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➢ closed-class words -- open-class words
New members of word class: ➢ particles: pass by; make up; to do; not ➢ auxiliaries: I don't do it; is he coming? he has
Discuss
PP. 53-54 No. 3
4.2 English words
➢Presentation session
Word formation in English
➢ Practice: Point out the devices of word formation for
each of the following:
(1) a traditional festival (2) freezing cold (3) in the next century
4.3 English clauses and sentences
➢ A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predication structure. A simple sentence is a clause. Alternatively:
➢ / :/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded
Major contents
4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English
imperative
optative (wish-expressing)
exclamatory
Discuss
➢ PP. 56-57 No. 7
4.4 Collocations, idioms, chunks, and constructions
➢ Some phrases, for various reasons, are more or less tight collocations (like “a handsome car”, “a pretty girl”) or closed idioms (like “in the end” and “leave off”).
smog, enthuse, tec, PLO, hospitalize, plane (v.) nylon
Syntactic units
➢ Hierarchical system: ➢ (morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—
sentence
➢ e.g. I met Tom. ➢ a (handsome American young) man ➢ a (handsome American young) man who
formation).
4.1 English morphemes
➢ The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical.
➢ Ask: How many morphemes does the following word contain?
➢ Idioms generally have semantic unity and function as noun, verb, adjective and so forth.
weaknesses
Morphemic analysis
weaknesses
weakness
-es
weak
-ness
•
Practice:
➢Analyze the word: unwomanliness
Classification:
➢ free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness ➢ derivational/inflectional morpheme
➢ A clause is a group of words that has its own subject and predicate but is included in a sentence. e.g.
(1) I want to know why. (2) Having an influential father is often
c.f. bookcase -- friendship
Allomorph
➢ A set of allomorphs, e.g. in-, im-, il- ir-, are the variants (different realizations) of a morpheme, in- in this casand are in complementary distribution.
➢ superordinate/main/matrix clause ➢ subordinate clause
English sentences
➢ a. Definition: ➢ Semantically, the minimal form that
expresses a complete thought ➢ Formally, not included in any larger
➢ Morphology [ 形 态 学 ] is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
Morphology falls into two categories: ➢ inflectional morphology (study of inflections) ➢ lexical/derivational morphology (study of word
always spoke a very heavy dialect.
Classification of English words
➢ grammatical words (function words/form words/ functors)
➢ lexical words
Practice: Identify those that are function words
(a) the government’s policies (b) the latest news (c) two frightened cows
Root, affix
➢ Root: the part expressing the basic meaning of a word. It can be free or bound. c.f. brotherly—receive
➢ For the morpheme of "plural meaning" in English: map-maps /s/, dog-dogs /z/, watch-watches /iz/, mouse-mice /ai/, ox-oxen /n/, tooth-teeth /i:/, sheep-sheep /Ø/
Root and stem
➢ The stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be attached. e.g. lived, shortened, weaknesses, landlords
➢ A stem-formative is the morpheme that serves to create stems. e.g. biology, thermometer
gone. ➢ pro-forms: Your pen is here (pro-adjective); He
knows better than I do (pro-verb); I hope so(pro-ad); He's here, behind the tree. (prolocative)
➢ Affix morphemes: prefix; infix; suffix
➢ Example of infix: foot-feet goose-geese BUT: It 's controversial.
Discuss
P. 53 No. 1, 2
Compound
➢A word composed of two or more free root morphemes is a compound.
Lecture 4 The units of English
Review
Describe the following sounds:
➢ /f/ ➢ /i/ ➢ / :/
➢ [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
➢ /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
advantageous. (3) Do you know where I come from?
➢ A clause may be finite or non-finite. In the latter case, the subject of the predicate is implicit but inferable from the sentence containing the clause, such as an infinite clause, a –ing or –ed participle clause.
