一位普通美国人的悲剧原型_论_推销员之死_中威利_洛曼的悲剧形象

《推销员之死》中威利的悲剧形象1949年，年仅35岁的话剧家阿瑟·密勒推出了话剧《推销员之死》，该剧连续上演700多场而经久不衰，获得了评论家的高度评价，并获得了美国普利策戏剧奖和纽约剧评家奖。

《推销员之死》取材于阿瑟·密勒17岁时创作的微型小说《悼念》，主人公威利·洛曼是纽约一家服装公司的推销员，他认为一生中最自豪的事情就是他的工作与儿子，但是他当了30多年推销员未实现出人头地的愿望，他儿子比夫34岁了，也没找到一份像样儿的工作。

在事业和家庭的双重打击下，威利最终选择了自杀。

该剧以普通人的“现代悲剧”探讨了美国国民价值观的问题，展现了梦想与现实之间的尖锐冲突，揭示了现代社会中个体生存的无奈与荒诞性。

一、威利的人生悲剧威利是华格纳公司的旅行推销员，威利有自己的梦想——在商业界大展身手，并获得社会的尊重。

为此，他勤奋工作，经常开车往返各州推销货物，并建立了自己的推销网络，给老板带来了丰厚的利润。

威利不仅相信自己能在推销领域挖掘出“金矿”，对儿子也充满期望，认为很有橄榄球天赋的大儿子比夫一定会成为橄榄球明星，给家庭带来巨额财富和莫大荣誉。

年轻的时候，威利曾有过辉煌的战绩——一天之内到波士顿进行六七次登门推销，但是现在他年迈体弱，每天进行一两次推销就疲惫不堪了。

35年的奔波奋斗并未实现自己的理想，于是威利开始怀疑自己的能力，“已63岁的威利心力交瘁，他不相信自己能开车，不想继续推销的旅程，就回到布鲁克林的家中”，“他觉得回家的感觉真好，家中能找到一些慰藉心灵的东西”，当威利提出调动办公室工作的要求时，老板并未批准他的要求，而是无情地将他解雇。

这位“优秀”的旅行推销员，一生忙忙碌碌却一无所获，最后“像一条老狗似的被扔进坟墓里”，只能靠佣金度日，并不得不向他最讨厌的查莱借钱。

残酷的现实和梦想的破灭使威利身心疲惫、精神焦躁，常生活于回忆与幻想之中，开车、走路、工作时精神常难以集中，几次萌生自杀念头，但威利的梦想并没有完全破灭，他仍对自己以及两个儿子心存幻想，他想以撞车自杀的方式获得两万美元的赔偿金，以帮助儿子实现他未能实现的“美国梦”。

一位普通美国人的悲剧原型论《推销员之死》中威利洛曼的悲剧形象一、本文概述《推销员之死》是美国剧作家阿瑟·米勒的经典之作，它深刻揭示了20世纪中叶美国社会底层人物的生活困境和心理挣扎。

威利·洛曼，作为这部悲剧的主人公，以其鲜明的个性和复杂的内心世界，成为了美国文学史上一个令人难以忘怀的悲剧形象。

本文旨在通过原型批评的视角，探讨威利·洛曼这一悲剧形象的深层含义和普遍价值，以期对米勒的创作意图和该作品的社会意义有更深入的理解。

我们将首先概述《推销员之死》的剧情和威利·洛曼的基本形象，分析他作为一个普通美国人在社会压力和个人追求中所面临的困境。

接着，我们将引入原型批评的理论框架，通过对威利·洛曼性格特点和悲剧命运的深入剖析，揭示他作为悲剧原型的普遍性和象征意义。

在此基础上，我们将进一步探讨威利·洛曼悲剧形象的社会文化背景和米勒的创作意图，以及这一形象对当代社会的启示和影响。

通过这一研究，我们希望能够更深入地理解《推销员之死》这部经典剧作的艺术价值和社会意义，同时也为悲剧原型的研究提供新的视角和思考。

二、威利·洛曼的悲剧性格分析《推销员之死》中的威利·洛曼，不仅是一个社会现象下的受害者，更是一个充满悲剧色彩的人物。

他的悲剧性格在多方面得到了深刻的体现。

威利·洛曼的性格中充满了不切实际的幻想和过度的乐观。

他对自己的能力和价值有着过高的估计，这导致他对现实世界的残酷和无情缺乏足够的认识。

这种盲目的乐观和自信，使他在面对失败和挫折时，往往选择逃避和否认，而不是面对和解决问题。

这种性格上的弱点，使得他在人生的道路上越走越远，最终走向了悲剧的结局。

威利·洛曼的性格也体现了一种顽固的执着。

他对于自己的理想和目标有着坚定的信念，但这种信念却缺乏足够的灵活性和变通性。

他无法接受现实世界的改变，也无法适应社会的变迁。

这种顽固的执着，使他在面对困境时，往往选择坚守自己的信念，而不是寻找新的出路。

论《推稍员之死》中威利悲剧命运的必然性发布时间：2022-06-16T02:07:09.544Z 来源：《中国教工》2022年第4期2月作者：董建奎[导读] 美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒的作品《推销员之死》中主人公威利·络曼的悲剧是众所周知的，该论文董建奎亳州学院外语系，安徽亳州 236800 )摘要：美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒的作品《推销员之死》中主人公威利·络曼的悲剧是众所周知的，该论文深刻分析其原因在于他受父神意象的深刻影响，这来自于荣格精神分析心理学中的父神幻象。

而这种幻象就是植根于男性心理中的父神原型，其来源于集体无意识。

威利在精神方面对父神意向的错觉，对父神身份的盲目追求和迷恋，与他在现实中的诸多失望和失败形成的反差使其精神崩溃，心理幻灭，最终走向自杀这条不归路，酿成了他必然的悲剧命运。

关键词：威利·络曼；父神原型；精神分析心理学；悲剧中图分类号:I712．074 文献标识码：A一、引言美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒在他的许多作品中，特别是在《推销员之死》中，深深地表现出他对父亲身份意识的关注。

这部作品讲述了一位尽职尽责的父亲威利·洛曼，把所有的希望都寄托在销售事业和他儿子的身上，当一切的希望破灭时，他制造车祸自杀，为了寻求保险公司的赔付以挽救他儿子的未来, 赢回他作为父亲所应受到的尊重。

米勒对父亲身份的关注根植于他自己的经历，对于父子关系的深层挖掘是他作品的主题之一。

该论文运用荣格精神分析学中的父神原型理论来分析威利的父亲身份意识和父神形象。

荣格对男性气质和父亲身份崇拜给予了解释。

他相信无意识是可以分析的。

他把意识分为个人无意识和集体无意识，并把后者作为原型。

根据荣格的解释，原型是“自从远古时代就已存在的普遍意象”，是在人类最原始的阶段形成的［1］。

荣格认为原型对于个人心理起到了巨大的作用，并且会产生幻觉:它用一种原始的力量控制着人类的心理，并且穿越人性的界限。

第35卷第2期延边教育学院学报Vol.35No.2 2021年4月Journal of Yanbian Institute of Education Apr.2021·146·浅谈《推销员之死》人物悲剧命运的必然性李永琪金明浩（延边大学，吉林延吉133002）摘要：《推销员之死》是美国著名剧作家阿瑟·米勒的一部两幕剧。

作为《推销员之死》的主角威利有着三十多年的销售经验，但是在虚幻的美国商业文化影响下，他盲目估计自己的能力，自吹自擂。

本文对剧中主要人物威利·洛曼和比夫·洛曼的悲剧和整部戏剧所展现的悲剧进行分析，以揭示米勒悲剧的力量。

关键词：推销员之死；悲剧命运；威利；悲剧精神中图分类号：I106文献标识码：A文章编号：1673-4564（2021）02-0146-02悲剧是戏剧的体裁之一，主要由以剧中主人公和现实生活之间的冲突、矛盾和悲惨的结局构成的作品。

悲剧通常通过剧中主人公的悲惨结局，来揭示生活中存在的问题，从而激发观众的悲愤之情。

人们需要了解悲剧的“悲”体现在何处，悲剧之“美”美在何处，才能真正能够分析悲剧，感悟悲剧精神。

本文将对剧中主要人物威利·洛曼的悲剧和比夫·洛曼的悲剧进行分析，进而分析戏剧中所体现的悲剧精神。

一、人物经历导致的悲剧命运1.威利·洛曼的人生经历威利是个十分普通的美国推销员，把自己的一生都执著于他所认知的“美国梦”，并不懈地为之付出。

他认为销售是一个男人最想要的职业。

作为一名推销员，威利总是将成功的推销员辛格曼当作目标，并以此来激励自己向成功之路前进。

威利坚信他会不断打破自己的销售记录，像辛格曼一样赚很多很多的钱。

他希望自己能留下某些东西，至少像辛格曼一样能有数以百计的推销员和买主来参加他的葬礼并且记住他。

但是梦想和现实之间是有差距的。

他无法接受自己的年老体弱，更无法接受老板因此残酷地抛弃了他。

探析《推销员之死》主人公威利＆＃８２２６；洛曼的悲剧作者：潘萌来源：《青年文学家》2009年第10期摘要：《推销员之死》是阿瑟•米勒最负盛名的代表作。

本文将具体阐述威利•洛曼的悲剧，并从当时美国的社会环境、社会价值观和威利对美国梦的盲目追捧等方面来分析造成这个悲剧的原因。

关键词：《推销员之死》，威利•洛曼，美国社会，美国梦，悲剧[中图分类号]G112[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1002-2139(2009)-10-0017-01阿瑟•米勒是美国现代戏剧家。

《推销员之死》1949 年2 月10 日在百老汇一经推出就轰动一时，引起了广大观众和读者的共鸣。

郁郁不得志的威利、默默支撑这个家的妻子、任性而茫然的儿子，失业、怨恨、罪恶、耻辱，这部作品所包含的悲剧因素和社会内涵使人无不为之动容。

在这部作品中，威利•洛曼代表了生活在美国社会底层的人，成为为了追求美国梦而最终成为崇尚物质的社会和虚伪价值观念的牺牲品。

一、威利的悲剧。

威利的第一个悲剧是他个人事业的失败。

首先，他没有认识到成功不是单凭“受人欢迎”或取悦别人就可以获得的。

威利年轻的时候认识了推销员戴夫•辛格曼。

戴夫八十岁还在推销东西，他每天在房间里打打电话就可以源源不断的生意。

为此，威利天真地认为，只要讨人喜欢，他也可以成功。

然而事实却是，他赔笑脸，结交朋友，以此招揽生意，可是这一套生意经早过时了。

顾客见了他退避三舍，货物根本无法推销掉。

其次，在这个崇尚物质的社会，销售业绩才是硬道理。

老板在乎的已经不是旧交情和忠诚，而是是否还能为公司作出贡献。

尽管威利年轻时在公司勤勤恳恳，但如今他老了，已经无法胜任这个工作了，最终被新任老板炒了鱿鱼。

第三，威利在面对失败时自欺欺人。

他丢掉工作后，每周向查理借50美元，向妻子谎称是自己的工资；同时，他对查理也不说实话。

当查理好心问他要不要一份工作时，他恼羞成怒地说自己有工作，干嘛还要别人给工作。

面对好心帮忙的人，他没有心存感激，而是异常反感。

---文档均为word文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印---摘要《推销员之死》是美国著名剧作家阿瑟.米勒于1949年写的一部关于普通美国人家庭的悲剧故事。

它刻画了一个家庭的各成员间令人心痛的矛盾和冲突，审视了美国国民价值观这个更宏观的问题，该剧剖析了人们因为盲目信奉美国梦所付出的代价。

在这个方面。

它继承了索福克勒斯的《俄狄浦斯王》的传统，对个人的悲剧提供了具有战后美国特色的解读。

米勒控诉美国社会兜售的虚幻神话。

这个神话故事是围绕战后经济所滋养的资产阶级物质主义构建起来的，物质主义遮盖了人生真相，模糊了这个国家的创建者们最初描述的美国梦所倡导的道德观念。

总之，通过分析《推销员之死》这一文学作品，能让我们深入了解戏剧中的人物性格特征对人物之间的关系有着决定性的影响,人物的性格决定了人物的命运。

因此,威利的性格决定了他与别人的社会交往关系和他美国梦的破灭,也决定了他悲剧命运的发生。

论文总共分为四个部分。

第一章节主要介绍作者的基本状况以及当时的写作背景，并对《推销员之死》这部文学作品的故事梗概做一个简单的介绍。

第二章节重点介绍主人公威利•洛曼的性格特点，威利•洛曼是个自始自终争强好胜，在他事业失利时,为了面子,违背质的准则,并且深陷在谎言、幻觉和自欺的泥潭里不能自拔的人。

他没能意识到家人对他付出的包含着痛苦的爱，结果他精神备受折磨，以至于不堪忍受，他无力体会到爱才是这个故事的悲剧所在。

第三章节通过他的性格体现，并总结在当时背景下的大多数美国人的生活观念。

最后一章节对论文做总结，整理全文思路，表明主题方向。

关键字：《推销员之死》阿瑟.米勒美国梦性格命运格式不对，页码用罗马体数字Analysis of Characters of Willy Loma in Death of a SalesmanAbstractDeath of A Salesman written by Arthur Miller in 1949, tells of a tragic story of a common American family. It addresses the painful conflicts within one family, but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values. The play examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream. In this respect, it offers a postwar American reading of personal tragedy in the tradition of Sophocles’Oedipus Cycle. Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy, a materialist that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the co unty’s founders. In a word, analyzing Death of A Salesman can help us to have a deep understanding that a person’s personality determines his social relations with others and his fate. Therefore, Willy’s personality demonstrates that it is difficult for hi m to get well with others and his personality is destined to the failure of his American dream, and his tragicThe thesis has four parts. The fist chapter mainly introduces the information of the author and the background, and it briefly makes an overview of the whole story. The second chapter focuses on the characteristics of Willy Loma, who out of a false sense of pride when his business is in depression violates the quality maxim, coupled with his entrenchment in a quagmire of lies, delusions, and self-deceptions. He failure to recognize the anguished love offered to him by his family is crucial to the climax of his torturous day, and the play presents this incapacity as the real tragedy. The third chapter analyzes Willy’s characteristics, and makes a sum mary of the American people’s mind under the cultural background. The last chapter concludes the main content of the whole thesis, and once more proposes the theme.Key Word: Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller American Dream personality tragic 字体大小怎么变来变去的CONTENTSChapter 1 Introduction (5)1.1 A Brief Introduction to the Author and Analysis of Writing Background (5)1.2An Overview of the Novel (5)Chapter 2 An Analysis of the Features of the Willy’s Character (6)2.1 The Social i nfluence (6)2.2 Themes, Motifs and Symbols (6)2.2.1 Abandonment (6)2.2.2 Betrayal ..................................................................。

从《推销员之死》中比夫和哈皮扭曲的伦理观看密勒的伦理关怀作者：田烨来源：《青年文学家》2014年第33期基金项目：咸阳师范学院2013年专项科研基金项目项目编号：13XSYK045摘 ;要：《推销员之死》是美国著名戏剧家阿瑟·密勒的代表作之一。

本文基于聂珍钊教授所提出的文学伦理批评来分析本剧中比夫和哈皮两位角色的扭曲的伦理观，通过本文分析揭示了密勒对在商业化社会中的人性的伦理关怀。

关键词：阿瑟·密勒;文学伦理批评;伦理观作者简介：田烨，陕西西安人，英语语言文学硕士，咸阳师范学院外国语学院讲师。

[中图分类号]：I106 ;[文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2014）-33-0-01《推销员之死》是20世纪美国剧作家阿瑟·密勒的经典剧作，正因为这部作品，密勒一举赢得了普利策奖，托尼奖和纽约剧评界奖。

《推销员之死》国内的研究主要集中在主人公威利·洛曼和他悲剧的结局这方面，除此之外，一些批评家还研究洛曼和比夫的父子关系或两人之间的冲突，鲜有人分析洛曼两个孩子比夫和哈皮。

两兄弟在这部作品中起着非常重要的作用，他们代表了洛曼家庭的未来，也是洛曼梦想的承载者。

在当时经济飞速发展的商业化社会环境下，两兄弟又深深地受到父亲教育的影响，值得一提的是密勒笔下的比夫和哈皮不仅仅是洛曼夫妇的孩子，其实更是当时美国社会的孩子，因此他们的性格反映出美国社会价值观伦理观在他们身上的烙印。

这篇文章主要分析密勒笔下比夫和哈皮性格中的伦理道德问题，从而反映出阿瑟·密勒的伦理关怀。

文学伦理批评是聂珍钊教授于2004年提出的理论。

“文学不等于伦理也不等于道德，但是它要反映或表现伦理和道德。

正是这一点为我们从伦理学的角度批评文学奠定了基础。

”文学伦理批评不同于专门研究人类社会伦理道德问题的伦理理论，它主要关注文学作品中的伦理道德问题，给文学作品的伦理道德一个客观的考察，它是研究文学的一种方法，如同女性主义、生态批评等其他研究方法。

2013年2月佳木斯大学社会科学学报Feb.,2013第31卷第1期JOURNAL OF SOCI AL SCIENCE OF JIA MUSI UNIVERSI TY Vol.31 No.1论 推销员之死 中男主人公的悲剧形象胡 蓉,任静明(安徽建筑工业学院外语系,安徽合肥230601)[摘 要]阿瑟 米勒创作的 推销员之死 一剧通过主人公威利 洛曼一生追逐 美国梦 的实现到幻想的破灭,成功地塑造出一位美国普通推销员的悲剧一生。

本文通过对主人公的心理性格、家庭成员以及社会经济等三个方面的分析,充分展示出 美国梦 这一神话的幻灭。

折射出他盲目追求美国梦的悲剧命运不仅是他个人和家庭关系的一出悲剧,更是一出美国现代社会和美国社会中所有人的悲剧。

[关键词]推销员之死;悲剧;成因[中图分类号]I106.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1007-9882(2013)01-0123-02一、前言美国著名的戏剧家阿瑟米勒的代表作 推销员之死 描述了一位生活在社会底层的小人物的悲惨命运,塑造了一位一生在梦幻中寻找自我、而在现实生活中无情地遭受了美国梦破灭打击和摧残的原型形象。

该剧深刻地刻画出主人公威利洛曼的个人性格、家庭成员和社会经济之间的矛盾和冲突,探索和部析了人与其所处的社会环境关系以及社会道德问题,对现代美国社会的现实进行了无情的抨击和谴责。

威利洛曼的悲剧不仅仅代表了其个人,更是代表了美国梦乃至整个美国社会的悲剧。

阿瑟米勒曾经说过: 如果说一个人的悲剧是这个人不顾一切要求公正评价自己所导致的话,那么他因此而遭受的毁灭就揭示出其所置身的社会环境中的缺陷或邪恶 [1](P145)。

在威利洛曼的身上充分体现出底层小人物梦想破灭后的深深无奈和绝望的心情,而正是这种追求美国梦成为了他生活中全部的精神支柱,但是残酷的现实与美妙的幻想是永远无法平衡的,最终,巨大的跌落感彻底埋葬了他继续生活下去的勇气和信心。

本文拟从三个方面分析探讨其悲剧产生的原因所在。

《推销员之死》的悲剧溯源——从拉康人格理论看威利·洛曼作者：赵巍巍来源：《河南农业·综合版》 2014年第10期河南财政税务高等专科学校赵巍巍摘要：阿瑟·米勒的代表作《推销员之死》是一部威利·洛曼的个体悲剧。

用拉康人格理论分析威利·洛曼的精神世界，进而揭示其悲剧的源头。

关键词：悲剧；镜像阶段；想象界；象征界《推销员之死》是美国现代著名剧作家阿瑟·米勒(1915-2005)最重要的代表作，分获“纽约剧评家”奖和“普利策”奖。

这部创作时间仅六周的两幕剧于1949首演后连演742场，深受观众喜爱。

作为“文革”后第一部在中国上演的外国戏剧，《推销员之死》于1983年在北京人艺上演，并受到国内评论界的长期关注。

《推销员之死》主要讲述推销员威利·洛曼盲目追求成功最终陷入事业、家庭困境的故事。

目前国内对《推销员之死》的评论多集中于该剧的社会意义：小人物美国梦的破灭。

少数评论者分析了剧作中象征、意识流等表现手法，或剧作中的家庭主题。

一些评论者关注威利·洛曼的个体悲剧的体现，却极少论述其悲剧的成因，这是当今社会以人为本的评论环境下，对《推销员之死》解读的不足。

我国著名文艺评论家朱光潜曾指出：“一切正确的批评理论都必须以深刻了解创造的心灵与鉴赏的心灵为基础，过去许多文学批评之所以有缺陷，就在于缺少坚实的心理学基础。

”现代精神分析大师雅克·拉康在弗洛伊德理论的基础上开拓了评论界文本分析大环境下精神分析的领域，使文学评论更深层次地关注人、解读人成为可能。

本文以拉康人格理论中镜像阶段和主体三层结构为理论基础来剖析《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼个人悲剧的成因，指出个体在镜像阶段的习得和对想象界与象征界的不平衡把握是该剧作悲剧的源头。

一、镜像阶段看威利·洛曼（一）镜像阶段拉康的人格理论主要包括：镜像阶段、俄狄浦斯情节和主体三层结构等三大组成部分。

（2013）届本科生毕业设计（论文）题目On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy inDeath of a Salesman论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性专业英语院系外国语学院论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性摘要:《推销员之死》是美国著名戏剧大师阿瑟·米勒的作品，被誉为“美国梦不在”的代表作。

这部作品完成于1949年，它在百老汇的首演就取得了庞大的成功，许多评论家把这部戏剧看做美国第一部杰出的悲剧。

这部作品的主人公威利·罗曼是一个普通的推销员，但是各类冲突把他推向了死亡，他的悲剧命运是不可避免的。

本论文将以黑格尔的悲剧理论为基础对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性进行分析。

本论文分为两大部份，别离是对那时社会大背景的分析和对作品中人物之间冲突的分析，通过这些分析得出其悲剧命运的必然性。

并通过对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性的分析，探讨作家对那时社会的态度，和这种悲剧的普遍性，从而挖掘其现实意义。

关键词:推销员之死；悲剧；必然性；矛盾冲突；社会现实On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy in Deathof a SalesmanAbstract:Death of a salesman is a famous work of the great American playwright Arthur Miller, which is a typical work about absence of American dream.The play premiered on in February 1949 and made a great success.Some reviewers view it as one of the great tragedies in American literature. The protagonist is a salesman named Willy Loman but all kinds of conflicts led to his final death. This thesis makes a thorough research on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a Salesman on the basis of Hegel's theory of tragedy. The thesis mainly includes two parts: one is the analysis of the social environment, the other is the analysis of conflicts in this work, through which we can get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. This thesis also makes a research about the writer’s attitude towards the social reality at that time and the universality of Willy’s tragedy.Key Words: Death of a salesman, tragedy, inevitability, conflicts, social realityContents1. Introduction (1)2. The social background of Death of a Salesman (1)The social factors in the 1940s (2)The influence of social background on the tragic plot (2)The influence of social background on the tragic character (3)The influence of social background on the inevitability of the tragedy (4)3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s life (4)The conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality (4)The conflict between Willy and his sons (6)The conflict between Willy and other characters (7)4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy (8)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgement (12)1.IntroductionArthur Miller is a great American playwright and essayist. Death of a Salesman is generally acknowledged as his most remarkable masterpiece, which makes him well known around the world. It was the recipient of the 1949 and . The play premiered on in February 1949, which caused a tremendous sensation. Such a play full of melancholy and tragedy actually stirred the whole literary world and still occupied an important position in American literary.Death of a salesman tells a story of a four-number family, in which each of them is busy all day to satisfy their inner desire. Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, is an ordinary salesman. He is 60 years old and very unstable, tending to imagine events from the past as if they are real. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s dream and the reality. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiles and nods when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future. They have two sons, Biff and Happy, who also have their respective problems in their life. The conflicts still exist between Willy and other characters. Willy’s family was under great depress, and Willy got some metal illness. Their life is not so smooth and everyone in this family is weighted down by life.As Hegel argued that the tragedy is caused by conflicts. All the conflicts are divided into two groups. Firstly, some conflicts are caused by objective factors. Then the rest of conflicts are caused by psychological status, which are the most ideal conflicts in Hegel’s opinion. All conflicts would lead to two results, die or peace1 Atkinson，the famous critic of the New York Times, ever said, “Death of a salesman is a great work filled with humanistic concern. That is because Mr. Miller sympathetically had a insight into the inner world of ordinary Americans and quietly presented the pain into the stage.” In China, many scholars speak highly of this great play. Ying Ruocheng, a famous translator and performing artist in China, views Death of a salesman as one of the greatest play in America. But few scholars pay close attention to the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The study of the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy has its practical significance and academic value. The research on the inevitability of the tragedy is to have a deep understanding of the American society in the 1940s and explore the practical significance.2. The social background of Death of a salesmanThe social background is the cornerstone of the play. The study of social background is great of importance to the literature and literary study. This play was written in 1949. In that period, America achieved greatly success in economy. Most1of the people had blind optimism, so it was high time that artists sounded the alarm for people. Social background and the function of the social reality to Willy’s tragedy will be introduced in this part.The social factors in the 1940sThe play, Death of a salesman, which caused a great sensation, premiered on in February 1949 after the Second World War. American economy in that period had a rapid development. When America entered a glowing period after the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the best; its workers the most skilled. All Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams. But it didn’t mean everything went well. At least, life is not so easy for ordinary people.Some serious social problems still existed. To begin with, although the American economy had a rapid development, it was in shadow of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Some social problems under the capitalist market economy, such as inflation, unemployment, still perplexed the ordinary Americans. In the next place, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Some old people are eliminated by the society. Furthermore, most of Americans at that time were addicted in the pursuit of wealth and ignored other happiness, such as the family, friendship and so on. The value destroyed the nature of kindness and the harmony of society.The story of Death of a salesman happened in this settings. Willy Loman is an ordinary salesman. In general view, he was a man full of happiness. He had a beautiful wife and two sons, a house in downtown, a car and a steady work. But he didn’t feel satisfied until his death. In his mind, wealth and fame is the only thing which he pursues. He failed, so he wanted his sons to make his dream come true. At last, nothing went well. Misery over misery, he was fired by his boss although he had been working for the company for 34 years, so he ended his life at last. Therefore it’s not only a tragedy of Willy Loman, but also a tragedy of the American society.The influence of social background on the tragic plotThe social background has an influence on the development of plot in this play. Plot is the series of events which form the story of a novel, a play or a film. The plot and the reality have a close relationship. The development of the plot is not beyond the reality, that is to say, the plot should obey some rules which come from social reality in literature. The plot of Death of a salesman is deeply rooted in the society.Firstly, Willy Loman chose salesman as his ideal job when he was young. The choice is deeply influenced by the social background. In the 1910s, salesman is anideal and steady job. When Willy was young, he met an old salesman who could make money at the age of 84. From then on, Willy chose salesman as his lifelong job. His choice is obviously influenced by the social reality. The choice in the 1910s is the start of development of the plot.Secondly, salesman was on longer an ideal and steady job with the development of the society. The World War in the 1930s created much economic bubble in America. The impact of greatest economic crisis in 1939 on American economy existed. All these curbed consumption to some extent, which made salesman was not so steady in the 1940s. The change of social background deeply influenced on the development of the plot. Willy’s life should be better and better, but things don’t turn out the way he wants, his career was at a mess. At the same time, the relationship between Willy and his family turned complicated. Willy sticks to his original dream, but his son Biff wants to be a farmer to get away from the pressure from the society. The conflict between Willy and Biff become acute. The social background pushes Willy to the cliff step by step.Thirdly, the society is full of the law of jungle. Almost everyone pursues their success by hook or by crook and . This is the by-product of the high-speed development of economy. The social background impulses the development of the plot again. Willy was fired by his boss. In eyes of the boss, Willy was too old to create surplus value. Capitalists batten on the surplus value created by workers. It is inevitable for Willy to be fired by his boss. The change directly pushes the plot to a new high.Obviously, the plot is rooted in the social background. The function of the social background to the development of plot is great of importance.The influence of social background on the tragic characterThe tragic character in the play is also influenced by social background. Society is constituted by people, on the other hand, society also influences on individuals. Willy Loman is the one who is influenced by social reality.Firstly, the influence of social background on the tragic character reflects on the impact of the American Dream on Willy. The America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. Willy always sticks to his American dream, he don’t want to yield to the social reality. T he American dream has a great influence on Willy. On one hand, Willy is crazy for his dream, which makes him blind and paranoid. On the other hand, his fanaticism about his dream is unrealistic, which makes him frustrated. The two points cause his personality weakness, which is related to his tragedy.Secondly, the mainstream values also influence on Willy’s tragedy. Values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life. Values originate in society and are rooted in social reality. In the 1940s, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Willy is deeply influenced by the value. He was always crazy for fame and wealth. His craze was blind, which made him ignore the essence of life. This point directly causes the conflict between Willy and his family, which lead to his tragedy.It is obvious that the social background has a great impact on Willy and his tragedy.The influence of social background on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyFrom the analysis, we learn that social background has an impact on the plot and the tragic character. The plot and personality weaknesses are two factors in Willy’s tragedy. The two factors are both rooted in social background. In Hegel’s theory of tragedy, there is a kind of conflict which is caused by objective factors. Social background is sorted into objective factors, and is independent from individual’s will. Society is the accelerator of the tragedy. Specifically, the high-speed development of economy in that period made Willy crazy for wealth and fame. And the reality is so cruel. When Willy got old, he was fired by his boss. That directly caused his death. According to the analysis, we can safely get the conclusion that the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy is influenced by the social background.All in all, it is necessary to have a research on the social background. Social reality is not only the cornerstone of this work but also the environment of the story. Society’s function in this play is great and can’t be ignored.3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s lifeIn Hegel’s idea, the basic factors which caused Willy’s tragedy are conflicts. Conflict is a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument. This part will be divided into three parts to study the importance of conflicts in Willy’s life.The conflict between Willy’s American Dream and the realityThe America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. The American dream, originating from the colonization time, not only inspirits people to be successful but also is the spine of the American literature. The American Dream is a national of the , a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward achieved through hard work.2this play, the protagonist, Willy Loman, also had his own American dream. He wanted to be successful, and he also imposed his dream onto his sons. But he failed at last.The society is full of the law of the jungle. Not everyone is the winner, loser is everywhere as well. Willy Loman was a man who was eliminated by the increasingly fierce social competition. On the other hand, Willy's neighbor，Charley, and his elder brother, Ben who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa were successful. Willy is jealous of them. The comparison between Willy and the other two successful men also made Willy frustrated.In Willy’s mind, he should be the same successful as them, but the reality played a joke to him. In fact, his life is not so well. His two sons had conflicts with him, and they also didn’t achieve success. His salary was not high enough for him to repay the loan. He also had metal illness. All in all, there is a big psychological gap between his American dream and the reality.First of all, there is a big contrast between the job in his mind as a salesman and the job in reality. When he was young, he thought that a salesman was the best job because he met a successful salesman who could make money when he was 84 years old. From then on, he chose to become a salesman. But things went athwart. The job was full of difficulties. He didn’t make enough money when he was old. The worst thing was that he was fired by his boss. Everything was changing: profit was the highest standards to measure the value of a man. All those made him painful in his later life.Moreover, there is a conflict between his dream about his sons and cruel reality. He thought his son, Biff who was a football star with lots of potential in high school would have a rosy future, but Biff failed. He failed in the exam and lost the chance to become a football star. On the other hand, Bernard, Charley's son became a very successful lawyer. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd. Willy was not reconciled to his failure. He still thought Biff had the potential to achieve success, but he wanted to become a farmer and failed over and over again. This is another gap between his dream and the reality. But Willy always had the confidence on Biff who was his last hope. Things don't turn out the way he wants, so Biff failed at last.Once more, he always boasted to his wife that he did well in his job, but in fact, he didn’t sell anything. He always said that he had a good relationship with his clients, but in fact, he did not have good relationships with his clients. This also made him painful in his life. It is also a conflict between his dream and the reality.Lastly, there is a conflict between the failure of Willy and the success of Ben and Charley. He couldn’t accept the fact that he failed while others achieved success2because he was a perfect man in his mind. He thought himself as a good husband, good father, good friend and good salesman, while in fact he didn’t do well as a father, husband, friend and a salesman.The conflict between his American dream and the cruel reality caused his metal illness. He was always addicted in the memory. Maybe it is a way for him to escape from the cruel reality.All in all, there is a big conflict between his American dream and the reality. According to Hegel's theory of tragedy, the conflict between his American dream and the reality belongs to the category which is caused by the psychological status. Meanwhile the conflict is unavoidable. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality, so it determines the inevitability of his tragedy.The conflict between Willy and his sonsWilly had two sons, Biff Loman and Happy Loman. There were irreconcilable differences between Willy and his two sons. The conflict between them was very obvious.In the first instance, there is a conflict between Willy and Biff. Biff was a football star with lots of potential in high school, but he failed when he grew up. He went between going home to try to fulfill Willy's dream for him to be a businessman and ignoring his father and going out West to be a farmhand where he could find himself. Nevertheless Willy hoped that Biff came back to the city and work hard to achieve success.Biff liked being outdoors and working with his hands, while Willy wanted him to do something worthwhile which could make him proud. Willy had always been proud of him when Biff was a football player. Over time, they had different views, so they had a strained relationship between them. There are some factors which cause the strained relationship between them.Firstly, they have a different view of the world. Overall Biff remains a realist, and he ever informed Willy that he was just a normal guy, and would not be a great man. On the other hand, Willy is a man who never gives up and a man full of great ambitions. Then Biff had a prejudice on his father. When he was a little boy, his father was a hero with countless friends. Willy’s words were truth in little Biff’s mind. As he grew up, he found that his father was not such a hero and an ordinary man who always . He thought that all families were telling lies. Biff ever said to Willy, “The man doesn’t know who we are! The man is going to know! We never told the truth for ten minutes in this house!” Once more, he attributed his failure to Willy. He said to Willy, “And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could neverstand taking orders from anybody! Whose fault it is! ”Lastly, because of his father Biff failed math in his senior year. Meanwhile Biff dropped out of summer school due to finding Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston. Such things made him upset. From then on, they had a strained relationship. They always quarreled with each other, and Biff knew that Willy wanted to kill himself.The conflict between Willy and Biff is enormous and unavoidable. Neither of them would compromise to each other.In the next place, there is a conflict between Willy and Happy. Happy Loman was Willy's younger son. He lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life. He always was ignored by his father, but he still tried to be supportive towards his family. He had a very restless lifestyle as a womanizer. He dreamed of moving beyond his current job as an assistant to the assistant buyer at the local store, but he didn’t make it.He was always looking for approval from his parents, but rarely gets any, and he even went as far as to make things up just for attention, such as telling his parents he is going to get married. In fact, he didn’t get enough attention from his father, because Happy wasn’t Willy’s hope, he never achieved success which made Willy proud. So he always lived in the shadow of Biff. The conflict between Happy and Will is also obvious.Generally speaking, the conflict among them was inevitable. Firstly, neither of the two subjects of the conflict would compromise. Then, the conflict is the inevitable production of Willy’s education method. The last, the conflict between two generations was common in America in 1940s. This conflict also attributes to Willy’s tragedy.The conflict between Willy and other charactersIn the play, Willy also had a close relationship to other characters. These characters include his wife, his neighbor, his uncle and his boss. There also exist irreconcilable conflicts between Willy and them.Firstly, the conflict between Willy and his wife, Linda, plays an important role in Willy’s tragedy. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiled and nodded when Willy talked unrealistically about hopes for the future, although she seemed to have a good knowledge of what was really going on. She was the first to realize Willy was contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play, and urged her two sons to make something for Willy. She didn’t prevent Willy herself, because she loved him too much to expose his secret. Linda’s love to Willy and Willy’s vanity was a pair of conflict, which accelerated Willy’s death.There is a conflict between Willy and the Charley’s. Charley is Willy'sneighborhood. He pitied Willy and frequently lent him money and came over to play cards with Willy, although Willy often treated him poorly. Bernard is Charley's son. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd, who turned to be a very successful lawyer, married, and rich.The conflict is obvious. Willy was jealous of Charley because his son was more successful than Willy's. Meanwhile Charley’s success also made him jealous. Consequently Willy was hostile to them. Charley offered Willy a job many times during visiting to his office, yet Willy declined every time, even after he lost his job as a salesman. He didn’t want to yield to him. Furthermore, he was confused about Charley’s success.Uncle Ben also played an important role on Willy’s death. Uncle Ben is Willy's older brother who became successful after a detour to Africa. He had been dead but Willy frequently spoke to him in his hallucinations of the past. He went into the jungle when he was 17 and returned at 21 very rich. He was Willy's role model, although he was much older and had no real relationship with Willy. He represented Willy's idea of the . In Willy’s mind, Uncle Ben is a real successful man.There is a conflict between Willy and Howard Wagner. Howard is Willy's boss. He was named by Willy, and yet he saw Willy as a liability for the company and let him go, ignoring all the contribution that Willy has devoted to the company. Howard is the representative of the upper class in America, who views profit as only chase. In their eyes, there was nothing except money. He fired Willy, which made Willy lose all his hope directly and lead him to solve all the problems by suicide.All these conflicts come together to accelerate Willy’s death.4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyThe death of Willy Loman is a tragedy of an age which is inevitable and common. Meanwhile the tragedy of Willy is also one of the great tragedies in English literature. Different from Shakespeare's tragedy, Death of a Salesman concentrates on the influence of the society and personality. The whole play is full of conflicts, which caused Willy’s death. All these factors come together to contribute to Willy’s death.All the conflicts are divided into two parts, one is caused by social environment and the other is caused by some factors which are deep down in his heart.The first group of conflicts which come from social environment is inevitable. There was a big irreconcilable gap between different classes. The upper class controlled most of the wealth in America, while the lower class still worked hard to get rid of poverty. The whole social is full of greedy egotism and vanity. As ordinary salesman, Willy has to accept the mainstream thoughts and work hard for it. That isto say, the first group of conflicts is inevitable. And the death of Willy is the tragedy of the age in 1940s.The second group of conflicts which come from Willy’s inner world is also inevitable. Specifically, Willy is a man with a lot of ambitions. As a salesman, he always made great efforts to achieve his so called success, but in vain. He was 60 years old and had some metal illness, tending to imagine events from the past as if they were real. Maybe the contrast was too obvious for him. He vacillated between different perceptions of his life.All in all, all kinds of conflicts in Willy’s life are inevitable. Willy is only a representative of such people. In Arthur Miller’s mind, he just wants to express that the society is full of the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy. This kind of competition caused a value which viewed profits and wealth as the most important things. Consequently, these conflicts in Willy’s life are universal and inevitable. And his tragedy is caused by these conflicts. These conflicts are not only the part of Willy’s life but also a part of the society in 1940s.Now we can safely get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. That isn’t the final aim for which Arthur Miller to write this play, it has a deeper implication.Plays are s of society. Through all kinds plays we can peek at every aspects of reality. Art derives from life but it is beyond life. Meanwhile, the implication of art is the reflection of life and an instrument to guide life. Death of a salesman is a great work which makes readers deeply thinking.American dramatist Arthur Miller exposed the cruelty of disorderly competition under the capitalist market economic system in America through the play. In this play people establish a value of money as successful criterion which makes people cold-blood. It destroys the good and honest nature of human being to some extent. Meanwhile Miller expresses an idea that the weak are the prey of the strong in Death of a salesman. Consequently, the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy has its representativeness. In America there is thousands of Willy working hard for a vain future. Miller wants to arouse the public attention through the play.There is some practical significance of the play. The practical significance is not only for America but also for China. The first, the government should pay a great attention to the education about shaping good values. Profit should not be the only social standard. Then, we should have a rational knowledge to success. Success is not all-powerful. Success is different from happiness. It’s not rational to be crazy for success ignoring other factors in life. In the next place, governments should create the Medicare insurance program for the elderly. Maybe it is one of the measures to reduce the tragedy of Willy Loman. The last, a great attention should be paid to thefamily education. The pattern of Willy’s is failure. Parents should set a good example to children. In one word, some measures should be taken to reduce the tragedy of Willy in society.All in all, the conflicts from society and individuals are both unavoidable. All the conflicts are rooted in objective reality which isn’t influenced by individual will. The inevitability of conflicts determines the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The inevitability of the tragedy makes the study of practical significance necessary.5. ConclusionThis thesis discusses the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a salesman. To analyze the inevitability of Willy Loman is mainly from two aspects, the social background and the conflicts in Willy’s life. Through the analysis of the social reality, the readers get to know that the tragedy is rooted in society. There is a close relationship between the social real ity and the tragedy. Willy Loman is just a representative of the age. From the analysis of the conflicts in Willy’s life, we learn that the all the conflicts are unavoidable. Conflicts are the most important factors in Willy’s tragedy. The tragedy is inevitable automatically because of the unavoidable conflicts.All in all, Willy Loman’s tragedy is inevitable. The social reality and the conflicts cause Willy’s tragedy. It is of great significance to study the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy and excavate its practical significance and academic values to guide our life.Bibliography[1] Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman [M]. London: Penguin, 2000.。

洪增流　张玉红评《推销员之死》中的表现主义 美国著名戏剧家阿瑟・米勒的经典剧作《推销员之死》自1949年问世以来,一直在美国乃至世界上其他国家的舞台上上演不衰。

该剧以一个普通美国人的家庭为基础,表现了一个遭到失败的中年人的回忆、愿望和梦想,演绎了一部现代美国的悲剧:剧中的主人公旅行推销员威利・洛曼笃信依靠个人的魅力和不懈的努力便可获得成功。

然而事与愿违,他为老板辛苦一生,不但没有发财,反而因年老体弱、推销不力而遭解雇。

他生活拮据,负债累累,精神恍惚,进退维谷。

尽管如此,他仍天真地相信,通过自杀的手段可以给儿子留下一笔人寿保险金,以供其开办一家体育用品商店,实现自己的梦想。

于是,威利终于撞车自尽。

这是一个普通美国人被“人人都能成功”的梦想所戕害的悲剧。

剧作家取材于现实生活中所发生的事件,并尽可能客观真实地将日常生活搬上舞台,从而使该剧具有深刻的社会意义。

在创作手法上,虽然该剧应用了久经考验的、传统的舞台方法,即恪守正常的时间顺序,同时还把地点局限于惯用的家庭和办公环境,从而去描写威利・洛曼在从周一晚上回家到周二晚上自杀这最后一段时间里的活动,但是,阿瑟・米勒采用了室内外交替的布景,以一天两夜的时间集中地反映了威利・洛曼作为旅行推销员的一生,在现实主义戏剧的框架内局部地糅进了表现主义的手法,用那些著名的、不断穿插进来的、代表着萦绕在洛曼心头的往事的倒叙片断打破了严格的情节限制以及想象与现实、过去与现在的界限,并通过人物复杂的心理活动来反映比较广阔的社会生活。

因而“表现主义”是该剧有别于其它戏剧的鲜明特征。

“表现主义”最早出现于法国,是绘画艺术中与印象主义相对立的一种流派。

1910年,表现主义被介绍到德国,并影响到文学艺术的各个领域。

在表现主义者看来,根本的真实只有在人的内部———他的精神、灵魂、欲望、幻想中才能找到,因此他们强调揭示人物内心世界,表现人物的强烈情绪。

鉴于表现主义的出发点是精神,它感兴趣的是展示人・38・物的内心世界,由此便产生了与之相适应的表现手法和艺术特征:人物的心理活动突破了情节的框架,成为作品的中心内容;采用“多重自我”的表现方法,通过对“自我”多层次复杂结构的分析,在舞台上再现人物的心理状态;用梦幻表现人的潜在意识。

浅析《推销员之死》威利·洛曼的悲剧根源威利·洛曼是阿瑟·米勒的戏剧代表作《推销员之死》中的主人公，本文从美国的社会环境，社会的价值标准，以及主人公的自身性格等各个角度剖析了主人公的悲剧根源。

标签：《推销员之死》；社会环境；美国梦；悲剧美国著名作家阿瑟·米勒最重要的剧作之一《推销员之死》被认为是第二次世界大战以来的最佳美国戏剧。

主人公威利不是传统的、古典悲剧人物，而是成千上万普通美国人中的一员。

正是这样一位普通美国人的命运悲剧震撼了无数美国观众，使威利成为美国戏剧舞台上家喻户晓的人物，塑造了一个梦幻中寻找自我，在现实生活中遭受“美国梦”破灭打击和摧残的原形形象。

《推销员之死》剧中威利一无所有，没有工资，只领佣金。

他们推销的只是别人的东西，他相信只要讨人喜欢、具有魅力，世界的大门就会朝他敞开。

他把自己的生活建筑在这样的梦想之上。

他对辛格曼佩服的无体投地，因为辛格曼推销的非常成功，他不必离开旅馆，一个电话就能成交，84岁去世时，有那么多买家和同行为他送葬。

由于他总是生活在自己想象的世界当中，把幻想当作现实，所以他常常说大话。

他不顾自己推销不受欢迎的事实，吹牛说自己在新英格兰如何重要，说自己的销售额如何高，他就这样陷进自己的谎言中不能自拔。

早年，他的哥哥本劝他去阿拉斯加发财，但他的妻子林达说：“你在华纳公司不是干得挺好吗？有希望成为股东啊。

”结果他错过了机会，连起初林达劝他求老板给他在城里的差使，他也只能拒绝，因为“他在新英格兰很重要”，而事实却是老板把他解雇了。

对待大儿子比夫，他又拼命灌输“只要讨人喜欢，有魅力就能成功”的思想，致使比夫长期不能正确认识自己，他还姑息比夫的偷窃倾向，造成了另一代人的悲剧。

威利的盲目性使他嫉妒邻居查理的成功，拒绝查理给他提供的职业。

他硬要比夫相信自己的魅力足以使旧老板借一笔巨款给他开业。

最后，当比夫声泪俱下的帮助他正视现实的时候，他又误认为比夫还是接受他的观点，需要他,因而决定自杀，以便留一笔钱给他。

美国剧作家阿瑟⽶勒创作的两幕剧《推销员之死》刻画了⼀个⼩⼈物悲剧性的⼀⽣美国剧作家阿瑟·⽶勒创作的两幕剧《推销员之死》刻画了⼀个⼩⼈物悲剧性的⼀⽣。

有三⼗余年推销经历的威利，⼀直被美国商业⽂化虚幻的光晕所笼罩，幻想通过商品推销得到名望以及并不现实的美好前景，最后却以⾃⾝的毁灭换取保险赔偿才能获得价值和尊严，该剧获得了包括普利策奖在内的三⼤奖项。

舞台剧很多⼈可能不太了解，因为对⼤家的审美有⼀定的要求，⼀般年轻⼈可能不太喜欢，⼤家可能更喜欢各种电影，电视，相声，⼩品这种表演形式。

其实舞台剧和相声⼩品这些艺术，只是载体不⼀样，表达⽅式其实更加强烈，因为观众和演员直接⾯对⾯，⽽演员的表达更加突出富有艺术性，对情绪的冲击更⼤。

咱们在做这类挑战答题的时候有个⼩技巧，遇到不会的，可以⽤答题⼩管家搜索⼀下答案的。

舞台剧的观众经常会被表演感动，情绪随着剧情的发展上下起伏波动，或者悲伤，或者喜乐，或者忧郁，或者踌躇，或者豪情万仗。

有的时候，就算演出结束，情绪还会沉浸在⾥⾯，甚⾄好⼏天都恢复不过来。

阿瑟·⽶勒是美国杰出的剧作家，他创作的两幕剧《推销员之死》，刻画了⼀个⼩⼈物悲剧性的⼀⽣，在当时美国商业⽂化的背景下，深受所有观众的好评，对美国舞台剧的发展有很积极的推动作⽤，在当时的社会也有很深远的影响。

威利·洛曼（WillyLoman）是《推销员之死》中的中⼼⼈物，他有三⼗余年推销经历，幻想通过商品推销得到名望以及并不现实的美好前景。

这样的愿望也代表很多民众的⼼声，他们都被美国商业⽂化虚幻的光晕所笼罩，忽略了资本社会的残酷本质，认为社会是公平的，只要努⼒付出，就⼀定会有好的成果。

在⽂学中很少有⼈扮演这样的⾓⾊。

威利（Willy）在⽂学之外的环境中充当参照点-旨在描述被美国资本主义巨⼤⼒量压垮的任何⼈。

该剧于1949年2⽉在百⽼汇⾸演，共进⾏了742场演出，并已在百⽼汇重复演出了四次，获得了包括普利策奖在内的三⼤奖项。

大理大学学报JOURNAL OF DALI UNIVERSITY 第1卷第11期2016年11月Vol.1No.11Nov.2016［DOI］10.3969/j.issn.2096-2266.2016.11.007《推销员之死》是犹太裔美国著名剧作家阿瑟·米勒的经典之作，一举囊括了托尼奖、普利策奖和纽约剧评界奖，该剧讲述了美国社会一名普通的推销员威利·洛曼在执著追求美国梦道路上陨落的故事，为观众展现了一个在理想与现实中挣扎纠结的小人物形象。

《推销员之死》的故事情节并不复杂，却为读者们提供了多层次多角度的阐释空间，不同文化背景、生活经历的人都能从中找到共鸣，拥有自己独特的理解。

但概括地说，评论家们大多把《推销员之死》的悲剧归因于威利·洛曼狭隘偏激的美国梦，“‘金钱至上’的美国梦是美国社会判断人的价值的唯一取向，这种不正常的价值观导致了威利的精神崩溃和自杀”〔1〕，并探讨在这种扭曲的人生价值观影响下普通人在事业、婚姻、家庭各个方面所遭受的挫败。

围城效应是钱钟书在其著名小说《围城》中所提出的一种探讨人生和文学的新理念。

“围在城里的想逃出来，城外的人想冲进去。

对婚姻也罢，职业也罢，人生的愿望大都如此”〔2〕。

围城是无法安于现状的人不自觉地束缚在自己身上的一副枷锁，总是无法满足的欲望禁锢了他们的身心自由，诱惑着人们走向自己想象的幻境进而走向绝望的深渊。

在围城视角下的《推销员之死》呈现出一种全然不同的理解氛围，威利·洛曼身上带有的阿瑟·米勒潜意识映射出的犹太文化欲融入美国主流文化未果；威利·洛曼妄想运用“好人缘”在物欲横流唯利是图的金钱社会中获得成功却惨遭失败；威利·洛曼内心极度渴望儿子的崇拜认可却在谎言和欺骗的阴影下与儿子的关系降到冰点。

欲求不得的围城心态折磨着威利·洛曼，无法解脱的他最终怀揣着带有诈骗性质的梦想放弃了自己的生命，然而他的死亡却成了他出售的最后一件毫无价值的商品，在寥寥无几的哀悼者见证下走完了自己悲惨的一生。

浅析《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼悲剧结局的心理原因作者：杨眉来源：《青年时代》2018年第22期摘要：《推销员之死》是美国20世纪重要剧作家阿瑟·米勒最具影响力的作品之一，曾获普利策奖和纽约剧评奖。

本文拟采用心理分析法对《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼的人物形象进行分析，探寻其注定悲剧结局的心理原因。

关键词：威利·罗曼；心理分析；悲剧《推销员之死》设定在主人公威利·洛曼生命最后24小时的内心活动。

从他对过去的沉思以及与妻儿和邻居的对话中，处处体现了法国精神分析学家拉康“镜像阶段”理论的特征，即对“他者”的依赖和对自我的虚幻认识。

一、自我异化拉康的镜像阶段理论认为，镜前的孩子在辨认镜中自我影像时，包含双重错误识别：一是当其把自己的镜中影像指认为另一个孩子时，是将“自我”指认为“他者”；二是当其把镜中影像认作自己时，又将光影当成了现实，混淆了真实与虚构，并由此对自己的镜像开始了终生的迷恋。

镜像阶段理论的“他者”是“自我异化”的参照，“他者”的缺失会造成自我定位的混乱。

而弗洛伊德认为许多成年人的心理冲突都可追溯到早年期的创伤性经历和压抑。

威利自视甚高、不切实际的性格特征或多或少源于幼儿时期的心理创伤。

威利几乎没有对原生家庭的记忆，父亲在他3岁11个月的时候离开了家。

父母的缺失使威利自小缺乏安全感，总觉得“没有着落”。

通过威利的回忆得知，哥哥本在他心中是父亲的化身，是成功的标准，是内心的另一个“我”。

本作为冒险家和开拓者的传奇人生也是威利的榜样，21岁就完成财富积累更成为鼓励威利一生奋斗的源泉，即便在威利决定自杀之前仍然幻想与已逝的本讨论着感兴趣的事业，并遗憾没有到阿拉斯加去替本管理森林，成为像本那样的人。

在镜像阶段的延续中，而永远只出现在回忆和幻象中的本作为威利想成为的“他者”又加强了其性格中的自我矛盾，这种对镜像“他者”的迷恋导致了威利性格缺陷，让他更为困惑、迷茫，也是他一生痛苦的根源。