英语语言学实用教程课后习题答案参考

第9章英语语言的应用（II）I. Fill in the blanks.1. H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of _____ Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie.【答案】quality【解析】质量原则的内容。

2. In the light of the _____ principle, four maxims are specified. They are the maxim of quantity, maxim of _____, maxim of _____ and the maxim of _____.（人民大学2005年、吉林大学2004年研）【答案】cooperative; quality; relation; manner【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。

3. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maximof_____.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?【答案】relation【解析】很显然Y的回答与X的问题“你昨晚跟谁在一起？”无关。

第10章英语语言变体（I）I.Fill in the blanks.1. Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field，mode and _____.（中山大学2003年研）【答案】tenor【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个方面。

2. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by _____.【答案】women【解析】语言使用的性别差异。

3. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, _____ language.【答案】vernacular【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。

4. A linguistic _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.【答案】taboo【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。

5. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.【答案】social【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。

6. In terms of sociolinguistics, _____ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.【答案】idiolect【解析】从社会语言学的角度讲，个人习语指个人语言风格。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（章节题库第6章英语语言意义（Ⅰ））【圣才出品】第6章英语语言意义（Ⅰ）Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.According to G.Leech,_____meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.（北二外2007研）【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。

2._____=PARANT(x,y)&MALE(x)（北二外2005研）【答案】FATHER【解析】同时满足“父母亲”和“男性”的条件的只能是“父亲”。

3.According to G Leech,_____meaning refers to logic,cognitive,or denotative content.（北二外2005研）【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。

4.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for,is known as the_____theory.（中山大学2008研）【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。

5._____is the technical name for the sameness relation.（北二外2007研）【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。

所谓的同义词都是依赖语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。

6.Terms like“apple”,“banana”and“pear”are_____of the term“fruit”.（北二外2007研）【答案】hyponyms【解析】上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。

第一部分考研真题精选一、填空题1.Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n)____language faculty.【中山大学2018研】【答案】innate【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。

2.____refers to the role language plays in communication(e.g. to express ideas,attitudes)or in particular social situations (e.g.religious,legal).【北二外2016研】【答案】Function【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。

功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。

3.Human language is arbitrary.This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the____it is associated with.【人大2007研】【答案】meaning【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

4.Some sentences do not describe things.They cannot be said to be true or false.The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action.They are called____.【大连外国语学院2008研】【答案】performative【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

《英语语言学实用教程》课后练习提示Unit 1 Some Preliminaries about Language■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1. What do you think is essential to the emergence of language?The existence of social activities; the need to express diverse ideas, emotions, etc.; the need to communicate ideas to distant places; etc.2. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?No. They are genetically not endowed with the capacity.3. What role does body language play in language communication?Omit.4. Naturally occurring “experiments” with so-called “wolf-children”, “bear-children”, “Mowgli”or “monkey-children” and other such feral youngsters have been widely reported for hundreds of years. None of these children could speak or understand speech and, indeed, most efforts to teach them language ended in failure. How would you account for the failure?The language acquisition device has to be triggered before a certain age (that of puberty). Sufficient expose to a language environment at the right time is essential to language acquisition.5. The following are some instances of using English for communication. What specific functiondoes each use of English serve in the following pictures?Informative (in the form of commanding)Directive (Advertising in the form of requesting)Directive (Persuading in the form of threatening)Directive (Recruiting)6．Iconicity of language is an aspect of language where form echoes meaning. Onomatopoeia, also known as “sound symbolism”, is one type of iconicity. Some researchers have found other evidence of iconicity. For example, words beginning with the sound combination sl- in English often have an unpleasant sense, as in slithering, slimy, slugs. Here are some questions:a. Is the “unpleasant” sense actually true of all, or even most, words beginning with sl- in English? No. e.g. slight.b. Are there any other sounds or sound combinations that you associate with particular meanings? Gliding: slide, slip, slippery;Rolling: tumble, crumble, stumblec. How about the vowel sounds in words that identify near-to-speaker concepts (this, near, here) versus far-from-speaker concepts (that, far, there)? What is the difference? Is it a general pattern distinguishing terms for things that are near versus far in English? What about the case inChinese?Front vowels for near-speaker concepts; central or back vowels for far-from-speaker concepts. There seems to be a similar kind of pattern in Chinese. C.f. 近jin /远yuan；这zhe /那na7. In many of the world’s languages there are so-called nursery names for parents. In English, for example, corresponding to the word mother is the nursery name mama, and for father one finds dada and papa. There is remarkable similarity across different languages in the form of these nursery names for parents. For example, in Chinese and Navajo ma corresponds to English mama. Why do you think that this is the case?Bilabials are learned and produced first because they are the easiest.8.a. What are some of the changes which appear to have taken place in the child’s ability to use English during that period?Like the basically proper use of interrogatives and the correct use of inflection.b. What do these changes suggest about the order of language acquisition?Complete sentences are acquired later than elliptical ones. Inflection is acquired at a late stage.Unit 2 The Sounds of English■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1.a. Does the string of sounds mean anything to you?If we want to talk really good, we’ll have to invent vowels.b. What does the picture suggest to you about the role of consonants and vowels in English? Consonants are the backbones of syllables and words.2. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [ŋa:f] √[☠] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √[ ] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √3. In English, the /i/ vowel becomes almost as long as /i:/ under certain conditions (written as /i:/ for convenience). Consider the examples listed below:a. List the phonemes that condition the change.voiced consonantsb. State the rule that seems involved.[i] is lengthened before a voiced] consonant.Note: Start with the fact that the /i/ is basic and that short /i/ becomes long /i:/. The change from short /i/ to long /i:/ is phonologically determined; that is, the lengthening takes place in the presence of certain phonemes. A good strategy is to first list the phonemes to the right of long /i:/, then list those to the left. As an answer to (a), then, one would propose that /i/ become /i:/ whenever the phonemes to the right (/d, m, l, b, z, j, ŋ/) occur immediately after that vowel. This hypothesis looks promising because, in fact, the short variant /i/ never occurs before these segments. The next question is, what is it about the phonemes on the right that unify them as a class? One may find that these phonemes are all voiced ([+voice]), and, in fact, the short /i/ never lengthens before voiceless segments. Thus the answer to (b) is that the vowel /i/ is lengthened before (the natural class of) voiced consonants.4. The use of plural–s in English has three different, but very regular, phonological alternatives.a. Can you work out the set of sounds which regularly precedes each of these alternatives?/s/ to words like ship, bat, book and cough;voiceless plosives [voiceless]/z/ to words like cab, lad, cave, rag and thing;after voiced consonants [voiced]/əz/ to words like bus, bush, judge, church and maze.after /s/, /☞/, /d✞/, /z/b. What features does each of these sets have in common?[palatal] or [alveolar]+[fricative]c. Is there any pattern regarding the different pronunciations of the past tense marker?[t] after voiceless consonants except [t]; [d] after voiced consonants except [d]; [id] after [t] or [d].d. Do you think that one of these phonological forms for –ed is more basic, with the others beingderived from it in a regular way? Which, and how?[d] is more basic. [t] after devoicing. [id] after epenthesis (i.e. addition of a sound).5. Below are three columns of words with different patterns of stress:a. How is stress distributed in each column?penultimate for A; last syllable for B; on the last syllable.b. In Column B, what kinds of vowels appear in the last syllable? How does the syllabic structure of Column C differ from A and B?In Column B, long vowels or diphthongs appear in the last syllable.The last syllable of the words in C ends in consonant clusters.[Note] For “usurp”, “r” may be pronounced as in /ju(:)΄zə(r)p/.6. The following is a list of words that are spelt in a similar way:fuddy-duddy hocus-pocus namby-pambyfuzzy-wuzzy hurly-burly razzle-dazzlehanky-panky lovey-dovey roly-polyhelter-skelter mumbo-jumbo super-dupera. What similarity can you spot among the words listed?All pairs are the same except the initial consonants.b. What effects may such words have in common when they are put into use?Redundancy, repetitiveness, etc.7. Write the phonetic transcription for each of the following words.Omit.8. Read the following words or phrases and point out the phonological processes that yield assimilation.(a) pat /pæt/ pan /pãn/ sat /sæt/ Sam /sãm/Nasalization rule: [-nasal] →[+nasal] /_____ [+nasal](b) since /sins/ sink /siŋk/ hint /hint/ dink /diŋk/Velarization rule: [-velarl] →[+velar] /_____ [+velar](c) five pits /faifpits/ love to /l∧ftə /Devoicing rule: [+voiced →[-voiceless] /_____ [-voiceless]9.a. Comment on the use of rhyme, alliteration, and assonance(that is, use of syllables with a common vowel, as in “come” - “love”) in this poem. How are they used to stress the sense of superficiality and lack of meaning the poet is trying to convey here? (Note especially the role of rhyming pairs of monosyllables and their effect on meter.)assonance: [ri:t☞] [skri:n] [spi:t☞][♈ud] [huk] [buk]The ryhmed words, all monosyllabic and stressed, are semantically unrelated and separated.Alliteration is only sporadically used. Assonance suggests apparent connection but actual disconnectedness.b. Comment more carefully on meter in the first two stanzas. How does it contribute to the meaning? How and where does it work against our expectations?Lack of regularity and thus unpredictability.10. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs,and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Omit.11. What interesting things do speech errors tell us about language and its use? Collect a few casesof slips of tongue from daily conversations.Speech errors are often explainable, often semantically motivated.Unit 3 The Units of English■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1. Point out the word-formation process that applies to each of the following words: Affixation: worsen endearmentConversion: dust (v.) plane (v.)Compounding: laptop airsick daughter-in-lawBack-formation: edit televise peddle swindle (swindler)Shortening: tec (detective) prof (professor) bike (bicycle)Blending: brunch urinalysis (urine + analysis) fantabulous (fantasy + fabulous)Initialism: WTO (World Trade Organization)Acronym: laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association)Coinage (in the forms of invention and eponym—words derived from proper names): Xerox nylon jumbo (name of an elephant brought to the United States by P. T. Barnum)2. How are the open-class words and the closed-class words different from each other?Open-class words:(1)large in number;(2)easy to expand;(3)mainly nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.Closed-class words:(1) small in number;(2) stable;(3) basically pronouns, prepositions, function words, etc.3. What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?(a) the government’s policies ’s; -s(b) the latest news -est(c) Isn’t it snow ing! -ing(d) two frightened cows-ed; -s4. Suppose a speaker of English invents the following italicized English words as a joke: “they’re always causing a commotion. I tell them not to commote, but they insist on being big commoters.” What process of word creation does this example illustrate, and why? What do the new words mean?It is a process of back-formation. “Commote”means the act of causing disorder and “commoter” means someone who causes disorder.5. Count the function words in the following passage excerpted from Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage (p.1).The cold passed reluctantly from the earth, and the retiring fogs revealed an army stretched out on the hills, resting. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened, and began to tremble with eagerness at the noise of rumors. It cast its eyes upon the roads, which were growing from long troughs of liquid mud to proper thoroughfares. A river, amber- tinted in the shadow of its banks, purled at the army's feet; and at night, when the stream had become of a sorrowful blackness, one could see across it the red, eyelike gleam of hostile campfires set in the low brows of distant hills.Note: Function words are those that have little semantic content of their own and chiefly indicate grammatical relationships. Common function words include prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. They are a lso called “form word s” or “functor s”.6. Which of the following contain verb phrase idioms? For each idiom, provide a paraphrase withone word instead of the idiom.(1) a. John went in for stamp collecting. [like]b. Jane went in for a check-up.(2) a. John came down with the guns.b. Jane came down with the flu. [contracted](3) a. John came up with the guns.b. Jane came up with a brilliant idea. [got](4) a. That music does n’t exactly turn me on. [excited]b. Jane didn’t turn on the tap.(5) a. John passed over the house.b. The president passed over the peace proposal. [disregarded](6) a. John ran after dinner.b. John ran after Jane. [pursued]7. In English, some intransitive verbs can be converted into a special type of transitive verbs called causative verbs. Here are some examples. Can you give more examples?halt, alter, end8. The distinction between auxiliary verbs and main verbs is a basic one in English. Auxiliaryverbs are fronted to form questions whereas main verbs cannot be fronted in this fashion.The following sentences illustrate three additional differences between main verbs and auxiliary verbs. What are these differences?placement of “not”; contraction possible; tag questions; etc.9. Count the number of clauses in the following paragraphs and categorize them into different types.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between “flight and fight” and in more primitive days the choice s made the differencebetween life and death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart diseases have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.(1) a person can withstand(2) The amount of stress depends very much on the individual(3) Some people are not afraid of stress(4) such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities(5) Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties(6) When exposed to stress(7) (When exposed to stress,) in whatever form(8) we react both chemically and physically(9) In fact we make choice between “flight and fight”(10) in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life and death(11) we meet today(12) The crises are unlikely to be so extreme(13) however little the stress(14) it involves the same response(15) when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress(16) It is …. that….(17) health becomes endangered(18) Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart diseases have established links withstress(19) Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(20) it would be unwise to do so(21) even if we could(22) we need to find ways to deal with it(6), (7), (13), (19), and (21) are adverbial clauses (of time, reason, concession, supposition, etc.);(1) and (11) are attributive clauses; (15) is a predicative clause. Others are either independent clauses like (3), (4), (5), (9), (10), and (18), or the main clauses in the complex sentences, like (2), (8), (12), (20), and (22).10. The following is an excerpt from James Joyce’s Ulysses. What has been deleted in many of itssentences? What effect does Joyce achieve by using this deletion?No, not like that. A barren land, bare waste. Vulcanic lake, the dead sea: no fish, weedless, sunk deep in the earth. No wind would lift those waves, grey metal, poisonous foggy waters. Brimstone they called it raining down: the cities of the plain: Sodom.Gomorrah. Edom. All dead names. A dead sea in a dead land, grey and old. Old now. It bore the oldest, the first race. A bent hag crossed from Cassidy’s clutching a naggin bottle by the neck. The oldest people. Wandered far away over all the earth, captivity to captivity, multiplying, dying, being born everywhere. It lay there now. now it could bear no more.Dead.The deletion gives people the impression that the thoughts of the character are not smooth, coherent, complete, etc.Unit 4 The Structures of English (I)■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1. It is important that the rules of syntax specify all and only the grammatical sentences of the language. Why is it important to say “only”? That is, what would be wrong with a grammar that specified as grammatical sentences all of the truly grammatical ones plus a few that were not grammatical?The grammatical rules will become invalid because we will not know which sentences are grammatical.2. Analyze how the following sentences are incorrect according to English grammar.a. Snowing outside.“It is/was” cannot be deleted.b. Jane loves John, she calls him every day.This is a run-on sentence. The sentence contains two independent sentences.c. There are two boys play football on the ground.The sentence contains two finite verbs.d. Jane is very kind to John, for example, she prepares dinner for him whenever she can.This is a run-on sentence. “For example” is not a conjunction and thus cannot link two clauses into a complex sentence.e. Diligent is very important to succeed.“Diligent” cannot function as the subject because it is an adjective. In English, the subject as well as the object must be nominal.f. John find the two book very interesting.There is a lack of grammatical concord in number between the subject and the predicate verb.g. John is a great leader, however, he is sometimes too strict.This is a run-on sentence. “However” is not a conjunction and thus cannot link two clauses into a complex sentence.h. Although Jane loves John, but she never says “I love you” to him.In English, “although” and “but” do not co-occur.i. The reason Jane loves John is because he is kind to her.In English, we say “the reason (….) is that ….j. – Have you seen John lately, Jane?-- Not seen.When answering a question, one repeats the auxiliary verb, rather than the main verb.k. Finish the job in two days is impossible.In English, the subject as well as the object must be nominal. “Finish the job” is verbal rather than nominal.l. Why Jane didn’t go to Bei jing with John?There must be the movement (or addition) of the auxiliary when forming an interrogative sentence in English. The correct form is Why didn’t Jane go to Beijing with John?3. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:(1) Smoking grass can be nauseating.a. To smoke grass can be nauseating.b. Grass for smoking can be nauseating.(2) John finally decided on the boat.a. On the boat John finally made a decision.b. John finally decided to use (buy, etc.) the boat.(3) Jane’s appointment was shocking.a. Jane’s appointment of someone was shocking.b. Jane’s being appointed by someone was shocking.(4) Old men and women are hard to live with.a. Both old men and old women are hard to live with.b. Women and old men and are hard to live with.(5) The governor is a dirty street fighter.a. The governor is a fighter against dirty street.b. The governor is a street fighter who is mean and corrupt.(6) I cannot recommend him too highly.a. I cannot recommend him too highly because he is not so good.b. I can recommend him as highly as I can because he is so good.4. Questions typically come from a first-person speaker and are addressed to a second-person hearer. Can you relate this use of questions to the fact that you is deleted from abbreviated questions? Can any subject be deleted from abbreviated questions as long as use and context make the deletion recoverable?Like the book?Fancy meeting John Here?Want to have a cigarette?When questions are used to make an offer, seek information, etc., the understood “you” can be deleted.5. Give the passive version of the following sentences.(1) Phil watered the garden too much.The garden was too much watered by Phil.(2) Bill expected me to leave soon.I was expected to leave soon by Bill.(3) The doctor expected the technician to develop the X-rays fast.a. The technician was expected by the doctor to develop the X-rays fast.b. The doctor expected the X-rays to be developed fast by the technician.c. The X-rays were expected by the doctor to be developed fast by the technician.6. Study the following sentences and analyze them in terms of sentence patterns.a. John seems happy. [SVC]b. The girls sing quite often. [SV]c. They elected Bush president again. [SVOC]d. Chasing cats is fun for dogs. [SVC]e. Jane sent John a bunch of roses. [SVOO]f. John never keeps his room clean. [SVOC]g. The film lasted two hours. [SV A]h. John let Jane out. [SVOC]Unit 5 The Structures of English (II)■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1. What differences and similarities exist between conversation and written discourse (text)? Similarities:a. both are rule-governed and structured.b. both are communicative by nature.Differences:CONVERSATION DISCOURSE/TEXTa. often spontaneous and transient a. often involving much planningb. involving two or more people b. monologicc. often fraught with errors c. usu. error-freed. often informal or colloquial d. generally formal2. What is the typical global or macro structure of a data-driven MA thesis /a note of thanks / aresum⑥?The main body of an M.A thesis; Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Discussion, Conclusion.A note of thanks includes terms of address, words of thanks, reason(s) for giving thanks, apromise of some reward, complimentary close, and signature.A resum⑥generally includes the heading, name, correspondence address, educationalbackground, occupational background, personals (such as age/date of birth, sex, marital status, etc.).3. The following conversation is taken from Harold Pinter’s The Birthday Party. What aspects ofthis fragment of conversational speech would you point to as characteristic features of this type of language-in-use?A great deal of ellipsis; informal.4. a. A story can be divided into orientation, evaluation, complicating action, and resolution.Analyze the texts in terms of these categories (not all of these will be present in all texts).Note: Orientation identifies the participant(s) in the narrative and provides the necessarybackground information; evaluation is used when one wants to make clear the significance being attributed to the event(s) and shows the narrator’s personal judgment or attitude; by means of complicating action, the narrator builds the dramatic structure or plot and sets it in motion; the narrative ends with a resolution to signal the result or consequence of the complicating action.(a) One day some people moved in a house[0]. The army ant gobbled up the house[C]. So thepeople had to start all over again[R].(b) Once there was a parrot and she laid an egg[0]. The egg didn’t hatch and the mother parrot,whose name was Sheila, started crying. One day Sheila heard a peck-peck and the baby bird walked out[C]. The mother bird was very happy[R].(c) Once upon a time there was a lady bug who was busy eating aphids. There are plants in thegarden. The lady bug is always in the garden. Every day the lady bug eats aphids. The lady bug is always on plants. The lady bug is always catching aphids[O].(d) Once there was a shark and there was another shark[0] and they ate fishes and they got sofat that they exploded. The sea got so hot that it got on fire and all the fish died[C] and sharks and plants died and the sea was not there[R].(e) One day I planted a seed [0] and I waited and waited and waited until I was an old man.Then it grew a little bit [C]and I died[R].b. Are there any examples here that are not narrative (i.e., that do not use temporally orderednarrative clauses)?c. There is no development of plot.c. Causal and/or chronological sequence in a text may not be explicitly specified. Give twoexamples where they are established by implication.One day Sheila heard a peck-peck and the baby bird walked out. The mother bird was very happy.5. Find two more examples of each from novels by such authors as James Joyce, Henry James, and William Faulkner.Omit.6. An ad is a short discourse. Study the following ad and analyze the way it is constructed. Discuss the perspective employed and its effect on communication.a. by parallelism;b. The ad takes the perspective of those who stress about the brochure, fret about the expense, are bored with some common color and/or business.c. The perspective is effective in that it appeals to people by addressing their concerns.Unit 6 The Meaning of English (I)■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1. a. How would you describe the oddness of these sentences in terms of semantic features?(1) Lighting is non-human and thus cannot do anything willingly.(2) A cat is non-human and thus cannot study linguistics.(3) A table is inanimate and thus cannot listen.b. Semantic violations are frequent in poetry. For example, we may say “a week/hour/century ago”, but usually do not say “a table/dream/mother ago”. However, Dylan Thomas does write “a grief ago”. How would you account for the effect of such usage?The usage adds a durational feature to grief for poetic effect.c. Can you find more similar use of language in English literature?The following are from e. e. cummings: “the six subjunctive crumbs twitch”, “a man …wearing a round jeer for a hat”.2. While “listen” and “hear” are semantically related, we usually say “we listen and we hear”.Why is this order reversed in the picture?Those disabled who may go deaf need to recover their hearing with the help of donators. If they can get the help needed they may recover their hearing and listen to others like normal people.3. Which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive?gradable: high- low fair- unfairnon-gradable: absent- present fail- passreversives/converse antonyms/relational opposites: up- down left- right4. Study the following pairs of words. What is the basic lexical relation between these pairs of words?(1) shallow deep antonymy (gradable)(2) mature ripe s ynonymy(3) suite sweet homonymy (homophones)(4) table furniture hyponymy(5) single married antonymy (non-gradable / complementary)(6) move run hyponymyFor “mature” and “ripe”, give an example where one can be used for collocation but not the other. For “suite” and “sweet”, give another pair with a similar semantic relation. For “move” and “run”, give more words that are in the same semantic relation to “move” as “run”.Mature/ripe: a mature player a ripe timeSuite/sweet: flour / flower past / passedMove/run: dash, hop, walk, jog, etc.5. The following are more pairs of antonyms:alive-dead male-female boy-girl present-absent true-false hit-missa. Which of the following are complementary opposites?alive-dead male-female boy-girl true-false hit-missb. How do you account for the following usages or misuses:half dead/alive *very dead/alivemore dead than alive *A is more dead than B“dead/alive”are complementary opposites and thus they do not take degree modifiers. “half。

英语语言学课后答案英语语言学课后答案【篇一：英语语言学9到11单元课后答案】i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. the meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.2. both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication3. maxim of quantity requires one to provide as much information as possible.4. in order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.5. every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face.6. politeness is a matter of degree.7. cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.8. “do not say what you believe to be false” falls into the maxim of quality.9. “to avoid obscurity” belongs to the maxim of relation.10. “make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” this was said by g. n. leech.1.f2.f3. f 4 f 5 t6 t 7 t 8 t 9. f 10. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but incontext. a. pragmaticsb. semantics c. sense relationd. concept2. which of the following is true?a. utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.b. some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.c. no utterances can take the form of sentences.d. all utterances can be restored to complete sentences.3. __________ is advanced by paul grice a. cooperative principle b. politeness principlec. the general principle of universal grammard. adjacency principle4. when any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.a. impolitenessb. contradictionsc. mutual understandingd. conversational implicatures5. which of the following utterances below is performative?a. i command you to put out that cigarette.b. i warned you not to go.c. put your toys awayd. i envy you1. a2. b3. a4. d5. aunit 10 the varieties of english (i)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.2. the kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.3. language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group toanother, and even from one individual to another.4. the goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.5. the linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.6. the use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usuallylong-lasting.7. sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.8. two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.9. geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.10. a person’s social back grounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features1. f2.t3.t4.t5. f6.f7.f8.f9.f10. fiii. there are four given choices for each statement below. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. the meaning of language was considered as something_______ in traditional semantics.a. contextualb. behaviouristicc. intrinsicd. logical2. _______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situation.a. slangb. address termsc. registersd. education varieties3. ________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.a. regional variationb. language variationc. social variationd. register variationbackgrounds.a. lingua francab. registerc. creoled. national language5. although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.a. vernacular languagesb. creolesc. pidginsd. sociolects6. probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the english language is _______.a. british englishb. american englishc. black englishd. australian english7. in normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same socialbackground.a. female; maleb. male; femalec. old; youngd. young; old8. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.a. psycholinguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. historical linguisticsd.general linguistics9. _______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges ona continuum from casual to formal according to the typeof communicative context.a. regional variationb. social variationc. stylistic variationd. idiolectal variation10. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.a. language interferenceb. language changesc. language planningd. language transfer1. c2. c3.a4.a5. c6.c7.a8.b 9d10.cunit 11 the varieties of english (ii)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. in the most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.2. a regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.3. the standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate government policy.4. a pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.5. when a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other.6. the most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary7. the standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.8. a lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.9. a pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.10. african-american vernacular english is an inferior dialect of english.11. pidgin english no longer exists today.12. some people speak a creole as their mother tongue.13. british english and american english are identical in grammar but different in vocabulary.l.f 2.f3.f4.t5.f6.f7.f8.f9.t 10.f 11. f 12. t. 13. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechc. physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changed. social barriers2. a linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slangb. euphemismc. jargond. taboo3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a. canadab. finlandc. belgiumd. germany4. in a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d. pragmatically5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech community b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american english and british english are in _______ and vocabulary.a. diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginizationd. blending7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc. address terms d. register variety iii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ are the major source of regional variation oflanguage.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechc. physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changed. social barriers2. a linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slangb. euphemismc. jargond. taboo3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a. canada b. finland c. belgium d. germany4. in a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d. pragmatically5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech community b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american english and british english are in _______ and vocabulary.a. diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginizationd. blending7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc. address terms d. register variety 【篇二：《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案 chapter 8】ty1. how is language related to society?答：there are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. one of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. this social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “good morning!”, “hi!”, “hows your family?”, “nice day today, isnt it?”. another indication is that use rs of the same language in a sense all speak differently. the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. and language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. when we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. for example while there is only one word in english for “snow”, there a re several in eskimo. this is a reflection of the need for the eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.as a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. to a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. a case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. while in english accents withoutpostvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in new york city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it.2. explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.答：the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. this is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. that is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. for example, the much-prejudiced black english can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. but many other people think black english is not pure english because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. as a result, many people feel shameful to use black english. from this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.3. what are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? how do they jointly determine idiolect?答：the main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. these factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. while the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualizedby a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.4. in what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?答： first of all, the standard dialect is based on a selectedvariety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nations political and commercial center. forexample, standard english developed out of the englishdialects used in and around london as they were modified overthe centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. gradually the english used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the english used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well. second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. it is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above over the range of regional dialects. some government agency writes grammar books and dictionaries to ?fix? this variety and everyone agrees on what is correct usage of the language. so it has a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary. once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambitious citizen to learn to use the correct language and to avoid ?incorrect? language. therefore, the standard dialect is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.then the standard dialect has some special functions. also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purposes as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.5. what is register as used by halliday? illustrate it with an example of your own.答：according to halliday, “language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” the type of languagewhich is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.for example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified asfield: scientific (linguistic)tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite)mode: oral (academic lecturing)6. what linguistic features of black english do you know? do you think black english is an illogical and inferior variety of english? why (not)?答： (1) a prominent phonological feature of black english is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. according to this consonant deletion rule, the final-position consonants are often deleted; thus “passed” is pronounced [pa:s], mend [men], desk [des], and told[t??l].a syntactic feature of black english that has often been cited to show its illogicality is the deletion of the link verb “be”. in black english we frequently come across sentences without the copula verb: “they mine”,“you crazy”, “her hands cold”, and “that house big”. in fact, copula verb deletion is not a unique feature of black english; it is also found in some other dialects of english and in languages like russian and chinese. another syntactic feature of black english that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions,e.g.(8 — 2) he dont know nothing. (he doesnt know anything.)(8 — 3) i aint afraid of no ghosts. (im not afraid of ghosts.)some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make a positive. but in fact such double negative constructions were found in all dialects of english of the earlier periods.(2) (略)7. what peculiar features docs pidgin have?答： pidgins arose from a blending of several languages such as chinese dialects and english, african dialects and french, african dialects and portuguese. usually a european language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the european language used by traders and missionaries in order to communicate with peoples whose languages they did not know.pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of inflections, ge nder end case, the “simplified” variety performs its functions as trading and employment.8. how do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?答： bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. but instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.the two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossia each has different role to play as situation changes.【篇三：《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案 chapter 7】> 1. the vocabulary of english consists of native and also thousands of borrowed words. look up the following words in a dictionary which provides the etymologies (history) of words. in each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language.a. size b. skillc. royald. ranche. robotf. potatog. astronauth. emeraldi. pagodaj. khakik. bulldoze1. hoodlum答：a. size ( old french)b. skill ( old norse)c. royal ( old french latin)d. ranch ( spanish french)e. robot ( czech old church slavonic)f. potato ( spanish taino)g. astronaut ( french)h. emerald ( middle english old french)i. pagoda ( persian sanskrit)j. khaki ( hindi persian)k. bulldoze ( bull(botany bay slang) old english)l. hoodlum ( german)2. the encyclopedia britannica yearbook has usually published a new word list, which is, in the britannica’s editors view, a list of those words that had entered the language during the year. would you expect a yearbook to publish a “lost-word list” reco rding the words dropped from the language during the year? defend your answer.答：(略)3. below is a passage from shakespeares hamlet,king: where is pelonius?hamlet: in heaven, send thither to see.if your messenger find him not there, seek him i theother place yourself. but indeed, if you find him notwithin this month, you shall nose him as you go up thestairs into the lobby.act iv, scene iiistudy these lines and identify every difference in expression between elizabethan and modern english that is evident.答：in modern english, these lines are more likely written as: king: where is pelonius?hamlet: in heaven, send to see there. if your messengercannot find him there, yourself seek him at the other place. but indeed, if you cannot find him within this month, you shall notice him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.4. comment with examples on the following statement “words and expressions will be forced intouse in spite of a ll the exertions of all the writers in the world.”答： the statement means that when necessary, people will make use of available uses even if there is no writers efforts.for example, there are more and more new words and expressions which are introduced into language not by writers, e.g., email, hacker, ibm (international big mouth, means a person who acts like a gossip.)5. suppose you are outside a government office where doors still bear the notice, “this door must not be left in an open position.” now t ry to explain the notice in simple and plain english. 答：“keep the door dote. ” or “the door must be kept close.”6. give at least two examples showing the influence ofamerican english on british english. 答：(略)7. find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association with social and political needs, internet or computer language.答：for example: sars, golden week, euro, e-mail, bi-media(双媒体的), cybernaut计算机(网络)漫游者, dvd, eyephone(视像耳机), etc．8. with examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.答：(略)。

陈新仁《英语语⾔学实⽤教程》（章节题库第12章英语习得）【圣才出品】第12章英语习得Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as_____.（中⼭⼤学2008研）【答案】interlanguage【解析】中介语是在外语或第⼆语⾔学习中形成的。

2.An influential claim regarding the input issue is the hypothesis that there must be sufficient,comprehensible input available to L2learners,as captured by the_____ formula.【答案】“i+1”【解析】关于输⼊问题，⼀个有影响⼒的说法是假设对于第⼆语⾔学习者必须有可获得的⾜够的以及能够被理解的输⼊，⽤公式可表⽰为“i+1”。

3.Error is the grammatically incorrect form;_____appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.（中⼭⼤学2008研）【答案】mistake【解析】mistake是指在语法上正确但在交流语境中不恰当。

4._____are“the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to help them comprehend,learn,or retain new information”.【答案】Learning strategies【解析】学习策略是指特殊的想法或⾏为，这种想法或⾏为能够帮助学习者理解，学习或者获得新的信息。

陈新仁《英语语⾔学实⽤教程》配套...第10章英语语⾔变体（I）I.Fill in the blanks.1. Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field，mode and _____.（中⼭⼤学2003年研）【答案】tenor【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个⽅⾯。

2. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by _____.【答案】women【解析】语⾔使⽤的性别差异。

3. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, _____ language.【答案】vernacular【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语⾔变体都被叫做⾮标准语或本地语。

4. A linguistic _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.【答案】taboo【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因⽽避免使⽤的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。

5. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.【答案】social【解析】语⾔本⾝是不存在性别歧视的，但当语⾔被不同的⼈使⽤时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。

6. In terms of sociolinguistics, _____ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.【答案】idiolect【解析】从社会语⾔学的⾓度讲，个⼈习语指个⼈语⾔风格。

第3章英语语言单位Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.In traditional grammar,_____is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.（中山大学2006研）【答案】pronoun【解析】在传统语法中，代词是唯一一种可用来代替其他语言项目的词性。

2.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an_____affix from a longer form already in the language.（中山大学2006研）【答案】imagined【解析】逆构词法是一种不规则的构词类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。

3._____is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers,whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.It is the minimum free form.（中山大学2005研）【答案】Word【解析】词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。

它是最小的自由形式词，是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。

4.Take is the_____of taking,taken and took.【答案】lexeme【解析】词位是语言词汇的基本单位，taking，taken和took都是take这个词位的词位变体。

5.The_____is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar,a unit which cannot be divided a unit which cannot be dividedwithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether lexical or grammatical.（北二外2008研）【答案】morpheme【解析】语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。