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经济学论文外文翻译In recent years, the global economy has undergone significant changes, with the rise of emerging markets and the increasing interconnectedness of financial markets around the world. These changes have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that drive economic growth and development in different countries.One of the key factors that has been identified as a driver of economic growth is innovation. Innovation plays a crucial role in driving economic growth by creating new products, services, and technologies that can boost productivity and create new sources of wealth. Countries that are able to foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship are more likely to experience sustained economic growth and development over the long term.In addition to innovation, other factors such as human capital, infrastructure, and institutional quality also play important roles in driving economic growth. Human capital, in particular, is crucial for economic development as it allows countries to attract investment and talent from around the world. Investments in education and training can help to improve the skills and productivity of the workforce, leading to higher levels of economic growth.Infrastructure is another key factor that can have a significant impact on economic growth. Countries with well-developed infrastructure, such as transportation networks, communication systems, and energy supply, are better able to attract investment and support economic activity. Investing in infrastructure can also help to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and stimulate economicgrowth in the long term.Finally, institutional quality is an important determinant of economic growth. Countries with strong institutions, such as well-functioning legal systems, property rights protection, and effective governance, are more likely to attract investment and foster economic development. By creating a stable and predictable environment for businesses and investors, strong institutions can help to support economic growth and development.In conclusion, economic growth is driven by a complex interplayof factors, including innovation, human capital, infrastructure, and institutional quality. By understanding and promoting these factors, countries can create the conditions for sustained economic growth and development over the long term.。
经济学术语外文翻译澳新紧密经济关系协定ANZCERTA：Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement摆脱亚洲金融危机的影响shake off the impact of the financial crisis帮助人才脱颖而出help excellent talents find way to distinction备件spare parts部长级会议ministerial meeting采取积极财政政策proactive fiscal policy出口创汇型/外向型产业export-oriented industry垂直兼并vertical merger倒爷profiteer抵免offset东盟自由贸易区AFTA：ASEAN Free Trade Area东南亚国家联盟ASEAN：Association of South-East Asian Nations对外项目承包foreign project contracting反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against ……防伪标志anti-fake label放松银根ease monetary policy非配额产品quota-free products非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment风险基金venture capital风险准备金loan loss provision/ provisions of risk岗位培训on-the-job training港元的联系汇率制the linkage system between the US dollar and the HK dollar搞活国有大中型企业revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises工程项目engineering project工业增加值industrial added value公正合理equitable and rational固定资产投资investment in the fixed assets广开就业门路increase employment opportunities; create jobs in every possible way; open up more channels of employment规模经济scale economy/ economies of scale国合企业（即国有合作社）state-owned cooperatives国际清算international settlement国际收支平衡balance of international payments/ balance of payment国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of balance of payment国家补贴public subsidies国家鼓励项目projects listed as encouraged by the state国家科技创新体系State Scientific and Technological Innovation System国家现汇结存state foreign exchange reserves合理引导消费guide rational consumption横向兼并horizontal merger坏帐、呆帐、死帐bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/bad debt/ badloan货币市场money market机构臃肿overstaffing in (government) organizations机构重叠organizational overlapping技工贸结合的科技型企业scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological development with industrial and trade development季节性调价seasonal price adjustments既成事实established/accomplished facts减免债务reduce and cancel debts建材building materials进口环节税import linkage tax经常项目current account经常性的财政收入regular revenues竟价投标competitive bidding就业前培训pre-job training控股公司holding company垃圾融资junk financing劳动密集性企业labor-intensive enterprises劳务合作labor service cooperation累计实现顺差143.4美元accumulatively realizing trade surplus利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery流动人口floating population龙头产品lagship product乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises慢性萧条chronic depression农业技术合作ATC：Agricultural Technical Cooperation盘活存量资产revitalize stock assets配件accessories皮包公司flying-by-night company; bogus company平等互利、讲求实效、形式多样、共同发展的方针pursuing practical results, adopting various waysand seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity and mutual development瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions企业的自我约束机制self-regulating mechanism of enterprises企业技术改造technological updating of enterprises企业亏损补贴subsidies to cover enterprise losses企业所得税corporate income tax千年问题、千年虫millennium bug抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities清理、修订screen and modify求同存异overcome differences and seek common ground商住和公益设施建设commercial, residential and public utility construction申报制度reporting system; income declaration system实行股份制enforce stockholding system实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to, treat foreign investors as quals to the Chinese counterparts市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA Administrative Aspects of Market Access适销对路的产品readily marketable products双重轨制two-tier system / double-track system水利water conservation所有制形式forms of ownership贪图安逸crave comfort and pleasure通货紧缩deflation通货膨胀inflation同步增长increase in the same pace外援方式modality of foreign aid无氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator无纸交易paperless transaction现代企业制度modern corporate system消费膨胀inflated consumption协议投标negotiated bidding信息化informationize形成统一、开放和竞争有序的市场establish an unified, open market with orderly competition亚欧会议ASEM：Asia-Europe Meeting亚太法定计量论坛APLMF：Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum亚太工商咨询理事会ABAC：APEC Business Advisory Council亚太计量程序APMP：Asia Pacific Metrology Program亚太经合组织部长级会议AMM：APEC MinisteriaI Meeting亚太经合组织经济领导人会议AELM：APEC Economic Leaders Meeting亚太经济合作组织APEC：Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation亚太能源研究中心APERC：Asia Pacific Energy Research Center亚太商业论坛ABF：APEC Business Forum亚太商业网络APB-Net：Asia-Pacific Business Network亚太实验室认可合作APLAC：Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation亚太通讯与数据系统ACDS：APEC Communications and Database System亚太信息基础设施APII：Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure亚太中小企业技术交流与培训中心ACTETSME：APEC Center for Technology Exchange and Training for Small and Medium Enterprises亚洲开发银行ADB: Asian Development Bank以试点的形式实行外贸权自动登记制度implement an automatic registration system of foreign trading rights on a trial basis营业税turnover tax在巩固公有制主体地位的同时,促进多种所有制经济共同发展alongside fortifying the status of the public ownership as the mainstay, it is also encouraged to witness common development of different systems of ownership债转股debt-to-equity swap中华人民共和国保护台湾同胞投资实施条例Implementation Rules of the P.R.C. on the Protection of Investments by Compatriots from Taiwan中介服务组织intermediary service organization注入新的生机与活力bring new vigor and vitality into转化经营机制change the method of operation资本项目capital account自1999年1月1日起实行come into official enforcement as of January 1, 1999自由浮动汇率free floating exchange rate; variable exchange rate自驻经营,自负盈亏responsible for their own management decisions, profits and losses走上良性发展的轨道going on the track of sound progressshipping service company 船务公司generic products非商标(非专利)产品prudent monetary policy稳健的货币政策deficit spending超前消费run on banks(到银行)挤兑domestic support to agriculture 对农业的国内支持special bonds特种债券economy of abundance 富裕经济Animal-based protein动物源性蛋白dual purpose exports军民两用品出口dual-use goods and technology 军民两用产品和技术NAFTA North American Free Trade Area北美自由贸易区global quota全球配额grandfather clause祖父条款Animal-derived food动物源食品EVSL (Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization)部门提前自愿自由化TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)贸易和投资自由化和便利化文章发布：/index.html。
Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资Foreign direct investment data are the most widely used indicators of multinational enterprise activity.外国直接投资数据是用来衡量跨国公司活动最常用的指标。
In concept, direct investment relates to financial flows accompanied by managerial involvement and effective control.从概念上讲，直接投资与财务管理和有效的财务方面的控制密切相关。
Since “effective” control is sometimes difficult to determine, the various countries have adopted quantitative criteria from which control is inferred.因为“有效的”控制有时是很难确定的，各国已采用不同的涉及控制的数量性标准。
The United States, for example, defined direct investment as an ownership interest in foreign enterprises of at least 10 percent.比如说，在美国直接投资就被定义为一种投资在外国企业中至少占10%的所有者权益。
Individual country practices diverge, however, using minimum percentages of ownership ranging from 5 percent to 50 percent.然而，个别国家实际操作中，所使用的最小所有权标准一般在5%~50%On a global basis, the estimated book value of foreign direct investment was a minimum of U.S. $412 billion at the end of 1978. book value estimates, however, substantially underestimate current values.在1978年底，全球的最低的直接投资的账面价值在4120亿美元。
国际直接投资理论综述一、主流的国际直接投资理论研究国际直接投资的研究对象是跨国公司的对外直接投资行为,研究的核心是跨国公司对外直接投资的动机、决定因素、行为方式和条件等。
目前对对外直接投资的研究较多，已经形成了比较完善的理论体系.1、垄断优势理论(Monopolistic Advantage Theory）美国学者斯蒂芬·海默(Stephen Hymer, 1960)在其博士论文《国内企业的国际经营—-—关于对外直接投资的研究》中,运用西方微观经济学关于厂商垄断竞争的原理来说明跨国公司对外直接投资的动因，提出了“垄断优势理论”，指出大企业凭借其特定的垄断优势从事对外直接投资.它是一种阐明当代跨国公司在海外投资具有垄断优势的理论。
垄断优势理论是最早研究对外直接投资的独立的理论，开创了对外直接投资理论研究的先河。
后来金德尔博格（Kindleberger，1969）推进了海默的思想，认为跨国企业在对外直接投资时具有规模优势、市场优势、生产要素优势等。
约翰逊（Johnson，1970）从知识资产的占用和使用的角度，阿利伯（Aliber，1970）从货币和资本的角度，卡夫斯（Caves，1971）从产品的异质化能力、知识和技术等核心资产的角度，彭罗斯(Penrson，1976)从规模经济的角度论述了企业的垄断优势.邓宁（Dunning，1977）进一步把这种优势发展为“所有权优势”。
即经过其导师金德尔伯格（Charles P·Kindleberger)以及其他学者的补充，发展成为完整的垄断优势理论。
垄断优势理论首次提出对外直接投资应该从不完全竞争出发，在市场不完全的情况下，企业才能够以自己的各种垄断优势，如技术优势、资金优势、规模经济优势、管理技能和销售渠道优势等,对他国进行直接投资，方能抵消跨国经营的各项额外成本和由此产生的劣势。
2、产品生命周期理论（The Theory of Product Life Cycle）美国哈佛大学教授雷蒙德·弗农（Raymond Vernon)于1966年5月在《经济学季刊》上发表了《产品周期中的国际投资和国际贸易》一文，提出了“产品生命周期理论"。
什么是国际直接投资国际直接投资（International direct Investment）也称为对外直接投资（Foreign direct Investment，FDI）、跨国直接投资(Transnational Direct Investment,TDI)、海外直接投资（Overseas direct Investment,ODI)。
国际直接投资是指投资者以控制企业部分产权、直接参与经营管理为特征，以获取利润为主要目的的资本对外输出。
国际直接投资可分为创办新企业和控制外国企业股权两种形式。
创办新企业指投资者直接到国外进行投资，建立新厂矿或子公司和分支机构，以及收购外国现有企业或公司等，从事生产与经营活动。
而控制外国股权是指购买外国企业股票并达到一定比例，从而拥有对该外国企业进行控制的股权。
最新的国际直接投资的形式是以利润进行再投资，其就是指投资者把通过直接投资所获得的利润的一部分或全部用于对原企业的追加投资。
这种形式的直接投资，随着国际投资的深入，越来越成为直接投资的重要形式。
编辑国际直接投资特点国际直接投资与其他投资相比，具有实体性、控制性、渗透性和跨国性的重要特点。
具体表现在：(1)国际直接是长期资本流动的一种主要形式，它不同于短期资本流动，它要求投资主体必须在国外拥有企业实体，直接从事各类经营活动。
(2)国际直接投资表现为资本的国际转移和拥有经营权的资本国际流动两种形态，即有货币投资形式又有实物投资形式。
(3)国际直接投资是取得对企业经营的控制权，不同于间接投资，他通过参与、控制企业经营权获得利益。
当代的国际直接投资又有以下几个特点：规模日益扩大、由单向流动变为对向流动、发展中国家国际直接投资日趋活跃、区域内相互投资日趋扩大、国际直接投资部门结构的重大变化、跨国并购成为一种重要的投资形式等等。
编辑国际直接投资理论的发展国际直接投资理论于60年代初期由海默提出，其后经过维农、巴克利、小岛清等人的发展，到70年代后期终于由邓宁完成了国际直接投资的一般理论。
经济学对外国直接投资的影响与政策建议外国直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment, FDI）是指跨国公司或个人在一国企业中的投入，它在现代全球化经济中扮演着重要的角色。
经济学家通过对外国直接投资的研究，发现其对国家经济产生了诸多影响。
本文将就经济学对外国直接投资的影响进行探讨，并提出相应的政策建议。
一、经济学对外国直接投资的影响1. 刺激经济增长外国直接投资是推动经济增长的关键因素之一。
通过增加投资、扩大生产规模、引进先进技术和管理经验等方式，外国直接投资促进了国内产业的升级和优化，推动了经济结构的转型升级，从而刺激了经济增长。
2. 增加就业机会外国直接投资带来了大量的资本、技术和管理经验，为当地创造了就业机会。
外资企业往往能够提供更高薪酬、更好的福利待遇和更好的职业发展空间，这促进了劳动力市场的改善和提高，减少了失业率，增加了就业机会。
3. 提升技术水平外国直接投资通常伴随着技术引进和创新。
跨国公司往往具备先进的技术和管理经验，通过与当地企业合作、培训本地员工、转移技术等方式，提升了当地的技术水平和创新能力，促进了技术溢出效应。
4. 扩大贸易规模外国直接投资带动了国际贸易的发展，增加了贸易流量。
外资企业往往与当地供应商建立合作关系，形成产业链和价值链，促进了贸易的发展，扩大了贸易规模，提升了当地的国际竞争力。
5. 促进经济稳定外国直接投资对国际金融稳定和经济稳定有着积极作用。
外资企业的进入可以提供稳定的资金流入和稳定的市场需求，减少了经济波动的风险，增强了经济的抗风险能力，对于提升经济的稳定性具有重要意义。
二、政策建议基于以上影响，我们可以提出以下政策建议以促进外国直接投资的发展：1. 创造良好的投资环境加强法制建设，制定健全的法律法规，确保投资者权益的保护。
降低行政审批的难度和时间成本，提高办事效率。
加强知识产权保护，减少商业壁垒和不合理的市场准入限制。
2. 提供优惠政策和服务通过税收优惠、土地出让、金融支持等方式，吸引外国投资者。
经济学对外国直接投资的解释外国直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment，FDI）是指一个国家的居民通过购买、设立或者扩大在另一个国家的子公司或者参与对外国企业的运营，以获得对外国企业的管理控制权，并在该国企业中进行资源配置和经营管理的行为。
经济学对外国直接投资作出了一系列解释，以下将从国际投资的动机、影响因素以及对宏观经济的影响等方面进行论述。
一、国际投资的动机1. 市场扩张：国际投资可以帮助企业进入新的市场，在国外市场上寻求销售机会，实现市场扩张和增加销售额的目标。
通过投资在外国建立生产基地，企业可以降低生产成本、借助当地资源和劳动力，并获取更广泛的消费者市场。
2. 资源获取：某些国家拥有丰富的自然资源或者特定的技术、专利等资源，企业通过直接投资可以获得这些资源，并实现资源配置的优化。
此外，外国直接投资还可以利用外国技术和管理经验，提升企业的技术水平和竞争力。
3. 优惠政策：一些国家为吸引外国直接投资而制定了一系列优惠政策，例如减税、降低贸易壁垒、提供土地和基础设施等，这些政策可以促进国际投资的流动。
企业通过享受这些政策，可以降低投资成本，提高盈利能力。
二、外国直接投资的影响因素1. 国家政治和法律环境：政治稳定、法律健全的国家能够吸引更多的外国直接投资。
政府的政策稳定性、法律的透明度和可执行性对外国投资者的信心和投资意愿具有重要影响。
2. 市场规模和增长潜力：市场规模大、经济增长潜力高的国家往往更具吸引力，能够吸引更多的外国直接投资。
企业通过投资这样的市场，可以获得更多的商机和利润。
3. 劳动力和技术水平：拥有高素质的劳动力和先进的技术水平，能够为外国企业提供更多的人力资源和技术支持，从而吸引更多的外国直接投资。
三、外国直接投资对宏观经济的影响1. 经济增长：外国直接投资有助于促进宏观经济增长。
外国直接投资带来的资金、技术和管理经验可以推动国内企业的发展，增加产出和就业机会。
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Macroeconomic determinants of outward foreign directInvestment出处：International Journal of Social Economics作者：Dimitrios Kyrkil and Pantelis Pantelidis译文：对外直接投资的宏观经济因素摘要：本文的目的测试一种假设，即一个国家对外直接投资的程度可能表现出该国家的具体特点，如收入，汇率，技术，人力资本和经济的开放性。
本文通过模型对五个欧洲国家和四个非欧洲联盟国家进行时间序列数据的分析，确定对外直接投资的主要因素。
该模型表明，国民生产总值被证明是对外直接投资的最重要因素。
发达的欧洲国家专门在人力资本密集型地区进行外国直接投资，但非欧盟国家主要是针对技术密集地区。
总的来说，结果验证了对外直接投资国家的立场是根据国家的特点，而且同一类型的国家其禀赋不同就有不同的意义。
关键词：外国直接投资，分析，经济学引言国家近期关于对外直接投资地位的经济理论解释表明，所有权结构，地理位置和一个国家的经济发展，使这个国家的公司呈现出内部化优势（Dunning，1993；Dunning and Narula, 1996）。
如果一个国家的公司对外直接投资的倾向是他们获取和利用内部收益率的一种能力而被接受，从某种意义上说，这种能力越高，对外参与程度也越高。
如果反过来，一个公司的资产是这个企业的能力，无论是自然的，如自然资源，非熟练劳动力或创造，如资金，技术，熟练的劳动力，那么国外投资禀赋倾向可以假设：不同国家拥有不同的自然禀赋，通过采用不同的政策和接下来的独特发展课程建立不同的技术资产和人力资本。
上述国家的具体参数是动态资产的性质，国家的发展历程是政策，过去的发展水平和经济主体行动之间的相互作用导致。
企业可以利用这些供应的禀赋，以有效地组织生产，创造自己的优势，并供应国内和国外市场。
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：FDI Determinants: Case of Romania出处：Transition Studies Review作者：Maria Birsan and Anuta Buiga译文：对外直接投资的决定因素：以罗马尼亚为例摘要：对外直接投资对大部分东道国具有重要意义，但对于那些仍处于市场经济转型的国家来说，对外直接投资只在一定条件下才是有效的。
并非所有的经济转型国家从一开始就受益于国际直接投资，几个决定性因素解释了之间的差异。
罗马尼亚在经济转型的最初9-10年，曾因为国际投资者的进入而落后。
现在这种情况已大大改善。
本文的目的是确定FDI发展的决定因素是代表外国直接投资发展水平的FDI与GDP的比重(%)。
为此，我们采用要素分析方法，这四个因素是：市场规模和潜力，改革的进度，贸易自由化和劳动力成本。
线性回归模型解释了应变量和四个关键因素之间的关系。
本文最后分析了若干政策意义。
关键词：外国直接投资在罗马尼亚的原因，要素分析，回归分析，外国直接投资的主要决定因素引言外国直接投资的作用需要从很多方面进行研究，涉及对东道国的影响，东道国的优势和成本。
我们在本文的研究中将会提出若干问题，如对外直接投资与经济增长的相关性（原因或影响），对外直接投资对发展现代化经济结构和出口，就业，技术转让和管理转移方面的影响，对地区发展的影响，对收支差额，外国直接投资和对外贸易之间的交易，汇率的影响等等。
对外直接投资的决定因素有很多，公司在国外进行投资的因素，关系到一个国家对FDI的吸引力。
除了上述问题，当提到中东欧国家作为主题经济时，外国直接投资在国有部门私有化过程中发挥了重要作用。
因此，在推动市场经济时，也大大促进了这个新兴市场的竞争水平。
为什么外国投资者选择投资于新兴市场？什么是决定FDI流向一个或多个国家的主要因素？以及是什么动机让公司承担风险在某国进行投资？本文根据投资的原因对外国投资者进行如下分类：•市场导向型：投资者是为了寻找新的市场。
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Foreign Direct Investment and Inflation出处：Southern Economic Journal 2009,76(2),419-443作者：Selin Sayek译文：国际直接投资与通货膨胀（从419页到423页）1、简介近几年来，随着大量投资的进入，我们对于外来投资已不陌生了。
从1990年到2005年，全世界各个国家的外来投资流入量从2030亿美元增加到了9740亿美元。
大部分发展中国家都在争取外来的投资。
事实上，因为外来资本的流入，这些国家的国内生产总值都有所增长，从20世纪70年代的0.74%增长为1985年至1994年的1.08%，再到1995至2005年的2.85%的增长率。
为了争取外来的投资，大多国家都从制度层面入手以吸引外商。
依照最近的国际投资报告，在1991年到2002年这一期间，这些国家对吸引外商的制度的改革，95%的部分对于跨国公司来讲都是有利的。
吸引投资的机构，就如同会计工作中的激励机制，已经伴随着监管环境的转好而建立起来了。
了解各个国家为什么要大量地吸引外来的高质量的投资主体，以从中获益，这就是影响外来资金流入的一个重要的因素。
影响通货膨胀的因素有很多，这篇文章主要研究的是外来投资对通货膨胀的影响。
20世纪70年代，发展中国家的通货膨胀率已经在5%与10%之间徘徊了，随之而来的就是发展中国家1985年到1994年间49%的生产总值的增长率。
这样的发展趋势在20世纪90年代就颠倒过来了，1995年到2004年，发展中国家的通货膨胀率下降到9.2%，这一时期，在中等收入的国家，外来资金的净流入创造的生产额占国内生产的近以前年度的两倍。
集中精力，为吸引更多的外资，这就可以解释，为什么在20世纪70年代到20世纪80年代增强的通货膨胀率会阻碍外资的流入，又为什么在20世纪90年代，下降的通货膨胀率促进了外资的流入。
外文翻译原文THE ECONOMICS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT Material Source: economic Policy, 2005Author: Ari Koko The attitude towards inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has changed considerably over the last couple of decades, as most countries have liberalized their policies to attract investments from foreign multinational corporations (MNCS). On the expectation that foreign MNCS will raise employment, exports, or tax revenue, or that some of the knowledge brought by the foreign companies may spill over to the host country’s domestic firms, governments across the world have lowered various entry barriers and opened up new sectors to foreign investment. An increasing number of host governments also provide various forms of investment incentives to encourage foreign owned companies to invest in their jurisdiction. 1. These include fiscal incentives such as tax holidays and lower taxes for foreign investors, financial incentives such as grants and preferential loans to MNCS. 2. As well as measures like market preferences, infrastructure, and sometimes even monopoly rights.Many multinational enterprise itself business growth slowed, operating pressure sharply, profitability reduce, overseas expansion plans only temporarily put to one side, long view. Add the credit crunch, many potential investment or merger projects into the financing difficulties and financing costs rose trapped habitat. In addition, many private fund or national sovereign funds capital capability by different process degrees shrink, cross-border capital investment, merger willingness and ability are reduced. From the paper that foreign capital very nervous, they will be very in investing cautious.Although some FDI promotion efforts are probably motivated by temporary economic problems such as low growth rates and rising unemployment, there are also more fundamental explanations for the increasing emphasis on investment promotion in recent years. In particular, it appears that the globalization and regionalization of the international economy have made FDI incentives more interesting and important for national governments. Trade liberalization that itglobally, through GATT and WTO, or regionally, in the form of EU, NAFTA, AFTA and other regional agreements has led to increasing market integration and reduced the importance of market size as a determinant of investment location. Hence, even a small country may now compete for FDI, given that it can provide a sufficiently attractive incentive package. At the same time, national decision-makers have lost much of the instruments traditionally used to promote local competitiveness, employment, and welfare. The scope for active trade policy has diminished as a result of successful trade liberalization, and the internationalization of capital markets has limited the possibilities to use exchange rate policy as a tool to influence relative competitiveness. Most clearly, this has been seen in Europe, where the Single Market program and the EMU have shifted the responsibility for trade and exchange rate policies from national governments to the EU Commission and the European Central Bank.Some of the developments in FDI that the government desires will happen irrespective of policy．Accession to the WTO is opening up a whole host of activities previously closed for FDI, notably in services such as banking, distribution, and utilities．Further, rising wages and land prices in the East may well drive some FDI further inland when investment conditions are right．And China’s increasingly skilled labor force is likely to attract gradually more industries with higher value added to the country．In addition, removing some of the existing policy biases, such as in taxation policies, special economic zones, and marker accession will level the playing field between coastal and inland provinces and among sectors in the economy．However, China faces significant policy challenges in optimizing the use of FDI．However, the views on the importance of incentives have begun to change in recent years.In industrialized countries where financial incentives are more common, the subsidies per FDI-related job often reach tens of thousands of US dollars. The main reason for the increasing prominence of FDI incentives, as noted in the introduction, is arguably the internationalization of the world economy. Global trade liberalization has made it easier for MNCS to set up international production networks, so that a larger share of output is shipped to international customers or affiliated companies in other countries rather than sold to local customers. Incentives have also become increasingly important for national policymakers who are trying to promote local production, employment, and welfare Considering that market integration has reached further at the regional rather than global level, it is also clearthat the effects of incentives are likely to be particularly strong in the competition for FDI within regions.The common aim of these studies was to identify the various costs and benefits of FDI. Yet, the early analyses made clear that multinationals may improve locative efficiency by entering into industries with high entry barriers and reducing monopolistic distortions，and induce higher technical efficiency if the increased competitive pressure or some demonstration effect spurs local firms to more efficient use of existing resources. They also proposed that the presence may lead to increases in the rate of technology transfer and diffusion. More specifically, case studies showed that foreign MNCS may:●contribute to efficiency by breaking supply bottlenecks (but that the effectmay become●introduce new know-how by demonstrating new technologies and trainingworkers who later take employment in local firms●either break down monopolies and stimulate competition and efficiency orcreate a more monopolistic industry structure, depending on the strengthand responses of the local firms●transfer techniques for inventory and quality control and standardization totheir local suppliers and distribution channelsClearly, FDI has had many benefits for China．FDI accelerated growth by providing more investment capital, contribu ted significantly to the country’s export success with over 57 percent of exports from foreign invested firms, and generated over 120 million jobs．Foreign-invested firms generally have more value added per worker, higher labor productivity, and higher profits than domestic firms．Evidence on technology spillers is more limited, but industries with higher FDI seem to have higher productivity increases than other industries, suggesting a positive spillover．China’s Opening Up Policy: Promoting Exports and FDI.Foreign direct investment (FDI) in China was authorized in 1979, as part of the economic reform and opening up policy launched in December 1978. In order to accelerate the country economic modernization, the new policy has fostered China's participation in international trade and its access to external sources of capital and technology. FDI could be considered as the best way to achieve these different tasks: introduce foreign capital and assimilate modern technology and management skills. Since early eighties, China has followed a trade policy which bears similarities with that of other Asian countries and has combined export promotion together with relativelystrong import protection measures. Import protection is usually a major disincentive to export since it raises the cost of capital goods and of intermediate inputs required to produce goods for export. It causes domestic prices to be higher than they otherwise would be and thus makes the home market more attractive than world markets (Flatters and Harris, 1994). In order to fully neutralize this anti-export bias, China’s trade policy has insulated the exporting industries from the indirect effects of protection and has allowed exporting sectors to import goods outside the normal custom regime (duty fre e). China’s policy towards FDI has also been selective: it has included preferential treatments (tariff exemptions and fiscal reductions) in areas in which FDI has been encouraged, i.e. the export oriented sectors and the sectors targeted for import substitution policies; it has imposed severe constraints in other sectors (limited access to the domestic market). However, China’s trade policy has evolved and since the mid-nineties the level of protection has been progressively lowered. The average tariff rate was reduced from 43% in 1992 to 23% in 1996. In 1997, the average tariff on industrial products was cut to 17% and China announced that it would be reduced to 10% in 2005. The level of non-tariff barriers was still around 9% in tariff equivalent in 1996, according to World Bank’s estimation (World Bank, 1997); it has also been lowered since. Restrictions on FDI have been progressively eased. The development of Foreign Exchange Centers at the end of the eighties and currency convertibility for current account operations in 1996 have made it easier for foreign firms to balance their operations in foreign currencies. Moreover the access to the domestic market has been enlarged and new sectors gradually opened to FDI (Rosen, 1999). China’s policy towards FDI h as met with remarkable success, China becoming the second host country for FDI after the US in the nineties. Several factors have contributed to this success: the gradual liberalization of China's domestic economic system has provided a more and more favorable environment for foreign firms' activity; the high rate of economic growth. Achieved over twenty years has created a rapidly expanding domestic market which has attracted foreign investors. Lastly, China’s integration into the world economy has been accelerated by the trend towards globalization, which has meant a steady and rapid expansion of global foreign direct investment since 1992The problems of enterprise competition are talent competition, people only in the enterprise role is critical. Foreign invested enterprises foreign invested much attention to talents. The absorption, China want to use this opportunity to attract foreign investment, we must make great efforts to cultivate suffering with sexualskilled technical workers and management personnel, making foreign enterprise with localization, can save cost, in this respect the government should offer certain support and the help, except besides this, should make education and needs to perfect union, speed up the job market construction.In many countries, the empirical analysis shows that the distribution of FDI inflows domestic industrial structure is mainly affected by the following factors: one is the influence of policies encouraged and the function of the guidance of, namely, whether in certain industries executes obvious preferential policies, foreign enterprise in order to pursue the excess profit and preferential and large from entering the field investment; second, it is host has obvious comparative advantage of industry, the multinational companies may use this advantage expand itself in the international market share and share; third, the developed countries of the industrial transfer in their needs, some human costs, land due to factors such as rising costs have in international and domestic markets loss of competitiveness industry will transfer to a relatively low cost country; the fourth is host some industrial development foundation is weak, but has great market potential, by expanding the field of investment, can achieve the purpose of the country's market occupation.译文国际直接投资的经济学研究资料来源:经济政策,2005 作者：阿里科科在过去的几十年中，大多数国家对国际直接投资的态度已经大大改变了，大多数国家已制定优惠政策，以吸引外国跨国公司更多的投资。
