207考研英语阅读每日精选：预算趣录

2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 , there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals2.[A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully3.[A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected4.[A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5.[A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6.[A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7.[A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9.[A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10.[A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11.[A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12.[A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13.[A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14.[A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15.[A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16.[A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17.[A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18.[A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19.[A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20.[A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer pl ayer in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increasessoccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccermania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept impr oving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startlingassertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numericalsequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s t he difference between love and fondness? Or what is thenature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both com e in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional tests are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at t he side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ futurehealthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids[B] Build Your Kids’ Work Skills[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are[G] Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school toYou can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also,Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They canTeachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizationalThey should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links theseconcepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.Thesecan only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsWrite a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文主要论述了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在独立以后面临的各种问题。

阅读综合辅导SAMPLE 1[经济学类]Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities — as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (line 9, paragraph 1) are[A] more popular with large corporations.[B] more concrete.[C] less controversial.[D] less expensive to enforce.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial?[A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.[D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.[答案与考点解析]【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。

2007 Text 1如果你打算在2006年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合：优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。

如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。

什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这增加了踢足球的持久力；c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不是。

58岁的安德斯?埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他说，他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一猜测。

在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他认识到，如果他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。

他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。

“在经过大约20小时的训练之后，第一个试验对象（复述）的数字跨度从7个上升到20个，” 埃里克森回忆说。

“该试验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练后，他复述的数字已经达到80多个。

”这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。

换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。

埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。

有意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。

相反，它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。

因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。

他们收集了能够收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。

TEXT 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late stage cancer care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the US spent ＄12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be ＄1540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68 year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 56. What is implied in the first sentence? ［A］ Americans are better prepared for death than other people. ［B］ Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. ［C］ Americans are over confident of their medical technology. ［D］ Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that . ［A］ medical resources are often wasted ［B］ doctors are helpless against fatal diseases ［C］ some treatments are too aggressive ［D］ medical costs are becoming unaffordable 58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of . ［A］ strong disapproval ［B］ reserved consent ［C］ slight contempt ［D］ enthusiastic support 59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care . ［A］ more flexibly ［B］ more extravagantly ［C］ more cautiously ［D］ more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that . ［A］ medicine will further prolong people's lives ［B］ life beyond a certain limit is not worth living ［C］ death should be accepted as a fact of life ［D］ excessive demands increase the cost of health careachieve12 v.①完成，实现；②达到，达成，获得 aggressive5 a.①侵略的，好⽃的；②⼤胆的，积极的 attitude14 n.①（to，towards）态度，看法；②姿势 author69 n.①作者；②创始⼈ billion11 num./n.［美］⼗亿，［英］万亿 cancer11 n.癌 chair4 n.①椅⼦；②主席（职位）；vt.主持，担任 claim12 v.①要求；②声称，主张；③索赔；n.①要求；②主张，断⾔；③索赔；④权利，要求权，所有权 conclude5 v.①结束，终结；②断定，下结论；③缔结，议定 confident3 a.（of，in）确信的，⾃信的 confront3 v.①使⾯临，使遭遇；②⾯对（危险等） consent3 v./n.（to）同意，赞成，答应 contempt4 n.轻蔑，藐视 contrast5 v.对⽐，对照；n.对⽐，对照，差异 court10 n.①法院，法庭；②宫廷，朝廷；③院⼦；④球场 doctor12 n.①博⼠；②医⽣；v.伪造，篡改 dramatic4 a.①戏剧的，戏剧性的；②剧烈的，激进的；③显著的，引⼈注⽬的 energetic2 a.有⼒的，精⼒旺盛的 enthusiastic2 a.热情的，热⼼的 excessive3 a.过多的，过分的来源:考试⼤ express4 v.表达，表⽰；a.特快的，快速的；n.快车，快运 failure6 n.①失败，不及格；②失败者；③故障，失灵；④未能 fatal4 a.致命的，毁灭性的 finite2 a.有限的 former10 a.①前任的；②以前的，在前的；pron.前者 frustrate1 v.挫败，阻挠，使灰⼼ fund14 n.资⾦，基⾦；v.资助，投资 governor1 n.总督，州（省）长 hip2 n.髋部；a.时髦的 humble2 a.①谦卑的，恭顺的；②低下的，卑微的；v.降低，贬抑 ideal5 a.①理想的，完美的；②空想的；③理想主义的；④唯⼼的；n.理想 imply12 v.意指，含...意思，暗⽰ inevitable5 a.不可避免的，必然发⽣的 intend15 v.想要，打算，企图 justice2 n.①公正，公平；②审判，司法；③法官 justify8 v.证明...是正当的，认为有理 measure14 v.测量；n.①尺⼨，⼤⼩；②［常pl.］措施，办法；③法案，法律规定 mere7 a.①纯粹的；②仅仅，只不过 obvious13 a.明显的，显⽽易见的 optional1 a.可以任选的，⾮强制的 painful5 a.疼痛的，使痛苦的 perish1 v.①丧⽣；②凋谢；③毁灭，消亡 physician10 n.内科医⽣ potential13 a.①潜在的，可能的；②势的，位的；n.潜能，潜⼒ procedure4 n.程序，⼿续，步骤 productive4 a.⽣产（性）的，能产的，多产的 prolong3 v.拉长，延长 proof2 n.①证据，证明；②校样，样张 pursuit6 n.①追赶，追求；②职业，⼯作 quest3 n.寻求 quote5 v.引⽤，援 reality10 n.①现实，实际；②真实 remark7 n.（about，on）评语，议论，意见；v.①（on）评论，谈论；②注意到，察觉 replace7 v.①放回，替换，取代；②归还 reserve2 n.①储备（物），储藏量，储备⾦；②缄默，谨慎；v.①保留，储备；②预定，预约 resource7 n.①［pl.］资源，财⼒；②办法，智谋；③应变能⼒；④设备 reverse1 n.①相反，反转，颠倒；②背⾯，后⾯；a.相反的，倒转的；v.颠倒，倒转，（使）倒退 scholar5 n.学者 sentence9 n.①句⼦；②判决，宣判；v.宣判，判决 shield2 n.①防护物，护罩；②盾，盾状物；v.保护，防护 solve9 v.解决，解答 supreme2 a.①极度的，最重要的；②⾄⾼的，的 surgeon1 n.外科医⽣ sustain5 v.①⽀撑，撑住；②维持，持续，经受，忍耐 system31 n.①系统，体系；②制度，体制 technology27 n.⼯艺，技术 therapy2 n.治疗，理疗 threaten8 v.①恐吓，威胁；②有...危险，快要来临 trend12 n.倾向，趋势；v.伸向，倾向 unlikely5 a.未必的，靠不住的 vain2 a.①徒劳的，徒然的；②⾃负的，虚荣的；n.徒劳，⽩费 worth5 n.价值；a.值得的 advance10 v.①前进，进展；②推进，促进；③提出（建议等）；④提前；n.①前进，进展；②预付，预⽀ cataract1 n.①⼤瀑布；②⽩内障 cautiously1 ad.慎重地 clinical1 a.临床的 consumer20 n.消费者 dazzlingly1 ad.灿烂地，耀眼地 depression2 n.①沮丧，消沉；②（经济）萧条，不景⽓ disapproval1 n.不赞成 disintegrate1 vt.（使）分解，（使）碎裂 expectancy2 n.期待，期望 extravagantly1 ad.挥霍⽆度地 flexibly1 ad.易曲地，柔软地 genetically2 ad.遗传地 inability1 n.⽆能，⽆⼒ ineffective2 a.⽆效的 infirm1 a.弱的，不坚固的，柔弱的 leader10 n. overfund1 vt.对...提供充⾜资⾦ productively1 ad.有结果地，有成果地 reasonably2 ad.适度地，相当地 routinely1 ad.例⾏公事地 surgical1 a.外科的，⼿术上的；n.外科病房，外科⼿术 treatment7 n.待遇，对待，处理，治疗 unaffordable1 a.供应不起的 underfund1 vt.投资不⾜ unimaginable2 a.，想不到的，不可思议的 unsustainable1 a.不能成⽴的，不能⽀持的　难句1 Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. ［结构分析］ 1. 本句主⼲结构为：... we demand everything ... ； 2. everything后⾯是that引导的定语从句，that在从句中作主语； 3. 第⼀个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分，第⼆个逗号后⾯是even if引导的让步状语从句； ［本句难点］主要是过去分词作状语，以及定语从句的⽤法； ［⽅法对策］抓住句⼦主⼲，然后再分析状语等其他成分； ［例句精译］由于医疗费⽤由第三⽅⽀付，我们常常要求⽤尽所有的医疗⼿段，即使它们不会有任何作⽤。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-陕西师范大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题The lawyer promised to go to great to defend him.问题1选项A.lengthsB.measuresC.effortsD.endeavors【答案】A【解析】考查短语搭配。

A选项lengths n.长度（指距离，时间）；B选项measures n.方法，对策；C选项efforts n.努力；D选项endeavor n.努力，尽力。

go to great lengths 表示“竭尽全力；不遗余力”，因此，正确答案是A项。

句意：律师向他保证会竭尽全力为他辩护。

2.单选题Diamonds have little______value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity. 问题1选项A.extinctB.permanentC.surplusD.intrinsic【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A选项extinct“灭绝的”；B选项permanent“永恒的，不变的”；C选项surplus“过剩的”；D选项intrinsic“固有的，内在的，本质的”。

根据their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity可知D选项符合语义。

句意：钻石几乎没有内在价值，其价格几乎完全取决于其稀缺性。

3.单选题I wouldn’t______to interfere. Instead, I let my students m ake their own decision问题1选项A.resumeB.presumeC.assumeD.consume【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项resume“重新开始，恢复，继续”；B选项presume“假设，冒昧，擅自主张”；C选项assume“假定，认为，承担”；D选项consume“消耗，消费”。

2021考研英语双语阅读材料：零花钱也要移动化时间一天天的过去，可以备考的时间越来越少，为了做好备考，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语双语阅读材料：零花钱也要移动化”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯！2021考研英语双语阅读材料：零花钱也要移动化Children may not be stashing coins in piggy banks for much longer；with the move towards acashless society，pocket money is moving digital.孩子们今后可能不会再把零花钱存在存钱罐里了。

随着无现金社会的发展，零花钱也在数字化。

To reflect this trend， a flurry of mobile budgeting apps for children has sprung up worldwide： GoHenry， Osper and Gimi to name a few.为了紧跟潮流，全球出现了多个儿童移动理财应用程序，比如GoHenry、Osper和Gimi等等。

These apps offer a simple money management service for children，often for a monthlysubscription fee paid by the parents. Parents can add money to children＇s accounts，set limitsand monitor transactions，while children can choose to save their money or spend it using aprepaid card that works like a debit card. The apps suggest minimum ages ranging from six tonine for the prepaid card.这些应用程序为孩子们提供简单的理财服务，通常由父母每月支付费用。

2007 Text 1如果你打算在2006年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合：优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。

如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。

什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这增加了踢足球的持久力；c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不是。

58岁的安德斯?埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他说，他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一猜测。

在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他认识到，如果他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。

他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。

“在经过大约20小时的训练之后，第一个试验对象（复述）的数字跨度从7个上升到20个，” 埃里克森回忆说。

“该试验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练后，他复述的数字已经达到80多个。

”这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。

换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。

埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。

有意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。

相反，它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。

因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。

他们收集了能够收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。

2007年考研英语阅读解翻译与解析2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题解析文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。

文章首段主题句叙述到By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立国家。

本文的中心思想为前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。

本文的中心思想为前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。

本文的中心思想为前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。

题目解析：By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked2 to the future.1．［A］natives ［B］inhabitants ［C］peoples ［D］individuals2．［A］confusedly［B］cheerfully ［C］worriedly ［D］hopefully1. 语意辨析题本题目选择名词，在句子中充当主语。

句子叙述到The roughly 20 millionof these nations looked to the future. “这些国家大概有2000万…对未来…。

”选项A. natives 本地人；B. inhabitant居民;C. peoples 民族；D. individuals个体。

不难发现，选项A. natives 本地人，“这些国家大概有2000万本地人…”，符合句子含义；选项B. inhabitant居民，“这些国家大概有2000万居民…”，符合句子含义；选项C. peoples 民族，“这些国家大概有2000万个民族”，显然有悖于常理，不符合句子含义；选项D. individuals 个体，“这些国家大概有2000万个体…”，不符合句子含义，个体一般用于区分于集体时使用。

众所周知，考研是⼈⽣的⼀次重新洗牌和重⼤机遇，⽽在考研的四门课程中，英语成了许多考⽣前进征途上的⼀只凶猛拦路虎和⼗分困难的羁跘与障碍。

详细分析历年考研英语试卷，⼜可以发现主要⽭盾在于阅读(占60%的分数)，故可谓：得阅读者得天下。

阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C，其中Part A为四篇阅读理解，占40分，是阅读理解考试中的主战场。

那么，阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢? 技巧⼀：看懂 阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”，所以，看得懂乃是第⼀项技巧。

任何⼀篇⽂章，若要能看懂它，⾄少需要两个条件：认识单词和看明⽩句⼦。

单词就像盖房的砖⽡，考研词汇⼤约为5500个，这不是⼀个⼩数字，也并⾮三两天时间可以记住的，所以，考⽣必须先买⼀本考研英语词汇书进⾏系统、长期的学习和记忆。

(推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》，该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法，⽽是采⽤历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据，将所有⼤纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从⾼到低排列，⽽且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句，可以使学⽣⽤最少的时间获得的学习效果)。

拿到词汇书之后，⾸先⽤⼤约⼀周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来，如rear，tedious，deteriorate，plausible，jargon，isotope，……，(因为这些单词你可能完全不认识，看到之后两眼漆⿊，所以称之为“⿊”字)。

“⿊”字是阅读的头⼀个障碍，单词不认识，句⼦当然看不懂，所以，消灭“⿊”字是当务之急。

(争取⽤⼀个⽉左右的时间消灭它们!) 考研词汇中，除“⿊”字外，还有⼤量意思⾮常明⽩的所谓“⽩”字，如：able，benefit，culture，space，topic，……。

此类单词可⼀掠⽽过，除“⿊”(完全不认识)和“⽩”(完全明⽩)字两类外，还有许多似会不会的“灰”字，如：treaty，tutor，sample，saddle，fuss，……。

考研英语2007年阅读在2007年的考研英语考试中，阅读理解部分的难度适中，但对考生的词汇量和理解能力提出了较高的要求。

文章选材广泛，涵盖了社会、科技、教育等多个领域，旨在考查考生对不同类型文章的理解能力。

首先，文章A讨论了网络对人们社交方式的影响。

随着互联网的普及，人们越来越多地依赖于线上交流，而忽视了面对面的社交。

文章指出，虽然网络提供了便捷的沟通方式，但过度依赖网络交流可能导致人们在现实生活中的社交技能退化。

此外，网络交流的匿名性也可能导致人们在表达观点时更加极端，从而加剧了社会的分裂。

文章B则关注了教育领域中的一个问题：学生对学习的动机。

文章提到，传统的教育模式往往强调成绩和排名，这可能导致学生为了追求高分而忽视了学习的本质。

作者认为，教育应该更加关注培养学生的内在动机，帮助他们发现学习的乐趣，而不是仅仅为了考试而学习。

文章C探讨了科技发展对人类工作的影响。

随着自动化和人工智能的快速发展，许多传统的工作岗位正在被机器取代。

文章指出，虽然科技进步带来了生产效率的提升，但同时也引发了就业问题。

作者呼吁社会应该重视这一问题，通过教育和培训帮助人们适应新的工作环境。

最后，文章D讨论了全球化对文化多样性的影响。

随着全球贸易和文化交流的加深，不同文化之间的界限变得越来越模糊。

文章认为，虽然全球化促进了文化的交流和融合，但同时也可能导致某些文化特色的消失。

因此，保护和传承各地的文化特色显得尤为重要。

总的来说，2007年考研英语的阅读理解部分不仅考查了考生的语言能力，还涉及了社会、科技、教育和文化等多个领域的知识。

这些文章不仅提供了丰富的信息，也引发了人们对现代社会问题的深思。

考研英语（阅读）-试卷27(总分70,考试时间90分钟)2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.As college seniors hurtle into the job hunt, little lies on the resume—for example, claiming a degree when they"re three credits shy of graduation—seem harmless enough. So new grads ought to read this memo now: those 20-year-old falsehoods on cream-colored, 32-lb. premium paper have ruined so many high-profile executives that you wonder who in the business world hasn"t got themessage.A.resume listing two fabricated degrees led to the resignation of David Edmondson, CEO of RadioShack, in February. Untruthful resume have also hindered the careers of executives at the U.S. Olympic Committee. The headlines haven"t dented job seekers" desire to dissemble even as employers have grown increasingly able to detect deception. InfoLink Screening Services, a background-**pany, estimates that 14% of job applicants in the U.S. lie about their education on their resumes. Employees who lie to get in the door can cause untold damage on a business, experts say, from staining the reputation and credibility of a firm to upending co-workers and projects to igniting shareholder wrath—and that"s if the he is found out. Even when it isn"t, the falsified resume can indicate a deeply rooted inclination toward unethical behavior. "There"s a lot of evidence that those who cheat on job applications also cheat in school and in life," says Richard Griffith, director of the industrial and organizational psychology program at the Florida Institute of Technology. "If someone says they have a degree and they don"t, I"d have little faith that person would tell the truth when it came to financial statements and so on." Employers" fears have sparked a boom in the background-screening industry. But guarding the henhouse does little good if the fox is already nestled inside. To unmask the deceivers among them, some employers are conducting checks upon promotion. Verified Person markets its ability to provide ongoing employee screening through automated criminal checks. With this increased **es a thorny new dilemma; figuring out whether every lie is really a fireable offense. Many bosses feel that a worker"s track record on the job speaks more strongly than a stretched resume, says John Challenger of the outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. Rather than booting talented workers, Challenger suggests, employers should offer a pardon period "A moratorium would let anyone who needs to come clean," he says And the culprit could always go back to school and finish that degree—maybe even on company time.1. By citing the examples of David Edmondson, the author intends to show that_____.A. little lies on the resume seem risk-free to **panyB. falsehoods on the resume may lead to career collapseC. high-profile executives have to be careful about their backgroundD. fabricated degrees can sometimes bring positions to senior executives2. By saying "The headlines haven"t dented job seekers" desire to dissemble" (Para. 2), the author means that _____.A. the news hasn"t prevented job applicants from being dishonestB. the headings have made job seekers more eager to hide their true feelingsC. the news hasn"t any kind of impacts on job applicants at allD. the headings have succeeded in persuading job seekers to give up lying3. If a lie is found out, one consequence will probably be _____.A. the increased number of laid-off coworkersB. the interference of stakeholdersC. the possibility of more unethical behaviorsD. the ruined image of **pany4. Falsehood on resume shows that the job seeker may _____.A. have extreme views towards workingB. be more likely to cheat in other fieldsC. stay honest in financial statementsD. seek other ways to convey the truth5. According to Challenger, when the bosses screen out deceivers in **panies, they tend to_____.A. fire them immediately without listening to any excusesB. evaluate their personality again through background-screeningC. give them a period of time to make a remedyD. offer all talented employees the opportunities to finish degreeAfter clashes between riot police and protesters, workers at the Keihin Hotel in Tokyo were forcibly ejected on January 25th. They had been fired in October when the hotel went bankrupt, but decided to keep it running—an example of the lengths to which people will go to keep their jobs in Japan, where unemployment is suddenly rising at an alarming rate. Over 150,000 people are expect-ed to lose their jobs between October and March. Hisashi Yamada of the Japan Research Institute expects 1.5 million job losses by the end of next year, lifting the unemployment rate from 4% last year to over 6%. Though low by international standards, yet that is exceptionally high in Japan. Hardest hit will be "non-regular" workers—those who work part-time, as day-laborers, for a fixed duration, or under agency contracts. "Regular" workers enjoy benefits such as housing, bonuses, training and (usually) lifetime employment, but non-regular workers earn as little as 40% of the pay for the same work, and do not receive training, pensions or unemployment insurance. In the past 20 years their numbers have grown to one-third of all workers. For years most Japanese ignored their predicament. But now their problems have erupted into plain sight. In January around 500 recently fired, homeless people set up a tent village in Hibiya Park—a highly visible spot in the centre of Tokyo. Politicians and television news crews flocked to the scene. The embarrassed city government eventually found accommodation for the park"s homeless in unused city-owned buildings, though it put them up for only a week. The problem is that Japan lacks a social safety net, says Makoto Yuasa, the organizer of the Hibiya tent village, who dropped out of a PhD program at Tokyo University to help homeless people. Because families or companies traditionally looked after people, the state did not have to. Moreover, there is a stigma in Japan if an unemployed person asks for help: "If you don"t work, you don"t deserveto eat", the saying goes. Yet there are signs of change. The main political parties recognize the need to establish better support and training for non-regular workers. And there is even a new government program to help unemployed foreign workers, such as Brazilians who worked at car factories, so that they do not leave Japan if they are laid off. With a shrinking population and workforce, losing skilled hands would **pound the country"s woes when the economy eventually recovers.6. We can infer from the event of Keihin Hotel in Japan that _____.A. workers would try every means to keep their jobsB. the protesters are fired because of several conflictsC. the hotel has to be shut down to avoid further clashesD. unemployed workers cause instability in the society7. The main difference between regular workers and non-regular workers lies in ____ .A. working environmentB. legal statusC. job benefitsD. labor intensity8. The word "predicament" (Para. 3) most probably means_____.A. plightB. inferiorityC. povertyD. misery9. The text suggests that tent village in Hibiya Park has_____.A. shown most laid-off workers in Tokyo were homelessB. helped 500 homeless or jobless people to find a living placeC. changed the traditional view of working in JapanD. pushed the city government to address the social security problem10. Which of the following is true according to the text?A. The unemployment rate in Japan is relatively **pared with other nations.B. The present unemployment rate in Japan is among the highest in its history.C. The government has not yet recognized the need to help non-regular workers.D. The government is reluctant to take measures to keep the technical workers.The realization that colds can kill has renewed interest in finding vaccines and treatments. The trouble is that **mon cold is caused not by one virus but by hundreds of different ones. This means a vaccine or drug that works against one of these viruses, or one family of viruses, is usually ineffective against all the others. What"s more, because colds are usually so mild, if treatmentscause even minor side effects they can be worse than the disease. Such treatments will never get approval for general use, which is why **panies instead focus on drugs that relieve symptoms. Nevertheless, some drugs and vaccines are being developed against the cold viruses most likely to turn nasty.A vaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), a virus which can cause serious illness in young children and the elderly, is going through clinical trials. It consists of a weakened strain of the virus given as a nasal spray. A treatment for RSV infections, based on RNA interference, is also in development. However, treatments for specific viruses are useless unless your cold is caused by the virus in question—and doctors have no quick way to work out which virus is to blame for a cold. Systems to do this are under development, mostly based on looking for specific DNA or RNA sequences, but none are near to reaching the market. An alternative approach would be to keep taking drugs that prevent infection throughout the cold season, such as a derivative of the anti-smallpox drug cidofovir which has been shown to combat adenoviruses, viruses that can cause upper respiratory infections. But again,as adenoviruses are only responsible for a few percent of colds, the benefits hardly justify the expense and risk of side effects from remaining on a drug permanently. Short of everyone on the planet isolating themselves for two or three weeks, so existing cold viruses run out of hosts and die out, it is hard to see how we can ever defeat **mon cold. Even then, new cold viruses would evolve in time from animal viruses. Some even question whether it is desirable to try to eliminate colds. "It"s blind speculation," says Joel Weinstock of Tufts University in Boston in the US, "but **mon cold may protect us from more serious viruses." An occasional sniffle might be a price worth paying if it keeps our immune defenses primed.11. The drugs against colds are usually ineffective because _____.A. colds are usually not seriousB. drugs can only relieve the illnessC. drugs against some viruses have side effectsD. hundreds of viruses can lead to colds12. The phrase "turn nasty" (Para 2) most probably means that the cold viruses could be_____.A. unpleasant and disgustingB. fruitless and disappointingC. dangerous and severeD. ineffective and painful13. It could be inferred from the third paragraph that _____.A. specific DNA or RNA sequences are developed to detect the virusesB. it is not a quick way to look for DNA sequencesC. systems to detect viruses are working to enter the marketD. treatments for some specific virus are successful14. Keeping taking drugs that prevent infection throughout the cold season will _____.A. cure **pletelyB. become inexpensive in the long runC. increase the risk of addiction to drugsD. have more side effects than other choices15. According to Joel Weinstock, it"s impossible and unnecessary to _____.A. try to get rid of **mon coldB. produce vaccines to defeat coldC. protect us **mon coldD. protect us from more serious virusesGive the Senate some credit: in shaping the current immigration-reform bill, it **e up with one idea that almost everybody hates. That"s the plan to create a new class of "guest workers"—immigrants who would be allowed to work in the U.S. for three two-year stretches, at most, provided that they return home for a year after each visit. Conservatives dislike the plan because they elieve that the guest workers won"t return home after their visas expire. Liberals dislike it because they believe the program will depress American wages and trap guest workers in a state of serfdom. The only vocal supporters of the provision are businesses that rely heavily on immigrant labor, and they"re presumably just looking out for themselves. With the broader concerns about the effects of illegal immigration, the hostility to the new plan is understandable. It"s also misguided. However imperfect, the guest-worker program is better than any politically viable alternative. Opponents of immigration sometimes imply that adding workers to a workforceautomatically brings wages down. But immigrants tend to work in different industries than native workers, and have different skills, and so they often end up complementing native workers, rather **peting with them. That can make native workers more productive and therefore better off. According to a recent study by the economists Gianmarco Ottaviano and Giovanni Peri, between 1990 and 2004 immigration actually boosted the wages of most American workers; its only negative effect was a small one, on the wages of workers without a high-school diploma. And if by increasing the number of legal guest workers we reduced the number of undocumented workers, the economy would benefit even more. Guest workers are also, paradoxically, less likely than illegal immigrants to become permanent residents. The U.S. already has a number of smaller—and less well-designed—temporary-worker programs, and there"s no evidence that workers in those plans routinely overstay their visas. One remarkable study found that after border enforcement was stepped up in 1993 the chances of an illegal immigrant returning to his homeland to stay fell by a third. In fact, whatever benefits the guest-worker program brought to the U.S. economy or to particular businesses, the biggest winners would be the workers themselves. Congress, of course, is under no obligation to care about foreign workers. But the program"s costs to American workers are negligible, the gains for the guest workers are enormous, and the U.S. economy will benefit. This is that rare option which is both sensible and politically possible.16. In Paragraph 2, the author holds that the guest-worker program will _____.A. arouse great concerns about illegal immigrationB. be a sensible way to solve the immigration problemsC. be hazardous to the improvement of working structureD. bring **petitions to local laborers17. Gianmarco Ottaviano and Giovanni Peri point out that immigration _____.A. is immune from negative effectsB. has lead to economic prosperity and social stabilityC. has enhanced wages of most American workersD. will root out illegal documentation of workers18. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 4?A. Illegal immigrants have more chances to stay permanently in the U.S. than guest workers.B. With stepped-up border control, illegal immigrants are more likely to stay in their homeland.C. Workers in temporary-worker programs usually pay no attention to their visa duration.D. Guest workers will not stay too long because of the enhanced border enforcement.19. The plan of creating a new class of "guest workers" _____.A. has aroused criticism from conservatives, liberals and the business worldB. has allowed immigrants to work in the U.S. for six consecutive yearsC. will benefit both businesses and immigrant labor employersD. will give people a good reason to treat such workers as slaves20. What is the author"s attitude towards guest workers plan?A. Negligible.B. Obscure.C. Indifferent.D. Favorable.It was just a **pared with the more infectious disaster that killed millions more people in 1918, but the 1957 influenza pandemic that sickened some 25 to 30 percent of the American population was a medical watershed for the clues that it offered about how a new strain of influenza could spread. Americans first got a whiff of the so-called Asian flu when Maurice Hilleman, aphysicianat Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., read about an unusually large number of people-some 250,000—who **e down with flu-like symptoms in Hong Kong. Concerned, he immediately requested samples from American servicemen in Asia and within days had his answer. The genetic structure of this strain was like nothing immunologists had ever seen before. When the virus finally hit America: "It went like a house on fire," recallsD.A Henderson, then the chief of the United States Epidemic Intelligence Service. Worsened by school openings that fall, the flu spread so rapidly from a few counties in Louisiana that just eight weeks later it had heavily infected more than half the counties in nearly all 50 states. Although it wasn"t particularly potent, the 1957 strain killed about 80,000 Americans. The victims were predominantly the very old and the very young, although the infection occasionally killed otherwise healthy adults as well. **panies worked furiously to produce a vaccine, ultimately distributing some 40 million doses. But "they were just a little bit too late," says Arnold Monto, an influenza specialist at the University of Michigan. "They only had significant doses available when the pandemic was peaking." Earlier, scarcities raised questions about who deserved the vaccine first.A set of official rules gave priority to military personnel and necessary civic workers, but that didn"t stop members of the San Francisco 49ers football team from getting vaccinated before police and firemen. Despite some manufacturing improvements, experts say the same shortages could occur with a pandemic today. And that concern has caused preparedness officials to plan **munity interventions such as school closings and isolation of sick people. But Henderson says, "It won"t work. And you don"t need a better example than "57. When you go from just a few scattered outbreaks in the end of August to the whole country infected in eight weeks, at a time when people didn"t travel as much as they do today and cities were not as densely populated, what do you think we"re going to see today?" Better, he says, to have good vaccines and to ensure that the medical system can handle the extra load.21. The word "footnote" (Para. 1) means that the influenza in 1957 _____.A. was less important in American medical historyB. imposed little influence on American populationC. was less serious in terms of death tollD. got less attention of American medical experts22. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _____.A. the 1957 influenza infected 250,000 people in AmericaB. Asia was the cradle of the 1957 influenza pandemic in AmericaC. Maurice Hilleman went to Asia to collect the sample of the influenzaD. it was quite time-consuming to study the genetic structure of the influenza23. According to the second paragraph, the 1957 influenza _____.A. had victims throughout all the states of the USAB. was very powerful and infectious at the beginningC. had its spread kept down by school openingsD. had infected both the elders and the kids24. With regard to the vaccine, it can be inferred that _____.A. the production of the vaccine was timely and successfulB. there were enough vaccines before the influenza peakedC. not all people got equal chance to get vaccinatedD. none of any football team members got vaccinated25. The last paragraph suggests that _____.A. manufacturing improvements can eliminate the vaccine shortage todayB. community interventions can prevent the spread of epidemics todayC. the 1957 influenza would become more wide-spreading todayD. it is sure that today"s medical system can handle the extra load。

2019考研英语阅读每日精选:南极洲核心价值2019考研英语阅读每日精选：南极洲核心价值在考研英语中，阅读分数可谓是占到了总分的半壁江山，正所谓“得阅读者得考研”。

对于备考考研的同学们，在平时的复习中一定要拓展阅读思路，各类话题都要关注，这样才能在整体上提升考研英语阅读水平!一起来学习吧!Antarctica南极洲Core values核心价值The southern continent hots up南方大陆热闹起来了ANTARCTICA is 2,700km away. Yet as the briefaustral summer fades, for Hobart, the capital of theAustralian state of Tasmania, it is big business.The town is home to the Australiangovernment's Antarctic Division and France's Antarctic programme. The two countries' ageingicebreakers are busy supplying their research stations. Australia is trying out a new researchand supply vessel, which dwarfs its part of the harbour.远在2700公里的南极洲。

随着南半球夏天的离去，澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚岛霍巴特迎来了大生意。

澳大利亚政府南极洲研究部与法国南极洲考察项目驻扎在此。

两国积极为其研究站提供技术成熟的破冰船。

澳大利亚开展一项新的研究，研发供给船，这使其港口相形见绌。

In early January the Falkor, a research vessel funded by Eric Schmidt, chairman of Google (anda member of The Economist's board), steamed into Hobart. Its research budget wouldquicken the pulse of any ocean scientist, and the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies atthe University of Tasmania threwa party for the crew. Among other topics, the institute'sresearchers are studying why the Earth is warming more slowly than models predict. Onereason could be the cold Southern Ocean, a powerful climate regulator.早前一月初，谷歌执行总裁埃里克·施密特资(同时也是该杂志董事会一员)助了一艘名为Falkor的研究船驶向霍巴特。

2016考研英语阅读每日精选：美国奴隶制The Sorry Legacy of the FoundersIn 1784, five years before he became president ofthe United States, George Washington, 52, wasnearly toothless.1784，在52 岁的乔治·华盛顿在成为美国总统 5 年前，牙齿就几乎已经掉光了。

So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth intohis jaw - having extracted them from the mouths ofhis slaves.所以要请牙医给他移植九颗牙齿—而这些牙齿是从他的奴隶口中拔来的。

That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember fromtheir history books.这跟很多人在历史书上读到过的那个砍樱桃树的华盛顿有点大相径庭。

But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of thefounding generation.但是最近开始，历史学家开始越来越关注奴隶制在美国开国一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。

They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almostcertainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.他们多半是受了1998 年DNA 事件的影响。

2017考研英语阅读每日精选：《龙珠》在考研英语中，阅读分数可谓是占到了总分的半壁江山，正所谓“得阅读者得考研”。

对于备考考研的同学们，在平时的复习中一定要拓展阅读思路，各类话题都要关注，这样才能在整体上提升考研英语阅读水平!一起来学习吧!Return of an Anime icon《龙珠》：经典动画回归导读：一个时代的经典，一代人的共同记忆。

七龙珠，这个十多年前风靡中国的动漫时至今日仍然有着雄厚的影响力。

最近，续作《龙珠超》的推出，将这部经典之作重新带回观众的视野之中。

He may not be as invincible as the monkey we see on the traditional version of the classic Journey to the West (《西游记》), but he is the Monkey King audiences across generations have loved watching grow. We’re talking about Japanese manga artist Akira Toriyama’s iconic character Son Goku.也许他不像名著《西游记》里的美猴王那样天下无敌，但他却是伴随着几代观众一起成长起来的那只“美猴王”。

我们说的正是日本漫画大师鸟山明笔下的经典人物——孙悟空。

Almost a decade after Dragon Ball Z (1989-2006) ended, Goku is back again. Dragon Ball Super, a new series that is set to run 100 episodes, recently premiered on Fuji TV in Japan and on Chinese streaming video website iQiyi.《龙珠Z》(1989-2006)完结已近10年，悟空归来——《龙珠超》设定的剧情长度为100集，近日在日本富士电视台和中国的爱奇艺视频网站上首映。

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇（高分版）：UNIT SEVENTEXT ONEOnce upon a time—when the U.S. dollar was king—American studentsblithely flocked overseas to nibbl e on affordable scones and croissantsbetween classes. How times have changed.As the dollar dips to all-timelows, college students are feeling the pinch. Especially in the UnitedKingdom and countries that use the euro—which currently is at 68 centsto the dollar—the cost of living has skyrocketed. "Years ago we couldsay studying abroad was the same price as staying on campus," says DaeyaMalboeuf, an associate director at Syracuse University. "There's no waywe can say that anymore."Yet this unfavorable economic environment hasn't stopped studentsfrom scrambling overseas. According to the Institute of InternationalEducation, study-abroad programs have grown 144 percent in the past decadeand continue to increase around 8 percent each year. Considering therising costs, "it's surprising how little the students haven't beendeterred," says Natalie Bartush, who handles the study-abroad program atthe University of Texas.Where the real change appears to be happening as a result of risingprices is in the length and location of students' foreign study choices.The number of participants in short-term summer programs has swelled, ashas the interest in courses at more exotic locales. For Middlebury Collegestudents, for example, a year in Florence costs around $37,000; atSantiago, Chile, it's $27,000. Such price differences have contributedto modest or flat growth at traditionally popular programs in westernEurope and Australia, whereas schools in Chile, Argentina, South Africa,and China (particularly Hong Kong) are aggressively expanding to meetrising demand.Program directors are quick to point out that the shift is not justabout money. "You can't understand the United States today withoutunderstanding what's going on outside our borders, and that's not justEurope anymore," says Rebecca Hovey, dean of the study-abroad program atthe School for International Training. Interest in nontraditional localesspiked even before the dollar began dropping, and foreign countries aremarketing themselves to American students. A surge of support fromeducation nonprofits and the State Department also has fueled the trend.Study-abroad costs also vary wildly based on the way colleges structure their programs. Schools that effectively swap students with a foreign college are less affected by the falling dollar, but American schools that operate their own student centers often end up paying more for rent, utilities, and faculty salaries as the U.S. currency falters. The dollar's slide also means that trying to set student fees in advance is a tiresome guessing game for college officials. Most of these educators' energy, however, is spent scrounging up extra financial aid for needy travelers. Students already getting help can usually transfer their aid to tuition and fees abroad, but basics like housing and food are often at the mercy of the fluctuating dollar. Airfare, which can exceed $1,000 round trip, is not generally included in school fees, and whirlwind trips across continents are rarely cheap.The emphasis on student financial responsibility is especially evident at private schools like Syracuse, which charges the same pricey tuition abroad as at home. Even at more affordable public universities and private colleges like Middlebury—which charges U.S. students the often cheaper tuition of the international host schools—counselors are quick to peddle the virtue of thrift, a lesson no longer lost between those on safety and culture shock.1. The fact that American students blithely flocked overseas to nibble on affordable sconesa and croissants implies that_____[A] studying abroad cost almost the same as staying in U.S. for higher education.[B] American students were encouraged to study overseas to enrich their experience.[C] the cost of living at abroad was moderate for American students.[D] the U.S. dollar was the strongest currency in the world. 2. The changes of study-abroad caused by the dollar’s depreciation are the following ones except_____[A] students’ enthusiasm of studying abroad in short period does not disappear but vice versa.[B] students become hesitant when considering long-term overseas programs.[C] programmes in western Europe and Australia suffer declining popularity.[D] students who chose to study at certain continents are at a rapid growth.3. Rebecca Hover’s statement implies that_____[A] the United States are now more readily influenced by the other countries than before.[B] shift in the mainland may also be caused by factors outside of America.[C] Europe can no longer influnece the United States as before.[D] the United States are extending its influence beyond its boraders.4. Who are probably most affected by the dollar’s dip?[A] The international exchange students. [B] The students who have got scholarships.[C] The students at costly private schools.[D] The students at public universities.5. The best title for this passage is_____[A] Impact of the Dollar’s Devaluation.[B] American Students at Abroad.[C] Study-abroad Costs for American Students.[D] Shift of American Students’Foreign Study.文章剖析：这篇文章主要讲述美元贬值后对于美国学生留学的影响。

2007年考研阅读理解第四篇
摘要：
1.2007 年考研英语阅读理解第四篇概述
2.文章主题：公司治理和企业管理层的问题
3.文章结构：
a.第一段：引出话题
b.第二段：讨论公司治理的改善
c.第三段：说明管理层的问题
d.第四段：问题的解决和公司治理的改善
正文：
2007 年考研英语阅读理解第四篇讲述了公司治理和企业管理层的问题。

文章通过实例和论述，分析了公司治理的改善以及管理层问题的原因和解决方法。

文章首先引出了一个现象，即许多公司经历了严重的会计和合规问题，这些问题困扰着公司的管理层。

接着，文章通过实例揭示了公司治理改善的必要性，同时也指出了公司治理改善的成果。

在这些改善中，公司治理的透明度和责任感得到了提高，从而提高了公司的信誉和业绩。

然而，尽管公司治理得到了改善，管理层仍然面临着许多问题。

文章进一步说明了这些问题的原因，包括管理团队的能力和经验不足，以及公司战略不明确等。

为了解决这些问题，文章提出了一些建议，如提高管理团队的素质，制定明确的公司战略，以及加强对员工的培训和激励等。

最后，文章讨论了问题解决和公司治理改善所带来的益处。

在解决了管理
层问题和改善了公司治理后，公司能够更好地应对市场变化和竞争压力，从而实现可持续发展。

综上所述，2007 年考研英语阅读理解第四篇通过分析公司治理和企业管理层的问题，探讨了问题解决和公司治理改善的方法和益处。

目录Section I Use of English (1)Section II Reading Comprehension 1 (3)Section II Reading Comprehension 2 (6)Section II Reading Comprehension 3 (9)Section II Reading Comprehension 4 (12)Section I Use of Englishparagraph 1到1830年为止，西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地都成为了独立的国家。

这些国家的大约2000万居民满怀信心地展望未来。

许多独立斗争的领导人出生于旧政权和伊比利亚殖民主义的危急时刻，他们怀有共同的治国理念：创建代议制政府、职业对人才开放、实行商业和贸易自由和私有财产权，并且相信个体是社会的基础。

当时普遍存在这样的信念：新国家应该是拥有主权的、独立的国家，应该足以在经济上养活国民，并且通过一套共同的法律使国家统一在一起。

paragraph 2然而，在宗教自由和教会地位的问题上，领导阶层之间的意见就不那么一致了。

罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，并且是西班牙国王允许的唯一宗教。

虽然大多数领导人试图继续将天主教作为新国家的官方宗教，但是一些领导人却试图结束将其他信仰排斥在外的局面。

保护教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。

paragraph 3早期的独立领导人的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等。

玻利瓦尔曾从海地获得了援助，作为回报，他承诺在他解放的地区废除奴隶制。

到1854 年，除了西班牙残存的殖民地以外，其他地方的奴隶制都已经被废除。

先前做出的结束印第安人进贡和停止向混血人种征税的承诺实现起来就缓慢得多，因为新国家仍然需要这些政策产生的财政收入。

平等主义思想经常会被一些担忧所冲淡，这些担忧就是普通大众还没有为自治和民主做好准备。

paragraph 1By 1830,the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism,many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.paragraph 2only one allowed by the Spanish crown. while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying cry for the conservative forces.paragraph 3The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produced.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.Section II Reading Comprehension 1 paragraph 1如果你查一下2006年世界杯足球锦标赛所有参赛队员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往在一年的前几个月出生。