The independent variables which determine net earnings from revising the credit policy have been selected and the relations between them have been defined. On the basis of research results,we27EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS... have introduced a new model for calculating net earnings from changes in credit policy which is a system of mathematical equations.3.2. Results of analysisWe analyzed the structure of receivables used by sample companies in 2010, accounts receivable ratios along with a dependence between accounts receivable levels and profitability as well as changes incredit policy. 3.2.1. Structure of receivables used by Croatian companiesThe structure of receivables in sample companies in 2010 has been analyzed and presented in Table 1.Table 1Structure of receivables in Croatian companies in 2010(in 000 kuna)Company Large % Medium-sized %Receivables companies companiesReceivables from related 1.830.931,10 17,55 75.853,34 7,97 parties Accounts receivables 7.134.284,13 68,37 681.804,04 71,62 Receivables from 24.579,02 0,24 9.139,85 0,96 employees andshareholdersReceivables from 498.062,56 4,77 47.780,24 5,02 government and otherinstitutionsOther receivables 946.220,10 9,07 137.323,15 14,43 Total receivables 10.434.076,91 100,00 951.900,62 100,00 Source: Author's calculationsAnalysing the structure of receivables of sample large and medium-sized companies it can be seen that they mainly invest in accounts receivables. The share of accounts receivables in total receivables is the highest and it amounts to 68,37% of total receivables for large companies and 71,62% for medium-sized companies under review.28EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS...The shares of receivables from related parties, receivables from employees, receivables from government and other institutions as well as other receivables together amount to 31,63% of total receivables for large companies and 28,38% for medium-sized companies under review. The funds invested in a given receivable category may change daily, and require close scrutiny. As the shares of these receivables amount to0.24 % to 17.55% of total receivables for sample large companies and from 0.96 % to 14.43% for sample medium-sized companies, consideration should be given to the company's accounts receivables and their management.3.2.2. Analysis of accounts receivables used by Croatian companiesInvestments in accounts receivables in sample large and medium-sized companies in 2010 have been analyzed by using financial indicators and presented in Table 2.Table 2Accounts receivable ratios of Croatian companies in 2010Large Medium-sized % Companies Ratio % companies companiesAccounts receivable/current assets ratioUp to 10% 12 20,00 9 15,00 Between 10 and 20% 12 8 13,33 20,00 Between 20 and 30% 13 21,67 20 33,33 Between 30 and 40% 8 13,33 6 10,00 Between 40 and 50% 7 11,67 3 5,0016,67 Over 50% 12 20,00 10Total 60 100,00 60 100,00 Accounts receivable/ totalassets ratioUp to 10% 40 66,67 35 58,33 Between 10 and 20% 8 13,33 12 20,00 Between 20 and 30% 4 6,67 7 11,67 Between 30 and 40% 5 8,33 4 6,67 Between 40 and 50% 2 3,33 0 0,001 2 Over 50% 1,67 3,33 Total 60 100,00 60 100,00 Source: Author's calculations29EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS...The most surveyed large companies (21,67%) and medium-sized companies (33,33,%) have a share of accounts receivable in current assets between 20 and 30% .The share of accounts receivable in current assets amounts to 10%for 20% of surveyed large companies and for 15% of surveyed medium-sized companies.The share of accounts receivable in current assets amounts to between 10 to 20% for 13,33% of surveyed large companies and for 20% of surveyed medium-sized companies.Consequently, the share of accounts receivable in current assets amounts to 30% for 55% of surveyed large companies and for 68,33% of surveyed medium-sized companies.The most surveyed large companies (66,67%) and medium-sized companies (58,33,%) have a share of accounts receivable in total assets up to 10%. The share of accounts receivable in total assets amounts to20% for 80% of surveyed large companies and for 78,33% of surveyed medium-sized companies.The lower accounts receivable ratios may indicate that average investment in accounts receivable is unsuitable and the company's credit policy is too stringent, with the company failing to tap into the potential for profit through sales to customers in higher risk classes.A stringent credit policy might result in a loss of business.Investment in accounts receivable represents the cost tied up in those receivables, including both the cost of the product and the cost of capital. Before revising its credit policy, a company has to weigh the profit potential against the risk inherent in selling to more marginal customers. The profitability on additional sales generated must be compared with the amount of additional bad debts expected, higher investment and collection costs, along with the opportunity cost oftying up funds in receivables for a longer period of time.3.2.3. Relation between accounts receivable level and profitabilityWe investigated whether there was a relation between the accounts receivable level, which compared accounts receivable to current assets, and profitability and analyzed the dependence between accounts receivable level and profitability. We hypothesize that there may be a positive correlation among them coupled with the fact that an increase of accounts receivable triggers an increase of profitability expressed in terms of return on assets.The level of accounts receivables expressed in terms of ratios and return on assets in large and medium-sized sample companies in the Republic of Croatia in 2010 has been analyzed as seen in Table 3.30EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS...Table 3 Descriptive statistics of accounts receivable ratio and return on assets in Croatiancompanies in 2010Large Medium-sized Companies companies companiesAccounts receivable/current assets ratioArithmetic mean 25,51 23,0918,77 19,69 Standard deviation73,58 85,28 Coefficient of variationReturn on assetsArithmetic mean 0,03 0,02Standard deviation 0,08 0,06Coefficient of variation 278,23 326,82Correlation coefficient 0,34 0,44Source: Author's calculationsThe average value of accounts receivable/current assets ratio for large companies during the observed period is 25,51, while the average value of Return On Assets (ROA) is 0.03. The standard deviation of accounts receivable/current assets ratio for large companies (18,77) is higher compared to the standard deviation of ROA (0,08).The largest standard deviation has been noted with the accounts receivable/current assets ratio for large companies and shows how widely members of a related group diverge from the average. Coefficient of variation for ROA is 278,23 and shows that a relative dispersion is significant. Coefficient of variation for ROA is higher than for accounts receivable/current assets ratio and shows that the variability of ROA is higher than the variability of accounts receivable/current assets ratio for large companies. The correlation coefficient for large companies is 0,34 which confirms that the correlation between accounts receivable/current assets ratio and ROA is positive and weak. The positive correlation between variables accounts receivable/current assets ratio and ROA may be an indication that a change in the accounts receivable level is associated with an equivalent change in the value of the return on assets.The average value of accounts receivable/current assets ratio for medium- sized companies during the observed period is 23,09 , while the average value of Return On Assets (ROA) is 0,02. The standard deviationof accounts receivable/current assets ratio for medium-sized companies (19,69) is higher compared to the standard deviation of ROA (0,06). Coefficient of variation for return on assets is 326,82 and shows that a relative dispersion is great. The coefficient of variation for accounts receivable/current assets ratio is lower than coefficient of variation for ROA and shows that consistency of accounts31EKON. MISAO PRAKSA DBK. GOD XXII. (2013.) BR. 1. (21-38) Kontuš, E.: MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS... receivable/current assets ratio is higher than consistency of ROA for medium- sized companies. The correlation coefficient for medium-sized companies is 0,44 which confirms that the return on assets is correlated positively and weakly with the accounts receivable/current assets ratio, thus suggesting that an increase in the level of accounts receivable triggers an increase in return on assets.The positive correlation between variables accounts receivable and ROA means that as values of accounts receivable expressed in terms of accounts receivable/current assets ratio increase, the values on the return on assets tend to increase in a predictable manner.We confirm that during the observed period the correlation between variables accounts receivable expressed in terms of accountsreceivable/current assets ratio and return on assets for Croatian sample companies is positive and an increase in the level of accounts receivable triggers an increase of profitability expressed in terms of return on assets.Accounts receivable management directly impact on the profitability of the company. In accounts receivable management, a financial manager should consider that there is a opportunity cost associated with holding receivable balances. As the credit terms offered have a direct bearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from accounts receivables, the increased salesandhigher investment in accounts receivable can increase revenue and profits, but they will also increase opportunity costs and cause additional bad debt losses. In order to minimize bad debt losses, a detailed review of a customer's credit worthiness should be made prior to giving or extending credit to customers and collection efforts should be undertaken at the very first sign of customer financial instability.3.2.4. Managing the credit policyA company should revise its credit policy by giving credit to more marginal customers or non-credit customers. Before revising its credit policy, a company has to weigh the profit potential against the risk inherent in selling to more marginal customers. Credit should be given only if net profitability occurs. A financial manager should compare the earnings on sales obtained to the added cost of the receivables. The additional earnings occurs because fixed costs are constant. The additional cost on the additional receivables results from the greater number of bad debts and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer time period.。

应收账款管理外文文献应收账款管理外文文献翻译毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Engineering Applications of Artificial (用外文写) Intelligence 26(2013)184…文献出处：Oncioiu I. Small and Medium Enterprises’ Access to Financing–A European Concern: Evidence from Romanian SME [J]. Interna…文献出处:Daskalakis N, Jarvis R, Schizas E. Financing practices and preferences for micro and small firms[J]. Journal of Small Bu…文献出处：Kontuš E. MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE IN A COMPANY[J]. Ekonomska misao i praksa, 2013 (1): 21-38.原文MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEIN A COMPANYUDK / UDC: 657.422:658.155JEL klasifikacija / JEL classification: G32, D29, M41Prethodno priopćenje / Prelimi nary communicationPrimljeno / Received: 8. listopada 2012. / October 8, 2012Prihvaćeno za tisak / Accepted for publishing: 10. lipnja 2013. / June 10, 20131. INTRODUCTIONAccounts receivable is the money owed to a company as a result of having sold its products to customers on credit. The primary determinants of the company's investment in accounts receivable are the industry, the level of total sales along with the company's credit and the collection policies. Accounts receivable management includes establishing a credit and collections policy.Credit policy consists of four variables: credit period, discounts given for early payment, credit standards and collection policy. The three primaryissues in accounts receivable management are to whom credit should be extended, the terms of the creditand the procedure that should be used to collect the money.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is the determination of the amount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accounts receivable outstanding at any given time is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the average length of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a direct bearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from receivables. If credit terms are tight, there will be less of an investment in accounts receivable and fewer bad debt losses, but there will also be lower sales and reduced profits.We hypothesize that by applying scientifically-based accounts receivable management and by establishing a credit policy that results in the highest net earnings, companies can earn a satisfactory profit as well as a return on investment.The purpose of this study is to determine ways of finding an optimal accounts receivable level along with making optimum use of different credit policies in order to achieve a maximum return at an acceptable level of risk. In striving to fill in the gaps relating to net savings from changes in credit policy, the study makes its own contribution to research and thereby to managers by giving them general recommendation. With the aim of completing these gaps, the study will investigate accounts receivables, their management and explore costs and benefits from changes in credit policy as well as net profitability.When a company is considering changes in its credit policy in order to improve its income, incremental profitability must be compared with the cost of discount andthe opportunity cost associated with higher investment in accounts receivable.The outcome represents a new mathematical model for calculating net savings from changes in credit policy and with this model a company can consider different credit policies as well as changes in credit policy in order to improve its income and profitability.2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. Accounts receivable managementAccounts receivable represents a sizable percentage of most firms' assets. Investments in accounts receivable, particularly for manufacturing companies, represent a significant part of short-term financial management. Firms typically sell goods and services on both cash and a credit basis. Firms would rather sell for cash than on credit, but competitive pressures force most firms to offer credit. The extension of trade credit leads to the establishment of accounts receivable. Receivables represent credit sales that have not been collected. As the customers pay these accounts, the firm receives the cash associated with the original sale. If the customer does not pay an account, a bad debt loss is incurred1.When a credit sale is made, the following events occur: inventories are reduced by the cost of goods sold, accounts receivable are increased by the sales price, and the difference is profit, which is added to retained earnings. If the sale is for cash, then the cash from the sale has actually been received by the firm, but if the sale is on credit, the firm will not receive the cash from the sale unless and until the account is collected. Carrying receivable has both direct and indirect costs, but it also has an important benefit-increased sales.According to Chambers and Lacey there are three primary issues in the management of accounts receivable: to whom to extend credit, what the terms of the credit should be, and what procedure should be used to collect the money. Extending credit should be based upon a comparison of costs and benefits. The analysis must build in uncertainty because we are uncertain of future payment, and we will handle this by computing theexpected costs and expected benefits through payment probabilities. The potential cost of extending credit is that the customer will not pay. Although there is a temptation to compute this cost as the full price of the product, it is almost always more appropriate to use the actual cost of the product. The potential benefit of extending credit is not just the hope for profit on the one transaction; rather, it is the potential value of the customer for a long-term relationship.The decision of how much credit to offer must be made when the customer initially requests credit and when the customer requests additional credit. The fundamental principle that guides financial decisions can be used: marginal benefit versus marginal cost. The marginal cost is the additional potential lost costs of the product. The costs of past uncollected sales are sunk costs and should not be included as a marginal costs. The marginal benefits are the potential sales and interest revenues –including the potential to recover past sales that remain uncollected.Once the decision to grant credit has been made, the firm must establish the terms of the credit. Credit terms are often separated into two parts: the credit periodand the credit discount.Collection of accounts receivable is an important process for a corporation and requires a well-designed and well-implemented policy. One technique is the factoring of accounts receivables. In a typical factoring arrangement, one firm will sell their accounts receivable outright to another firm for an agreed-upon price. There ia usually no recourse in such transactions, such that the buyer (also known as the factor) takes the loss if the purchaser of the goods does not ultimately pay for them.Another technique to expedite the receipt of accounts receivable is to utilize lock boxes. Lock boxes are payment collection locations spread geographically so as to reduce the amount of time required for checks mailed to the firm to be deposited and cleared. The lock boxes are typically post office box addresses from which deposits go directly to abank on the day of receipt. The reduction of mailing time and check clearing time for the banks can produce significant savings when large sums of money are involved.Payments of accounts receivable should be closely monitored to detect potential problems such as would be indicated by slow payments. Following up on slow-paying customers is an important function of the credit department. Procedures should be carefully developed and consistently implemented.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is the determination of the amount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accounts receivable is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the average length of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a directbearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from receivables.In evaluating a potential customer’s ability to pay, consideration should be given to the firm’s integrity, financial soundness, collatera l to be pledged, and current economic conditions. A customer’s credit soundness may be evaluated through quantitative techniques such as regression analysis. Bad debt losses can be estimated reliably when a company sells to many customers and when its credit policies have not changed for a long period of time. In managing accounts receivable, the following procedures are recommended:• establish a credit policy• establish a policy concerning billing• establish a policy concerning collection.The establishment of a credit policy can include the following activities: • A detailed review of a potential customer’s soundness should be made prior to extending credit. Procedures such as a careful review of the customer’s financial statements and credit r ating, as well as a review of financial service reports are common.• As customer financial health changes, credit limit should be revised.• Marketing factors must be noted since an excessively restricted credit policy will lead to lost sales.• The polic y is financially appropriate when the return on the additional sales plus the lowering in inventory costs is greater than the incremental cost associated with the additional investment in accounts receivable. The following procedures are recommended in establishing a policy concerning billing:• Customer statements should be sent within 1 day subsequent to the close of the period.• Large sales should be billed immediately.• Customers should be invoiced for goods when the order is processed rather than when it is shipped.• Billing for services should be done on an interim basis or immediately prior to the actual services. The billing process will be more uniform if cycle billing is employed.• The use of seasonal dating’s should be considered.In establishing a policy concerning collection the following procedures should be used:• Accounts receivable should be aged in order to identify delinquent and high-risk customers. The aging should be compared to industry norms. • Collection efforts should be underta ken at the very first sign of customer financial unsoundness6.2.2. Managing the credit policyThe success or failure of a business depends primarily on the demand for its products.The major determinants of demand are sales prices, product quality, advertising,and the company’s credit policy. The financial manager is responsible for administering the company’s credit policy. Receivables management begins with the credit policy. Credit policy consists of four majorcomponents: credit standards, credit terms, the credit limit and collection procedures.Credit standards refer to the required financial strength of acceptable credit customers.Based on financial analysis and non financial data, the credit analyst determines whether each credit applicant exceeds the credit standard and thus qualifies for credit. Lower credit standards boost sales, but also increase bad debts. The minimum standards a customer must meet to be extended credit are: character, capital, capacity, conditions and collateral. The credit period, stipulating how long from the invoice the customer has to pay, and the cash discount together comprise the seller’s credit terms.A company’s credit terms are usually very similar to that of other companies in its industry7.Discounts given for early payment include the discount percentage and how rapidly payment must be made to qualify for the discount.If credit is extended, the dollar amount that cumulative credit purchases can reach for a given customer constitutes that customer’s credit limit. The customer periodically pays for credit purchases, freeing up that amount of the credit limit for further orders. The two primary determinants of the amount of a customer’s credit limit are requirements for the supplier’s products and the ability of the c ustomer to pay its debts. The latter factor is based primarily on the customer’s recent paymentrecord with the seller and others and a review and analysis of the customer’s most recent financial statements8Detailed statements regarding when and how the company will carry out collection of past-due accounts make up the company’s collection procedures. These policies specify how long the company will wait past the due date to initiate collection efforts, the methods of contact with delinquent customers, and whether and at what point accounts will be referred to an outside collection agency9.Collection policy is measured by its toughness or laxity in attempting to collect on slow-paying accounts. A tough policy may speed up collections, by it might also anger customers, causing them to take their business elsewhere10A firm may liberalize its credit policy by extanding full credit to presently limited credit customers or to non-credit customers. Full credit should be given only if net profitability occurs. A financial manager has to compare the earnings on sales obtained to the added cost of the receivables. The additional earnings represent the contribution margin on the incremental sales because fixed costs are constant. The additional costs on the additional receivables result from the greater number of bad debts and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer time period.If a firm considers offering credit to customers with a higher-than-normal risk rating, the profitability on additional sales generated must be compared with the amount of additional bad debts expected, higher investing and collection costs, and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer period of time. Whenidle capacity exists, the additional profitability represents the incremental contribution margin (sales less variable costs) since fixed costs remain the same.译文公司应收账款的管理埃莉奥诺拉克罗地亚预算和财务部门经理1.引言应收账款是指由于企业将其产品销售给客户而应向购买单位收取的款项。

文献信息：文献标题：Accounts Receivable Management – Important Task under Conditions of Globalization（应收账款管理——全球化条件下的重要任务）国外作者：G Menkinoski，P Nikolovski，et al.文献出处：《International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)》, 2016,2(1):88-94字数统计：英文2006单词，11184字符；中文3236汉字外文文献：Accounts Receivable Management– Important Task under Conditions of Globalization Abstract Accounts receivable management is the important task under conditions of globalization, having in mind that the contemporary world is characterized by frequent business changes, uncertainty and risks. Therefore, good business requires good capital but it is rare in today’s conditions. Although accounts receivable are less solvent form of working capital than money, the present value of timely payment will not cause troubles largely regarding to liquidity, and in the enterprise solvency. Investments are resources connected to accounts receivable. We must have in mind that accounts receivable are not “real” investments, they are result of advancing sale, not a determination (long-term and planned) by the enterprise to invest capital shares from accounts receivable. All accounts receivable, disregarding the basis of their origin, due to date and security (except long-term accounts receivable included in the group of financial investments) are part of working assets, in the balance sense of accounts receivable.Keywords: accounting; accounts receivable; management; financial reports; liquidity.1.IntroductionThe conditions of globalization are characterized by changes in all the fields, therefore in the field of accounting also. The enterprises of high performances are expressed fully. Participation on capital markets requires objective accounting information from financial reports in order to make adequate business decisions.Accounts receivable (among other items of financial reports) have an extraordinary influence on the liquidity of enterprises, so a special attention should be paid to them. Therefore the investment risk must be as small as possible.It is a fact that if the payment term of receivables shortens, the liquidity of enterprises increases. Thus, the interest of enterprises is to shorten the time of payment of the receivables. It can be done in a form of minimization of the risk of frozen credits and stimulating consumers with various discounts, and so on.As accounts receivable are significant investments for many enterprises and so, they should efficiently manage receivables in order to realize profit in business; therefore, it is needed to pay attention to receivables, among other contemporary enterprise items, the payment and management of the receivables, the importance of customer profitability analysis, and the importance of the time structure of accounts receivable.2.Globalization and its Reflection to the Business of Local CompaniesGlobalization of the world market and mutual connection of business partners in the world have caused the development of new technologies that enable more qualitative and efficient business, it is the necessity of contemporary enterprises aspiring high performances.The conditions of globalization have born a new economy where communication technologies create a global competition with innovativeness and mass adaptation being more important than mass production. Reference Knowledge transformed into information is even considered a new economic factor. A characteristic of the new economy is more investments in new business concepts and their methodologies, not in new equipments as it used to be. Thus, its characteristic is the presence of changes(less or bigger), therefore enterprises gravitate to the improvements of their performances. Consequently, we can say that only the enterprises that react to changes very quickly and adapt to them (they are flexible to them), disregarding the fact from where they come (consumers-buyers, competition or the other), can survive.To keep profitability and preserve comparative advantages on the global market in the new century supposes the existence of not only a formal strategy, but a real one, which can be implemented.The country that provides a high-quality financial reporting increases its participation on the global capital market, stimulates capital flows in the country, decreases the risk of investment, simplifies the requirements of reporting and international comparisons and stimulates the approach to capital markets.To facilitate adequate business decision -making, accounting information in financial reports should be objective, as well as accounts receivable that are in the focus of our consideration.3.Analysis of Profitability of the ConsumerIn market-developed countries with the growth of global competition, many companies orientate to the consumers and their changeable demands. Many companies, in order to keep the existing and attracting new consumers, must go toward consumers providing them with a wide range of services. Costs originating from it are big, and they can rarely be seen by the traditional systems of cost accounting. Namely, it means that many companies lack information about how much consumer (individuals or groups of consumers) contribute to their profitability.In practice, it happens very often that consumers who are considered the most important, cause considerable losses to the enterprises and they do not contribute to profit increase. It is unbelievable that a small number of enterprises have feedback information about how consumers evaluate services the enterprise orients to them. Many enterprises even do not suppose that expensive services they render almost nobody wants. In addition, many of them are not conscious that only several consumers contribute to profit generation, while the rest of the majority hardlycontribute to profit generation, but make losses.Modern enterprises continually emphasize that consumers are in the focus of their business activities, on the one side. There are also greater numbers of enterprises that do not analyze the consumer’s contribution in the total profitability, on the other side. The reason is that traditional management accounting is oriented to the interior of the enterprise (to products, product lines, production-sale mix, business functions, organizational parts, and so on, but not to the consumers). In any case, management accounting recognized the consumers according to the geographical areas in their reports.It is not enough to recognize consumers only by the geographical areas, in order to manage successfully the enterprise-limited resources in the conditions of very changeable competitive environment. The reason is that in the conditions of increasing competition, profitability does not depend especially in the future product costs, but on the following services (for example, promotion, advertisement, warranty period of the service etc.). Great attention in the future should be paid to cost management that is the effects of providing different term commodity credit. The enterprise’s focus must be on the optimal terms of paying that favorable both the consumer and the seller. Beside the term of payment, the use of discount represents an important selling condition. The bigger percent of discount and longer discount period stimulate consumers to pay earlier. If the terms of sale on the limited credit are move favorable, it causes stock decrease because of an increased sale, the increase of costs of stock financing, and better results. Favorable conditions can also cause negative effects, because the mass of accounts receivable increases with the increasing sale, as well as the costs of their financing, and it reflects badly on the enterprise profitability.There is a possible risk that not all accounts receivable will be paid, and these unpaid account receivable influence negatively on profitability because they cannot be transformed into money. In the same way, costs of their financing and the loss of the substance that cannot be collected and invest into production influence negatively on profitability. Turnover coefficients and the average period of accounts receivable payment are important for consumer financial management. Short terms of paying cancause the consumer’s bad temper and decision to buy in the competitive shop. This would be dangerous for the seller, as it would be manifested in the form of safe decrease, stock increase and the costs theirs financing, reflecting the decrease of results and profitability. The longer terms of payment, the less will be the credit participation and the less will be interest rate. It shows how many average total accounts receivable are collected in the course of the year, and it is expressed by the proportion of credit sale income and the average balance of consumers. The enterprise, beside the above cited, should take care of preserving the substance of accounts receivable because of the inflationary trends in unstable conditions. The real value of accounts receivable decreases and we collect it in the nominal amount for which fewer commodities can be bought under conditions of price increase. Inflationary losses can be decreased by selling and collecting the commodities in cash.4.Analysis of the Structure of the Consumers AccountsMaking and analysis of the time structure of the costumers accounts receivable is in fact an unavoidable revision procedure for evaluating the accounts receivable.The auditor or the client’s agent can make the time classification and grouping of accounts receivable of every consumer from the aspect of time (from 30 days to 60, to 90 days and over 90 days).The following activities have to be done in evaluating accounts receivable:•Efficiency evaluation of the client’s policies, approval of credit accounts receivable payment and the procedures of evaluation to correct the values of suspicious and questionable accounts receivable. If there is a credit department in the enterprise responsible for the customers being late in meeting their liabilities of many unpaid accounts, the evaluation of the client’s credit risk is an important indicator in decision making. In evaluating and controlling risk (i.e. minimizing credit risk), the auditor will accept the evaluation.•Ratio numbers and statistical analysis include the most important and the most informative indicators:consum ersof balance average incom e sale t coefficien turnover Average = How many accounts receivable turnover per year on the average, i.e. how much money per a single monetary unit of accounts receivable is income, the cited indicator shows:tcoefficien turnover average year a in days of num ber receivable Accounts the of tim e Average = Average time of the Accounts receivable = number of days in a yearaverage turnover coefficientThe indicator determines the average number of days from the day of sale to the day of payment. As indicators that are of a great importance, can be mentioned:•Participation of accounts receivable values corrections in total accounts receivable.•Participation of expenditures, i.e. writing off accounts receivable in the aggregate income and expenditure.•Participation of every time structure (for example, till 30 days, till 60 days, till 90 days, and over 90 days) in the aggregate amount of accounts receivable.To calculate the cited indicators, we can take the data from the current year, the previous year, planned data, branch data, and so on. This can refer an auditor to the following situations:•Increase of the number of written off accounts receivable.•General slowdown of accounts receivable payment.•Increase of the number of accounts that are paid slowly.•Increase of the consumer complaints regarding to their accounts.•Increase of interests and costs caused by delay in payment ascribed to the consumer accounts after a subsequent writing off.5.ConclusionGlobalization as a trend of the contemporary conditions requires the harmonization in all the spheres of human activities, as well as in accounting. Thecontemporary business cannot stand losses so it is necessary to have financial reports that will be transparent. Accounting information in financial reports should be objective (among the other things, accounts receivable are in the focus of this activity) in order to make adequate business decisions.In the majority of enterprises, accounts receivable are an important item; therefore, it is very important to manage them efficiently in order to realize some economic benefits.Credit sale is unavoidability and the enterprises should get used to it. General economic business conditions and the credit policy of an enterprise are the factors determining the volume of credit sale and investment of the enterprise in accounts receivable. The enterprise can exert influence on the level of accounts receivable through the policy of crediting and accounts receivable payment. The aim of accounts receivable management leads to the maximization of differences between the benefit of credit sale and costs originating from the accounts receivable. The enterprises establish some credit policy to perfect credit standards, policy of accounts receivable payment and credit terms.Accounts receivable have a direct influence on the enterprise liquidity, therefore on business performance. Thus, every enterprise wants to have the right information about how many available accounts receivable will transfer into money in the future period. The enterprise management can keep liquidity at the high level by rational management of accounts receivable, among other things.中文译文：应收账款管理——全球化条件下的重要任务摘要当今世界具有商业变化频繁、不确定性与风险并存的特点，故而应收账款管理是全球化条件下的一项重要任务。

企业应收账款管理外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Enterprise receivables management analysedFenXi mining chemical company zhaoAiping【abstract 】in order to meet the expanding sales and increase the competitiveness of the enterprises, reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management expenses need, the business activities in El often created accounts receivable. Accounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. Because of the important account receivable, according to some accounts receivable management and accounting, points out the existing problems in the disadvantages of account receivable mismanagement, and puts forward some to strengthen the management of accounts receivable practices.【keywords 】receivables; The provision for; Management riskAccounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. These long-term difficult to recover the accounts receivable existence, seriously affected the enterprise. The normal production and business enterprise management costs, increased to different extent some enterprise into a financial crisis.The role of account receivable. Expand sales, increase the competitiveness of the enterprises in the fierce market competition situation, is to promote the sales of credit is an important way. Enterprise credit is actually to provide customers with the two transactions, to customer selling products, and in a limited period introverted customers funds. In credit-tightening, market weakness, lack of money, the promotion with obvious credit for enterprise sales role. New products and explore new market is more important significance.Reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management costs. To the enterprise to hold finished goods inventory additional fee, warehousing costs and insurance expenses; Instead, the enterprise to hold accounts receivable, you do not need the spending. Therefore, when the enterprise products inventory more for long time,generally can use more favorable credit conditions, the inventory into pipes receivable and reduce finished goods in stock, save related expenses.Accounts receivable in the management of the existing problemsAccounts receivable is broad, fixed number of year long. AmountsEnterprise to accounts receivable accounting is not standard. According to the provisions of the state financial and accounting systems. Accounts receivable is accounting enterprise for selling goods or services to happen to purchase unit shall be recovered or accept labor unit payments. But the enterprise did not strictly according to the provisions of the accounting enterprise receivables. Cause some should not be in the project accounting money also included in the project, cause accounts receivable accounting has no reality.The account receivable NPLS not timely, to the enterprise confirmed the appearance of virtually increased asset caused. Because enterprise to accounts receivable slackened management, especially some enterprise also to accounts receivable as means of adjusting profit. So on the account receivable SiZhang confirmation on staying there ~ some problems. Is mainly to stay SiZhang has already formed the receivables confirm fast enough, for many years in the accounts receivable formed account long-term, eased some already can't withdraw, this provision for the provision for no provision of virtual enterprise assets, causing thickening.Because some of the managers and operators enterprise financial management consciousness and lack of management concept. To accounts receivable is lack of effective management and collect investigation the author feel. In Shanxi Province in the part of the province tube enterprise still exist serious planned economy of ideas, these people to the market economy can't say don't understand, also cannot say don't understand, the main thing is not starts from oneself, and in practical work is often said the much, do less. Thought is drunk on the production and business operation this center, not how to do well management finance the primacy, failed to do the business management financial management as the center. Financial management to fund management as the center. The management of funds and use only paying attention to how to borrow and spend money, not for existing resources and capital for effective configuration and mobilize. Cause enterprise produced a considerable amount of receivables, also do not actively from the Angle of strengthening management, so lots of money to clean up the long-term retention outside. Affected the enterprise normalproduction and operation activities and the efficient use of the funds.The drawbacks of the receivable mismanagementReduce enterprise funds use efficiency, make enterprise profits down because of enterprise logistics and cash flow not consistent, merchandise shipped, prescribing sales invoices. Payment is not keeping pace recovery, and sales have established, this not up recovery entry sales. Certainly will cause no cash inflow generated sales tax on profits and losses, and sales income paid and years be paid in advance. If involves span more than to sales revenue account receivable. Then can produce enterprise by current assets paid annual shareholders dividend. Enterprise for such pursuit arising from the pad surface benefits and tax payment paid shareholders take up a lot of liquidity, as time passes will influence enterprise capital turnover. Which led to the enterprise actual operation situation veiled. Influence enterprise production plan and sales plan, etc, can't realize the set benefit goal.Exaggerated enterprise operating results. Because our country enterprise executes accounting foundation is the accrual (receivable meet system). The current credit happened all to write down current income. Therefore, the enterprise account profit increase does not mean that can meet the schedule of realizing cash inflows. Accounting system requires the enterprise in accordance with the percentage of account receivable balance to extract the provision for, the provision for a 5% rates generally for 3% (special enterprise except). If the actual loss of bad happened more than extract the provision for, will give enterprise to bring the great loss. Therefore, the enterprise of account receivable existence. On the TAB virtually increased sales income. In oerstate enterprise operation results. Increased risks of an enterprise cost.Speeding up the enterprise's cash outflows. Sell on credit although can make the enterprise produces more profits, but did not make enterprise cash inflows increase, on the contrary make enterprise had to use limited liquidity to various taxes and fees paid, accelerate the enterprise's cash outflows, main performance for:Enterprise tax payments. Accounts receivable bring sales income. Not actually receive cash, turnover is computational basis with sales, the enterprise must on time pay by cash. Enterprise pay tax as value added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resources tax and urban construction tax, inevitable meeting with sales revenue increases.Income tax payments. Accounts receivable generate revenue, but not in cashincome tax, and realizing cash payment must on time.Cash the distribution of the profits. Also exist such problems. In addition, the cost of the management of accounts receivable and accounts receivable recycling costs will accelerate enterprise cash outflows.The business cycle has influence on enterprise. Operating cycle from obtain inventory to the sales that inventory and withdraw cash this time so far. Operating cycle depends on inventory turnover days and accounts receivable turnover days, the business cycle is combined. From that. Unreasonable accounts receivable existence, make business cycle extended, affected the enterprise capital circulation, make a lot of liquidity precipitation in non-productive link. Cause enterprise cash shortage, influence salaries and raw material purchasing, serious impact on the enterprise normal production and operation.Increased receivables management process. Error probability, brings to the enterprise enterprise to face the additional loss accounts receivable account, possibly to the timely discovery, accounting errors can prompt understanding and other receivables accounts receivable dynamic enterprise details. Cause responsibility unclear. Accounts receivable contract, Taiwan about, commitments, the formalities of examination and approval of such material scattered, lost may make the enterprise has happened on the account receivable unable to receive the full recovery of repayment, the only partially withdraw through legal means. Can recover, but due to material not whole and cannot be recovered, until eventually form the enterprise assets loss.To strengthen the management of accounts receivable methodComprehensive comb, and establish material parameter. For enterprise all kinds of receivables launch a comprehensive system of comb, queuing, check the work. Because in past economic activity business minority, inefficient pattern. Hard to adapt to the market economy requirement, the law of development in the increasingly fierce market competition gradually be eliminated, the enterprise is in production, BanTingChan, failed state, has formed a widespread accounts receivable account for a long (most age 3 years), former party leave the state of operation and the debtor changes etc. Phenomenon, to clear a check increase the difficulty. Workers should browse a large number of original documents, traced back to carefully each individual accounts receivable from the nature, time, happened contents, amount. According to zhang age, systems, area and the possibility of recovery of accounts receivable areclassified. Carefully analyzed collection verify each sum of money and amount. And this system, more likely way back near the door check account receivable; Way to outside the system, and is unlikely to far back of receivables through telephone enquiries, enterprise sent a letter, lawyers sent a letter way to undertake checking: some not so clear accounts receivable multilateral bug verification. Please go back to the original sales personnel, agent help check to ensure that the data obtained by the accurate, reliable and accurate data collected in the visiting for the future of written-off receivables smoothly provide effective legal evidence. More importantly, with the debtor written-off receivables personnel and check accounts concerning the debtor family residence, operation sites, property status, income level made a comprehensive and detailed understanding, and according to the command of the debtor to evaluate solvency debt-repaying possibility. Judge, lock key goals for the next great written-off receivables smoothly and lay the foundation.Multi-pronged approach.we great effort, increase. After the preparation work or do. Accounts receivable written-off receivables entered the substantial "punish collect" crucial stage. In actual work, in order to give attention to collect the magnificence of the enterprise with benefit, one of the debtor to classify, different properties analysis of the debtor to adopt targeted collect method, in order to make the whole written-off receivables achieved good effect. The debtor to business clients. To possess management qualification, sound system, assets in good condition of customers, after consultations communication with the other, try to take groovy gathering way, so that both the collect keep good business cooperation relations; But for malicious long-term default behavior, used first lawyer in demand for collection, correspondence is invalid cases, still choose be representative of the debtor to court, apply for a court for compulsory execution. In the majesty of the law, the other group of a deterrent to repay the debtor will repay arrears, self-consciously plays to the whole written-off receivables to point the impetus with. On the system internal worker arrears. For system inside worker due to illness, life difficult, and many other reason formed non-business temporary loan, first of all, issued a document, clearly stipulates that deadline repossessed; Secondly, a large amount of arrears. Indeed, in a difficult to pay off after consultation with staff. Payment agreement signed. Divide second month in salary charged or deduct; Finally, the internal to laid-off employees and have extra-large disease worker, its economy is really difficult to repay embarrassment. In a humane treatment, offer certain debt relief. Such already make whole written-off receivables reach the expected effect, also can let laid-off workersto their real challenges organization care. Adopting property preservation measures. In the actual collect process. Often encountered some have the repayment ability but reimbursement conditions or timing immature the obligor, collect personnel can cooperate actively court on the debtor's property implement preservation, making cdo in court, under the help of the relevant accounting units and individuals to impose preservation of property. For property preservation at the same time. Appoint our wealth pipe center visit regularly the obligor, closely watching the debtor whereabouts, understand their property status. Once found the debtor reimbursement conditions mature, immediately notify the court, suspend the property preservation, reactivated cases. Applied to the court for compulsory execution withdraw arrears.Establish customer credit system. Strict credit business formalities for examination and approval from years of written-off receivables accounts receivable see. A few enterprises in experience increased sales push credit sales policy. Did not establish a complete customer credit system, to the customer assets status, reimbursement ability, financial situation, the credit rating don't know much. Even after receivable formation. Find the debtor to punish frequently occurred. There are a few enterprise to the customer credit conditions are too broad. Credit approval rights too scattered, sometimes a sales personnel can decided to sell on credit business formation. Cause some credit rating is low customers easily get credit, increasing the risk of bad loans.Earnestly implement post responsibility system, strict appraisal, rewards and punishments and trenchantSome enterprise although also established a comparatively perfect accounts receivable credit sales, management, a great responsibility and internal control system, but in actual work but become a mere formality, non-existing. Cause the enterprise internal responsibility unclear, the reward is unknown situation. To a certain extent, encourages the formation of large receivables, increasing the operating risk of an enterprise. So only with a good set of system doesn't solve all the problems in the practical work, the key still need to implement these system will reach the designated position, achieves truly in the bud.Foreign source ：Friends of the accounting, in 2009 (30) 84 85译文:企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策汾西矿业化工公司赵爱萍【摘要】公司为了满足扩大销售、增加企业的竞争力、减少库存、降低存货风险和管理开支等的需要，在El常的经营活动中产生了应收账款。

应收账款外文参考文献应收账款（Accounts Receivable）是指企业向客户出售商品或提供服务，而尚未收到与之相应的货款或费用时，对客户的债权关系。

应收账款对企业的现金流和财务结构具有重要影响。

以下是一些关于应收账款的外文参考文献供参考。

1. “The Impact of Accounts Receivable on a Firm's Financial Statements” by William Y. Jiang该文研究了应收账款对企业财务报表的影响。

作者指出，应收账款增加会增加企业的总资产和所有者权益，但会降低现金和流动资产比率。

此外，作者还从财务报表的角度分析了如何更好地管理应收账款，以提高企业的偿债能力和利润率。

2. “A Review of the Theories and Empirical Evidence on the Determinantsof Trade Credit” by Maurizio La Rocca and Tiziana La Rocca该文综述了有关贸易信贷决定因素的理论和实证研究。

研究者发现，除了企业的财务状况和信誉度，客户的经营能力、行业环境和政策法规等因素也会对应收账款的管理和授信决策产生影响。

该文旨在为企业制定应收账款策略提供参考。

3. “What Drives the Use of Factoring Services by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises?” by Päivi Kozak and Yrjö Koskinen该文探讨了小型和中型企业使用保理服务的动因和效应。

研究者发现，应收账款的催收和融资是影响企业选择保理服务的主要因素。

此外，保理服务可以减少企业的信用风险和流动性风险，提高应收账款的转化率和减少账面账款欠款。

4. “The Relationship Between Accounts Receivable Management and Corporate Profitability: Evidence from the UK” by Nurul Nadia Mohamad Amin and Tunku Salha binti Tunku Ahmad该文从英国的实证角度分析了应收账款管理与企业盈利能力之间的关系。

应收账款管理英文文献应收账款管理Management of Account ReceivableAccounts Receivable Management Best PracticesJohn G. SalekISBN: 978-0-471-71654-9Hardcover224 pagesJuly 2005Wiley List Price: US $64.00Praise for Accounts Receivable Management Best Practices"An excellent reference tool on how to manage the accountsreceivable process for any company. The use of real-life examples makes the concepts easy to understand. I recommend the book to anyone who wants to improve cash flow and reduce bad debt loss."—Michael E. Beaulieu, Senior Vice President, Finance CardinalHealth"Rather than simply explaining how to get the greatest return froman investment in accounts receivable, John G. Salek reveals how companies shoot themselves in the foot when management sets policies and procedures without consideration of the impact on cash flow. Accounts Receivable Management Best Practices isn't just for credit andcollection professionals who often spend more time cleaning up processerrors and other corporate 'garbage,' instead of managing risk. It should be required reading for C-level executives, the sales staff, operations managers, and anybody else whose job impacts the order-to-cash cycle."—David Schmidt, Principal, A2 Resources Coauthor of Power Collecting: Automation for Effective Asset Management"Enhancing a company's competitive profile is all about giving enough customers the right product, at the right price, at the right time. This author's real-world approach to accomplishing this goal through the prism of receivables management makes this book a must-read for those companies looking to make their mark as an organization that cares about its customers as well as their own need to produce financial results." —Bruce C. Lynn, Managing Director The Financial Executives Consulting Group, LLC"I have worked with John Salek since 1992, both as his client and as a project manager working with his organization. His knowledge of receivables management . . . the technology, the processes, and the formula for success . . . are unsurpassed in the field."—Stephen L. Watts, Manager, Global Receivables (retired) General Electric Medical Systems"Mr. Salek has written a masterpiece on the intricacies and management of the accounts receivable portfolio. I would recommend this book to CFOs, controllers, treasurers, credit managers, and small business owners." —Steve Kozack, Credit Manager Lennox Hearth Products"Written by an author who has been in the trenches and cites actual examples. This is not written in theory, butfrom practice."—Milt Dardis, Collection Consultant Dardis & Associates----------------------Abstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be receivedfrom the purchasing or labor hiring entity for anenterprise’s sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major methodfor enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However,by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties inente rprise’s capital turnover.Those hard situations even made the employees can’t get their full pay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable.关键词key words:应收账款Account receivable;工程施工Engineering construction;合同管理The managementof contracts摘要:应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等，应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。

文献出处：Kontuš E. MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIV ABLE IN A COMPANY[J]. Ekonomska misao i praksa, 2013 (1): 21-38.原文MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIV ABLEIN A COMPANYUDK / UDC: 657.422:658.155JEL klasifikacija / JEL classification: G32, D29, M41Prethodno pri općenje / Preliminary communicationPrimljeno / Received: 8. listopada 2012. / October 8, 2012Prihvaćeno za tisak / Accepted for publishing: 10. lipnja 2013. / June 10, 20131. INTRODUCTIONAccounts receivable is the money owed to a company as a result of having sold its products to customers on credit. The primary determinants of the company's investment in accounts receivable are the industry, the level of total sales along with the company's credit and the collection policies.Accounts receivable management includes establishing a credit and collections policy.Credit policy consists of four variables: credit period, discounts given for early payment, credit standards and collection policy. The three primary issues in accounts receivable management are to whom credit should be extended, the terms of the creditand the procedure that should be used to collect the money.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is the determination of the amount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accounts receivable outstanding at any given time is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the average length of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a direct bearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from receivables. If credit terms are tight, there will be less of an investment in accounts receivable and fewer bad debt losses, but there will also be lower sales and reduced profits.We hypothesize that by applying scientifically-based accounts receivable management and by establishing a credit policy that results in the highest net earnings, companies can earn a satisfactory profit as well as a return on investment.The purpose of this study is to determine ways of finding an optimal accounts receivable level along with making optimum use of different credit policies in order to achieve a maximum return at an acceptable level of risk. In striving to fill in the gaps relating to net savings from changes in credit policy, the study makes its own contribution to research and thereby to managers by giving them general recommendation. With the aim of completing these gaps, the study will investigate accounts receivables, their management and explore costs and benefits from changes in credit policy as well as net profitability.When a company is considering changes in its credit policy in order to improve its income, incremental profitability must be compared with the cost of discount andthe opportunity cost associated with higher investment in accounts receivable.The outcome represents a new mathematical model for calculating net savings from changes in credit policy and with this model a company can consider different credit policies as well as changes in credit policy in order to improve its income and profitability.2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. Accounts receivable managementAccounts receivable represents a sizable percentage of most firms' assets. Investments in accounts receivable, particularly for manufacturing companies, represent a significant part of short-term financial management. Firms typically sell goods and services on both cash and a credit basis. Firms would rather sell for cash than on credit, but competitive pressures force most firms to offer credit. The extension of trade credit leads to the establishment of accounts receivable. Receivables represent credit sales that have not been collected. As the customers pay these accounts, the firm receives the cash associated with the original sale. If the customer does not pay an account, a bad debt loss is incurred1.When a credit sale is made, the following events occur: inventories are reduced by the cost of goods sold, accounts receivable are increased by the sales price, and the difference is profit, which is added to retained earnings. If the sale is for cash, then the cash from the sale has actually been received by the firm, but if the sale is on credit, the firm will not receive the cash from the sale unless and until the account iscollected. Carrying receivable has both direct and indirect costs, but it also has an important benefit-increased sales.According to Chambers and Lacey there are three primary issues in the management of accounts receivable: to whom to extend credit, what the terms of the credit should be, and what procedure should be used to collect the money. Extending credit should be based upon a comparison of costs and benefits. The analysis must build in uncertainty because we are uncertain of future payment, and we will handle this by computing the expected costs and expected benefits through payment probabilities. The potential cost of extending credit is that the customer will not pay. Although there is a temptation to compute this cost as the full price of the product, it is almost always more appropriate to use the actual cost of the product. The potential benefit of extending credit is not just the hope for profit on the one transaction; rather, it is the potential value of the customer for a long-term relationship.The decision of how much credit to offer must be made when the customer initially requests credit and when the customer requests additional credit. The fundamental principle that guides financial decisions can be used: marginal benefit versus marginal cost. The marginal cost is the additional potential lost costs of the product. The costs of past uncollected sales are sunk costs and should not be included as a marginal costs. The marginal benefits are the potential sales and interest revenues – including the potential to recover past sales that remain uncollected.Once the decision to grant credit has been made, the firm must establish the terms of the credit. Credit terms are often separated into two parts: the credit periodand the credit discount.Collection of accounts receivable is an important process for a corporation and requires a well-designed and well-implemented policy. One technique is the factoring of accounts receivables. In a typical factoring arrangement, one firm will sell their accounts receivable outright to another firm for an agreed-upon price. There ia usually no recourse in such transactions, such that the buyer (also known as the factor) takes the loss if the purchaser of the goods does not ultimately pay for them.Another technique to expedite the receipt of accounts receivable is to utilize lock boxes. Lock boxes are payment collection locations spread geographically so as to reduce the amount of time required for checks mailed to the firm to be deposited and cleared. The lock boxes are typically post office box addresses from which deposits go directly to a bank on the day of receipt. The reduction of mailing time and check clearing time for the banks can produce significant savings when large sums of money are involved.Payments of accounts receivable should be closely monitored to detect potential problems such as would be indicated by slow payments. Following up on slow-paying customers is an important function of the credit department. Procedures should be carefully developed and consistently implemented.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is the determination of the amount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accounts receivable is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the average length of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a directbearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from receivables.In evaluating a potential customer’s ability to pay, consideration should be given to the firm’s integri ty, financial soundness, collateral to be pledged, and current economic conditions. A customer’s credit soundness may be evaluated through quantitative techniques such as regression analysis. Bad debt losses can be estimated reliably when a company sells to many customers and when its credit policies have not changed for a long period of time. In managing accounts receivable, the following procedures are recommended:• establish a credit policy• establish a policy concerning billing• establish a policy concerning collection.The establishment of a credit policy can include the following activities:• A detailed review of a potential customer’s soundness should be made prior to extending credit. Procedures such as a careful review of the customer’s fin ancial statements and credit rating, as well as a review of financial service reports are common.• As customer financial health changes, credit limit should be revised.• Marketing factors must be noted since an excessively restricted credit policy will lead to lost sales.• The policy is financially appropriate when the return on the additional sales plus the lowering in inventory costs is greater than the incremental cost associated with the additional investment in accounts receivable.The following procedures are recommended in establishing a policy concerning billing:• Customer statements should be sent within 1 day subsequent to the close of the period.• Large sales should be billed immediately.• Customers should be invoiced for goods when t he order is processed rather than when it is shipped.• Billing for services should be done on an interim basis or immediately prior to the actual services. The billing process will be more uniform if cycle billing is employed.• The use of seasonal dating’s should be considered.In establishing a policy concerning collection the following procedures should be used:• Accounts receivable should be aged in order to identify delinquent and high-risk customers. The aging should be compared to industry norms.• Collection efforts should be undertaken at the very first sign of customer financial unsoundness6.2.2. Managing the credit policyThe success or failure of a business depends primarily on the demand for its products.The major determinants of demand are sales prices, product quality, advertising,and the company’s credit policy. The financial manager is responsible for administering the company’s credit policy. Receivables management begins with the credit policy. Credit policy consists of four major components: credit standards, credit terms, the credit limit and collection procedures.Credit standards refer to the required financial strength of acceptable credit customers.Based on financial analysis and non financial data, the credit analyst determines whether each credit applicant exceeds the credit standard and thus qualifies for credit. Lower credit standards boost sales, but also increase bad debts. The minimum standards a customer must meet to be extended credit are: character, capital, capacity, conditions and collateral.The credit period, stipulating how long from the invoice the customer has to pay, and the cash discount together comprise the seller’s credit terms. A company’s credit terms are usually very similar to that of other companies in its industry7.Discounts given for early payment include the discount percentage and how rapidly payment must be made to qualify for the discount.If credit is extended, the dollar amount that cumulative credit purchases can reach for a given cus tomer constitutes that customer’s credit limit. The customer periodically pays for credit purchases, freeing up that amount of the credit limit for further orders. The two primary determinants of the amount of a customer’s credit limit are requirements for the supplier’s products and the ability of the customer to pay its debts. The latter factor is based primarily on the customer’s recent paymentrecord with the seller and others and a review and analysis of the customer’s most recent financial statements8Detailed statements regarding when and how the company will carry out collection of past-due accounts make up the company’s collection procedures. These policies specify how long the company will wait past the due date to initiate collection efforts, the methods of contact with delinquent customers, and whether and at what point accounts will be referred to an outside collection agency9.Collection policy is measured by its toughness or laxity in attempting to collect on slow-paying accounts. A tough policy may speed up collections, by it might also anger customers, causing them to take their business elsewhere10A firm may liberalize its credit policy by extanding full credit to presently limited credit customers or to non-credit customers. Full credit should be given only if net profitability occurs. A financial manager has to compare the earnings on sales obtained to the added cost of the receivables. The additional earnings represent the contribution margin on the incremental sales because fixed costs are constant. The additional costs on the additional receivables result from the greater number of bad debts and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer time period.If a firm considers offering credit to customers with a higher-than-normal risk rating, the profitability on additional sales generated must be compared with the amount of additional bad debts expected, higher investing and collection costs, and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer period of time. Whenidle capacity exists, the additional profitability represents the incremental contribution margin (sales less variable costs) since fixed costs remain the same.译文公司应收账款的管理埃莉奥诺拉克罗地亚预算和财务部门经理1.引言应收账款是指由于企业将其产品销售给客户而应向购买单位收取的款项。

外文文献翻译一、外文原文原文：Accounts Receivable IssuesFor many companies, the accounts receivable portfolio is its largest asset. Thus, it deserves special care and attention. Effective handling of the portfolio can add to the bottom line, while neglect can cost companies in unseen losses.Accounts Receivable Strategies to Energize the Bottom LineDon’t be surprised to find the big shots from finance suddenly looking over your shoulder questioning the ways your credit department operates. Accounts receivable has become the darling of those executives desperate to optimize working capital and improve their balance sheet.Here’s a roundup of some of the tactics that have been collected from the best credit managers to squeeze every last cent out of their accounts receivable portfolio: ·Have invoices printed and mailed as quickly as possible. Most customers start the clock ticking when the invoice arrives in their offices. The sooner you can get the invoice to them, the sooner they will pay you. While this strategy will not affect days sales outstanding(DSO),it will improve the bottom line.·Look for ways to improve invoice accuracy without delaying the mail date.·Offer more stringent terms where appropriate in your annual credit reviews and with new customers. Consider whether shorter terms might be better for you company.·Offer financial inducements to customers who agree to pay your invoices electronically.·If you have not had a lockbox study performed in the last few years, have one done to determine your optimal lockbox location.·With customers who have a history of paying late, begin your collection effortsbefore the due date. Call to inquire whether they have the invoice and if everything is in order. Resolve any problems quickly at this point.·If you have been giving a grace period to those taking discounts after the discount period, reduce or eliminate it.·Resolve all discrepancies quickly so payment can be made promptly.·If a customer indicates it has a problem with part of an invoice, authorize partial payments.·Keep a log of customer problems and analyze it once a month to discover weaknesses in your procedures that cause these quandaries.·Apply cash the same day the payment is received. Collectors can then spend their time with customers who have not paid rather than annoying ones who have already sent their payment.·Deal with a bank that makes lockbox information available immediately by fax, or preferably, online. Then when a customer claims it has made a payment , the collector will be able to verify this.·Look into ways to accept P-cards from customers placing small orders and those who cannot be extended credit on open account terms.·Benchmark department and individual collectors’ performance to pinpoint those areas and individuals in need of additional training.Review your own policies and procedures to determine if there are any areas that could be tweaked to improve cash flow. Then, when the call comes from executive quarters, you will be ready, and they will be hard pressed to find ways that you fell down on the job.Dealing with Purchase OrdersLeading credit managers have learned to pay attention to the purchase orders that their companies receive. Specifically, they want to ensure that the purchase order accepted by the salesperson does not include clause that will ultimately cause trouble for their companies, or even legal difficulties later on. Realistically, the salesperson should have caught the problem, but he or she rarely does. When the customer doesn’tpay due to one of these techn icalities, it’s not the salesperson who will get blamed.To help avoid a purchase order disaster, credit professionals can take the following steps:1．Simply read the purchase order. Vendors often slip clauses into purchase orders that you would never agree to. One favorite is to include a statementsaying the seller will be paid as soon as its customer pays the buyer. This is arisk few companies are willing to tolerate.2．Prioritize attachments. Typically, buyers write purchase orders that contain attachments. These include drawings, specifications, supplementary termsand conditions for work done on company premises, or safety rules for thesupplier.When including attachments, it is recommended that one of them be a listof priorities to guard against any inconsistencies in the documents. Thepurchase order should “clearly reference all the attachments, and there shouldbe a recitation as to which attachments are controlling over the others.” In theevent of any inconsistency between or among these documents, the purchaseorder shall be controlling over any attachments, and the attachments shall beinterpreted using the priority listed.3．Take care when reference is made to a buyer’s documents in the purchase order. There are likely to be both helpful and harmful statements in thosedocuments that reference the buyer’s material. The buyer may have printedits own terms and conditions on the back of a document. By referring to thedocument in the purchase order, you may inadvertently refer not only to theprice, but also to terms and conditions, which may include warrantydisclaimers and limitations of remedies that your company does not intend togive.Instead, the recommendation is not to refer to the buyers’ documents.Insist that the information is specified in the purchase order. If this is notpractical, the following language might work:” Any reference to thepurchaser’s quotation contained in this purchase order is a reference forconvenience only, and no such reference shall be deemed to include any ofthe purchaser’s standard terms and conditions of sale. The seller expresslyrejects anything in any of the buyer’s documents that is inconsistent with theseller’s standard terms and conditions.”Another favorite is to include terms and conditions on the back of thepurchase order written in very small print and a pale (almost undecipherable)color.4．Be careful of confirming purchase orders. Often, buyers will place orders via telephone, only to later confirm them with a written purchase order. In oralcontracts, the buyer will often want the purchase order to be more than justan offer. Therefore, the buyer will try to show on the purchase order that it isa confirming purchase order and cement the oral contract made over thephone. If the buyer does so, the confirming purchase order will satisfy theUniform Commerical Code (UCC) requirement of a written confirmationunless the other side objects to it within ten days.More than one cunning purchaser has slipped terms into a confirmingpurchase order that were nothing like those agreed to orally. Don’t fall intothe trap of assuming that the confirming purchase order confirms what wasactually said on the phone.Credit professionals who take these few extra steps with regard to purchase orders will limit their troubles.Quality of Accounts Receivable: Days Sales OutstandingMany credit professionals are measured on their effectiveness by reviewing the accounts receivable portfolio. The most common measurement is the length of time a sale stays outstanding before being paid. The Credit Research Foundation (CRF) defines DSO as the average time in days that receivables are outstanding. It helps determine if a change in receivables is due to a change in sales, or to another factor such as a change in selling terms. An analyst might compare the day’s sales in receivables with the company’s credit terms as an indication of how efficiently thecompany manages its receivables. Days sales outstanding is occasionally referred to as days receivable outstanding, as well. The formula to calculate DSO is:365e Re Sales t N Annual ceivablesGrossQuality of Accounts Receivable: Collection Effectiveness IndexSome feel that the quality of the portfolio is dependent to a large extent on the efforts of the collection staff. This is measured by the collection effectiveness index (CEI). The CRF says this percentage expresses the effectiveness of collection efforts over time. The closer to 100% the ratio gets, the more effective the collection effort. It is a measure of the quality of collection of receivables, not of time. Here’s the formula to calculate the CEI:Daysor Months of Number N ceivables Current Ending N Sales Credit ceivables Beginning ceivablesTotal Ending N Sales Credit ceivables Beginning =⨯-+-+100Re )(Re Re )(ReQuality of Accounts Receivable: Best Possible Days Sales OutstandingMany credit professionals find fault with using DSO to measure theirperformance. They feel that a better measure is one based on average terms based on customer payment patterns. The CRF says that this figure expresses the best possible level of receivables. The CRF believes this measure should be used together with DSO. The closer the overall DSO is to the average terms based on customer payment patterns (best possible DSO [BPDSO])，the closer the receivables are to the optimal level. The formula for calculating BPDSO is:AnalyzedPeriod for Sales Credit Analyzed Period in Days of Number ceivables Current ⨯ReBad-Debt ReservesInevitably, no matter how good the credit professional, a company will have a customer that does not pay its debts. Most companies understand that bad debts are simply part of doing business and reserve for bad debts. In fact, many believe that acompany with no bad debts is not doing a good job. The reason that being that if the company loosened its credit terms slightly, the company would greatly increase its sales and, even after accounting for the bad debts, its profits. Thus, most companies plan for bad debt, monitor it, and periodically, depending on the company’s outlook, revise projections and credit policy to allow for an increase or decrease.For example, as the economy goes into a recession, most companies will experience an increase in bad debts if their credit policy remains static. So, in light of declining economic conditions, companies should either increase their bad-debt reserves or tighten the credit policy. Similarly, if the economy is improving, a company would take reverse actions, either decreasing the reserve for bad debts or loosening the credit policy.Many companies take advantage or a favorable economy to expand their customer base. They might simultaneously increase the bad-debt reserve and loosen credit policy. Obviously, these decisions are typically made at a fairly high level. Other factors will also come into play in establishing a bad-debt reserve. Industry conditions are key and can often be quite different than the state of the economy. This is especially true when competition comes from foreign markets.There is no one set way to calculate the reserve for bad debts. Many simply take a percentage of sales or outstanding accounts receivable, or they make some other relatively uncomplicated calculation.How to Reduce Your Bad-Debt Write-OffsMost credit and collection professionals would love to be able to brag about having no bad-debt write-offs. Few can. While a goal of reducing the amount of bad debt write-offs to zero might be unrealistic in most industries, keeping that number as low as possible is something within the control of today’s credit managers. The following seven techniques will help you keep your numbers as low as possible:1.Call early. Don’t wait until the ac count goes 30 or even 60 days past duebefore calling customers about late payments. Such delays can mean that, in the case of a financially unstable company, a second and perhaps even a thirdshipment will be made to a customer who ultimately will pay for naught. Some professionals even call a few days before the payment is due to ensure that everything is in order and the customer has everything it needs to make a timely payment. By beginning your calling campaign as early as possible, it is possible o uncover shaky situations. Even if payment is not received for the first delivery, future order are not accepted, effectively reducing bad-debt write-offs.municate, communicate, communicate. Keep the dialogue open with everyone involved. This not only includes your customers, but the sales force as well. In many cases, they are in a better position than the credit manager to know when a customer is on thin ice. With good lines of communication between sales and credit, it is possible to avoid taking some of those orders that will ultimately have to be written off.3.Follow up, follow up, follow up. Continual follow up with customers is important, whether you’re trying to collect on a timely basis or attempting to avoid a bad-debt write-off. If the customer knows you will call every few days or will be calling to track the status of promises made, it is much more likely to pay. This can also be the case of the squeaky wheel getting the grease, or in this case the money, when cash is tight.4.Systematize. Many collection professionals keep track of promises and deadlines by hand, on a pad or calendar. Items tend to fall through the cracks with this approach. Invest some money either in prepackaged software or in developing your own in-house, and the likelihood of losing track of customers diminishes. Some accounting programs have a tracking capability that many have not taken the time to learn. If your software has such a facility, use it.5.Specialize. Set up a group of one or more individuals who do nothing but try to collect receivables that are overdue. By having experts on staff to handle such work, you will improve your collection rate and speed.6.Credit hold. Putting customers on credit hole early in the picture will sometimes entice a payment from someone who really had no intention of paying you. This technique is particularly effective with customers who rely heavily onyour product and would be hard put to get it elsewhere. Of course, if you sell something that many other vendors sell as well, putting a potentially good customer on hold could backfire.7.Small claims court. Some credit professionals have had great success incollecting smaller amounts by taking the customer to small claims court. The limits for such actions vary by state but can be as high as $10,000.While these techniques will not necessarily squeeze money from a bankrupt client, they will help you get as much as possible as soon as possible from as many of your customers as possible. This can be especially important in avoiding preference actions with clients who eventually do file. The quicker you get the clock ticking, the more likely you are to be able to avoid preference claims.Source: Mary S. Schaeffer, 2002, Essentials of Credit, Collections, and Accounts Receivable, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.( October 01, 2002 ):pp81-102.二、翻译文章译文：应收账款对许多公司来说，应收账款是其最大的资产。

文献出处：Kontuš E. MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIV ABLE IN A COMPANY[J]. Ekonomska misao i praksa, 2013 (1): 21-38.原文MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIV MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ABLEIN A COMPANYUDK / UDC: 657.422:658.155JEL klasifikacija / JEL classification: G32, D29, M41Prethodno pri Prethodno priopćenje / Preliminary communication općenje / Preliminary communicationPrimljeno / Received: 8. listopada 2012. / October 8, 2012Prihvaćeno za tisak / Accepted for publishing: 10. lipnja 2013. / June 10, 20131. INTRODUCTIONAccounts receivable is the money owed to a company as a result of having sold its products to customers on credit. The primary determinants of the company's investment in accounts receivable are the industry, the level of total sales along with the company's credit and the collection policies.Accounts receivable management includes establishing a credit and collections policy.Credit policy consists of four variables: credit period, discounts given for early payment, credit standards and collection policy. The three primary issues in accounts receivable management are to whom credit should be extended, the terms of the creditand the procedure that should be used to collect the money.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is the determination of the amount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accounts receivable outstanding at any given time is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the average length of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a direct bearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from receivables. If credit terms are tight, there will be less of an investment in accounts receivable and fewer bad debt losses, but there will also be lower sales and reduced profits.We hypothesize that by applying scientifically-based accounts receivable management and by establishing a credit policy that results in the highest net earnings, companies can earn a satisfactory profit as well as a return on investment.The purpose of this study is to determine ways of finding an optimal accounts receivable level along with making optimum use of different credit policies in order to achieve a maximum return at an acceptable level of risk. In striving to fill in the gaps relating to net savings from changes in credit policy, the study makes its owncontribution to research and thereby to managers by giving them general recommendation. With the aim of completing these gaps, the study will investigate accounts receivables, their management and explore costs and benefits from changes in credit policy as well as net profitability.When a company is considering changes in its credit policy in order to improveits income, incremental profitability must be compared with the cost of discount andthe opportunity cost associated with higher investment in accounts receivable.The outcome represents a new mathematical model for calculating net savings from changes in credit policy and with this model a company can consider different credit policies as well as changes in credit policy in order to improve its income and profitability.2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. Accounts receivable managementAccounts receivable represents a sizable percentage of most firms' assets. Investments in accounts receivable, particularly for manufacturing companies, represent a significant part of short-term financial management. Firms typically sell goods and services on both cash and a credit basis. Firms would rather sell for cash than on credit, but competitive pressures force most firms to offer credit. The extension of trade credit leads to the establishment of accounts receivable. Receivables represent credit sales that have not been collected. As the customers pay these accounts, the firm receives the cash associated with the original sale. If the customer does not pay an account, a bad debt loss is incurred1.When a credit sale is made, the following events occur: inventories are reduced by the cost of goods sold, accounts receivable are increased by the sales price, and the difference is profit, which is added to retained earnings. If the sale is for cash, then the cash from the sale has actually been received by the firm, but if the sale is on credit, the firm will not receive the cash from the sale unless and until the account iscollected. Carrying receivable has both direct and indirect costs, but it also has an important benefit-increased sales.According to Chambers and Lacey there are three primary issues in the management of accounts receivable: to whom to extend credit, what the terms of the credit should be, and what procedure should be used to collect the money. Extending credit should be based upon a comparison of costs and benefits. The analysis must build in uncertainty because we are uncertain of future payment, and we will handle this by computing the expected costs and expected benefits through payment probabilities. The potential cost of extending credit is that the customer will not pay. Although there is a temptation to compute this cost as the full price of the product, it is almost always more appropriate to use the actual cost of the product. The potential benefit of extending credit is not just the hope for profit on the one transaction; rather, it is the potential value of the customer for a long-term relationship.The decision of how much credit to offer must be made when the customer initially requests credit and when the customer requests additional credit. The fundamental principle that guides financial decisions can be used: marginal benefitversus marginal cost. The marginal cost is the additional potential lost costs of the product. The costs of past uncollected sales are sunk costs and should not be included as a marginal costs. The marginal benefits are the potential sales and interest revenues – including the potential to recover past sales that remain uncollected.Once the decision to grant credit has been made, the firm must establish theterms of the credit. Credit terms are often separated into two parts: the credit periodand the credit discount.Collection of accounts receivable is an important process for a corporation and requires a well-designed and well-implemented policy. One technique is the factoring of accounts receivables. In a typical factoring arrangement, one firm will sell their accounts receivable outright to another firm for an agreed-upon price. There ia usually no recourse in such transactions, such that the buyer (also known as the factor) takes the loss if the purchaser of the goods does not ultimately pay for them.Another technique to expedite the receipt of accounts receivable is to utilize lock boxes. Lock boxes are payment collection locations spread geographically so as to reduce the amount of time required for checks mailed to the firm to be deposited and cleared. The lock boxes are typically post office box addresses from which deposits go directly to a bank on the day of receipt. The reduction of mailing time and check clearing time for the banks can produce significant savings when large sums of money are involved.Payments of accounts receivable should be closely monitored to detect potential problems such as would be indicated by slow payments. Following up on slow-payingcustomers is an important function of the credit department. Procedures should be carefully developed and consistently implemented.The major decision regarding accounts receivable is the determination of theamount and terms of credit to extend to customers. The total amount of accountsreceivable is determined by two factors: the volume of credit sales and the averagelength of time between sales and collections. The credit terms offered have a directbearing on the associated costs and revenue to be generated from receivables.In evaluating a potential customer’s ability to pay, consideration should be given to the firm’s integri integrity, ty, financial soundness, collateral to be pledged, and current economic conditions. A customer’s credit soundness may be evaluated through quantitative techniques such as regression analysis. Bad debt losses can be estimated reliably when a company sells to many customers and when its credit policies have not changed for a long period of time. In managing accounts receivable, the following procedures are recommended:• establish a credit policy• establish a policy concerning billing• establish a policy • establish a policy concerning collection. concerning collection.The establishment of a credit policy can include the following activities:• A detailed review of a potential customer’s soundness should be made prior to extending credit. Procedures such as a careful review of the customer’s fin financial ancial statements and credit rating, as well as a review of financial service reports are common.• As customer financial health changes, credit limit should be revised.• Marketing factors must be noted since an excessively restricted credit policy will lead to lost sales.• The policy is financially appropriate when the return on the additional sales plus the lowering in inventory costs is greater than the incremental cost associated with the additional investment in accounts receivable.The following procedures are recommended in establishing a policy concerning billing:• Customer statements should be sent within 1 day subsequent to the close of the period.• Large sales should be billed immediately.• Customers should be invoiced for goods when t he order is processed rather than when it is shipped.• Billing for services should be done on an interim basis or immediately prior to the actual services. The billing process will be more uniform if cycle billing is employed.• The use of seasonal dating’s should be considered.In establishing a policy concerning collection the following procedures should be used:• Accounts receivable should be aged in order to identify delinquent and high-risk customers. The aging should be compared to industry norms.• Collection efforts should be undertaken at the very first sign of customerfinancial unsoundness6.2.2. Managing the credit policyThe success or failure of a business depends primarily on the demand for itsproducts.The major determinants of demand are sales prices, product quality, advertising,and the company’s credit policy. The financial manager is responsible for administering the company’s credit policy. Receivables management begins with the credit policy. Credit policy consists of four major components: credit standards, credit terms, the credit limit and collection procedures.Credit standards refer to the required financial strength of acceptable credit customers.Based on financial analysis and non financial data, the credit analyst determines whether each credit applicant exceeds the credit standard and thus qualifies for credit. Lower credit standards boost sales, but also increase bad debts. The minimum standards a customer must meet to be extended credit are: character, capital, capacity, conditions and collateral.The credit period, stipulating how long from the invoice the customer has to pay, and the cash discount together comprise the seller’s credit terms. A company’s credit terms are usually very similar to that of other companies in its industry7.Discounts given for early payment include the discount percentage and how rapidly payment must be made to qualify for the discount.If credit is extended, the dollar amount that cumulative credit purchases cantomer constitutes that customer’s credit limit. The customer reach for a given cuscustomerperiodically pays for credit purchases, freeing up that amount of the credit limit for further orders. The two primary determinants of the amount of a customer’s credit limit are requirements for the supplier’s products and the ability of the customer to pay its debts. The latter factor is based primarily on the customer’s recent paymentrecord with the seller and others and a review and analysis of the customer’s most recent financial statements8Detailed statements regarding when and how the company will carry out collection of past-collection of past-due accounts make up the company’s collection procedures. These due accounts make up the company’s collection procedures. These policies specify how long the company will wait past the due date to initiate collection efforts, the methods of contact with delinquent customers, and whether and at what point accounts will be referred to an outside collection agency9.Collection policy is measured by its toughness or laxity in attempting to collect on slow-paying accounts. A tough policy may speed up collections, by it might also anger customers, causing them to take their business elsewhere10A firm may liberalize its credit policy by extanding full credit to presently limited credit customers or to non-credit customers. Full credit should be given only if net profitability occurs. A financial manager has to compare the earnings on sales obtained to the added cost of the receivables. The additional earnings represent the contribution margin on the incremental sales because fixed costs are constant. The additional costs on the additional receivables result from the greater number of bad debts and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer time period.If a firm considers offering credit to customers with a higher-than-normal risk rating, the profitability on additional sales generated must be compared with the amount of additional bad debts expected, higher investing and collection costs, and the opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a longer period of time. Whenidle capacity exists, the additional profitability represents the incremental contribution margin (sales less variable costs) since fixed costs remain the same.译文公司应收账款的管理埃莉奥诺拉克罗地亚预算和财务部门经理1.引言应收账款是指由于企业将其产品销售给客户而应向购买单位收取的款项。

附录原文Receivable managementWith the development of enterprises, a gradual increase in accounts receivable, the rising cost of funds, and enterprises to increase their market share, reducing the provision of goods or services on credit services, credit rating, to obtain more business channels and expand sales. In this case enterprises can not be sufficient liquidity to pay day-to-day management activities and related taxes and fees, they need to rely on bank loans to solve this problem. However, the heavy interest, but also further increase the cost of the enterprise, and with the growth of accounts receivable aging, and its loss of the possibility of bad debts have also increased, so that the cost of capital rise. Some enterprises also exist as a result of malicious arrears accounts, and accounts receivable collection enterprises basically rely on their own collection, resulting in the recovery of accounts receivable due to unnecessary cost increases can not be transferred, the cost of capital increase, increasing accounts receivable risk recovery section.1 Accounts receivable risk causesFirst, the causes of accounts recevableTo promote the sale of enterprises and accelerate the collection, to pay a certain cost to provide customers with a certain degree of credit terms. In determining the customer's credit terms, the enterprise must ensure that customer credit terms to provide the benefits to the enterprise greater than the cost of credit. If the credit period is too long, the blind implementation of the cash discount, or discount rate determined unreasonable, all the credit companies will only increase costs and increase the recovery of accounts receivable risks and cost recovery is not conducive to the development of enterprises. The lack of a number of small and medium enterprises engaged in full-time accounts receivable risk management, the lack of a sound and effective customer profiles and professional credit rating, credit limits and creditcontrol, there is no risk of bad debts in advance, a matter of prevention and control.Many enterprises, wages and benefits linked to the operating mode, the operator simply allows the pursuit of high-margin, commodity or the provision of credit blind services, to create indicators met or surpassed the illusion, do not consider value for money and recyclability, and increase business accounts receivable risk. Enterprise internal control system in a large number of claims for clean-up funds, poor collection, resulting in financial losses. Corporate accounting departments should timely accounting, accounts receivable reflect the situationcorrectly. However, the prevalence of accounting in debt, debt accounts do not wither in time the entire problem of cleaning up failed to claim the funds, check, and many of the business of money is unknown, the possibility of increased bad debts. In order to inflated corporate profits, capital losses and the current cost of long-term hanging on subjects dealing with accounts receivable, resulting in actual loss virtual surplus. The existence of these issues to cover up the of business losses, is not conducive to strengthening the management of enterprises easily create the illusion of false claims, resulting in distortion of accounting information, serious impact on information usersmake the right decisions.Second, accounts receivable management and prevent risks(A)receivables in advance of risk controlBad debt risk is an objective existence, as long as there is likely to have bad credit. Not all accounts receivable can be passed on, all can be avoided, so must be provision for bad debts. Enterprises should be fully estimated bad debt losses that may occur will be the impact of gains and losses, bad debts on schedule extract prepared to break down the risk of bad debt losses. Their provision is based on sound principles and the principle of proportion. Accounting system of China's enterprises, enterprises can only account for bad debt allowance for loss method. Allowance for bad debts is estimated that loss of time, the formation of bad debts. Have to guard against the risk of bad debts, to resist the loss of identity, is to guard against the risk of accounts receivable of the first barrier. Accounts receivable as a bad loss does not mean that companies give up to obtain the right to accounts receivable, business units should continue to pay attention to the debt situation, as far as possible to recover thereceivable. Clear job responsibilities, the establishment of system of personal responsibility. ShouldAccounts receivable management is a system, in accordance with the relevant provisions of enterprises, improve the sales management system, a clear job responsibilities and business processes for the refinement of management; to negotiate the contract, opening, distribution and delivery, to go out and receivables and other business-related departments and staff to ensure that the mutual separation of incompatible duties. The various departments to carry out their duties, fulfill their duties, responsible, responsibility to the people, to maximize the recovery of accounts receivable, to shorten the accounts receivable collection period,To reduce the bad debt losses. Enterprises in the sales process, should be granted in strict accordance with the customer's credit trading volume control, and in accordance with the principle of limited authorization in the enterprise at all levels within the respective provisions of the credit limit may be granted. Hierarchical management system that is conducive to business at a reasonable credit limits, credit limits businesses to deal with the implementation of regular inspection and analysis, to ensure that the credit limit of safety and reasonable. Credit standards in the process, through comprehensive analysis, to find out will not affect the sales will not increase the risk of the optimal point of balance. Credit terms including credit terms and cash discounts, to extend the credit period to be appropriate to expand sales, but it can also result in accounts receivable to increase the opportunity cost of occupancy, at the same time increase the risk of bad debt losses. Enterprises to deal with different clients in credit and making necessary adjustments so that it has always been able to keep the scope of enterpriseInside. Business units in determining the credit terms and credit limit of credit before the credit must be made to understand and carry out the assessment, given the appropriate credit standards, thus the effective control of accounts receivable. Credit analysis from the quality of enterprises, capital, capacity, collateral and credit situation in these five cases are analyzed.(B)Accounts receivable risk control thingsFinancial sector client money received should be recorded or made such an inquiryprocedure, it is necessary to control the contract and customer requirements to issue bills of lading, and sent to transport personnel or customer receipt, the transport sector should be organized according to the bill of lading shipments, and to ensure that the specifications of the goods, model, the number is correct, should be based on bills of lading after delivery to customers, such as timely invoicing, payment settlement process. Contracts should be standardized, in line with the requirements of contract law, the subject of the contract, the quantity, quality, delivery time, delivery location, payment method and careful assessment of liability for breach of contract and decide whether to accept the orders, thereby enabling business conduct standardized and refinement. As far as possible, enterprises should use their own settlement in a favorable settlement and advanced means to return the funds to accelerate and shorten the time in-transit funds.(C)the risk of accounts receivable after the controlControl of accounts receivable, including credit contract after the expiration of the recovery of funds control and funds due to various reasons could not be recovered due to the formation of bad debts and losses. Business enterprises through the establishment of accounts receivable management information system, credit process from beginning to the accounts receivable due date ofFollow-up supervision of clients to ensure that customers normally pay the purchase price, minimizing the incidence of overdue accounts. Accounts receivable tracking service, to maintain good relations with customers, but also allows customers to feel the pressure of creditors, greatly improve the recovery of accounts receivable. Maintained through regular contact with customers to remind them of their payment due date can also be found in the packaging of goods, quality, transport, and billing problems and disputes in a timely manner to make the appropriate decision-making.Arising from the sale of customer accounts receivable management has become a fund management business, money management, an important part. For enterprises to implement high-quality accounts receivable asset securitization, the lack of liquidity of enterprises, but can produce a stable predictable cash flows of assets, asset structure through the integration and separation of the assets of credit in order to guarantee some assets, controlled by the trustee issued a special ad hoc bodies, in thecapital market. The use of legal means to defend corporate interests.Enterprise can be entrusted to professional accounts receivable accounts receivable recovery companies, large and medium-sized enterprises, if a larger amount of accounts receivable, accounts receivable can be entrusted to the company for recycling. Professional callable receivables in the amount of comparative advantage, to a certain extent, reduce accounts receivable to invest in financial译文应收账款管理随着企业的发展，应收账款逐渐增多，资金成本不断上升，而企业为扩大市场占有率，降低了赊销商品或提供劳务服务的信用评定，以获取更多的商业渠道、扩大销售份额。

应收账款外文文献-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One11.Accounts ReceivableOne of the key factors underlying the growth of the American economy is the trend toward selling goods and services on credit. Accounts receivable comprise the largest financial asset of many merchandising companies.Accounts receivable are relatively liquid assets, usually converting into cash within a period of 30 to 60 days. Therefore, accounts receivable from customers usually appear in the balance sheet immediately after cash and short-term investments in marketable securities.2.UNCOLLECTIBLE ACCOUNTSAccounts receivable are shown in the balance sheet at the estimated collectible amount—called net realizable value. No business wants to sell merchandise on account to customers who will be able to pay. Many companies maintain their own credit departments that investigate the creditworthiness of each prospective customer. Nonetheless, if a company makes credit sales to hundreds—perhaps thousands—of customers, some accounts inevitably will turn out to be uncollectible.A limited amount of uncollectible accounts is not only expected—it is evidence of a sound credit policy. If the credit department is overly cautious, the business may lose many sales opportunities by rejecting customers who should have been considered acceptable credit risks.3.THE ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTSThere is no way of telling in advance which accounts receivable will prove to be uncollectible. It is therefore not possible to credit the accounts of specific customers for our estimate of probable uncollectible accounts. Neither should we credit the Accounts Receivable control account in the general ledger. If the Accounts Receivable control accounts were to be credited with the estimated amount of doubtful accounts, this control account would no longer be in balance with the total of the numerous customers’ accounts in the subsidiary ledger. A practical alternative therefore is to credit a separate account called Allowance for Doubtful Accounts with the amount estimated to be uncollectible.The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts often is described as a contra-asset account or a valuation account. Both of these terms indicate that the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance, which is offset against the asset Accounts Receivable to produce a more useful and reliable measure of a company’s liquidity. Because the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is merely an estimate and not a precise calculation, professional judgment plays a considerable role in determining the size of this valuation account.Monthly Adjustment of the Allowance Account In the adjusting entry made by World Famous Toy Co. at January 31, the amount of the adjustment ($10,000) was equal to the estimated amount of uncollectible accounts. This is true only because January was the first month of operations and this was the company’s first estimate of its uncollectible accounts. In future months, the amount of the adjusting entry will depend on two factors: (1) the estimate of uncollectible accounts and (2) the current balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Before we illustrate the adjustingentry for a future month, let us see why the balance in the allowance account may change during the accounting period.WRITING OFF AN UNCOLLECTIBLE ACCOUNT RECEIVABLEWhenever an account receivable from a specific customer is determined to be uncollectible, it no longer qualifies as an asset and should be written off. To write off an account receivable is to reduce the balance of the customer’s account to zero. The journal entry to accomplish this consists of a credit to the Accounts Receivable control account in the general ledger (and to the customer’s account in the subsidiary ledger) and an offsetting debit to the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.To illustrate, assume that, early in February, World Famous Toy Co. learns that Discount Stores has gone out of business and that the $4,000 account receivable from this customer is now worthless. The entry to write off this uncollectible account receivable is:Allowance for Doubtful Accounts………………… 4,000Accounts Receivable (Discount Stores)…………………… 4,000To write off the account receivable from Discount Stores as uncollectible.The important thing to note in this entry is that the debit is made to the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and not to the Uncollectible Accounts Expense account. The estimated expense of credit losses is charged to the Uncollectible Accounts Expense account at the end of each accounting period. When a specific account receivable is later determined to be worthless and is written off, this action does not represent an additional expense but merely confirms our previous estimate of the expense. If the Uncollectible Accounts Expense account was first charged with estimated credit losses and then later charged with proven credit losses, we would be double-counting the actual uncollectible accounts expense.Notice also that the entry to write off an uncollectible account receivable reduces both the asset account and the contra-asset account by the same amount. Thus writing off an uncollectible account does not change the net realizable value of accounts receivable in the balance sheet.INTERNAL CONTROLS FOR RECEIVABLESOne of the most important principles of internal control is that employees who have custody of cash or other negotiable assets must not maintain accounting records. In a small business, one employee often is responsible for handing cash receipts, maintaining accounts receivable records, issuing credit memoranda, and writing off uncollectible accounts. Such a combination of duties is an invitation to fraud. The employee in this situation is able to remove the cash collected from a customer without making any record of the collection. The next step is to dispose of the balance in the customer’s account. This can be done by issuing a credit memo indicating that the customer has returned merchandise, or by writing off the customer’s account as uncollectible. Thus the employee has the cash, the customer’s account shows a zero balance due, and the books are in balance.In summary, employees who maintain the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger should not have access to cash receipts. The employees who maintain accounts receivable or handle cash receipts should not have authority to issue creditmemoranda or to authorize the write-off of receivables as uncollectible. These are classic examples of incompatible duties.MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEManagement has two conflicting objectives with respect to the accounts receivable. On the one hand, management wants to generate as much sales revenue as possible. Offering customers lengthy credit terms, with little or no interest, has proven to be an effective means of generating sales revenue.Every business, however, would rather sell for cash than on account. Unless receivables earn interest, which usually is not the case, they are nonproductive assets that produce no revenue as they await collection. Therefore, another objective of cash management is to minimize the amount of money tied up in the form of accounts receivable.Several tools are available to a management that must offer credit terms to its customers yet wants to minimize the company’s investment in accounts receivable. We have already discussed offering credit customers cash discounts (such as 2/10,n/30) to encourage early payment. Other tools include factoring accounts receivable and selling to customers who use national credit cards.。