Cell Maintenance

原电池和蓄电池[单体]电池 cell 原电池primary cell蓄电池 secondary cell 全密封电池 hermetically /sealed cell 极板 plate 涂膏式极板pasted plate极群plate group 负极板negative plate正极板positive plate 容量（电池的）capacity(for cells or batteries) 额定容量 rated capacity 剩余容量residual capacity OEM电池 OEM battery 替换电池 replacement battery储备电池 reserve cell 应急电池 emergency battery缓冲电池buffer battery 隔板 (plate)separator阀 valve 电池外壳 cell can电池槽 cell case 电池盖cell lid电池封口剂lid sealing compound 整体电池 monobloc battery整体槽 monobloc containe 隔板 (plate)separator阀 valve 电池外壳 cell can电池槽 cell case 电池盖cell lid电池封口剂lid sealing compound 整体电池 monobloc battery整体槽 monobloc containerr 阳极anode阴极cathode 泄漏 leakage活性物质active material 电池）放电discharge(of a battery) 放电电流 discharge current 放电率 discharge rate短路电流（电池的）short-circuit current(related to cells or batteries)自放电 self discharge放电电压（电池的） discharge voltage（related to cells or batteries）闭路电压 closed circuit voltage 负载电压（拒用）on load voltage (deprecated)初始放电电压 initial discharge voltage开路电压（电池的）open-circuit voltage（related to cells or batteries并联 parallel connection 并串联 parallel series connection串联series connection 串并联 series parallel connection）并联 parallel connection 并串联 parallel series connection串联series connection 串并联 series parallel connection干电池 dry cell 铅酸蓄电池 lead acid battery镉镍蓄电池nickel oxide cadmium battery; nickel cadmium battery形成式极板Plante plate 袋式极板pocket plate烧结式极板 sintered plate 排气帽 vent cap电池组架 battery rack 免维护电池 maintenance-free battery起动能力 starting capability 电池充电charging of a battery循环（电池的）cycling(of a cell or battery)湿式荷电蓄电池 drained charged battery干式荷电蓄电池 dry charged battery不带液非荷电蓄电池 discharged empty(cell or battery)；discharged unfilled(cell or battery)带液荷电蓄电池filled charged battery带液非荷电蓄电池filled discharged battery 电池 battery燃料电池fuel cell 锂电池 lithium cell熔融盐电池molten salt cell 碱性电池alkaline cell 固体电解质电池solid electrolyte cell 非水电解质电池non aqueous cell 指示电池pilot cell; back-up battery 电压标准电池 standard voltage cell 韦斯顿电压标准电池Weston standard voltage cell 激活 activation未激活的inactivated 管式极板tubular plate极群组plate pack极板对 plate pair隔离物 spacer 边界绝缘体edge insulator外套jacket [单体电池]电极(cell)electrode端子 terminal端子保护套terminal protector；terminal cover负极端子negative terminal 正极端子positive terminal电极的活性表面active surface of an electrode电解质 electrolyte 电解质爬渗electrolyte creep电解质保持能力electrolyte containment活性物质混合物 active material mix 电池组合箱battery tray输出电缆 output cable 连接件connector矩形（的prismatic圆柱形电池 cylindrical cell扣式电池 button cell；coin cell 电化学反应 electrochemical reaction电极极化 electrode polarization 反极 polarity reversal cell reversal结晶极化 crystallization polarization 活化极化 activation polarization阳极极化anodic polarization 阴极极化 cathodic polarization 浓差极化concentration polarization; mass transfer polarization欧姆极化 ohmic polarization 反应极化 reaction polarization 阳极反应 anodic reaction 阴极反应 cathodic reaction副反应 side reaction; secondary reaction; 体积（比）容量volumetric capacity 温度系数 temperature coefficient(of the capacity)质量（比）容量gravimetric capacity 面积（比）容量areic capacity电池能量 battery energy（电池）体积（比）能量volumic energy(related to battery)（初始闭路电压 initial closed circuit voltage初始负载电压（拒用）initial on load voltage(deprecated)终止电压end-of-discharge voltage; final voltage; cut-off voltage; end-point voltage标称电压nominal voltage开路电压温度系数temperature coefficient of the open-circuit voltage比特性 specific characteristic荷电保持能力charge retention容量保持能力 capacity retention表观内阻 internal apparent resistance剩余活性物质residual active mass使用质量 service mass标称值 nominal value电池耐久性 battery endurance贮存试验 storage test使用寿命 service life贮存寿命 storage life; shelf life连续工作试验 continuous service test金属-空气电池airmetal battery碱性锌-空气电池alkaline zinc air battery碱性锌-二氧化锰电池alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery锌-氧化银电池zinc silver oxide battery中性锌-空气电池neutral electrolyte zinc air battery氯化锌电池zinc chloride battery 锌-碳电池zinc carbon battery诸如勒克朗谢电池或氯化锌电池之类的原电池。

铅酸蓄电池基本知识电池：通过化学反应提供直流电能的电化学装置电池是一种能量转化与储存的装置，它主要通过化学反应将化学能或物理能转化为电能。

它由两种不同成分的电化学活性电极分别组成正负极，两电极浸泡在能提供媒体传导作用的电解质中，当连接在某一外部载体上时，通过转换其内部的化学能来提供电能。

Cell 和Battery的区别：① Cell 是指一般的小型和单个电池，更强调单个单元;② Battery是指蓄电池和电池组,更强调系统或者组;③ Battery 运用得更加广泛，是电池的通用名称，包括锂电池、镍氢电池、蓄电池、干电池等等。

一次电池与二次电池的异同点：一次电池只能放电一次，二次电池(也叫可充电电池)，可反复充放电循环使用，可充电电池在放电时电极体积和结构之间发生可逆变化，一次电池的质量比容量和体积比容量均大于一般充电电池，但内阻远比二次电池大，因此负载能力较低，另外，一次电池的自放电远小于二次电池。

电池种类一次电池：不可充电，如锌锰、碱性、锂电池二次电池：可充电，如铅酸、镍氢、锂离子电池高级电池：结构特殊，性能卓越，如锌空电池，以空气做正极，体积很小，用于助听器。

燃料电池：Fuel Cell, FC, 将存在于燃料(氢气)和氧化剂(氧气)中的化学能转化为电能的装置，不是蓄电池，是发电机，1839年由英国的Grove发明。

太阳能电池：物理电源，通过光电效应或光化学效应直接把光能转化为电能的装置，1883年Charles发明首块太阳能电池，前景广阔，目前成本高，限制了应用。

电池由外壳、正极、负极、端子、隔膜等组成外壳：一般是塑料或金属材质正极：电流的流出端负极：电流的流入端端子：内部与活性物质相连，外接用电器隔膜：防止正、负极短路，并提供电子的内部传递通道蓄电池：蓄电池(Storage Battery),也称二次电池,是通过充电将电能转换为化学能贮存起来，使用时再将化学能转换为电能释放出来的化学电源装置。

第十五章细胞分化（cell differentiation）：由单个受精卵产生的细胞，在形态结构、生化组成和功能等方面均有明显的差异，形成这种稳定性差异的过程称为细胞分化。

全能细胞(totipotent cell)：在一定条件下，能够分化发育成为完整个体的细胞，如哺乳动物桑葚胚的8细胞期之前的细胞。

多能细胞（pluripotent cell）：在胚胎发育的三胚层形成后，细胞的分化潜能受到限制，仅能向本胚层组织和器官方向分化发育的细胞。

单能细胞：经过器官发生，各种组织细胞的命运最终确定。

细胞决定(cell determination)：在个体发育过程中，细胞在发生可识别的分化特征之前就已经确定了未来的发育命运，只能向特定方向分化的状态。

全能性细胞核（totipotent nucleus）：终末分化细胞的细胞核仍然具有全能性，谓之全能性细胞核。

去分化(dedifferentiation)：一般情况下，细胞分化过程是不可逆的。

然而在某些条件下，分化了的细胞也不稳定，其基因活动模式也可发生可逆性的变化，而又回到未分化状态，这一变化过程称为去分化。

转分化（transdifferentiation）：在高度分化的动物细胞中还可见到另一种现象，即从一种分化状态转变为另一种分化状态，这种情况称为。

细胞重编程(Reprogramming Cells)：指的是成熟终末分化细胞逆转为多能甚至全能干细胞状态的过程。

奢侈基因（luxury gene）：与各种分化细胞的特殊性状有直接关系，红细胞——血红蛋白，肌细胞——肌球蛋白/肌动蛋白管家基因（house keeping gene ）：维护细胞最低限度功能所不可缺少的基因，膜蛋白，组蛋白，细胞骨架，蛋白同源异形框基因（homeobox gene）：位于一个大约350kb的基因簇上，能将身体的一部分转化成另一部分，含同源异形框结构的基因。

其特点是基因中存在共同的180bp的DNA片段，编码高度同源的60个氨基酸。

制药行业GMP英文词汇Approve 批准Artwork 药品标签Authorized Person，AQ WHO关于质量受权人Bacteriostatic Water for Injection 抑菌注射用水Batch-based production 按批次生产Blending 混合Blending batches 混批Calibration 校验Calibration 校准Campaign-based production 阶段性生产Checked 校验Cleanance or site cleaning 清场Cleaning 清洁Cleaning Validation 清洁验证Clinical Trials 临床研究Contamination 污染Contamination Control 污染控制Continuous production 连续生产Contract manufacturing 委托生产Contract Analysis 委托检验Cool Storage 阴凉储存Critical Deviation 关键偏差Critical Process Parameter 关键工艺参数Critical Processing Step 关键操作步骤Cross contamination 交叉污染Design qualification, DQ 设计确认Deviation 偏差Drinking Water 饮用水Dry Place 干燥储存education 个人学历Equipment logbook 设备使用日志Excessive heat 过热Expected Yield, expected 预期收率experience 工作经验Expiry Date 有效期Factory Acceptance Test，FAT 供应商工厂的验收测试Freezer Storage 冷冻储存Holding Time 贮存期I：Implemente 执行Impurity profile 杂质概况In-process Controls 过程控制In-process Sampling 过程取样Installation qualification, IQ 安装确认Intermediate 中间体Logbook 使用日志Maintenance Basic Practice 维护基本实践Maintenance Best Practice 维护最佳实践Maintenance Good Practice 维护良好实践Maintenance Plan 维护计划Maintenance Program 维护管理程序Manufacture 制造Master Cell Bank , MCB 主细胞库mix-ups 混淆Non-conformance 不合格Operation qualification, OQ 运行确认Out of Specification , OOS 超标Performance qualification, PQ 性能确认Preliminary Cell Bank ,PCB 原始细胞库Preventive Maintenance 预防性维护Production 生产Production Operations 生产操作Purified Water 纯化水Qaultiy Assurance，QA 质量保证Qualification 确认Qualified Person，QP 质量受权人Quality Agreement 质量协议Quality Control，QC 质量控制Quality Management，QM 质量管理Quality review 质量审核Quality Unit，QU/Quality Operations，QO质量管理部门Responsible 负责Rechecked 复验Reconciliation 物料平衡Refrigerator Storage 冷藏储存Reject 拒收Retest dates 复验期Risk Assessment 风险评估Room Temperature Storage 室温储存Safety Environment Health, EHS 环境、健康及安全Semi-continuous production 半连续生产Site Acceptance Test，SAT 用户工厂的验收测试Specification 质量标准Stability 稳定性Sterile Purified Water 灭菌纯化水Sterile Water for Inhalation 灭菌吸入用水Sterile Water for Injection 灭菌注射用水Sterile Water for Irrigation 灭菌冲洗用水Subdividing Operation 分装操作Tamper Evidence 防篡改封签Time Limits 生产时限training 培训Update Batch Production Record, BPR 批记录User Requirement Specification, URS 用户需求标准Validation 验证Validation master plan 验证主计划Verification 复核Verification 检定Water for Injection 注射用水Working Cell Bank , WCB 工作细胞库Worst Case 最差情况Yield 收率Yield , actual 实际收率Signature (signed) 签名CIP 在线清洗SIP 在线灭菌消毒MAINTENANCE 维护保养。

cellviabilityassay计算公式1.细胞活力实验是一种常用的细胞生物学技术。

Cell viability assay is a commonly used technique in cell biology.2.通过细胞活力实验可以评估细胞的存活率和健康状况。

Cell viability assay can assess the cell survival rate and health status.3.细胞活力实验可以使用不同的试剂和方法来进行。

There are various reagents and methods that can be used for cell viability assay.4.一般情况下，乙酰四甲基溴化锂（MTT）试剂是常用的评估细胞活力的方法之一。

In general, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay is commonly used for assessing cell viability.5.细胞活力实验的计算公式可以根据具体的实验目的和细胞类型来确定。

The calculation formula for cell viability assay can be determined based on specific experimental purposes and cell types.6.评估细胞存活率可以帮助科研人员了解细胞对各种外部因素的抗性。

Assessing cell survival rate can help researchers understand the resistance of cells to various external factors.7.研究细胞存活率对于药物筛选和毒性测试具有重要意义。

Article CXCL12-Producing Vascular Endothelial Niches Control Acute T Cell Leukemia MaintenanceGraphical AbstractHighlightsd T-ALL cells are in direct,stable contact with CXCL12-producing bone marrow stromad Cxcl12deletion in vascular endothelial,but not perivascular,cells suppresses diseased Cxcr4deletion in T-ALL cells after disease onset inhibitsleukemia progressiond CXCR4antagonism suppresses human T-ALL in a primaryxenograft model AuthorsLauren A.Pitt,Anastasia N.Tikhonova,...,Iannis Aifantis,Susan R.SchwabCorrespondenceiannis.aifantis@(I.A.), susan.schwab@(S.R.S.)In BriefPitt et al.identify a T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(T-ALL)niche and show that T-ALL cells are in direct, stable contact with CXCL12-producing bone marrow stroma.Importantly, targeting CXCL12or its receptor CXCR4 expressed in T-ALL cells reduces tumor growth in murine T-ALL and xenograft models.Accession NumbersGSE60367 Pitt et al.,2015,Cancer Cell27,755–768June8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc./10.1016/ell.2015.05.002Cancer CellArticleCXCL12-Producing Vascular Endothelial Niches Control Acute T Cell Leukemia MaintenanceLauren A.Pitt,1,3,8Anastasia N.Tikhonova,2,3,8Hai Hu,2,3Thomas Trimarchi,2,3Bryan King,2,3Yixiao Gong,2,3Marta Sanchez-Martin,4Aris Tsirigos,2,3Dan R.Littman,5Adolfo A.Ferrando,4Sean J.Morrison,6David R.Fooksman,7,9 Iannis Aifantis,2,3,9,*and Susan R.Schwab1,3,9,*1Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine,New York University School of Medicine,540First Avenue,New York,NY10016,USA2Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center,New York University School of Medicine,550First Avenue, New York,NY10016,USA3Department of Pathology,New York University School of Medicine,550First Avenue,New York,NY10016,USA4Institute for Cancer Genetics,Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics,Columbia University,1130Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York,NY10032,USA5Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine,New York University School of Medicine,540First Avenue, New York,NY10016,USA6Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center,Dallas,TX75390,USA7Department of Pathology,Albert Einstein College of Medicine,1300Morris Park Avenue,Forchheimer Building,Room131,Bronx,NY10461, USA8Co-first author9Co-senior author*Correspondence:iannis.aifantis@(I.A.),susan.schwab@(S.R.S.)/10.1016/ell.2015.05.002SUMMARYThe role of the microenvironment in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(T-ALL),or any acute leukemia,is poorly understood.Here we demonstrate that T-ALL cells are in direct,stable contact with CXCL12-produc-ing bone marrow stroma.Cxcl12deletion from vascular endothelial,but not perivascular,cells impeded tumor growth,suggesting a vascular niche for T-ALL.Moreover,genetic targeting of Cxcr4in murine T-ALL after disease onset led to rapid,sustained disease remission,and CXCR4antagonism suppressed hu-man T-ALL in primary xenografts.Loss of CXCR4targeted key T-ALL regulators,including the MYC pathway, and decreased leukemia initiating cell activity in vivo.Our data identify a T-ALL niche and suggest targeting CXCL12/CXCR4signaling as a powerful therapeutic approach for T-ALL.INTRODUCTIONAcute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL)is the most common of childhood cancers,and15%–20%of ALL cases are T lineage (T-ALL)(Pui et al.,2011).A quarter of childhood T-ALL patients relapse within5years of treatment and receive a dismal prog-nosis(Nguyen et al.,2008).Factors predicting poor survival of relapsed childhood ALL patients include T lineage disease and isolated bone marrow involvement,both of which have a less than25%five-year survival rate(Bhojwani and Pui,2013;Nguyen et al.,2008).Therefore,the search for more effective, less toxic treatments continues.A series of seminal papers has demonstrated that the majority of T-ALL cases are driven by acti-vating NOTCH1mutations and activation of downstream path-ways,including MYC signaling,which has been shown to be essential for T-ALL cell proliferation and leukemia-initiating cell (LIC)activity(Girard et al.,1996;King et al.,2013;Pear et al., 1996;Roderick et al.,2014;Weng et al.,2004).Increasing evidence suggests that leukemic stem cells actively engage in crosstalk with the bone marrow microenvironmenttoCancer Cell27,755–768,June8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.755regulate their proliferation and survival(Ayala et al.,2009).Simi-larities between LICs and hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs)have raised the hypothesis that LICs require a specialized microenvi-ronment to survive and that disrupting this niche may be a prom-ising therapeutic strategy(Scadden,2014).During the last decade,cellular components of the HSC niche have been identi-fied and analyzed(Morrison and Scadden,2014).Imaging studies showed that HSCs tend to localize in the proximity of blood ves-sels,focusing thefield’s attention on the perivascular niche(Su-giyama et al.,2006).In vivo depletion of Nestin+CXCL12high mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)that surround blood vessels re-sulted in impaired progenitor cell homing and maintenance(Me´n-dez-Ferrer et al.,2010).Elegant work by Ding and Morrison(2013) and Greenbaum et al.(2013)identified endothelial and perivascu-lar populations as distinct and specialized niches supporting HSC homeostasis.Given the functional similarities between HSCs and LICs,such as the ability to self-renew and suppress differentiation,we hy-pothesized that they share dependence on common exogenous signals.In this study,we explore the mechanisms underlying the interaction of leukemia with its microenvironment and investigate the role of CXCL12:CXCR4signaling in T-ALL pathogenesis.RESULTSVisualization of CXCL12-Rich T-ALL Niches in the Bone MarrowWe hypothesized that CXCL12produced by the bone marrow stroma is an important exogenous factor for maintenance of leu-kemia,analogous to normal HSCs and CLPs(common lympho-cyte progenitors).To model human T-ALL,we generated T-ALL driven by mutated human NOTCH1(Notch1-D E)(Aster et al., 1997).In this model,Lineage neg c-Kit+bone marrow progenitor cells are transduced with a retrovirus encoding Notch1-D E-IRES-GFP and transplanted into lethally irradiated recipient mice.The progenitor cells give rise to GFP+leukemic blasts with an atypical CD4+CD8+phenotype in peripheral blood, bone marrow,spleen,thymus,lymph nodes,liver,lung,and cen-tral nervous system.It was previously suggested that leukemic cells can themselves produce niche factors,augmenting trophic effects(Colmone and Sipkins,2008).qRT-PCR analysis of mouse T-ALL demonstrated that leukemic cells express unde-tectable levels of Cxcl12(Figure S1A).As a second test of whether T-ALL cells can produce CXCL12,we induced T-ALL by transducing bone marrow stem and progenitor cells from Cxcl12-DsRed reporter mice or wild-type littermates with Notch1-D E-GFP retrovirus and transplanted them into irradiated syngeneic hosts(Ding and Morrison,2013).T-ALL cells gener-ated from Cxcl12-DsRed donors did not express detectable levels of DsRed,indicating that the tumor cells were not able to produce CXCL12in an autocrine fashion(Figures S1B–S1D). To visualize potential interactions of leukemia cells with the CXCL12-producing microenvironment,GFP+T-ALL cells iso-lated from leukemic mice were transplanted into Cxcl12-DsRed hosts.Analysis of host bone marrow sections revealed organ-wide dissemination of GFP+T-ALL cells(Figure1A),and these cells were observed to be in direct contact with DsRed+cells (Figures1B and1C).We then performed time-lapse intravital im-aging of an intact tibia in vivo.Mice were anesthetized,and the medial or soleus region of the tibial bone was surgically exposed and imaged.Imaging in live animals showed dissemination of leukemic cells throughout the bone marrow(Figure1D;Movie S1).High-resolution analysis showed leukemic cells to be directly interacting with CXCL12-producing stroma(Figures 1E–1G).Time-lapse analysis of Cxcl12-DsRed hosts injected concomitantly with GFP+T-ALL cells and CFP+normal CD4+ T cells revealed a dynamic microenvironment,where leukemic cells were highly immotile and stably associated with stromal cells in sharp contrast to motile CD4+T cells(Figures1F,1H, and1I;Movie S2).These studies have identified a niche for T-ALL cells and revealed unique adhesion and motility patterns of leukemic cells in the bone marrow during the early onset of disease.CXCL12Produced by Vascular Endothelial CellsIs Necessary for T-ALL ProgressionWe next tested whether CXCL12plays an important trophic role in T-ALL.It was previously demonstrated that in the bone marrow,CXCL12is expressed by numerous lineages including endothelial cells,perivascular cells,and osteoblasts(Figure2A; Figures S2Aa and S2Ab)(Ding and Morrison,2013;Greenbaum et al.,2013;Sugiyama et al.,2006).To visualize these distinct niche populations in vivo,lineage-specific Cre-transgenic mice were crossed to Cre reporter mice,in which tdTomato preceded by afloxed transcriptional stop is knocked into the Rosa26locus (LoxP-tdTomato).Col2.3-cre;LoxP-tdTomato mice were used to specifically label the endosteal niche by activating tdTomato in fetal and post-natal osteoblasts.Expression of tdTomato was seen in cells lining the bone in a pattern typical of osteoblasts (Figures S2Ac and S2Ad).To label perivascular cells,Lepr-cre trangenic mice were crossed to LoxP-tdTomato mice(Lepr-cre; LoxP-tdTomato)(Figures S2Ae and S2Af),as it was previously demonstrated that Leprin receptor is highly expressed in peri-vascular stromal cells(Zhou et al.,2014).To visualize the vascu-lature,VEcad-cre;LoxP-tdTomato mice were used.The pattern of tdTomato expression induced by VEcad-cre(Figures S2Ag and S2Ah)was identical to the one observed upon intravenous injection of a VE-cadherin specific antibody(data not shown). To investigate whether leukemic cells preferentially localize with osteoblasts or the vasculature(i.e.,bone marrow sinusoids) early in disease,VEcad-cre;LoxP-tdTomato,Lepr-cre;LoxP-tdTomato,and Col2.3-cre;LoxP-tdTomato hosts were suble-thally irradiated and injected with1million GFP+T-ALL cells. One week later,two-photon imaging analysis showed that leukemic cells associated with VE-Cad+and Lepr+cells,but not osteoblasts(Figures2B and2C).We confirmed these results using two additional types of T-ALL:ETP(Il7r241-242TC mutant) (Treanor et al.,2014)and an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea(ENU)-induced mutant carrying G7084(ins)C7085in the PEST domain of Notch1(Figures S2B and S2C).This was an unexpected finding,as it was previously shown that Col2.3+osteoblasts constitute a niche for lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow(Ding and Morrison,2013;Greenbaum et al.,2013).To assess whether CXCL12production by vascular endothe-lial cells or by closely associated perivascular cells regulates T-ALL progression,we deleted Cxcl12in these populations by crossing Cxcl12fl/flmice to VEcad-cre(vascular)or Lepr-cre756Cancer Cell27,755–768,June8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.(perivascular)mice.We then established secondary T-ALL by transplanting GFP +T-ALL cells (106)into sublethally irradiated VE-Cad-cre;Cxcl12fl/fl,Lepr-cre ;Cxcl12fl/fl,or littermate sex-matched control hosts.Consecutive bleeds to monitor leukemia progression between day 11and day 19after transplantation re-vealed reduced expansion of T-ALL cells in mice lacking CXCL12production specifically within the vascular compart-ment compared with controls (Figure 2D).Moreover,when the mice were sacrificed on day 25after transplantation,we observed a significant reduction in tumor burden compared with controls when CXCL12was absent in vascular cells (Fig-ure 2E).Consistent with this finding,splenomegaly and thymicinfiltration were not observed in VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/flmice,in contrast to control animals (Figures 2F and S2D–S2F).Histo-pathological analysis also showed that T-ALL cells aggressively infiltrated non-hematopoietic tissues such as liver and lungs in control hosts,while these tissues were virtually leukemia-free in VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/flmice (Figure 2G).Meanwhile,leukemia burden in Lepr-cre;Cxcl12fl/flhosts was statistically equivalent to control animals (Figures 2D and 2E).These findings demon-strate that vascular endothelial cells play a key role in leukemia progression through production of CXCL12.These findings contrast with the requirement for both perivascular and endothe-lial CXCL12for HSCs in normalhematopoiesis.Figure 1.T-ALL Cells Interact with a CXCL12-Producing Niche in the Bone Marrow(A–C)Three different representative immunofluorescence stainings of femur sections from Cxcl12-DsRed mice transplanted with GFP +T-ALL cells (n =4).(D and E)Two different representative high-resolution two-photon images from Cxcl12-DsRed mice transplanted with GFP +T-ALL cells.(F)Representative high-resolution two-photon image from Cxcl12-DsRed mice transplanted with GFP +T-ALL and CFP +CD4+T cells.(G)Percentage of GFP +T-ALL cells in contact with Cxcl12-DsRed +cells.Each data point is taken from a different movie or image.(H and I)Track velocity (H)and displacement velocity (I)of GFP +T-ALL cells and CFP +CD4+T cells.Error bars represent ±SD.Unless otherwise stated,each panel reflects data from at least three independent experiments.See also Figure S1and Movies S1and S2.Cancer Cell 27,755–768,June 8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.757Figure2.CXCL12Production by Vascular Endothelial Cells Maintains T-ALL(A)Schematic representation of CXCL12-producing populations in bone marrow.(B)Two-photon images of bone marrow from Cxcl12-DsRed,VEcad-cre;LoxP-tdTomato,Lepr-cre;LoxP-tdTomato,and Col2.3-cre;LoxP-tdTomato animals 1week after transfer of GFP+T-ALL cells.(C)Frequency of co-localization between GFP+T-ALL and DsRed/tdTomato niche cells from Cxcl12-DsRed,VEcad-cre;LoxP-tdTomato,Lepr-cre;LoxP-tdTomato,and Col2.3-cre;LoxP-tdTomato animals1week after transfer of leukemic cells.At least three animals were used for each condition.Error bars represent±SD.(D)Representative frequency of T-ALL GFP+cells in blood11days and19days after secondary transplantation into VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/fl,Lepr-cre;Cxcl12fl/fl,or control hosts.(E)Absolute numbers of T-ALL cells in lymph nodes,spleen,and bone marrow25days after secondary transplantation of GFP+T-ALL cells into VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/fl,Lepr-cre;Cxcl12fl/fl,or control hosts.Bone marrow numbers represent cells harvested from tibias and femurs.Data is representative of three(legend continued on next page)758Cancer Cell27,755–768,June8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.T-ALL Cells Express High Surface Levels of CXCR4Given the importance of CXCL12for T-ALL progression,we pro-filed mouse T-ALL cells for surface expression of CXCL12recep-tors CXCR4and CXCR7.We found that primary mouse T-ALL cells express markedly high surface levels of CXCR4,but little surface CXCR7(Figures 3A and S3A).When we compared CXCR4staining on the surface of primary mouse T-ALL cells in thymus,spleen,and bone marrow to normal T cells from healthy mice in the corresponding tissues,we found that the mean fluo-rescence intensity (MFI)of CXCR4on T-ALL cells was 10-to 50-fold higher than on mature CD4+T cells and comparable to normal CD4+CD8+(double-positive [DP])thymocytes (Figure 3B).experiments for VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/fl(n =6)or littermate sex-matched control animals (n =7)and two experiments for Lepr-cre;Cxcl12fl/fl(n =9)or control hosts (n =8).Error bars represent ±SD.(F)Image of representative spleens from VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/flor control animals.(G)Histology of lungs and liver from VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/flor control animals.See also Figure S2.Figure 3.CXCR4Is Highly Expressed on the Surface of Mouse and Human T-ALL Cells(A)Surface CXCR4expression on T-ALL cells from a representative leukemic mouse and normal T cells from a healthy control.T-ALL cells were identified as CD4+CD8+GFP +.(B)Surface CXCR4mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)on T-ALL cells and normal T cells from the indicated organs.The graph pools data from 3to 5pairs of leukemic mice and controls.Bars represent mean MFI.(C)Abundance of Cxcr4mRNA expressed relative to Hprt mRNA in purified normal CD4+CD8+thymocytes,normal spleen CD4+T cells,and CD4+CD8+T-ALL cells,measured by qRT-PCR.Bars represent the mean.(D)Surface CXCR4expression on human peripheral blood CD4+CD3+and CD8+CD3+lymphocytes from healthy controls.(E)Surface CXCR4expression on primary bone marrow human biopsies from T-ALL patients expanded in immunodeficient hosts (gated on hCD45)(patients 1–4and 8;patient 4had ETP T-ALL)and primary T-ALL bone marrow biopsies (patients 5–7).See also Figure S3.Cancer Cell 27,755–768,June 8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.759Notably,this pattern of elevated surface CXCR4protein expres-sion was not reflected in the level of Cxcr4mRNA transcripts,as spleen T-ALL cells expressed only marginally higher levels of Cxcr4mRNA than spleen CD4+T cells and lower levels than DP thymocytes(Figure3C).In agreement with thesefindings,global microarray analysis of T-ALL patient cohorts(Zhang et al.,2012)failed to reveal signif-icant differences in CXCR4expression when compared with mature human T cells(Figure S3B).However,when we assessed CXCR4surface expression on patient T cell leukemia cells and healthy control T cells,we found that T-ALL cells expressed higher levels of CXCR4than CD4+CD3+or CD8+CD3+T cells from the peripheral blood of healthy controls(Figures3D and 3E).These studies demonstrate that T-ALL cells express high levels of CXCR4(when compared with normal peripheral T cells)and suggest that these surface protein levels cannot be explained by mere transcriptional upregulation of Cxcr4mRNA. Genetic Targeting of Cxcr4Leads to Sustained T-ALL RemissionTo test the requirement for CXCR4in T-ALL progression,we examined leukemia burden following genetic ablation of Cxcr4 in vivo.Importantly,we used an inducible Cre recombinase to delete Cxcr4after disease establishment.Bone marrow progen-itor cells derived from Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+mice or littermate con-trol mice(Cxcr4+/+Mx1-Cre+or Cxcr4f/f)were retrovirally trans-duced with Notch1-D E-IRES-GFP and transplanted into lethally irradiated wild-type recipients.Once GFP+cells were de-tected in peripheral blood(>10%of lymphocytes;day0[Fig-ure S4A]),both groups were treated with poly(I:C)(days1,3, and5)to induce Cre transcription and Cxcr4deletion(Ku¨hn et al.,1995)(Figures4A and S4B).CXCR4staining byflow cy-tometry confirmed that Cxcr4was deleted in Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+ T-ALL cells(Figure4B).One month after Cxcr4deletion,we observed a3-log reduction in the total number of T-ALL cells, representing a loss in all tissues surveyed,including bone marrow,spleen,blood,lymph nodes,thymus,lung,liver,and brain(Figures4C and4D).Given the striking reduction in leukemia burden we observed after Cxcr4deletion,we sought to determine whether survival is prolonged in mice with CXCR4-deficient T-ALL.Indeed, more than30weeks after deletion of Cxcr4,100%(10/10)of mice with Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+T-ALL cells were alive and appeared healthy,compared with0%(11/11)of mice with Cxcr4+/+Mx1-Cre+T-ALL cells(Figure4E).Only very low numbers of GFP+cells could be recovered from spleens and bone marrow of mice with CXCR4-deficient T-ALL when they were sacrificed on day215 after treatment with poly(I:C)(Figure S4C).These experiments reveal the ability of Cxcr4deletion after disease onset to lead to remission in T-ALL,and they further suggest that loss of CXCR4signaling directly affects T-ALL initiating cell(LIC)func-tion.We will revisit the role of CXCR4in T-ALL LICs later in the manuscript.Cxcr4Deletion Affects Leukemic Cell Localizationand SurvivalTo investigate the effects of Cxcr4deletion on T-ALL cells,we in-jected secondary Cxcl12-DsRed recipients with equal numbers of primary Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+or Cxcr4f/f GFP+T-ALL cells.When both cohorts presented60%±10%GFP+leukemic cells in the bloodstream(Figures5A and5B),animals were injected with two doses of poly(I:C)48hr apart.Both cohorts were sacri-ficed48hr after the second poly(I:C)injection,and the bone marrow was examined by immunofluorescence analysis.We found that even at this early time point,tumor cells were severely depleted from the bone marrow,and the remaining GFP+cells (which had some residual surface CXCR4expression)were local-ized in proximity to the CXCL12-expressing cells(Figure5C). To examine the localization of CXCR4-deficient T-ALL cells in relation to vascular cells,which we found to be the key source of CXCL12,we transplanted VE-Cad-cre LoxP-tdTomato hosts with GFP+Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+or littermate control Cxcr4f/f T-ALL cells.Once both cohorts presented60%±5%GFP+ leukemic cells in the blood,the animals were treated with poly(I:C)and analyzed24–72hr later.Time-lapse intravital imag-ing revealed that while GFP+Cxcr4f/f leukemic cells were present throughout the bone marrow,Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+cells were mainly observed within blood vessels(Figure5D;Movies S3, S4,S5,and S6).Moreover,poly(I:C)-treated Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+ cells showed significant levels of Annexin V staining in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood(Figure5E),as did wild-type T-ALL cells isolated from the spleen of VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/flhosts6weeks after transplantation(Figure S5).These results suggested that CXCR4expression and signaling influences both leukemic cell localization and survival.They also contrast effects between T-ALL and normal stem and progenitor cells, as in the latter populations,loss of CXCL12leads to cell mobili-zation and differentiation but has not been reported to induce apoptotic death.Small-Molecule CXCR4Inhibitors Suppress Growthof Murine and Human T-ALLSmall-molecule CXCR4antagonists have been developed as a strategy to disrupt the interaction between CXCR4and CXCL12and have been used in various settings,including HSC mobilization(Rettig et al.,2012).Therefore,we examined whether CXCR4antagonists can recapitulate the effects of Cxcr4gene ablation and limit T-ALL expansion.To this end, we transplanted two cohorts of lethally irradiated mice with Notch1-D E-IRES-GFP+bone marrow progenitor cells,and after >5%peripheral blood lymphocytes constituted GFP+leukemic blasts,we administered AMD3465(20nmol/hr)or PBS via os-motic pump.After two weeks of treatment,mice treated with AMD3465showed a substantial reduction in leukemia burden across all tissues surveyed(Figure6A).These results demon-strate the significant anti-leukemia activity of CXCR4antago-nists,even as single drugs.To test whether the ability of CXCR4inhibition to suppress murine leukemia translates to human disease,we assessed the effect of AMD3465on human xenografts,obtained from primary human bone marrow biopsies(corresponding to pa-tient1and patient2in Figure3E).Wefirst expanded the pri-mary human leukemia cells in immune-deficient NOD/ MrkBomTac-Prkdc scid(NOD-SCID)hosts for6weeks.Subse-quently,two million human T-ALL cells were transplanted into secondary NOD-SCID hosts and peripheral blood was monitored for the appearance of human CD45+(hCD45+) leukemic cells.Once leukemia constituted>5%of white blood760Cancer Cell27,755–768,June8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.cells in blood,we began treatment with AMD3465or vehicle using osmotic pumps.Two weeks later,animals were sacri-ficed and the leukemia burden was assessed.As a result of AMD3465treatment,the number of hCD45+cells in blood and spleen was significantly reduced (Figures 6B–6D).Further-more,splenomegaly was substantially decreased in xeno-grafted mice treated with AMD3465compared with vehicle (PBS)(Figures 6E and S6).Histo-pathological analysisshowedFigure 4.Deletion of Cxcr4Reduces T-ALL Burden and Significantly Prolongs Survival(A)Schematic representation of experiment design.(B)Representative surface CXCR4staining on Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +or littermate control (Cxcr4+/+Mx1-Cre +or Cxcr4f/f )GFP +T-ALL cells in the spleen 1month after they were treated with poly(I:C).(C)Number of GFP +Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +or littermate control (Cxcr4+/+Mx1-Cre +or Cxcr4f/f )T-ALL cells in the indicated tissues 1month after treatment with poly(I:C)(initiated after GFP +cells represented >10%of peripheral blood lymphocytes).Bars represent the mean.Data are pooled from two experiments (n =7–8).(D)Representative immunofluorescence staining of a femur section from a mouse that received Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +or littermate control T-ALL,1month after poly(I:C)treatment.(E)Kaplan-Meier survival graph of mice with Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +(n =10)or littermate control (Cxcr4+/+Mx1-Cre +,n =11)T-ALL following poly(I:C)treatment (initiated after T-ALL cells reached $10%of blood lymphocytes;first poly(I:C)injection was defined as day 1).See also Figure S4.Cancer Cell 27,755–768,June 8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.761that T-ALL cells in PBS-treated hosts aggressively infiltrated non-hematopoietic tissues,such as brain,liver,and lungs.The same tissues in the AMD3465-treated cohort were virtuallyleukemia-free,highlighting the ability of AMD3465to control primary human T-ALL progression in a xenograft model (Fig-ure 6F).These results provide the basis for further testingofFigure 5.Effects of CXCR4Depletion on Leukemic Cell Localization and Survival(A)Schematic representation of experiment design.(B)Left:frequency of transplanted Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +or littermate control T-ALL GFP +cells in the blood prior to poly(I:C)treatment.Right:frequency of GFP +leukemic cells and levels of CXCR4in the bone marrow 48hr after the second dose of poly(I:C).(C)Representative immunofluorescence staining of a femur section from Cxcl12-DsRed hosts transplanted with GFP +Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +or littermate control T-ALL cells 48hr after poly(I:C)treatment.(D)Top:experiment design.Bottom:representative high-resolution two-photon image from VEcad-cre;LoxP -tdTomato mice transplanted with Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +or littermate control T-ALL 24hr after poly(I:C)treatment.Arrows indicate a presence or absence of leukemic cells on top of the vessels.(E)Annexin V staining on GFP +Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre +or littermate control T-ALL cells in blood and bone marrow 24hr after poly(I:C)treatment (n =3).See also Figure S5and Movies S3,S4,S5,and S6.762Cancer Cell 27,755–768,June 8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.this small-molecule inhibitor in the clinical setting as a targeted T-ALL therapy.CXCR4Controls a T-ALL-Specific Gene Expression Program and Modulates Leukemia-Initiating Activityin T-ALLTo assess the consequences of CXCR4signaling loss on T-ALL gene transcription,high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing[RNA-seq])was performed on splenic Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+and Cxcr4f/f control T-ALL cells10days after poly(I:C) treatment to induce Cxcr4deletion.RNA-seq was also per-formed on primary splenic T-ALL cells co-cultured with OP9cells (which produce CXCL12[Janas et al.,2010;Trampont et al., 2010])in the presence of the CXCR4antagonist AMD3100or vehicle for4days(Figures7A–7C,S7A,and S7B).Initial analysis of the Cxcr4-targeted data revealed changes in genes significant for early T cell development and T-ALL induction and progres-sion such as Cdk4,Notch3,Il2ra(CD25),Ptcra,and Cdkn2a. Although altered expression of some of these genes could ac-count for the T-ALL phenotype(i.e.,Ptcra expression promotes T-ALL progression),gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA)also demonstrated a significant enrichment of genes that are down-regulated in response to Cxcr4deletion or AMD3100treatment in vitro in Myc DNA binding databases(Figures7C and S7B) (Kim et al.,2008;King et al.,2013;Schuhmacher et al.,2001). Consistent with this,we observed reduced Myc protein levels in T-ALL cells purified after Cxcr4ablation with poly(I:C)(Fig-ure S7C);after treatment of wild-type T-ALL cells with AMD3465in vivo(Figure S7D);and in wild-type T-ALL cells iso-lated from VEcad-cre;Cxcl12fl/flmice(Figure S7E),which also demonstrated reduced Myc and Myc target gene expression (Figure S7F).Myc overexpression partially restored the prolifera-tion of primary mouse T-ALL cells cultured in the presence of AMD3465,suggesting Myc is an important factor downstream of CXCR4in T-ALL cells(Figure S7G).We have previously shown that T-ALL LICs are characterized by high levels of Myc protein.Furthermore,Myc deletion or silencing in established disease specifically targets LICs and leads to disease remission(King et al.,2013;Roderick et al., 2014).We observed reduced Myc protein expression following AMD3465treatment of mouse LICs expressing a MYC-GFP fusion allele,cultured in vitro(Figure7D)(King et al.,2013).To assess the role of CXCR4signaling in LIC function in vivo,we compared the ability of CXCR4-deficient and wild-type primary T-ALL cells to establish secondary leukemia upon transfer into irradiated recipients.Mice with Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+or control Cxcr4+/+Mx1-Cre+primary T-ALL were treated with three doses of poly(I:C),and3days after thefinal dose,T-ALL cells were iso-lated from spleen and bone marrow and transferred into suble-thally irradiated wild-type mice(1million per mouse,for each genotype).Ten weeks after transplantation,recipients of poly(I:C)-treated control T-ALL cells displayed severe spleno-megaly and lymphadenopathy(Figure7E),andfluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS)analysis revealed that the cells had multiplied by more than three orders of magnitude in each of the tissues surveyed(Figure7F).In contrast,recipients of poly(I:C)-treated Cxcr4f/f Mx1-Cre+T-ALL cells appeared healthy,with very few or no leukemia cells detected in the same array of tissues.Our data support a critical role for CXCR4in regulating T-ALL LIC activity,in agreement with our findings showing prolonged survival(Figure4E)upon deletion of Cxcr4in established T-ALL and our transcriptome profiling that connected loss of Cxcr4expression to decreased levels of Myc protein.DISCUSSIONThe importance of CXCR4in T-ALL pathogenesis would not have been anticipated on the basis of its role in normal T cell maturation.T cell development is profoundly dependent,at different stages,on signaling through Notch1,pre-T cell recep-tor(TCR)/TCR,and interleukin-7receptor(IL-7R)(Ciofani and Zu´n˜iga-Pflu¨cker,2007;Di Santo and Rodewald,1998;Radtke et al.,1999).All three receptors and components of their signaling pathways have been implicated in T-ALL initiation and progression.By contrast,while CXCR4signaling increases the efficiency of normal T cell development,CXCR4is not essen-tial for T cell maturation(Ara et al.,2003;Janas et al.,2010;Tram-pont et al.,2010).However,our studies demonstrated an essential role for CXCR4signaling in the progression of T-ALL, suggesting distinct requirements for CXCL12/CXCR4signaling between physiology and disease.The efficacy of CXCR4inhibition would also not have been anticipated on the basis of the precedent of other hematological malignancies,in which CXCR4inhibition has been promising but has not had as dramatic effects as a single agent as the ones shown here,including rapid induction of leukemia cell death (Beider et al.,2014;Chen et al.,2013;Kuhne et al.,2013;Tavor et al.,2004;Uy et al.,2012;Welschinger et al.,2013;Zeng et al.,2009).CXCR4retains normal developing B and myeloid cells in the bone marrow.B and myeloid leukemia cells appear to share this dependence on CXCR4,as CXCR4antagonism mo-bilizes these cells out of the bone marrow and into the blood-stream,depriving them of stromal support and exposing them to co-administered chemotherapeutic drugs.Loss of CXCR4 signaling may also inhibit metastasis and predispose these cells to apoptosis(Burger and Peled,2009).Hence it is surprising that T-ALL appears to be more susceptible to CXCR4antagonism than B and myeloid cancers;we hypothesize that this may reflect a different dependence of LICs on CXCR4.Finally,although in other tumors(i.e.,AML)CXCR4surface expression is variable, most likely reflecting the heterogeneity of the disease(Mo¨hle et al.,1998),our data suggest that CXCR4expression on T-ALL is more uniform.Indeed,we have observed high surface CXCR4on all T-ALL subtypes,including early T precursor (ETP-ALL),a more immature and high-risk disease subtype (Treanor et al.,2014;Zhang et al.,2012).However,we cannot exclude at this point that there are no mechanisms of resistance to CXCR4signaling inhibition,as T-ALL can be initiated by a large spectrum of mutations,some of them altering signaling pathways(i.e.,KRAS,PTEN,JAK3)or epigenetic regulators (i.e.,UTX,EZH2,PHF6).It is thus conceivable that inactivation by some of these genes could lead to disease refractory to CXCR4inhibition.All these suggest that targeting the CXCL12-expressing microenvironment might have significant implications for the treatment of pediatric and adult T-ALL.Interestingly,recent clin-ical trial data using AMD3100(Plerixafor)demonstrated that the Cancer Cell27,755–768,June8,2015ª2015Elsevier Inc.763。

植物干细胞调控研究新进展中国细胞生物学学报Chinese Journal of Cell Biology 2015, 37(7): 1021–1028DOI: 10.11844/cjcb.2015.07.0024收稿日期: 2015-01-15 接受日期: 2015-04-07973计划前期研究专项(批准号: 2014CB160306)、重庆市教委创新团队建设基金(批准号: KJTD201307)和重庆师范大学引进人才启动基金项目(批准号: 12XLR36)资助的课题*通讯作者。

Tel: 023-********, E-mail: hanmazhang@/doc/f017810486.html, Received: January 15, 2015 Accepted: April 7, 2015This work was supported by the National Grand Fundamental Research Pre-973 Program of China (Grant No.2014CB160306), the Innovation T eam Fund of the Education Department of Chongqing Municipality (Grant No.KJTD201307) and a Start-Up Fund from Chongqing Normal University (Grant No.12XLR36)*Corresponding author. Tel: +86-23-65912976, E-mail: hanmazhang@/doc/f017810486.html, 网络出版时间: 2015-07-01 16:53 URL: /doc/f017810486.html,/kcms/detail/31.2035.Q. 20150701.1653.001.html植物干细胞调控研究新进展赵中华南文斌梁永书张汉马*(植物环境适应分子生物学重庆市重点实验室, 重庆师范大学生命科学学院, 重庆 401331)摘要植物干细胞是植物胚后发育形成各种组织和器官的细胞来源和信号调控中心, 其调控机理是植物学研究的重要内容。

吐血推荐：通信英语缩语手册(M&HIRS-MFC)M&HIRS Multi-media & Hypermedia Information Retrieval System 多媒体和超媒体信息检索系统M-ACPA Multimadia Audio Capture and Play back Adapter 多媒体音频抓取回放适配器M-F Mobile network to Fixed network call 移动网络对固定网络的呼叫M-O Magneto-Optic 磁光MA Multipoint Access 多点接入MA Multiple Access 多路存取MAC Multiple Access Channel 多址接入信道MAC Multiple Access Capabillity 多址接入能力MAC Multi Address Call 多址呼叫MAC Message Authentication Code 消息认证码MAC Message Authentication Check 消息认证检验MAC Media Access Control 媒体接入控制MAC Maintenance and Administration Center 维护管理中心MACA Multiple Access Collision Avoidance 多址冲突避免MACC Medium ACcess Controller 媒体接入控制器MACE Media-Access Controller for Ethernet 以太网的媒体存取控制器MACNET Multiple Access Customer NETwork 多址访问用户网络MACS Multi-Access Communication System 多址接入通信系统MACU Media Access Control Unit 媒体接入控制单元MAD Multiple Access Device 多路存取设备MAD Mean Access Delay 平均接入延迟MADA Multiple Access Discrete Address 多址接入离散地址MADE Multichannel Analogue-to-digital Data Encoder 多路模数数据编码器MADI Multichannel Audio Digital Interface 多声道数字接口MADS Multiple Access Digital System 多路存取数字系统MADS Multiple Access Data System 多路存取数据系统MAHO Mobile Aided controlled HandOver 移动台辅助控制的越区切换MAI Multiple Address Instruction 多地址指令MAI Multiple Access Interference 多址接入干扰MAI MAintenance Interface 维护接口MALCT MALicious Call Tracing 恶意呼叫追踪MALU Multimadia Authoring Language for UNIX UNIXMAM Media Access Mode 媒体存取模式MAN Multiple-Access Network 多址接入网络MAN Metropolitan Area Network 城域网MAN Maintenance Alert Network 维护警报网MAP Multiservice Access Platform 多服务接入平台MAP Multimedia Access Protocol 多媒体存取协议MAP Mobile Application Protocol 移动应用协议MAP Mobile Application Part 移动通信应用部分MAP Medium Access Protocol 媒体存取协议MAPDU Management Application Protocol Data Unit 管理应用协议数据单元MAPI Multimedia Application Programming Interface 多媒体应用编程接口MAPI Messaging Application Programming Interface 信报传递应用程序编程接口MAPPU Multimedia Authoring and Playing Platform for UNIX UNIX多媒体制作演播平台MAPS Multiple Address Processing System 多地址处理系统MAPU Multiple Address Processing Unit 多址处理设备MARISAT MARItime SATellite 海事卫星(通信)MARS Multiple Access Retrieval System 多路存取检索系统MARS Multimedia Audiovisual Retrieval Service 多媒体声视检索服务MARS Multicast Address Resolution Server 多播地址解释服务器MARS Military Affliated Radio System 军用附属无线电系统MARS MAchine Retrieval System 机器检索系统MAS Multiple Access System 多路存取系统MAS MASs calling 大众呼叫业务MASC Mobitex ASynchronous Communication 移动图文信息异步通信MASE Message Administration Service Element 消息管理服务单元MASS Multimedia Application Shared Service 多媒体应用共享业务MASS MAintenance SubSystem 维护子系统MASTER Multiple Access Shared Time Executive Routine 多路存取分时执行程序MAT Multidrop Access Trunk 多点分出接入中继线MAT Metropolitan Area Trunk 大城市中继线MAT Maintenance Access Terminal 维护接入终端MATD Maximum Acceptable Transit Delay 最大可接受转接时延MAU Multistation Access Unit 多站点存取单元MAU Multiple Access Unit 多重接入单元MAU Media Attachment Unit 媒体连接器MAU Media Access Unit 媒体存取设备MAU MAintenance Unit 维护单元MAUI Multimedia Application User Interface 多媒体应用用户接口MAVC Multimedia Audio Video Connection 多媒体音像连接MAVIX Multimedia Audio Video Information eXchange 多媒体音频视频信息交换MB MegaBytes 兆字节Mb Megabit 兆位MBA Multipoint Broadband Access 多点宽带接入MBAA Multiple-Beam Adaptive Array 多波束自适应阵列MBAN Multimedia Broadband Access Network 多媒体宽带接入网MBC Multicasting Balancing Circuit 多播平衡电路MBC Meteor Burst Communication 流星余迹通信MBHCA Million Busy Hour Call Attempt 百万次忙时试呼MBN Mesh-Bonding Network 网状网络MBONE Multicast backBONE 多播主干网MBPS MegaBytes Per Second 兆字节/秒MBS MoBile Station 移动站MBS Mobile Broadband System 移动宽带系统MBSU Multi Block Synchronization signal Unit 多信息组同步信号单元MBTP Multiple Buffer Transfer Protocol 多缓冲传递协议MC Multipoint Controller 多点控制器MC Multipoint Connection 多点连接MC Multimedia Computer 多媒体计算机MC Multimedia Communication 多媒体通信MC Module Control 模块控制MC Mobile Computer 移动式计算机MC Micro Cell 微小区MC Message Center 消息中心MC Message Categories 消息种类MC Media Control 媒体控制MC Master Clock 主时钟MC Maintenance Center 维护中心MC-CDMA MultiCode CDMA 多码CDMAMC-TDMA MultiCarrier Time Division Multiplexing Access 多载频时分多址接入MCA MultiChannel Access 多路接入MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道体系结构MCAL Malicious CALl 恶意呼叫MCAS MultiChannel Access System 多路接入系统MCC Multimedia Communication Channel 多媒体通信频道MCC Multichhannel Communication Center 多信道通信中心MCC Multicast Coordination Center 多播协调中心MCC Mobile Country Code 移动台国家码MCC Mobile Call Control 移动呼叫控制MCC Master Control Center 主控制中心MCC MAN Control Center 城域网络控制中心MCC Maintenance Control Center 维护控制中心MCC Main Communication Center 主通信中心MCCC Multi-Connection Call Control 多连接呼叫控制MCCP Multimedia Computing and Communication Platform 多媒体计算及通信平台MCCU Multiple Communication Control Unit 多路通信控制单元MCD Maximum Cell Delay 最大信元时延MCDN Micro-Cellular Data Network 微蜂窝数据通信网MCDQDB MultiChannel DQDB 多信道双队列数据总线MCDT Multimedia CD-ROM Title 多媒体光盘标题MCE Master Communication Equipment 主通信设备MCF Mobile Control Function 移动控制功能MCF Message Communication Function 消息通信功能MCF Management Communication Function 管理通信功能MCGA Multi-Color Graphics Array 多色彩图形阵列MCGA Multi-Color Graphics Adapter 多彩色图形适配卡MCHO Mobile Controlled HandOver 移动控制切换MCI Mobile Communication Interface 移动通信接口MCI Media Control Interface 媒体控制接口MCI Malicious Call Identification 恶意呼叫识别MCIC MultiChip Integrated Circuit 多芯片集成电路MCL Message Control Language 报文控制语言MCLR Mean Cell Loss Rate 平均信元丢失率MCM MultiCarrier Modulation 多载波调制MCM Maintenance Control Module 维护控制模块MCMF MultiCommodity Maximum Flow 多商品最大流量MCN Mobile Control Node 移动控制节点MCNS Multimedia Cable Network System 多媒体有线网系统MCP Multiflow Conversation Protoco 多流对话协议MCP Mass Calling Platform 大众呼叫平台MCPA MultiCarrier Power Amplifier 多载波功率放大器MCPC Multiple Channel Per Carrier 多信道单载波MCPN Mobile Customer Premises Network 移动用户驻地网MCPU Multiple Channel Processing Unit 多信道处理单元MCPU Multiple Call Processing Unit 多呼叫处理单元MCR Minimum Cell Rate 最低信元速率MCR Mean Cell Rate 平均信元率MCS Multipoint Conferencing Server 多点会议服务器MCS Multipoint Communication Service 多点通信业务MCS Multimedia Conferencing System 多媒体会议系统MCS Multimedia Chatting System 多媒体交谈系统MCS MultiCast Server 多播服务器MCS Microwave Communication System 微波通信系统MCS Message Control System 消息控制系统MCS Master Control Station 主控制站MCS Mass Calling Service 大众呼叫业务MCS Maritime Communications Subsystem 海事通信子系统MCS Maintenance-data Collection System 维护数据收集系统MCS Maintenance Control Subsystem 维护控制子系统MCSO Multimedia Communication Service Object 多媒体通信业务对象MCSS Military Communication Satellite System 军事通信卫星系统MCT Multicast Channel Translator 多播信道转换器MCTD Mean Cell Transfer Delay 平均信元传递时延MCU Multipoint Conference Unit 多点会议单元MCU Multipiont Control Unit 多点控制单元MCU Module Control Unit 模块控制单元MCU Mobile Control Unit 移动控制单元MCU Minimum Coding Unit 最小编码单元MCU Master Controller Unit 主控制器单元MCU Management and Communication Unit 管理和通信单元MD Multimode Distortion 多模失真MD Message Discrimination 消息鉴别MD Mediation Device 中介设备MD-IS Mobile Data Intermediate System 移动数据中间系统MDB Multimedia DataBase 多媒体数据库MDBMLS Multimedia DataBase Machine Learning System 多媒体数据库机器学习系统MDD Multimedia Database Design 多媒体数据库设计MDD Multi-Dimensional Database 多维数据库MDF Main Distribution Frame 主配线架MDI Medium Dependent Interface 媒体相关接口MDK Multimedia Development Kit 多媒体开发工具MDL Mirrored Data Links 镜像数据链接MDL Management entitiy and Data Link layer 管理实体与数据链路层(的通信) MDLP Mobile Data Link Protocol 移动数据链路协议MDM Multiplexer-DeMultiplexer 复用器-解复用器MDM Multimedia Data Management 多媒体数据管理MDM Media Device Manager 媒体设备管理程序MDNEXT Multiple-Disturber NEXT 多干扰近端串话MDOP Multimedia Data Operation Platform 多媒体数据*作平台MDR Message Detail Recorder 详细消息记录器MDS Multipoint Distribution System 多点分布系统MDS Multiple Data Stream 多数据流MDSE Message Delivery Service Element 消息传递服务单元MDSL Medium bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line 中比特率数字用户线MDSO Multimedia Data Storage and Organization 多媒体数据存储和组织MDSS Mass Digital Storage System 大容量数字存储系统MDU Management Data Unit 管理数据单元MDX Multiplexer-DemultipleXer 复用器-解复用器ME Maintenance Entity 维护实体ME Measurement Entity 测量实体MEF Maintenance Entity Function 维护实体功能MEI Maintenance Event Information 维护事件信息MEO Middle Earth Orbit 中地球轨道卫星MES Mobile Earth Station 移动地球站METON METropolitan Optical Network 都市光网络MexE Mobile station application execution Environment 移动基站应用执行系统MF Maintenance Funcation 维护功能MF Mediation Function 中介功能MF Medium Frequency 中频MF Multi-Frequency 多频MF-TDMA MultiFrequency Time Division Multiple Access 多频时分多址接入MFA Multi-Frame Alignment 多帧定位MFBT Multicast Forward / Backward Tree 多播前向/反向树形网络MFC Multicore-Fiber Cable 多芯光缆MFC Multi-Frame Code 多帧编码MFC Multi-Frequency Code 多频码MFC Multi-Frequency Code signaling 多频码信令MFC Multi-Frequency Control 多频控制吐血推荐：通信英语缩语手册(MFCR-MP3)MFCR Minimum Free Capacity Routing 最小自由容量选路MFOTS Military Fiber-Optic Transmission System 军用光纤传输系统MFREC Multi-Frequency RECeiver 多频接收器MFS Metropolitan Fiber Syster 都市光纤系统MFS Multi-Frame Structure 复帧结构MFS Multi-Frame Synchronizer 复帧同步器MFS Multiple Frequency Shift 多频位移MFSND Multi-Frequency SeNDer 多频发送器MFT Multi-Function Terminal 多功能终端MG Media Gateway 媒体网关MG Multicast Grouping 多播分组MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol 媒体网关控制协议MGF Mobile Gateway Function 移动网关功能MGPF Mobile Geographic Position Function 移动地理定位功能MGS Mobile Gateway Switch 移动网关交换MGS Multimedia Gateway Server 多媒体网关服务器MGW Media GateWay 媒体网关MH Message Handler 报文处理程序MH Message Handling 消息处理MH Mobile Host 移动式主机MHE Message Handling Environment 消息处理环境MHEG Multimedia Hypermedia Expert Group 多媒体超媒体专家组标准MHN Multimedia Handling Node 多媒体处理节点MHS Message Handling Systems 消息处理系统MHS-SE Message Handling System Service Element 消息处理系统业务单元MI Mutiplex Interface 复用接口MIAS Multipoint Interactive Audiovisual System 多点交互式声视系统MIB Management Information Base 管理信息库MIBC Management Information Base Chip 管理信息库芯片MIC Media Interface Connector 媒体接口连接器MIC Message Identification Code 消息识别码MIC Module Interface Circuit 模块接口电路MIC Multimode Image Coding 多模图像编码MICA Media Informetion Communication Application 媒体信息通信应用程序MICE Mamagement Information Control Exchang 管理信息控制交换MID Message IDentification 报文标志MID Multiplexing IDentifier 复用标志MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface 乐器数字化接口MIDS Management Information Dataflow System 管理信息数据流系统MIDS Multimedia Intelligent Database Systems 多媒体智能数据库系统MIE Micromedia Information Exchange 微媒体信息交换MIE Multipurppose Internet Extensions 多用途因特网扩充MIF Management Information Format 管理信息格式MII Media-Independent Interface 与媒体无关的接口MII Mobile Information Infrastructure 移动通信信息基础设施MILS MAC Internal Layer Service MAC层内服务MIM Management Information Model 管理信息模型MIMD Multiple Instruction Multiple-Data 多指令多数据流MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途因特网邮件扩展MIN Mobile Intelligent Network 移动智能网MIN Multistage Interconnected Network 多级互连网MIP Multimedia Information Provider 多媒体信息提供者MIP Multiple Information Passageway 多信息通道方式MIPS Million Instructions Per Second 每秒百万指令MIRS Multimedia Information Recall System 多媒体信息检索系统MIS Management Information Services 管理信息服务MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统MIS Multiple Interactive Screen 多交互式屏幕MISDN Mobile Integrated Service Digital Network 移动综合业务数字网MIT Management Information Tree 管理信息树MIT Modular Intelligent Terminal 模块化智能终端MITS Multimedia Interactive Telelearning System 多媒体交互远程学习系统MIU Multi-Interface Unit 多接口装置MIU Multimedia Information User 多媒体信息用户MIU Multistation Interface Unit 多站接口装置MJP Micro Java Processor 微型Java处理器MK Master Key 主密钥MKS Multimedia Kiosk Service 多媒体触摸屏服务ML-EDF Mode-Locked Erbium Doped Fiber 锁模掺铒光纤ML-FRL Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Laser 锁模光纤环型激光器MLAN Multichannel Local Area Network 多通道局域网MLAP MAC Level Access Protocol 媒体接入控制层接入协议MLC Mobile Local Circuit 移动通信本地电路MLLR Multi-rate Least-Loaded Routing 多速率最低负载选路MLLRP Multi-rate Least-Loaded Routing with Packing 多速率最低负载分组选路MLN Middle Level Network 中级网络MLP Machine Language Program 机器语言程序MLP Message Link Protocol 报文链路协议MLP Multi-Layer Protocol 多层协议MLP MultiLink Procedure 多链路规程MLR Most-Loaded Routing 最多负载选路MLS Multimedia Learning Station 多媒体学习站MLT MultiLink Trunking 多链路骨干技术MM Maintenance Management 维护管理MM Maintenance Module 维护模块MM Mass Memory 大容量存储器MM Mixed Mode 混合方式MM Mobility Management 移动性管理MM Modelling Multimedia 建模多媒体MM MultiMedia 多媒体MM MultiMode 多模MM/MMI MultiMedia / MultiModel Interface 多媒体/多方式接口MMA Multiple Module Access 多模块存取MMAC MultiMedia Access Center 多媒体访问中心MMAP Mobility Management Application Protocol 移动性管理应用协议MMC Maintanance, Monitoring and Control 维护和监控MMC Man-Machine Communication 人机通信MMC Man-Machine Controller 人机控制器MMC Meet-Me Conference 会聚式会议电话MMC MultiMedia Communication 多媒体通信MMC MultiMedia Communicator 多媒体通信体MMC MultiMedia Controller 多媒体控制器MMC Multimedia Marketing Council 多媒体市场委员会MMC Multimedia Multiparty Conferencing 多媒体多方会议MMC MultiMedia Collaboration 多媒体协作MMCA Message-Mode Communication Adapter 报文方式通信适配器MMCC MultiMedia Conference Control 多媒体会议控制MMCD MultiMedia Compact Disc 多媒体光盘MMCF MultiMedia Communications Forum 多媒体通信论坛MMCM MultiMedia Control Manager 多媒体控制管理器MMCP Multimedia Mail Content Protocol 多媒体邮件内容协议MMCS Multimedia Mobile Communication System 多媒体移动通信系统MMCX MultiMedia Communicaton eXchange 多媒体通信交换MMDD Management Multimedia Dynamic Data 多媒体动态数据管理MMDS Multichannel Microwave Distribution System 多频道微波分配系统MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service 多信道多点分配服务MMDS Multipoint Multichannel Distribution System 多点多信道分配系统MME MultiMedia E-mail system 多媒体电子邮件系统MMEM MultiMedia Electronic Mail 多媒体电子函件MMF MultiMode Fiber 多模光纤MMH MultiMedia Hub 多媒体集线器MMI Man-Machine Interaction 人机交互MMI Man-Machine Interface 人机接口MMI MultiMedia Input 多媒体输入MMI Multi-Mode Interference 多模干扰MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit 单片微波集成电路MMIO MultiMedia I / O 多媒体输入/输出MMIS Multimedia Management Information System 多媒体管理信息系统MML Man-Machine Language 人机语言MML Multimedia Mechanism Layer 多媒体结构层MML Multimedia Module Library 多媒体模块库MMM Multi Modem Manager 多调制解调器管理器MMM MultiMedia Mail 多媒体邮件MMM MultiMedia Multiplexer 多媒体复用器MMM Multiunit network Management and Maintenance message 多单元网络管理和维护消息MMMD MultiMedia Multi-Database 多媒体多数据库MMMS Multimedia Mail Messaging Service 多媒体邮件报文服务MMMS MultiMedia Mail Service 多媒体邮政业务MMN MultiMedia Network 多媒体网MMNI Message Memory Network Interface 消息存储器网络接口MMP Maritime Mobile Phone 海上移动电话MMP Module Message Processor 模块消息处理器MMP Multiplexed Message Processor 复用信息处理器MMPC MultiMedia PC 多媒体个人计算机MMPDLL Multimedia Movie Player DLL 多媒体电影放映机DLL MMPM MultiMedia Picture Management 多媒体图像管理MMS Maritime Mobile Satellite system 海上移动卫星系统MMS Middleware Message Service 中间件消息业务MMS Model Management System 模型管理系统MMS MultiMedia Service 多媒体业务MMS Multi-Modular Storage 多模块存储器MMS Multiport Memory System 多端口存储器系统MMSAF MultiMedia Services Affiliate Forum 多媒体业务会员论坛MMSE Man-Machine System Engineering 人机系统工程学MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error 最小均方误差MMSER Minimum Mean Square Error Restoration 最小均方误差复原MMT MultiMedia Terminal 多媒体终端MMTS MultiMedia Transport System 多媒体传送系统MMU Mass Memory Unit 大容量存储器MMUI MultiMedia User Interface 多媒体用户接口MMV MultiMedia Viewer 多媒体观赏器MMW MultiMedia World 多媒体世界MMX MultiMedia eXtension 多媒体扩展MN/MX MiNimum / MaXimum 最小值/最大值MNC Mobile Network Code 移动网络代码MNC MultiNational Company 多国公司MNCS Multipoint Network Control System 多点网络控制系统MNF Multisystem Networking Facility 多系统连网设施MNH Minimum Number of Hops 最小跳频数MNP Microcom Network Protocol 微通网协议MNP Mobile telephone Number Portability 移动电话号码可携MNRU Modulated Noise Reference Unit 调制噪声参考单位MNSC Main-Network Switching Centre 主网络交换中心MNU MainteNance Unit 维护单元MO Managed Object 被管对象MO Memory Object 存储对象MOA Maintenance, Operation, Administration 维护、运行和管理MOAR Measurable One-way Attenuation Range 可测单向衰减范围MOAS Multimedia Office Automatic System 多媒体办公自动化系统MOC Maintenance Operations Center 维护运行中心MOD Magneto-Optic Disc 磁光碟片MOD Movies On-Demand 电影点播MOD Music On Demand 音乐点播MODAL Microwave Optical Duplex Antenna Link 微波光双工天线链路MODEM MOdulator-DEModulator 调制解调器MODI MODule Interface 模块接口MODID MODule IDentity 模块识别MODIF Modular Optical Digital InterFace 模块化光数字接口MOM Magneto-Optical Modulation 磁光调制MOM Maintenance Operation Modules 维护*作模式MOM Mass Optical Memory 大容量光存储器MOM Message Oriented Media 面向消息的媒体MOM Message Oriented Middleware 面向消息中间件MOMS Multiple Orbit-Multiple Satellite 多轨道，多卫星MONET MObile NETwork 移动网MONET Multi-wavelength Optical NETwork 多波长光网络MOOS Maintenance Out Of Service 停业维护MOP Maintenance and Operation Processing 维护和运行处理MOPS Million Operations Per Second 每秒百万次运算MOS Maintenance Operation Subsystem 维护运行子系统MOS Management Operating System 管理运行系统MOS Master Operating System 主*作系统MOS Mean Opinion Score 平均意见评分MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor 金属-氧化物-半导体MOS Multimedia Operation Software 多媒体*作软件MOSPF Multicast Open Shortest Path First 多播开放式最短路径优先MOTIS Message-Oriented Text Interexchange System 面向报文的文本交换系统MOU Memorandum Of Understanging 谅解备忘录MP Main Processor 主处理器MP Maintenance Processor 维护处理器MP Management Point 管理点MP Management Process 管理过程MP Memory Protection 存储器保护 MP Message Passing 信息传递MP Message Priority 消息优先级MP Misrouting Probability 错接概率MP Module Processor 模块处理器MP Multipath Propagation 多径传播MP Multipoint Processor 多点处理器MP3 MPEG-1 layer 3 MPEG-1音频第三层标MPA Multichannel Protocol Analyser 多通道协议分析仪MPC Message Passing Coprocessor 信息传送协处理器MPC Minimum Performance Criterion 最低性能指标MPC MPOA Client MPOA客户机MPC Multimedia Personal Computer 多媒体个人计算机MPC Multimedia Product Council 多媒体产品协会MPC Multi-Processor Controller 多处理器控制器MPCI Mobile Protocol Capability Indicator 移动协议能力指示器MPCOS Multimedia Personal Computer Operating System 多媒体个人计算机*作系统MPD Mode Power Distribution 模功率分布MPDU Media Protocol Data Unit 媒体协议数据单元MPDU Message Protocol Data Unit 消息协议数据单元MPE Multimedia Processing Equipment 多媒体处理设备MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group 活动图像专家组(编码标准)MPF Mobile Packet processing Function 移动分组处理功能MPGA Mask Programmable Gate Array 掩模可编程门阵列MPI Message Passing Interface 消息传递接口MPI MultiPath Interference 多径干扰MPIC Message Processing Interrupt Count 信息处理中断计数MPICC Multimedia Personal Information Communication Center 多媒体个人信息通信中心MPIS MultiPurpose Information System 多用途信息系统MPL Message Processing Language 信息处理语言MPL Modular Part Library 模块化部件库MPL Multiple Parallel Loop 多平行环路MPLM Multiple PoLarization Modulation 多偏振(极化)调制MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching 多协议标记交换MPM Maintenance and Peripherals Module 维护和外围设备模块MPM Message Passing Model 报文传送模型MPM Message Processing Module 消息处理模块MPM Multi-Processor Mode 多处理机方式MPMP Microwave Point to MultiPoint 微波一点至多点MPNA MultiPort Network Adapter 多端口网络适配器MPOA MultiProtocol Over ATM ATM多协议运行MPOL MultiProblem Oriented Language 面向多种问题的语言MPP Massively Parallel Processor 大规模并行处理器MPP Message Passing Processing 报文传送处理MPP Message Processing Program 报文处理程序MPPF Multipoint Protocol Polling Function 多点协议*询功能MPR Multiple Protocol Router 多协议路由器MPS Message Processing System 信息处理系统MPS Mobile Phone Service 移动电话业务MPS Model Processing System 模型处理系统MPS MPOA Server MPOA服务器MPS MultiPriority System 多优先级系统MPSC MultiProtocol Serial Controller 多协议串行控制器MPSK Multiple Phase Shift Keying 多相移键控MPSR MultiPath Self-Routing 多通路自选路由MPTN Multi-Ptotocol Transport Network 多协议传输网络MPU Main Processor Unit 主处理器单元MPU Multimedia Processing Unit 多媒体处理单元MPVCS MultiPoint Video Conferencing System 多点视频会议系统MQ Message Queue 消息队列MR Modulation Rate 调制速率MR Multicast Repeater 多播复用器MRAS Multifame Remote Alarm Signal 多帧远程告警信号MRC Maximum Ratio Combining 最大比联合MRC Mobile Radio Communication 移动无线电通信MRCP Mobile Radio Control Post 移动无线电控制站MRCS Multiple Rate Circuit Switching 多速率电路交换MRM MultiResolution Modulation 多分辨率调制MRN Minimal Routing Number 最小路由选择数MRN Multiple Reflection Noise 多点反射噪声MRP Manufacturing Resource Planning 制造资源计划MRP Message Routing Process 信息路由选择过程MRRC Mobile Radio Resource Control 移动无线资源控制MRS Meeting Room System 会议室系统MRS Message Relay Service 消息转发业务MRSE Message Retrival Service Element 消息检索服务单元MRT Mean Repair Time 平均修复时间MRT Mean Response Time 平均响应时间MRT Message Routing Table 消息路由选择表MRTR Mobile Radio Transmit and Receive 移动无线电发射与接收MS Media Synchronization 媒体同步MS Message Storage 消息存储MS Message Store 消息存储器MS Mobile Service 移动业务MS Mobile Station 移动台MS Mobile Subscriber 移动用户MS Mode Scrambler 扰模器MS Multimedia System 多媒体系统MS Multiplex Section 复用段MS Multi-Stage 多级MS Mutual Synchronization 互同步MSA Multimedia Stream Adaptive 多媒体流量自调节器MSA Multiplex Section Adaptation 复用段适配MSAIS Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal 复用段告警指示信号MSAT Mobile SATellite 移动通信卫星MSB Maximum Spare Bandwidth 最大备用带宽MSB Most Significant Bit 最高有效位MSB Most Significant Byte 最高有效字节MSBP MultiService Billing Protocol 多业务计费协议MSB S MultiService Billing System 多业务计费系统MSC Main Switching Center 主交换中心MSC Master Supervision Center 主监控中心MSC Merge-Split Component 可组合分立式部件MSC Message Sequence Chart 信息序列图MSC Message Switching Center 信息交换中心MSC Mobile Switching Center 移动交换中心MSC Most Signification Character 最高有效字符MSC Multimedia Super Corridor (马来西亚)多媒体超级走廊MSCH Multiplex SubCHannel 复用子信道MSCM Multichannel SubCarrier Multiplexing 多信道副载波复用MSCP Mobility and Service Control Point 移动性和服务控制点MSCP Network Service Control Point 网络服务控制点MSCS Mass Storage Control System 大容量存储器控制系统MSCT Message Switching Concentration Technique 消息交换集中技术MSCU Multi Station Control Unit 多点控制单元MSD Medium Specific Decoder 中速专用译码器MSD Most Signification Digit 最高有效数字MSD SE Mobile Satellite Data Switching Exchange 移动卫星数据交换机MSD SL Multirate Single pair Digital Subscriber Line 多速率单对数字用户线MSE Maintenance SubEntity 维护子实体MSE Mean Squared Error 均方误差MSF Mass Storage Facility 大容量存储设备MSF Multichannel Selective Filter 多信道选择滤波器MSG S MeSseGe Switching 消息交换MSI Mobile Station Identification number 移动站识别号码MSIC Medium Scale Integrated Circuit 中规模集成电路MSID Mobile Station IDentifier 移动台识别码MSIN Mobile Subscriber Indentification Number 移动通信的用户识别号码MSIN MultiStage Interconnection Network 多级互连网络MSK Minimal Shift Keying 最小频移键控MSL MeSsege Length 消息长度MSL MicroStrip Laser 微带激光器MSL Mirrored Server Link 镜像服务器链接MSL Multimedia Software Layers 多媒体软件层MSL Multiplex Section Layer 复用段层MSL Multi-Satellite Link 多卫星链路MSLAN Middle Speed LAN 中速局域网MSLM Microchannel Spatial Light Modulator 微信道空间光调制器MSLR Main-to-Side Lobe Ratio 主/副瓣比MSM Matrix Stackable Module 矩阵式堆叠模块MSM Media Support Module 媒体支持模块MSM Message Switching Multiplexing 信息交换复用MSM Mobile Station Modem 移动站调制解调器MSM Multiwavelength Simultaneous Monitoring 多波长同步监视MSMC Multiwavelength Simultaneous Monitoring Circuit 多波长同步监视电路MSMR Multiple Service Multiple Resource 多业务多资源MSN Message Switching Network 消息交换网MSN Multi-Satellite Network 多卫星网络MSN Multi-Server Network 多服务器网络MSN Multi-System Networking 多系统联网MSN Mutual Synchronization Network 互同步网络MSNF Multi-System Networking Facility 多系统连网设备MSN S Multimedia Service Navigation System 多媒体业务导航系统MSO Multiple Service Operator 多业务运营商MSOH Multiplexing Section OverHead 复用段开销MSP Management Service Provider 管理服务提供商MSP Master Synchronization Pulse 主同步脉冲MSP Media Stream Protocol 媒体流协议MSP Mixed Signal Processing 混合信号处理MSP Multiplex Section Protection 复用段保护MSP Multi-Service Platform 多业务平台MSP MultiStream Processing 多数据流处理MSR Mobile Support Router 移动通信支持路由器MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number 移动通信站漫游号码MSS MAN Switching System 城域网交换系统MSS Maritime Satellite Service 海事卫星业务MSS Mass Storage Subsystem 大容量存储器子系统MSS Master-Slave Synchronization 主-从同步MSS Metropolitan Switching System 城域交换系统MSS Mobile Satellite Service 移动卫星业务MSS Mobile Satellite System 移动卫星系统MSS Mobile Subscriber Station 移动用户站MSS Mobile Suporting Station 移动通信支持站MSS Multimedia System Service 多媒体系统业务MSS Maximum Segment Size 最大段宽MSSA Multi-Service Storage Architecture 多服务存储结构MSSC Maritime Satellite Switching Center 海事卫星交换中心MSSC Mobile Satellite Switching Center 移动通信卫星交换中心MSSC Mobile Service Switching Center 移动业务交换中心MSSCSG Modular Spread Spectrum Code-Sequence Generator 积木式扩频码序发生器MSSFU Mobile Satellite Store-and-Forward Unit 移动通信的卫星存储转发单元MSSR Multiple Service Single Resource 多业务单信源MST Minimum Spanning Tree 最小生成树吐血推荐：通信英语缩语手册(MST-MXU)MST Monolithic System Technology 单片系统技术MST Multi Service Terminal 多业务终端MST Multiplex Section Termination 复用段终接设备MSU Maintenance Signal Unit 维护信号单元MSU Mass Storage Unit 大容量存储单元MSU Message Signal Unit 消息信号单元MSU Multiple Signal Unit 多重信号单元MSU Multiple Subscriber Unit 多用户单元MSVC Meta Signaling Virtual Channel 元信令虚通道MSW Machine Status Word 机器状态字MSW MagnetoStatic Wave 静磁波MSW Message SWitch 消息交换器MT Machine Translation 机器翻译MT Magnetic Tape 磁带MT Maintenance Tree 维护树MT Master Terminal 主机终端MT Message Transfer 消息传送MT Message Type 消息类型MT Mobile Terminal 移动终端MT Multimedia Terminal 多媒体终端MT Multimedia Toolkits 多媒体工具包MT-CDMA MultiTone CDMA 多音CDMAMTA Message Transfer Agent 消息传送代理MTA Multimedia Titles and Application 多媒体节目及应用MTA Multimedia Transport API 多媒体运送应用编程接口MTA Multi-protocol Terminal Adaptor 多协议终端适配器MTAE Message Transfer Agent Entity 报文传送代理实体MTBC Mean Time Between Calls 平均呼叫间隔时间MTBC Mean Time Between Complaints 平均申告间隔时间MTBD Mean Time Between Defects 平均故障间隔时间MTBD Mean Time Between Degradation 平均衰变间隔时间MTBD Mean Time Between Detection 平均(故障)检测时间MTBE Mean Time Between Errors 平均错误间隔时间MTBF Maximal Time Between Faults 最大无故障工作时间MTBF Mean Time Between Failures 平均故障间隔时间MTBI Mean Time Between Interruption 平均中断间隔时间MTBM Mean Time Between Maintenance 平均维修间隔时间MTBM Mean Time Between Malfunction 平均误动作间隔时间MTBO Mean Time Between Overhauls 平均检修间隔时间MTBR Mean Time Between Removals 平均拆换间隔时间MTBR Mean Time Between Repairs 平均修理间隔时间MTBSE Mean Time Between Software Errors 平均软件错误间隔时间MTBSF Mean Time Between Service Failures 平均业务故障间隔时间MTBSF Mean Time Between System Failures 平均系统故障间隔时间MTBSO Mean Time Between Service Outage 平均业务中断间隔时间MTC Main Test Component 主测部件MTC Main Trunk Circuit 主干线电路MTC Message Transmission Control 信息传输控制MTC Multimedia Telephone Communication 多媒体电话通信MTCF Mean Time to Catastrophic Failure 平均出现严重故障的时间MTCM Message Transmission Control Module 消息传输控制模块MTCM Multiple Trellis-Coded Modulation 多格状编码调制MTCS Multimedia Telecommunication Conference System 多媒体电信会议系统MTD Maximum Transfer Delay 最大传送延迟MTDF Mean Time to Degradation Failure 平均出现衰变的时间MTDM Multimedia Time Division Modulator 多媒体时分调制器MTDTE Mobile Telephone Data Transfer Equipment 移动电话数据传送设备MTE Message Transfer Event 消息传送事件MTE Multisystem Test Equipment 多系统测试设备。

干细胞英语词汇汇总Stem Cell Terminology and Key Concepts.Stem cells are a fascinating area of biomedicalresearch with巨大的潜力 for treating various diseases and conditions. To understand stem cell research and its applications, it's important to familiarize oneself withthe terminology and key concepts related to this field.Here is a comprehensive glossary of stem cell-related terms:1. Stem Cell: A cell with the ability to renew itself through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.2. Embryonic Stem Cell (ESC): Stem cells derived fromthe inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is a very early stage embryo. ESCs have the ability to proliferate indefinitely while maintaining their pluripotent potential.3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC): A type of stemcell generated from a differentiated cell through genetic reprogramming, usually by introducing specific transcription factors. iPSCs share many properties with embryonic stem cells.4. Adult Stem Cell: Stem cells found in adult tissues that maintain and repair the tissue throughout life. These cells are typically multipotent, meaning they can differentiate into a limited number of cell types.5. Pluripotent Stem Cell: A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type in the body, except for the placental tissues. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are examples of pluripotent stem cells.6. Totipotent Stem Cell: A stem cell that has the potential to develop into an entire organism. This type of stem cell is only found in the very earliest stages of embryonic development.7. Differentiation: The process by which a stem celltransforms into a specialized cell type with a distinct function and structure.8. Self-Renewal: The ability of stem cells to divide and produce more stem cells of the same type. This property maintains the stem cell pool and allows for continuous tissue regeneration.9. Lineage Commitment: The point at which a stem cell irreversibly commits to differentiating into a particular cell type or lineage.10. Germline Stem Cell: A stem cell that has the potential to contribute to the germline, which gives rise to eggs and sperm. These cells are responsible for passing genetic information from one generation to the next.11. Tissue Stem Cell: A stem cell that maintains and repairs a specific tissue in the adult body. Tissue stem cells are typically found in specialized niches within the tissue where they reside.12. Stem Cell Niche: The microenvironment within a tissue that supports stem cell maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation. The niche provides signals that regulate stem cell behavior.13. Pluripotency Factors: Genes or proteins that are essential for maintaining the pluripotent state of stem cells. These factors are often transcription factors that regulate gene expression.14. Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of stem cell research and therapy, including issues related to embryo destruction, informed consent, and the use of stem cells in medical applications.15. Regenerative Medicine: The field of medicine that aims to replace or regenerate damaged or diseased cells, tissues, and organs using stem cells and other biological materials.16. Stem Cell Therapy: The use of stem cells to treat diseases or conditions by replacing damaged cells,secreting therapeutic factors, or modulating the immune system.17. Transplantation: The process of introducing stem cells into a patient's body to treat a disease or condition. Transplantation can involve autologous (patient's own) or allogeneic (donor) stem cells.18. Cellular Therapies: Therapeutic approaches that involve the use of cells, either alone or in combinationwith other therapeutic modalities, to treat diseases or conditions. Stem cell-based therapies are a subset ofcellular therapies.19. Cell Culture: The process of growing andmaintaining cells in a controlled environment outside ofthe body, typically in a laboratory setting. Cell cultureis essential for stem cell research and therapy development.20. Genetic Engineering: The manipulation of genetic material to modify the traits or characteristics of an organism. In stem cell research, genetic engineering can beused to create induced pluripotent stem cells or modify stem cell behavior.These terms provide a foundation for understanding stem cell biology, research, and potential applications in medicine. As the field continues to evolve, it's important to stay up-to-date with new terminology and concepts that emerge.。

细胞培养常规操作流程英文回答：Cell culture is a fundamental technique used in biological research and biotechnology. It involves the growth and maintenance of cells in a controlled environment, providing a platform for studying cellular behavior, drug discovery, and tissue engineering. Here, I will outline the general workflow of cell culture operations.1. Cell Line Selection:The first step in cell culture is to select an appropriate cell line for the study. This can vary depending on the research objectives. For example, if I am interested in studying cancer cells, I might choose a well-established cancer cell line like HeLa cells.2. Preparation of Culture Medium:Next, I prepare the culture medium, which provides the necessary nutrients and growth factors for the cells. The medium composition can vary depending on the cell type. For example, I might use DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) supplemented with fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, andother additives.3. Sterilization and Aseptic Technique:To maintain a sterile environment, I sterilize all the equipment and materials that will come into contact withthe cells. This includes the culture dishes, pipettes, and media bottles. I also follow aseptic techniques, such as working in a laminar flow hood and wearing gloves, to minimize the risk of contamination.4. Cell Seeding and Passage:Once the cells are ready, I seed them onto a culture dish or flask. The seeding density can vary depending onthe cell type and experimental requirements. After acertain period of growth, the cells reach confluence andneed to be passaged. This involves detaching the cells from the culture vessel, usually using trypsin, and transferring them to a new dish or flask.5. Monitoring and Maintenance:During the cell culture process, I regularly monitor the cells for their growth and overall health. This includes checking for signs of contamination, such as bacterial or fungal growth. I also maintain the cells by regularly changing the culture medium, adjusting the pH level, and providing fresh nutrients.6. Experimental Manipulations:Once the cells have reached the desired confluence and are in a healthy state, I can perform various experimental manipulations. This can include treatments with different drugs or chemicals, genetic modifications, or exposure to specific environmental conditions.7. Cell Harvesting:At the end of the experiment or when I need to collect the cells for downstream analysis, I harvest them. This involves detaching the cells from the culture dish or flask and collecting them in a centrifuge tube. The harvested cells can then be used for further analysis, such as protein or RNA extraction.中文回答：细胞培养是生物研究和生物技术中的一项基本技术。

Approve 批准Artwork 药品标签Authorized Person,AQ WHO关于质量受权人Bacteriostatic Water for Injection 抑菌注射用水Batch-based production 按批次生产Blending 混合Blending batches 混批Calibration 校验Calibration 校准Campaign-based production 阶段性生产Checked 校验Cleanance or site cleaning 清场Cleaning 清洁Cleaning Validation 清洁验证Clinical Trials 临床研究Contamination 污染Contamination Control 污染控制Continuous production 连续生产Contract manufacturing 委托生产Contract Analysis 委托检验Cool Storage 阴凉储存Critical Deviation 关键偏差Critical Process Parameter 关键工艺参数Critical Processing Step 关键操作步骤Cross contamination 交叉污染Design qualification, DQ 设计确认Deviation 偏差Drinking Water 饮用水Dry Place 干燥储存education 个人学历Equipment logbook 设备使用日志Excessive heat 过热Expected Yield, expected 预期收率experience 工作经验Expiry Date 有效期Factory Acceptance Test,FAT 供应商工厂的验收测试Freezer Storage 冷冻储存Holding Time 贮存期I：Implemente 执行Impurity profile 杂质概况In-process Controls 过程控制In-process Sampling 过程取样Installation qualification, IQ 安装确认Intermediate 中间体Logbook 使用日志Maintenance Basic Practice 维护基本实践Maintenance Best Practice 维护最佳实践Maintenance Good Practice 维护良好实践Maintenance Plan 维护计划Maintenance Program 维护管理程序Manufacture 制造Master Cell Bank , MCB 主细胞库mix-ups 混淆Non-conformance 不合格Operation qualification, OQ 运行确认Out of Specification , OOS 超标Performance qualification, PQ 性能确认Preliminary Cell Bank ,PCB 原始细胞库Preventive Maintenance 预防性维护Production 生产Production Operations 生产操作Purified Water 纯化水Qaultiy Assurance,QA 质量保证Qualification 确认Qualified Person,QP 质量受权人Quality Agreement 质量协议Quality Control,QC 质量控制Quality Management,QM 质量管理Quality review 质量审核Quality Unit,QU/Quality Operations, QO质量管理部门Responsible 负责Rechecked 复验Reconciliation 物料平衡Refrigerator Storage 冷藏储存Reject 拒收Retest dates 复验期Risk Assessment 风险评估Room Temperature Storage 室温储存Safety Environment Health, EHS 环境、健康及安全Semi-continuous production 半连续生产Site Acceptance Test,SAT 用户工厂的验收测试Specification 质量标准Stability 稳定性Sterile Purified Water 灭菌纯化水Sterile Water for Inhalation 灭菌吸入用水Sterile Water for Injection 灭菌注射用水Sterile Water for Irrigation 灭菌冲洗用水Subdividing Operation 分装操作Tamper Evidence 防篡改封签Time Limits 生产时限training 培训Update Batch Production Record, BPR 批记录User Requirement Specification, URS 用户需求标准Validation 验证Validation master plan 验证主计划Verification 复核Verification 检定Water for Injection 注射用水Working Cell Bank , WCB 工作细胞库Worst Case 最差情况Yield 收率Yield , actual 实际收率Signature signed 签名CIP 在线清洗SIP 在线灭菌消毒MAINTENANCE 维护保养。

[单体]电池 cell原电池 primary cell蓄电池 secondary cell电池 battery燃料电池 fuel cell锂电池 lithium cell熔融盐电池 molten salt cell碱性电池 alkaline cell固体电解质电池 solid electrolyte cell非水电解质电池 non aqueous cell指示电池 pilot cellOEM电池 OEM battery替换电池 replacement battery储藏电池 reserve cell应急电池 emergency battery缓冲电池 buffer battery; back-up battery电压标准电池 standard voltage cell韦斯顿电压标准电池Weston standard voltage cell 激活 activation未激活的 inactivated全密封电池 hermetically /sealed cell极板 plate涂膏式极板 pasted plate极群 plate group负极板 negative plate正极板 positive plate管式极板 tubular plate极群组 plate pack极板对plate pair隔离物 spacer隔板 (plate)separator阀 valve电池外壳 cell can电池槽 cell case电池盖 cell lid电池封口剂 lid sealing pound整体电池 monobloc battery整体槽 monobloc container边界绝缘体 edge insulator外套 jacket[单体电池]电极 (cell)electrode端子 terminal端子保护套 terminal protector；terminal cover 负极端子 negative terminal正极端子 positive terminal电极的活性外表 active surface of an electrode 阳极 anode阴极 cathode电解质 electrolyte电解质爬渗 electrolyte creep电解质保持能力 electrolyte containment泄漏 leakage活性物质 active material活性物质混合物 active material mix电池组合箱 battery tray输出电缆 output cable连接件 connector矩形〔的〕 prismatic圆柱形电池 cylindrical cell扣式电池 button cell；coin cell电化学反响 electrochemical reaction电极极化 electrode polarization反极 polarity reversal cell reversal结晶极化 crystallization polarization活化极化 activation polarization阳极极化 anodic polarization阴极极化 cathodic polarization浓差极化 concentration polarization; mass transfer polarization 欧姆极化 ohmic polarization反响极化 reaction polarization阳极反响 anodic reaction阴极反响 cathodic reaction副反响 side reaction; secondary reaction;容量〔电池的〕 capacity(for cells or batteries)额定容量 rated capacity剩余容量 residual capacity体积〔比〕容量 volumetric capacity温度系数 temperature coefficient(of the capacity)质量〔比〕容量 gravimetric capacity面积〔比〕容量 areic capacity电池能量 battery energy〔电池〕体积〔比〕能量volumic energy(related to battery)〔电池〕放电 discharge(of a battery)放电电流 discharge current放电率 discharge rate短路电流〔电池的〕short-circuit current(related to cells or batteries)自放电 self discharge放电电压〔电池的〕 discharge voltage〔related to cells or batteries〕闭路电压 closed circuit voltage负载电压〔拒用〕 on load voltage (deprecated)初始放电电压 initial discharge voltage初始闭路电压 initial closed circuit voltage初始负载电压〔拒用〕initial on load voltage(deprecated)终止电压 end-of-discharge voltage; final voltage; cut-off voltage; end-point voltage 标称电压 nominal voltage开路电压〔电池的〕 open-circuit voltage〔related to cells or batteries〕开路电压温度系数temperature coefficient of the open-circuit voltage比特性 specific characteristic荷电保持能力 charge retention容量保持能力 capacity retention表观内阻 internal apparent resistance剩余活性物质 residual active mass使用质量 service mass并联 parallel connection并串联 parallel series connection串联 series connection串并联 series parallel connection标称值 nominal value电池耐久性 battery endurance贮存试验 storage test使用寿命 service life贮存寿命 storage life; shelf life连续工作试验 continuous service test金属-空气电池air metal battery碱性锌-空气电池alkaline zinc air battery碱性锌-二氧化锰电池alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery锌-氧化银电池zinc silver oxide battery中性锌-空气电池neutral electrolyte zinc air battery氯化锌电池 zinc chloride battery锌-碳电池 zinc carbon battery诸如勒克朗谢电池或氯化锌电池之类的原电池。

iCell® Cardiomyocytes2User’s GuideDocument ID: X1001Restrictions and LiabilitiesThis document is provided “as is.” FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc. (FCDI), assumes no responsibility for any typographical, technical, or other inaccuracies in this document. FCDI reserves the right to periodically change information that is contained in this document; however, FCDI makes no commitment to provide any such changes, updates, enhancements, or other additions to this document to you in a timely manner or at all.OTHER THAN THE EXPRESS LIMITED WARRANTY SET FORTH IN /TERMS-AND-CONDITIONS/, FCDI MAKES NO, AND DISCLAIMS ALL, REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS OR COVENANTS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO ANY PRODUCT REFERENCED HEREIN OR PERFORMANCE OF ANY SERVICES REFERENCED HEREIN, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, DURABILITY, TITLE, OR RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE OR NON-PERFORMANCE OF ANY PRODUCT REFERENCED HEREIN OR PERFORMANCE OF ANY SERVICES REFERENCED HEREIN).This document might contain references to third-party sources of information, hardware or software, products or services and/or third-party websites (collectively the “Third-Party Information”). FCDI does not control, and is not responsible for, any Third-Party Information, including, without limitation the content, accuracy, copyright compliance, compatibility, performance, trustworthiness, legality, decency, links, or any other aspect of Third-Party Information. The inclusion of Third-Party Information in this document does not imply endorsement by FCDI of the Third-Party Information or the third party in any way.FCDI does not in any way guarantee or represent that you will obtain satisfactory results from using iCell Cardiomyocytes2 as described herein. The only warranties provided to you are included in the Limited Warranty set forth in /terms-and-conditions/. You assume all risk in connection with your use of iCell Cardiomyocytes2.Conditions of UseiCell Cardiomyocytes2 are FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY and NOT FOR THERAPEUTIC USE. See /terms-and-conditions/ for USE RESTRICTIONS applicable to the cells and other terms and conditions related to the cells and their use.TrademarksiCell and MyCell are registered trademarks, and Cellular Dynamics and the logo are trademarks of FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc. and may not be used without the express written permission of FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.All other brands, product names, company names, trademarks, and service marks are the properties of their respective owners.OriginiCell Cardiomyocytes2 are manufactured in the United States of America.Copyright Notice© 2022 FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc. All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced, distributed, modified or publicly displayed without the prior express written permission of FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.Revision HistoryDocument ID: X1001Version 5.0: March 2022Table of ContentsBefore You Begin (ii)Chapter 1. Introduction (1)Components Supplied by FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics (2)Required Equipment and Consumables (3)Technical Support, Knowledge Base, and Training (3)Workflow Diagram (4)Chapter 2. Handling and Storage (5)Handling iCell Cardiomyocytes2 (5)Handling iCell Cardiomyocytes Media (5)Chapter 3. Preparing Cell Culture Surfaces (6)Chapter 4. Thawing Media (7)Chapter 5. Thawing iCell Cardiomyocytes2 (8)Chapter 6. Plating iCell Cardiomyocytes2 (10)Chapter 7. Maintaining iCell Cardiomyocytes2 (11)Chapter 8. Assaying iCell Cardiomyocytes2 (12)Serum-Free Medium Kit Components Supplied by FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics . 13iCell Cardiomyocytes2User’s Guide i•Immediately transfer the frozen vials to liquid nitrogen storage.•Read this entire User’s Guide before handling or using iCell® Cardiomyocytes2. •iCell Cardiomyocytes2 are FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY and NOT FOR THERAPEUTIC USE. See /terms-and-conditions/ for USE RESTRICTIONS applicable to the cells and other terms and conditions related to the cells and their use.• A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), in which iCell Cardiomyocytes2 are frozen, is available online at /product-literature/ or on request from FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics. Only technically qualified individuals experienced in handling DMSO and human biologicalmaterials should access, use, or handle iCell Cardiomyocytes2.ii FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 User’s Guide 1Chapter 1. IntroductioniCell Cardiomyocytes 2 from FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc. (FCDI), are highly purified, human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using F CDI’s proprietary differentiation and purification protocols. iCellCardiomyocytes 2 are a mixture of spontaneously electrically active atrial-, nodal-, and ventricular-like myocytes with typical biochemical, electrophysiological, and mechanical characteristics and expected responses upon exposure to exogenous agents. Thus, these cells provide a reliable source of human cardiomyocytes suitable for use in targeted drug discovery, toxicity testing, and other life science research.When thawed and plated with iCell Cardiomyocytes Plating Medium andmaintained in iCell Cardiomyocytes Maintenance Medium as instructed in this User’s Guide, iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 will begin to beat spontaneously within 24 hours. When seeded at appropriate densities, iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 also will form electrically connected syncytial layers that beat in synchrony and can be used for electrophysiology interrogation via such techniques as microelectrode array and impedance measurements on day 4 post-thaw.iCell Cardiomyocytes Maintenance Medium is antibiotic-free and has been specially formulated to maintain the health and function of the cardiomyocytes while limiting the proliferation of the small percentage of non-cardiomyocyte cells. iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 therefore can be maintained in culture for at least 14 days in the Maintenance Medium without appreciable loss of purity, enabling longer term studies. Thus, the combination of F CDI’s purification process and adherence to the procedures described in this User’s Guide makes additional use of antibiotics unnecessary.Figure 1: iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 Represent a Highly Pure Population of Human MyocytesThese example images show iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 at days 2, 4 and 7 post-plating. The cells form a syncytial layer in culture within 4 days post-plating and show the appropriate cardiac markers as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry: sarcomeric alpha-actinin (SAA, green) and Hoechst (blue). Scale bar = 50 µm.Day 7: SAA / HoechstDay 2Day 42FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.iCell Cardiomyocytes2User’s Guide 3Workflow Diagram4FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.It is critical to maintain cryopreserved iCell Cardiomyocytestemperature. Minimize exposure of cryopreserved iCell Cardiomyocytesambient temperature when transferring vials to liquid nitrogen storage.iCell Cardiomyocytes2User’s Guide 56 FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.Chapter 3. Preparing Cell Culture SurfacesiCell Cardiomyocytes 2will plate and function on a variety of substrates including gelatin or fibronectin, which have been shown to support attachment, viability, and function of iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 with similar efficiencies. Coating plates with 0.1% gelatin in water is economical, simple, and recommended method for preparing cell culture plates for culturing iCell Cardiomyocytes 2.FCDI provides application protocols that recommend assay-specific substrates. See /product-literature/ for a list of available applicationprotocols for iCell Cardiomyocytes 2. Regardless of the substrate of choice, prepare plating surfaces before thawing iCell Cardiomyocytes 2.1. Select the cell culture vessel appropriate for your experimental use. Add thevolume of 0.1% gelatin in water specified in the table below. Scale volumes appropriately for other vessel formats.96-well Cell Culture Plate0.320.1Table 1: Summary of Useful Volumes and Measures All volumes and measures are per well , if applicable.Note: For glass coverslips for immunocytochemistry or electrophysiological applications, see the iCell Cardiomyocytes Application Protocols available online at /product-literature/.2. Incubate the vessel(s) in a 37°C cell culture incubator for at least 1 hour.3. Aspirate the 0.1% gelatin in water immediately before addition of the cellsuspension.Do not allow the gelatin-coated surface to dry.iCell Cardiomyocytes Plating Medium (Plating Medium) and iCell Cardiomyocytes Maintenance Medium (Maintenance Medium) have been specially formulated to maximize the cell viability and recovery at thaw, and to maintain the health and function of iCell Cardiomyocytes2 in culture over time, respectively. Thaw and store the media as follows:1. 24 hours before use, thaw the media overnight at 4°C.2. Prepare aliquots of media and store at 4°C for up to 2 weeks.Note: The medium aliquots can be stored at -20˚C. Do not thaw and refreezethe medium aliquots multiple times.iCell Cardiomyocytes2User’s Guide78 FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.Chapter 5. Thawing iCell Cardiomyocytes 2Maintain iCell Cardiomyocytes 2in liquid nitrogen until immediately before thawing to ensure maximal performance of the cells. Complete the following steps of the thawing procedure in a time-efficient manner to facilitate optimal iCellCardiomyocytes 2 viability and performance.Note: Thaw no more than 3 vials of iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 at one time.1. Equilibrate the Plating Medium at room temperature before thawing iCellCardiomyocytes 2. 2. Remove the iCell Cardiomyocytes 2cryovial from the liquid nitrogen storagetank.Note: If necessary, place cryovials on dry ice for up to 60 minutes before thawing.3. Immerse the cryovial in a 37°C water bath for 3 minutes (avoid submerging thecap), holding the tube stationary (no swirling). Use of a floating microcentrifuge tube rack is recommended.4. Immediately remove the cryovial from the water bath, spray with 70% ethanol,and place into the biological safety cabinet. 5. Gently transfer the iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 cryovial contents to a sterile 50 mlcentrifuge tube using a 1 ml pipettor.Note: Use of a 50 ml centrifuge tube facilitates suitable mixing to minimize osmotic shock and increase cardiomyocyte viability.6. Rinse the empty iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 cryovial with 1 ml of room temperaturePlating Medium to recover any residual cells from the vial. 7. Transfer the 1 ml of Plating Medium rinse from the cryovial drop-wise over 90seconds (i.e. 1 drop every 4 - 5 seconds) to the 50 ml centrifuge tubecontaining the iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 cell suspension. Gently swirl the tube while adding the medium to mix the solution completely and minimize the osmotic shock on the thawed cells.iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 User’s Guide 98. Slowly add 8 ml of room temperature Plating Medium to the 50 ml centrifugetube. Add the first 1 ml drop-wise over 30 - 60 seconds. Then add theremaining volume over the next ~30 seconds. Gently swirl the centrifuge tube while adding the medium.9. Gently mix the contents of the 50 ml centrifuge tube by inverting 2 - 3 times.Gentle mixing is critical to ensure maximum viability. Avoid vigorous shaking orNote : Thaw up to 3 vials of iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 at one time. Once thawed, you can pool the contents of the vials before adding the rinse and final volume of Plating Medium. Follow the timing outlined in steps 7 and 8. For example, if pooling 3 vials, add each 1 ml of rinse over 90 seconds (270 seconds total).10 FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.Chapter 6. Plating iCell Cardiomyocytes 2The recommended seeding density for iCell Cardiomyocytes 2in standard cell culture plates is 156,000 viable cells/cm 2. For application-specific plating instructions, see the Application Protocols available online at /product-literature/.1. Obtain the number of viable cells/vial and viability from the Certificate ofAnalysis.2. Invert the thawed iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 cell suspension 2 - 3 times to ensurean even cardiomyocyte distribution before performing the cell count.3. Remove a sample of cells to confirm viability using a hemocytometer (usingtrypan blue exclusion to identify viable cells) or an automated cell counter.4. Calculate the final volume of room temperature Plating Medium needed toobtain a desired cell plating density (i.e., 5 x 105 cells/ml) using the number of viable cells/vial from the Certificate of Analysis. See Table 2 below for examples.Note: If your application requires higher cell densities, centrifuge iCellCardiomyocytes 2 at 180 x g for 5 minutes, remove the necessary amount of the Plating Medium to achieve the desired density, and gently resuspend the iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 pellet. Note that over-pipetting could reduce cell viability.5. Aspirate the 0.1% gelatin in water from the pre-coated cell culture vessel(s).6. Invert the cell suspension 2 - 3 times and immediately dispense the cellsuspension into the pre-coated cell culture vessel(s).7. Culture iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 in a cell culture incubator at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for4-24 hours. Proceed immediately to Chapter 7, Maintaining iCell Cardiomyocytes 2.96-well Cell Culture Plate0.320.150 x 10Table 2: Summary of Recommended Volumes and MeasuresThis table provides a guide for syncytial formation only. All volumes and measures are per well unless otherwise indicated.iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 User’s Guide 11Chapter 7. Maintaining iCell Cardiomyocytes 21. Immediately before use, equilibrate iCell Cardiomyocytes Maintenance Medium(Maintenance Medium) in a 37°C water bath.2. 4-24 hours post-plating iCell Cardiomyocytes 2, aspirate the Plating Mediumusing a pipettor and replace with the appropriate volume of MaintenanceMedium. Be careful not to touch or disrupt the adhered cardiomyocytes.3. Replace the Maintenance Medium every other day.4. Culture iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 in a cell culture incubator at 37°C, 5% CO 2.12 FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc.Chapter 8. Assaying iCell Cardiomyocytes 2iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 can be assayed in Serum-containing (iCell Cardiomyocytes Maintenance Medium), Serum-free (iCell Cardiomyocytes Serum-Free Medium) or Serum-free and Albumin-free (iCell CardioTox Assay Medium) medium. See flow chart below for reference:Note: The iCell Cardiomyocytes 2 are initially thawed and cultured as described in this User's Guide for 4-7 days. Once the maintenance media is replaced with iCell CardioTox Assay Medium, the cells can be assayed for up to 4 days. When the maintenance medium is replaced with iCell Cardiomyocytes Serum-Free Medium, the cells can be cultured for up to 14 days.iCell Cardiomyocytes2User’s Guide13。

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.An Introduction to Stem Cell MaintenancePublication Part Number MAN0006676 Revision Date 22 August 2012 IntroductionPluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) can divide indefinitely, self-renew, differentiate and functionally develop into almost any cell in the body, given the right conditions. There are several kinds of pluripotent stem cells: •Embryonic Stem Cells: Isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of a developing embryo. These early cells were destined to create a fetus following implantation. •Embryonic Germ Cells: Derived from aborted fetuses. These early cells were destined to become sperm and eggs. •Embryonic Carcinoma Cells: Isolated from certain types of fetal tumors. • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Generated via ectopic expression of one or more genes to reprogram anadult somatic cell.PSCs are generally maintained on a layer of feeder cells for many passages without any compromise toproliferation, pluripotency or differentiation potential. Feeder cells are usually murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), which must be irradiated or chemically treated to inactive them (noted as iMEF) prior to culturing with PSCs. Alternatively, PSCs can be maintained in feeder-free conditions using specialized media systems on a matrix-coated tissue culture surface. This introduction will discuss the feeder-dependent and feeder-free culture of human ESCs and iPSCs (noted as hESCs and hiPSCs), which will be referred to as PSCs.Feeder-based medium is comprised of basal medium supplemented with 15–20% KnockOut ™ SerumReplacement (KSR) and other additives. Feeder-free medium is either Conditioned Medium (CM), which iscomprised of feeder-based medium that has been conditioned on iMEFs and therefore can be used to grow PSCs in the absence of feeders, or commercially available media that support feeder-independent growth of PSCs. Helpful Tips and Tricks• General maintenance of PSC cultures requires daily removal of spent media and replenishment with freshPSC medium. It is crucial to add fresh bFGF, aseptically on a daily basis, to the pre-warmed media prior to adding to the cells. Daily visual inspection of cell morphology is highly recommended for proper growth and for the removal of any differentiating colonies via manual dissection.•As daily maintenance of the PSC cultures is required, it is helpful to develop an optimal working schedule. PSCs should be split every 3–4 days, based on colony size and distribution. Hands-on experience and a keen eye are most important in PSC culture. To avoid spontaneous differentiation of the colonies, do not :-allow colonies to overgrow and touch each other -over incubate the colonies in enzyme, when passaging them -passage huge colonies•Generally, a manageable 7-day schedule for PSC culture is employed as follows:-Monday: Feed existing PSC cultures and make iMEF plates-Tuesday: Split PSC cultures onto iMEFs prepared Monday. A 1:3 or 1:4 split, meaning one dish passaged into 3 dishes or 4 dishes, respectively, is good for maintenance.-Wednesday: Feed PSC cultures.-Thursday: Feed existing PSC cultures and make iMEF plates (unless you have remaining iMEFs from Monday, which may be used at this time).-Friday: Split PSC cultures onto iMEFs. A 1:4 or 1:5 split is good for maintenance over the weekend.-Saturday/Sunday: Feed PSC cultures.Optional: If cells cannot be fed both weekend days, you may skip a single day and just feed yourcultures an additional 1–2 mL of media the day before.Using the Correct MicroscopeFigure 1A microscope with a 5X Objective and Phase contrast or DIC is ideal to observe a PSC colony morphology (panel A). Traditionally cultured hESCs or hiPSCs appear as compact colonies surrounded by fibroblast shaped feeder cells (iMEF) (panel B).Recognizing Correct MorphologyFigure 2H9 ESC cultured on iMEF. PSCs grow in a compact colony formation with very well defined borders. PSCs have a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and the colonies grow in a 3-dimensional radial pattern.Deviation in PSC Morphology with DifferentiationFigure 3PSC colonies that are beginning to differentiate show loss of defined edges and the emergence of largedifferentiated cells. The central core remains compact and it is possible to rescue this colony by scrapping out the differentiated cells at the edges.Figure 4Differentiating colonies show loss of defined edges, possess large differentiated cells and aheterogeneous central core that is not typical of a PSC.Passaging hPSC Cultures on FeedersIn general, split cultures when the first of the following occurs:a)iMEF feeder layer is 10 days old; usually differentiation will occur more frequently if MEFs are too oldb)PSC colonies are becoming too dense or too largec)Increased differentiation occursEnzymatic Passaging of hPSCsEnzymatic passaging of PSCs will vary from cell line to cell line. Some hESC cell lines or hiPSCs may not react in the same manner to enzymatic passaging, and consequently the enzyme’s type, concentration, and exposure time must be empirically determined for the particular cell line to be passaged. If the hESC or hiPSC line being cultured is not optimally passaged enzymatically, manual or mechanical passaging must be performed. Figure 5PSC colonies can be harvested in bulk using enzymatic methods such as treatment with Collagenase Type IV for 30–60 minutes. During this time, attached PSC colonies (panel A) curl up and detach from the dish (panels B–E), leaving behind iMEFs (panel F). When the colonies begin to curl up (panels B-C), cell clusters can be gently dislodged with a 5-mL pipette. Care should be taken to not over expose the PSCs to the enzyme as it may affect the efficiency of recovery.Mechanical Passaging of hPSCsDuring the culture of PSCs, it may be necessary to manually dissect PSC colonies to either remove undesiredportions of a colony or whole colonies, or to break up and passage individual colonies. Traditional tools includea drawn-out glass Pasteur pipette and needles that can be used to dissect individual colonies. In particular, thismethod is used for maintenance of PSC colonies by removing unwanted differentiated colonies and for manually passaging colonies of PSCs that cannot be passaged enzymatically. Mechanical passaging is also animportant tool for hiPSC selection and maintenance.Figure 6 PSC colonies (panel A) may be manually dissected using a needle and syringe. Straight cuts in horizontal and vertical directions create a checker board pattern of small cell clusters that can be re-seeded for expansion and passaging (panel B). Uneven cuts (panel C) and microscale manipulations make this procedure labor-intensive.Mechanical Passaging of hPSCs Using the StemPro® EZPassage™ Disposable Stem Cell Passaging ToolFigure 7Colonies can be mechanically scored using the StemPro® EZPassage™ tool. The entire dish is scored with two quick movements and the broken-down parts of the colony are transferred to a fresh iMEF-coated dish.Daily Monitoring of Passaged hPSCsA typical passage schedule for PSC is as follows:Day 0: Seed iMEFs on Attachment Factor–coated tissue culture plates or dishes.Day 1: Seed PSCs on attached iMEF feeder layer.Day 2–4: Change media and monitor for distribution and morphology of attached colonies.Day 5: Passage PSCs onto iMEF coated dishes.•It is important to remove spent culture media and add fresh media every day. Most often, differentiated cells at the edges of each colony can be mechanically removed with a 27-gauge needle before passaging. It is critical to observe the distribution of attached colonies 24 hours post-passage.•Colonies sometimes can all be clustered towards the middle, close to each other or on top of each other. An even distribution of colonies is critical for the maintenance of undifferentiated colonies during expansion. It is also important to monitor the attachment and morphology of the colonies. In all dishes there will always be some areas with unattached cells or cells that look differentiated. However, the majority of the colonies in the dish must be well-separated, with a pristine morphology.Day 2Figure 8Cells 24 hours post-passage (Day 2). Examples of areas containing colonies with good (top panels) versus bad morphologies (bottom panels).© 2012 Life Technologies Corporation. All rights reserved. The trademarks mentioned herein are the property of Life Technologies Corporation or their respective owners. For support visit /support or email techsupport@Days 3–4Figure 9 48 to 72 hours post-passage (Days 3–4). Well-separated, seeded-down colonies continue to expand and grow in size while maintaining their morphology.Day 5Figure 10 hPSC colonies are ready for passage 96 hours post-passage (Day 4). Most colonies are large (at 5X magnification they fit the entire visual field) and the neighboring colonies begin to grow into each other.Limited Product WarrantyLife Technologies Corporation and/or its affiliate(s) warrant their products as set forth in the Life Technologies’ General Terms and Conditions of Sale found on Life Technologies’ website at /termsandconditions . If you have any questions, please contact Life Technologies at/support .DisclaimerLIFE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION AND/OR ITS AFFILIATE(S) DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THIS DOCUMENT, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. TO THE EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL LIFE TECHNOLOGIES AND/OR ITS AFFILIATE(S) BE LIABLE, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, WARRANTY, OR UNDER ANY STATUTE OR ON ANY OTHER BASIS FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, MULTIPLE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITHOR ARISING FROM THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE USE THEREOF.。

大学英语3Unit 1 Part Afantasy n. 幻想，想像wealthy a. 富裕的suspicion n. 1.猜疑，怀疑2.怀疑，嫌疑arouse vt. 1.引起，唤起，激起2.唤醒injection n. 1.投入，注入2.注射deputy n. 1.副职，副手2.代理人court n. 1.法院，法庭2.球场considerate a. 体谅的，体贴的mislead vt. 1.给... ...以错误的想法或印象，使误解 2.领错或引错方向 3.把……带坏，使误入歧途restore vt. 1.重建，修复2.使恢复，使回复barber n. 理发师Christ int. (表示气愤、厌烦、惊讶等)n. 基督（基督教创始人）republican a. 共和国的，共和政体的，赞成共和的n. 拥护共和政体的人estate n. 1.庄园；大片私有土地2.财产（尤指遗产）brick n. 砖vt. 用砖砌，用砖堵住▲auction n. 拍卖；拍卖会vt. 拍卖hedge n. 1.（土地周围的）树篱2.保护手段，防护措施fantastic a. 1.极好的，极出色的2.异想天开的，不切实际的3.奇异的，古怪的horizon n. 1.地平线2.一个人的知识、经验、兴趣的限度或范围；眼界；见识multiple a. 多重的，多样的，多的n. 倍数mess n. 1.污秽，杂乱，混乱2.困境，狼狈的处境glorious a. 1.美丽的，辉煌的，灿烂的2.荣耀的，光荣的furnish vt. 1.供给家具，用家具布置2.提供，供应panel vt. 给... ...镶面板n. 1.面，板2.专门小组wood-paneled a. 镶木板的leather n. 皮，皮革crystal n. 水晶deceive vt. 欺骗，蒙蔽inherit vt. 继承（财产、爵位、头衔等）deposit n. 1.存款2.定金，押金notify vt. 通知，报告commission vt. 委任，任命n. 1.考察团，调查团，委员会2.任务，委托commissioner n. 委员，专员，特派员▲supervise vt. 监督，管理arrangement n. 1.计划，安排，准备2.整理，排列，布置substantial a. 1.大的，相当可观的2.大体上的，实质上的bulk n. 1.大半，大部分2.（巨大的）体积，大量arrest n. 逮捕，拘留vt. 逮捕，拘留motive n. 动机，（行动的）理由bloody ad. （用于加强语气）非常，很a. 1.（用于加强语气）非常的；该死的2.血污的，流血的debt n. 欠款，债务；负债justify vt. 为... ...辩护，证明... ...正当（或有理）Phrases and Expressionsraise a glass to 向... ...祝贺，为... ...干杯turn out 打扮、装饰；露面、出现buy up 全部买进，尽量收购bring …to life 使有活力（或生气）live out 过（某种生活）bring …into court 控告，起诉fall upon dark days 遭到不幸，倒霉stick by sb. 继续支持，忠于（尤指在困难时刻）add on 附加，加上sink …into 投资fix up 修理；整修make …into 使转变为sell sth. at a loss 亏本出售Unit 1 Part BNew Wordsromantic a. 1.传奇性的，有浪漫色彩的2.不切实际的，空想的agent n. 1.政府或其他组织的特工人员2.代理人corridor n. 走廊，通道accent n. 1.口音，腔调2.重音，强音writer n. 作家，作者mysterious a. 神秘的，难解的，不可思议的crack n. 1.爆炸声，劈啪声 2.裂缝，裂纹v. 1.（使）劈啪作响，（使）发爆裂声2.打开，砸开disguise n. 伪装，伪装物vt. 1.伪装2.掩盖，掩藏exploit n. 英勇的行为，冒险的行为vt. 1.利用，开发2.剥削exceedingly ad. 非常地，极度地opera n. 歌剧aside ad. 在边上，朝边上switch v. 转变，改变n. 1.开关，电闸2.转变，改变▲thrill n. 兴奋，激动，紧张感v. （使）非常兴奋，（使）非常激动slender a. 苗条的，纤细的missile n. 导弹，飞弹swear v. 1.发誓2.诅咒，骂devil n. 魔鬼damn a. (表示愤怒、厌烦等)该死的，可恶的int. （表示愤怒、厌烦等）该死，讨厌balcony n. 阳台utter a. 完全的，彻底的，十足的vt. 发出（声音），说simplify vt. 使易懂，使易做，简化mood n. 心情，情绪evil a. 道德败坏的，邪恶的，罪恶的standpoint n. 立场，观点anyhow ad. 1.不管怎样，无论如何，至少 2.粗心大意地，随随便便地swift a. 快的，迅速的，敏捷的twist vt. 1.弯曲或压挤2.曲解，歪曲n. 变化，转折，改变grasp vt. 1.抓住2.理解，领悟frame n. 1.画框，边框，框架2.构架，骨架vt. 1.在... ...上加框2.表达，设计，构想出heave vt. 1.很费劲地抬起，举起，拽起2.（用力）发出(叹息声)n. 举起，升降oval a. 椭圆形的n. 椭圆tray n. 盘，托盘，碟liquor n. 烈性酒sigh vi. 叹息，叹气n. 叹息，叹息声shiver vi. 战栗，发抖n. 战栗，发抖Phrases and Expressionsread about 借助阅读发现或查明for one thing （用以列举理由）首先；一则in the night 在夜晚，在半夜make an appointment 预约，约会switch on 接通(电源)，开启come on （电灯、电力机器等）开，开动，运转raise the devil 非常生气，大声抱怨check on 检查，核实，调查answer the door 应声开门point (sth.) at 瞄准，对着stare after 目不转睛地追随（某人），以凝视的目光随着（某人）移动Proper NamesAlbert 艾伯特Charles 查尔斯French 法国的；法国人，法语German 德国的；德国人，德语Paris 巴黎(法国首都)Max 马克斯Berlin 柏林(德国首都)Henry 亨利Unit 2 Part ANew Words▲endurance n. 忍耐，忍耐力moderate a. 1.中等的，适中的，适度的2.中庸的，温和的evidence n. 根据，证据，证明journal n. 1.日报，杂志，期刊2.日记consume vt. 1.吃，喝2.消耗，花费（尤指大量地）supplement n. 1.增补(物)，补充(物) 2.（杂志或报纸的）副刊，增刊vt. 增补，补充bounce v. （使）弹回，（使）反弹n. 弹，弹力respectively ad. 分别地，各自地ratio n. 比率plus conj. 并且，而且prep. 加，加上n. 1.加号，正号2.有利因素a. 正的restrict vt. 限制，约束liable a. 1.易于... ...的，有... ... 倾向的2.有法律责任的，有义务的allowance n. 1.限额，定量2.津贴，补助，零用钱digest vt. 1.消化 2.领会digestive a. 消化的phenomenon n. 现象vessel n. 1.血管，脉管 2.容器，器皿 3.船，舰typical a. 典型的，有代表性的◆typically ad. 典型地，有代表性地fatigue n. 疲劳，劳累molecule n. 分子protein n. 蛋白质calculate vt. 1.计算，估算2.认为，相信，推测sufficient a. 足够的，充分的compound n. 复合物，混合物indicate vt. 1.标示，表明2.指示方向storage n. 储存，储藏advisable a. 可取的，适当的，明智的yearly a. 每年的，一年一度的physician n. 内科医生modify vt. 修改，更改，改善undo vt. 1.取消，消除 2.解开，松开shortcoming n. 缺点select vt. 选择，挑选▲cereal n. 谷类作物，谷类食物（如麦片等）plentiful a. 大量的，丰富的derive v. 1.得到，获取2.起源于striking a. 1.显著的，突出的，惊人的 2.（由于美貌而）引人注目的，吸引人的interfere vi. 1.妨碍，干扰2.干涉，干预remedy vt. 补救，纠正n. 治疗方法，解决方法Phrases and Expressionslead to 导致bounce back 恢复正常，恢复过来in general 大体上；通常up to 至多，多达，直到take in 吸入，吞入at risk 处在危险之中tip over the edge 引起明显变化；(使)进入另一状态out of breath 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁add sth. to 加，增加，添加throw up 恶心，呕吐go up （价格、水平等）升高，上升sum up 概括，总结Proper NamesPurdue University 珀杜大学Roseanne M. Lyle 罗斯安妮·M.莱尔Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 《体育运动医学与科学》(期刊名)John L. Beard 约翰·L.比尔德Nancy Clark 南希·克拉克Unit 2 Part BNew Wordssuccession n. 1.一连串的事物，一系列2.连续，接续3.继任(权)，继承(权)imply vt. 暗示，暗指rat n. 鼠，大老鼠primary a. 1.首要的，基本的，主要的2.最初的，最早的vigorous a. 强壮的，有力的，精力充沛的formation n. 1.组成，形成2.形成物，结构3.排列，队形proposal n. 1.建议，计划，方案2.求婚laboratory n. 实验室complicated a. 复杂的，难以理解或解释的obstacle n. 障碍（物）exhibit vt. 1.显示，显出2.陈列，展览n. 展览品，陈列品possess vt. 拥有，具有density n. 密集；密度multiply v. 1.（使）增加，（使）繁殖 2.乘boost vt. 改善，提高，增强，推动n. 增加；帮助；鼓舞logical a. 合乎逻辑的，条理分明的inference n. 1.推断的结果，结论2.推论，推断，推知primarily ad. 首先，主要地，基本地measurement n. 1.测量，衡量2.（量得的）尺寸，大小corresponding a. 相应的，对应的stem vi. 源于，由... ...造成n. （植物、灌木或树木的）茎，干speculate v. 推测，推断reduction n. 1.减少，减低，减缩2.减少，减低，缩小penalty n. 处罚，惩罚；罚金neglect vt. 1.忽视，忽略2.遗忘n. 疏忽，忽略maintenance n. 1.维护，保养2.保持，维持academic a. 1.学术的，学院的2.纯理论的，不切实际的concentrate v. 1.集中，集中精神2.集中，聚集revise vt. 1.修正，修改2.复习，温习cell n. 细胞consequently ad. 因此，所以equip vt. 1.使有准备 2.配备，装备tackle vt. 1.处理，应付2.与... ...交涉alike ad. 一样地，相似地a. 相同的，相像的comment v. 评论，发表意见n. 评论，意见beneficial a. 有助的，有利的，有益的Phrases and Expressionsseparate…into 将... ...分为obstacle course 越障训练；（喻）困难重重的事go through 完成，通过in contrast 相比之下apply to 适用于focus on 集中于engage (oneself) in 从事，忙于point to 表明；表示Proper NamesWilliam Greenough 威廉·格里诺University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-尚佩恩分校Arthur Kramer 阿瑟·克雷默Daniel M. Landers 丹尼尔·M. 兰德斯Arizona State University 亚利桑那州立大学Pierce J. Howard 皮尔斯·J. 霍华德Unit 3 Part ANew Wordspublicity n. 1.公众的注意；名声 2.（商业）广告，宣传，宣扬cultivate vt. 1.培养，陶冶，发展2.耕种，耕作comprehensive a. 综合的，全面的，广泛的controversial a. 有争议的，引起争议的suspend vt. 1.暂停，中止2.悬挂strain n. 1.（对精力、体力、能力的）苛求，压力2.拉紧，绷紧vt. 1.扭伤，损伤2.拉紧，绷紧3.尽力使用，使紧张vi. 竭力，尽全力preliminary a. 预备的，初步的n. 初步做法，准备工作magnet n. 1.有强大吸引力的人或物2.磁铁，磁体minority n. 1.少数民族2.少数，少数派▲quest n. 探寻，寻求，研究▲energetic a. 精力充沛的，充满活力的grammar n. 语法，语法规则conventional a. 常规的，惯例的，传统的reform v. 改革，改进，改良n. 改革，改造controversy n. 争议，争论moral n. 1.行为标准，道德规范；品行2.寓意a. 道德的▲curriculum n. 课程preparation n. 1.准备，预备2.准备工作，准备措施mixture n. 1.混合物 2.混合admission n. 1.允许进入，准许加入2.承认，供认outlook n. 1.观点，看法2.前景monthly ad. 每月地；每月一次地a. 每月的；每月一次的n. 月刊workshop n. 1.研讨会，讲习班2.车间，工场，作坊▲seminar n. 研讨会▲attendance n. 1.出席人数2.到场，出席，参加3.护理，照料session n. 1.(从事某项活动的) 一段时间2.学年；学期；上课时间utmost n. 极限，最大限度a. 最大的，极度的worthwhile a. 值得（做）的outset n. 开端，开始optimistic a. 乐观的，有信心的fruitful n. 有成果的，成功的faculty n. 1.全体教员 2.能力，才能，资质campus n. 校区，校园jail n. 监狱；监禁vt. 监禁，拘留insult vt. 侮辱，辱骂n. 侮辱，辱骂curse v. 诅咒，咒骂n. 诅咒，咒骂Phrases and Expressionssee sb./sth. as 认为某人或某物是……prepare sb. for sth. 使做好准备spread (sth.) to （使）传播be willing to do 愿意做某事，不反对做某事spend sth. on sth. / (in) doing sth. 在……上花费时间或金钱be scheduled to do 被安排，定于over protest 在有异议的情况下take responsibility for 对... ...负责任complete with 包括，备有do one's utmost 竭尽全力work out 计划，设计，想出解决难题，找到... ...的方法focus (sth.) on （使）集中于kind of 有点，有几分Proper NamesHyde School 海德中学Joseph Gauld 约瑟夫·高尔德Bath, Maine 缅因州巴思市Malcolm Gauld 马尔科姆·高尔德Joe 乔(Joseph的昵称)Hyde Foundation 海德基金会Baltimore 巴尔的摩（美国马里兰州中北部港市）New Haven,Connecticut 康涅狄格州纽黑文市Jimmy DiBattista 吉米·迪巴蒂斯塔Unit 3 Part BNew Wordscomplex a. 1.复合的，复杂的2.难以理解的，复杂的grip n. 1.控制，支配2.紧握，抓牢vt 1.握紧，抓牢2.吸引……的注意力或想像力等extreme a. 1.最高限度的，极度的 2.尽可能远的；遥远的n. 极端，过分analyze vt. 分析，细查▲stability n. 稳定，稳固mobile a. 活动的，易于移动的，流动的mobility n. 流动性，移动性，易变性differ vi. 1.不同，有异2.（在意见方面）发生分歧superior a. 1.优于，强于2.优良的，卓越的 3.（在职位、地位方面）较高的n. 上级，上司inferior a. 级别低的，社会地位低的；次要的，次等的n. 下级，下属negotiate v. 谈判，磋商negotiation n. 商议，谈判，洽谈thereby ad. 因此，从而harmony n. 和谐，融洽，和睦，一致▲consensus n. 共同看法，（意见等的）一致consideration n. 1.考虑，思考2.体谅，照顾enterprise n. 1.企业单位，商业公司2.（艰巨的）事业，计划ministry n. (政府的)部unity n. 和睦，协调，团结，统一parliament n. 议会，国会consult vt. 1.请教，咨询，找……商量2.查阅，查看vi. 交换意见，商议delicate a. 1.巧妙的，需技巧的，敏感的2.易损的，娇嫩的delicately ad. 巧妙地，细致地owing a. 应付的，未付的successive a. 继续的，连续的lag vi. 走得慢，落后n. 时间间隔；滞后fundamental a. 基本的，基础的，主要的n. 基本原则，基本法则discard vt. 丢弃，抛弃▲transaction n. 交易，业务volume n. 1.量，份量，额 2.（书的）卷，册3.音量，响度4.体积，容积，容量feasible a. 可行的，可能的，行得通的sophisticated a. 1.复杂的，尖端的2.世故的，老练的，精通的operational a. 1.操作(上)的；经营的2.即可使用的，即可行动的sincere a. 真诚的，诚实的pinch n. 1.捏，掐，拧2.一撮，微量v. 捏，掐，拧aspect n. 部分，方面dismiss vt. 1.解雇，开除2.放弃（想法、感情等），不再考虑3.解散，遣散provided conj. 如果，假若exert vt. 1.努力，用力，尽力2.运用（能力或技巧），发挥flexible a. 1.灵活的，可变通的，可适应的2.易弯曲的，柔韧的inflexible a. 不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的loyalty n. 忠诚，忠心Phrases and Expressionscome to grips with 着手解决(问题)或对付(挑战）work for 为... ...工作，受雇于... ...in contrast to 对比，比照in some way 在某种意义上；有一点，有些be related to 与... ...相关，与... ...有联系distinguish from 与... ...相区别set up 造成，产生fall through 失败，成为泡影owing to 因为，由于press for 反复请求，紧急要求wonder at 对... ...感到惊讶，惊叹lag behind 走得慢，落后in a pinch 必要时exert oneself 努力Proper NamesNomura Securities 野村证券Tokyo Stock Exchange 东京证券交易所New York Stock Exchange 纽约证券交易所Matsushita (company) 松下（公司）Matsushita 松下幸之助（松下公司创始人）Unit 4 Part ANew Wordsstatue n. 雕像，塑像，铸像liberty n. 1.自由，自由权2.许可，准许3.放肆，无礼，冒昧行为▲enlighten vt. 启发，开导monument n. 纪念碑，纪念馆alliance n. 同盟，联盟approve vi. 赞成，称许vt. 批准，同意affection n. 1.喜爱 2.爱情，爱慕之情assemble vt. 组装，装配v. （使）集合，（使）聚集torch n. 1.火炬 2.手电筒bay n. （海或湖泊的）湾exaggerate v. 夸张，夸大breast n. 1.乳房2.前胸，胸部version n. 1.版本；型号2.叙述，说法universal a. 1.全体的，一致的，普遍的2.通用的，广泛的，万能的3.宇宙的，全世界的Universally ad. 全体地，普遍地，无例外地sixty num. 六十，六十个fame n. 名誉，名望interpretation n. 1.解释，说明，描述 2.（表演、演奏的）艺术处理solemn a. 1.庄严的，肃穆的2.严肃的▲medieval a. 中古的，中世纪的inspire vt. 1.给……以灵感 2.鼓舞，激励grave a. 1.（指人）表情严肃的，端庄的2.严重的n. 坟墓，墓穴▲dentist n. 牙科医生alongside prep. 在... ...旁边，和... ....一起ad. 在旁边，并排地stretch vt. 1.拉长，拉紧，伸展2.使尽全力，到（超过）... ... 的极限vi. 扩展，延伸，延续portrait n. 肖像，画像◆buffalo n. 水牛，野牛▲nickel n. （美国或加拿大的）五分镍币，五分钱tragedy n. 1.悲剧，惨案，不幸的事件2.悲剧（艺术）settlement n. 1.殖民，移民，拓居2.解决；协议frontier n. 1.边境，边界，（美国靠近未开发地带的）边远地区2.前沿，新领域herd n. 兽群，牧群vt. 使集中在一起，把……赶在一起horn n. 1.（牛、羊、鹿等的）角2.喇叭，号角，警报器liberate vt. 解放，释放reputation n. 名声，名望inspect vt. 1.检查2.视察contract n. 合同，契约v. 订合同，订契约evolve v. （使）演变，（使）演化，（使）发展recruit vt. 招募，征兵，吸收（新成员）n. 新兵，新成员poster n. 招贴（画），海报，布告beard n. 胡子，胡须chin n. 下巴Phrases and Expressionswork on sth. 从事于，致力于be in love with sb. 与……恋爱，相爱approve of sth. 赞成，称许，满意go ahead 继续；进行for sale 出售，待售come up with 找到，想出（答案、解决办法等）rise to fame 成名name after sb. 以某人姓名命名save sb. from 拯救，使免于go against 与... ... 相反，违背run away from 突然离开，逃离Proper Namesthe Statue of Liberty 自由女神像Frederic Auguste Bartholdi 弗里德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪（1834-1904，法国雕塑家）Liberty Enlightening the World "自由照耀世界"Philadelphia 费城（美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市）New York Bay 纽约湾（靠美国纽约州东南岸和新泽西州东北岸，临哈得逊河）Barbie 芭比娃娃（一种十分畅销的金发碧眼玩具娃娃的商标名）Barbara Handler 芭芭拉·汉德勒Elliot Handler 艾略特·汉德勒Ruth Handler 鲁思·汉德勒Mattel Toy Company 马特尔玩具公司Ken 肯（人名）American Gothic 《美国哥特式》（格兰特·伍德的名画）Grant Wood 格兰特·伍德Nan 南（人名）Indian 印第安人James Earle Fraser 詹姆斯·厄尔·弗雷泽Central Park Zoo （纽约）中央公园动物园Uncle Sam 山姆大叔（指美国政府或美国人）Sam Wilson 山姆·威尔逊the American Revolution 美国独立战争（1775-1783）US Army 美国陆军Brother Jonathan 乔纳森大哥（原为18世纪英国兵对美国民兵的谑称，现可指美国或典型的美国男人）James Montgomery Flagg 詹姆斯·蒙哥马利·弗拉格（1877-1960，美国插图和广告画家）Unit 4 Part BNew Words▲cute a. 1.娇小可爱的2.聪明的，伶俐的cuteness n. 可爱saint n. 1.圣（用于人名、地名等之前）2.（基督教正式追封的）圣徒 3.圣人，道德高尚的人crush vt. 1.压倒，压垮2.打败3.压碎，压坏astonish vt. 使震惊，使惊骇calendar n. 日历，月历，年历retail n. 零售v. 零售retailer n. 零售商annual a. 1.一年的2.一年一次的；每年的n. 年刊，年鉴bold a. 1.勇敢的，无畏的2.冒失的，唐突的，鲁莽的3.醒目的；轮廓清晰的4.粗（字）体的，黑（字）体的overall n. 工作服，工装裤a. 全面的，综合的，全体的bare a. 1.裸露的2.空的；光秃的，无遮盖的distinct a. 1.种类不同的，有区别的，分开的2.清楚的，清晰的，明显的◆distinctive a. 有特色的，与众不同的elaborate a. 精细复杂的，精心制作的v. 详细叙述comprise vt. 1.由... ... 组成，包括，包含2.组成，构成peach n. 桃；桃树acid a. 1.尖酸刻薄的，讽刺的2.酸味的，酸的n. 酸，酸性物质imaginary a. 想像中的，虚构的humorous a. 幽默的，诙谐的▲trademark n. 1.明显的特征，标记2.商标；牌号feature vt. 以... ... 为特征，给... ...以显著地位n. 1.特点，特征，特色2.面貌，相貌3.特写，专题报道cigar n. 雪茄烟illustration n. 1.图解，插图2.说明，例证literary a. 文学上的classic n. 经典作品，文学名著，杰作a. 1.经典的，一流的2.古典的，传统样式的influential a. 有影响力的，有说服力的venture n. 投机活动，商业冒险v 冒险，敢于commerce n. 商业，贸易plunge v. 1.纵身投入，一头进入2.（使）陷入gratitude n. 感激，感谢sample n. 样品，式样vt. 抽样检查；试用whale n. 鲸dragon n. 龙（想像中有翅有尾、能吐火的动物）myth n. 神话◆mythical a. 1.神话的，只存在于神话中的2.虚构的，不真实的everyday a. 每天的，日常的, 平常的license vt. 给... ... 发放许可证，准许n. 1.许可证，执照2.许可，准许copyright n. 版权sunrise n. 日出（时分）distribution n. 1.（物资等的）运送2.分发，分配3.分布，分布状态decorate vt. 装饰，装潢studio n. 1.工作室，画室，摄影室2.演播室，播音室，录音室Phrases and Expressionsturn down 拒绝，驳回be suited to 适合于appear on 在... ... 上出现with an eye to 关注be comprised of 由... ... 组成dress up 穿着盛装go out （离家）去参加社交活动be influential in 有影响bother with 为... ... 操心，为... ... 费心make a living 谋生，营生show up 出现have/keep/with one's feet (planted/set) on the ground 实事求是（的），脚踏实地（的）grow up （指人或动物）长大，成年date back to 始于（某时期）take off （指思想、产品等）突然受欢迎，流行Proper NamesMary Engelbreit 玛丽·恩格尔布赖特Saint Louis 圣路易斯Ann Estelle 安·埃丝特尔Jessie Willcox Smith 杰西·威尔科克斯·史密斯Johnny Gruelle 约翰尼·格鲁埃尔Raggedy Ann "蓬发安"（洋娃娃）Phil Delano 菲尔·德拉诺Sunrise Publications 黎明出版公司Unit 5 Part ANew Wordsgraceful a. 1.优美的，优雅的2.得体的chart n. 图，图表vt. 制图表preceding a. 在前的，在先的，前面的decay n. 变坏，腐烂，衰败vi. 1.腐烂，变坏2.衰退，衰落，衰败vinegar n. 醋pit n. 1.坑 2.矿井，煤矿▲skeleton n. 1.骨骼，骨架2.梗概，提要loose a. 1.宽松的，不紧的 2.自由的，散漫的loosely ad. 松地，大致地secure vt. 1.关紧，固定2.使安全，保护3.得到，获得a. 1.安全的2.牢固的3.无忧的，安心的fluid n. 液体，流体drip v. 滴n. 1.(连续落下的)液滴2.一滴faint a. 1.微弱的2.虚弱pulse n. 脉搏vi. 搏动，跳动straw n. 1.吸管，麦管2.稻草，麦杆moisture n. 潮湿，湿气slide v. 1.（使）滑动 2.（使）悄悄地移动n. 1.滑，滑行2.幻灯片thirst n. 1.渴，口渴2.渴望liquid n. 液体naked a. 1.赤身的，裸露的 2.赤裸裸的，无遮蔽的▲gown n. 女长服；罩衣famine n. 饥荒lid n. 盖，盖子jar n. 罐子，坛子palm n. 1.手掌，掌心2.棕榈树injure vt. 伤害，损伤outline n. 1.轮廓，外形2.要点，大纲vt. 概述pillow n. 枕头rainbow n. 虹，彩虹butterfly n. 蝴蝶hint n. 1.细微的迹象2.暗示，提示v. 暗示reader n. 1.读者 2.读物，读本ounce n. (重量单位)盎司being n. 1.生物，人2.存在interval n. 1.间隔，间距2.幕间休息，中场休息blank a. 1.茫然的，无表情的2.空白的，无字的，空着的n. 空白shallow a. 1.(呼吸)浅的，弱的2.浅的3.肤浅的，浅薄的n. 浅水处，浅滩emotion n. 情感，感情，激情privilege n. 特权，优惠episode n. 1.一个事件，一组事件2.(尤指电视或无线电广播的)一集，一出，一部分association n. 1.协会，社团，组织2.联合，结交，结合Phrases and Expressionsthe pit of the stomach 胸口，心窝hang around sth. (使)在……上挂着，（使）围在……上so that 为的是，以便reach for 伸出手以触到或拿到feel for （用手、足、棍等）摸索，寻找turn towards 转向bend to 俯向make an attempt to do sth. 尝试，企图go about doing sth. 着手处理，开始做provide for sth. 为可能发生的事做安排pick sb. up 举起，抱起pull up 把... ...拉过来，把... ...拉向前Proper NamesMrs. Clark 克拉克夫人Unit 5 Part BNew Wordsstroke n. 1.中风2.击，打，敲vt. 抚摸worthless a. 无价值的，没有用处的dependent a. 1.依赖的，依靠的 2.取决于... ...的x-ray n. 1. [C] X光照片2. [C] X射线; X光■infection n. 1.传染病2.传染，感染germ n. 1.微生物，病菌，细菌2.萌芽，起源deny vt. 1.拒绝给予，拒绝……的要求2.不承认，否认condemn vt. 1.迫使……陷于不幸的境地2.批评，谴责3.判……刑，给……定罪theoretical a. 1.理论（上）的，假设的，推理的2.根据理论（而非实践）的hell n. 1.地狱2.极不愉快的经历（或事）3.用以表示愤怒或惊讶，或用以加强语气vain a. 1.不成功的，无效的，没有意义的2.自负的，虚荣的eighty num. 八十liver n. [C, U] 肝relieve vt. 1.减轻，解除（痛苦、疾病等）2.救济，援助similarly ad. 也; 同样地，类似地withdraw vt. 收回，撤消，撤退vi. 缩回，退出，撤退recommendation n. 1.建议，忠告2.推荐，介绍elect vt. 1.选择，决定2.选举fortnight n. 十四天，两星期transparent a. 1.明显的，无疑的2.透明的tube n. 1.管，软管2.（伦敦的）地下铁道throat n. 咽喉，喉咙，嗓子insert vt. 插入，嵌进permission n. 许可，准许，同意necessity n. 1.必要性，需要2.必需品cooperate vi. 合作，协作，配合phase n. 阶段，时期vt. 分期计划，按阶段执行sympathetic a. 1.有同情心的，表示同情的，同感的2.表示好感或赞同的so-called a. 所谓的，号称的neutral a. 1.中立的2.（化学）中性的profession n. 1.（尤指需要特殊训练或专门知识的）职业 2.行业，（某一）职业界 3.声明，表白arbitrary a. 任意的，武断的；专断的qualification n. 1.能力，条件；合格性2.资格，资历intimate a. 1.亲近的，亲密的2.私人的，秘密的vt. 暗示，提示intimately ad. 亲密地，私下地interference n. 干涉，干预bar vt. 1.阻止，不许2.阻碍，阻塞n. 酒吧，吧台Phrases and Expressionsmake oneself understood 使他人明白自己的意思，说清楚自己的意思on one's own 单独，独自独立地be dependent on 依赖，依靠treat with 以... ...治疗，用... ...治病go on （情况、形势、状态等）持续不变come along 到达，出现on the one hand …on the other hand…一方面... ...另一方面... ...condemn sb. to sth. 使某人做不愿做的事，把某人逼入某种状态take its course 任其自然发展，按常规进行fight off 抵抗，击退，避开be responsible for 对……负有责任in vain 无结果地，无用地come by 努力获得chances are (that…) 可能confront with 使面对（问题、挑战等）die of 死于come down to 归结为，实质上是bar…from 禁止某人做某事Unit 6 Part ANew Wordsearthquake n. 地震detect vt. 察觉，发现；探测hen n. 母鸡pigeon n. 鸽子experimental a. 实验的，用作实验的，根据实验的◆radon n. 氡（一种由镭的衰变而产生的放射性气态元素）wax vi. 变大，增强n. 蜡destruction n. 破坏，摧毁withstand vt. 经受，承受，顶住weld vt. 焊接joint n. 1.接头，接缝，接合处2.关节a. 共有的，联合的architect n. 建筑师，设计师column n. 1.圆柱，石柱，碑2.(印刷品每页上的)列，栏horizontal a. 与地平线平行的，平的，水平的beam n. 1.梁，横梁2.光束，射束vi. 1.愉快地微笑2.发光，发热vt. 播送(消息、电视节目等)vertical a. 垂直的，竖的，立式的pillar n. 1.柱子，柱状物2.有力的支持者；栋梁rod n. （木质或金属）杆，竿enclose vt. 1.围住，包住2.把……装入信封，附寄besides prep. 除... ...之外（还有）ad. 而且，此外cupboard n. 食橱，橱柜cabinet n. 1.橱柜，陈列柜 2.内阁fasten vt. 使牢固，使固定gallon n. (容量单位)加仑bacterium n. 细菌；病菌receiver n. 1.收音机，收报机，接受器2.电话听筒battery n. 1.电池2.一套，一组spade n. 铲子，锹rope n. 绳，索vt. 用绳捆或扎▲extinguish vt. 1.使熄灭，扑灭2.使(希望、爱情、感情等)破灭extinguisher n. 灭火器handy a. 1.手边的，近便的 2.有用的，方便的auxiliary a. 辅助的，补助的，附加的portable n. 轻便的，便携的，手提式的boot n. 靴子fragment n. 碎片，碎块，断片v. （使）成碎片chaos n. 混乱，无秩序sensible a. 明智的，合情理的crust n. 1.外壳；硬的表面 2.面包皮；糕饼等的酥皮accuracy n. 精确（性），准确（性）occurrence n. 1.发生的事情，事件2.发生，出现resistant a. 抵抗的，对抗的precaution n. 预防，预防措施Phrases and Expressionswatch …for 留意，观察come out of 离开，从... ...出来after all 应该记住，别忘了毕竟，终究attach sth. to sth. 把某物系在、缚在或附在另一物上in addition (to) 加之；除... ...之外at work 在工作的地方；在工作put out 熄灭，扑灭turn off 关上（电源、煤气、水等），关闭agree on 就……达成一致意见be busy with 忙于，忙碌check in 登记，报到make a difference (对某人或物)有影响/起作用Proper NamesHanshin 阪神（日本）Unit 6 Part BNew Wordsperception n. 1.感知，感觉，知觉2.认识，观点，看法accordance n. 一致，和谐duration n. 持续，持续期间rotate v. 1.（使）旋转，（使）转动2.（使）轮流circular a. 圆形的，圆的hydrogen n. 氢nitrogen n. 氮sphere n. 1.球形，球体2.范围，领域primitive a. 1.原始的，早期的2.简陋的，粗糙的shell n. 1.壳，贝壳2.炮弹vt. 剥... ...的壳insect n. 昆虫，虫■dinosaur n. 恐龙■mammal n. 哺乳动物flourish vi. 茂盛，繁荣，兴旺vt. 挥舞evolution n. 1.进化2.演变，发展manual a. 手工制作的，人工的n. 操作手册，指南ore n. 矿石，矿砂tractor n. 拖拉机fertilizer n. 肥料，化肥location n. 1.地点，位置2.（电影的）外景拍摄地proportional a. 与... ...成比例的proportionally ad. 与... ...成比例地restraint n. 1.克制，抑制，约束2.限制因素，约束措施fraction n. 小部分，片段renew vt. 1.更新，补充2.注入新的生命和精力，使恢复3.延长期效petroleum n. 石油manufacture vt. 1.（大量）制造，加工2.编造petrol n. 汽油oppose vt. 反对，反抗accelerate v. 加速，促进particle n. 粒子，微粒collective a. 集体的，共同的n. 集体，团体exceed vt. 超过，胜过，越出protective a. 保护的，防护的remote a. 1.遥远的，偏僻的 2.关系疏远的，脱离的，与……没有联系的 3.绝少的，微乎其微的ancestor n. 1.祖先，祖宗，先人2.雏形，原型retain vt. 保留，保存shortage n. 缺乏，不足threat n. 1.构成威胁的人或事物2.威胁，恐吓3.凶兆，征兆empire n. 1.帝国2.（由一个人、一个家族或集团控制的）大企业abuse vt. 1.滥用，妄用2.虐待，凌辱n. 1.滥用，妄用2.虐待ignorant a. 1.不知道的2.愚昧的，无知的mankind n. 人类Phrases and Expressionscompared to/with 跟……相比in other words 换句话说，也就是说in accordance with 依照；与... ...一致be formed from 由……构成, 由……做成take to 开始(从事) 喜欢上逃入；躲藏于in terms of 就……而论bring about 使发生out of proportion to sth. 与... ...极不成比例的，大大超过... ...的survive on 靠……活下来，靠……生存so much 这么多（表示未明确指出的数或量）use up 用尽，用光in harmony with 与……协调一致，与……相配take advantage of 利用hunger for sth. 得到某事物的渴望live with 接受，容忍be ignorant of 不知道，不了解give back 归还take away 拿走，带走Unit 7 Part ANew Wordsfestival n. 节日，喜庆日，（文化娱乐的）节lover n. 1.情人，恋人2.爱好者distribute vt. 1.（尤指向商店）供应（货物），发售2.分发，分送，分配3.使分布，散布；撒，播candy n. 糖果executive a. 执行的，行政的n. 主管，高级行政人员，行政官supermarket n. 超级市场discount n. 折扣vt. 1.打折2.不（全）信，漠视，低估headquarters n. 总部，总局；司令部avenue n. 林阴道，大街circulate v. 1.（使）移动，（使）循环，（使）流通2.（使）流传，散布，传播counter n. 柜台v. 反对，反击，对抗，反驳index n. 1.指数2.索引vt. 为... ...编索引，将... ...编入索引delivery n. 1.投递，送交；投递的邮件，发送的货物2.分娩soar vi. 1.升高，高涨2.翱翔formula n. 1.方法，计划，准则2.公式，方程式3.配方，处方sunshine n. 日光，阳光spray v. 喷，喷射，溅n. 浪花，水花moist a. 潮湿的，湿润的balloon n. 气球via prep. 通过，经由，经过bloom vi. 1.发展良好 2.开花，绽放n. 1.花2.最佳时期，繁盛时期bankrupt a. 1.破产的2.彻底缺乏(某种良好事物)的n. 破产者amid prep. 在... ...中，被... ...围绕import n. 1.进口商品，输入品2.进口，输入vt. 进口，输入breadth n. 宽度，幅度margin n. 1.差额，利润2.差数，余地，余裕3.页边，页边的空白launch vt. 1.发起（运动），推出（产品）2.使（船）下水；发射(火箭、卫星等)n. 发起；发射release vt. 1.发布，发表，发行2.释放，放开，放松n. 1.解脱，释放2.发行的新书、电影、唱片等；发布的新闻◆carnation n. 康乃馨unload vt. 1.卸（货）；从……卸下货物2.从（枪、炮）中退出子弹；从（相机）中取出胶卷chase vt. 1.驱赶，驱逐2.追捕，追赶n. 追踪，追捕rival n. 竞争对手，敌手vt. 与……相匹敌，比得上widen v. （使）变宽，扩展replacement n. 1.替代的人或物2.代替，替换，取代bundle n. 束，捆vt. 收集，归拢elevator n. 电梯，升降机typist n. 打字员crane v. 伸长（脖子）n. 起重机，吊车Phrases and Expressionsgo out of style 不再时兴，过时offer sth. to sb. 向某人提供，向某人提出range from …to …在一定范围内变化或扩展look like 看起来像；好像要be left over 剩下来，留下来hold down （使）保持低水平，（使）不增加，（使）不升高account for 1.占去2.解释go down 下降，降低nothing but 只有，除... ...以外什么也不chase sb./sth. out 驱赶，驱逐work with sb. 与某人共事，与某人协作get a break 交好运，时来运转on sb.'s side 对某人有利；赞同某人的意见long for sth. 渴望，极想the good old days （在人的一生中或在历史上）过去的美好时光Proper NamesValentine's Day 圣瓦伦丁节，情人节（2月14日，情人多在此日互赠礼物）Gerald Hager 杰拉尔德·黑格Roses Only "惟一玫瑰"花店。

专利名称：PIPING STRUCTURE FOR FUEL CELL发明人：GOTO KAZUSHI,後藤 一志,MIYAKE YASUO,三宅 泰夫申请号：JP特願平5-353144申请日：19931228公开号：JP特開平7-201352A公开日：19950804专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：PURPOSE:To provide a piping structure for a fuel cell wherein compactness of a fuel cell system can be attained to further facilitate cell maintenance, by inserting a gas supply/discharge pipe to pass through a sealed vessel of storing a cell main unit.CONSTITUTION:In a piping structure for a fuel cell inserting supply/discharge pipes 3, 4, supplying/discharging reaction gas to/from a cell main unit 1, to pass through a side wall of a sealed vessel 2 of storing the cell main unit 1, the following constitution is additionally provided. That is, the first flange 9 is provided in a side wall location of the gas supply/discharge pipes 3, 4, and on the other hand, the second flange 8 opposed to the first flange 9 is provided in a wall of the sealed vessel 2. The first/second flanges 9, 8 are mounted to be wound by a reverse V-shaped band body 15, and by fastening it by a tightening member, the first/second flanges 9, 8 are brought into pressure contact by a sloped surface part of the band body 15.申请人：SANYO ELECTRIC CO LTD,三洋電機株式会社地址：大阪府守口市京阪本通2丁目5番5号国籍：JP代理人：中島 司朗更多信息请下载全文后查看。