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概念定量研究方法定量研究是指确定事物某方面量的规定性的科学研究，就是将问题与现象用数量来表示，进而去分析、考验、解释，从而获得意义的研究方法和过程。
定量，就是以数字化符号为基础去测量。
定量研究通过对研究对象的特征按某种标准的比较来测定对象特征数值，或求出某些因素间的量的变化规律。
由于其目的是对事物及其运动的量的属性作出回答，故名定量研究。
定量研究与科学实验研究是密切相关的，可以说科学上的定量化是伴随着实验法产生的。
The quantitative research is a prescriptive scientific research which aims to determine the amount of things, this method will represent the problems and phenomenon via the number, and then to analyze, test, and explain the relevant research and acquire the significance of the research methods and process. The so-called quantitative, is based on digitized symbols to measure. Quantitative research will compare the characteristics of the object of study for some standard to determine the characteristic values of the research target, or calculate the amount of variation between some certain factors. Because its purpose is to object motion and its quantitative attribute to answer, named quantitative research. Quantitative researchand scientific experimental research are closely related, it can be said that scientific quantitative along with the experimental method。
统计学里面数据均衡问题Balanced data is crucial in statistics because it ensures that the sample accurately represents the population. When dealing with imbalanced data, the analysis results could be skewed and less reliable. This is especially true in areas such as medical research or credit risk assessment, where accurate predictions are essential for decision-making.数据均衡在统计学中非常重要，因为它确保样本准确地代表了总体。
当处理不平衡的数据时，分析结果可能会出现偏差，不够可靠。
在医学研究或信用风险评估等领域，准确的预测对决策至关重要。
Imbalanced data occurs when one or more classes in the dataset have significantly more or fewer instances compared to other classes. This can lead to biased model performance and misinterpretation of results. In order to address this issue, various techniques have been developed, such as resampling methods, cost-sensitive learning, and ensemble methods.不平衡数据指的是数据集中的一个或多个类别与其他类别相比具有显著较多或较少的实例。
统计学介绍统计学以概率论为基础的方法论学科，它在几乎所有的领域里面都具有重要的应用，统计学知识理论就像我们日常使用的电脑一样必不可少，是现代高级人才必备一种素质，在现代社会中没有统计学知识的人就如同一“文盲”.统计学在人类活动当中举足轻重. 统计学在工业、商业、贸易、物理学、化学、经济学、数学、生物学、植物学、心理学、天文学等等方面都扮演重要的角色, 因此统计学的应用非常广泛，几乎涵盖每一个领域，下面我们来具体看一下它能运用在哪些方面.1. 统计学将帮助您成为一位成功的商人. 成功的商人必须能够快速准确做出决策. 如果你知道客户需要什么，那么你就知道该生产什么，生产多少. 统计学将能帮助你制定生产计划，同时也能帮助你有效地检验产品质量, 它能让你在关于企业地理位置、产品营销、金融资源等问题上做出正确的决定.1)Business:Statistics play an important role in business. A successful businessman must be very quick and accurate in decision making. He knows that what his customers wants, he should therefore, know what to produce and sell and in what quantities. Statistics helps businessman to plan productionaccording to the taste of the costumers, the quality of the products can also be checked more efficiently by using statistical methods. So all the activities of the businessman based on statistical information. He can make correct decision about the location of business, marketing of the products, financial resources etc…2. 如果你想在经济学方面有所发展，那万万是离不开统计学的. 经济学在很大程度上依赖于统计学，国民收入帐户对于经济学家和管理者来说是具有多重目的性的指标，统计学是建立这些帐户的基础. 在经济学的研究中统计学方法被用来收集、分析数据，并作出检验假设. 统计学的方法可以用来研究供求关系，进出口，通货膨胀，人均收入等等问题的研究都离不开统计学.(2) In Economics:Statistics play an important role in economics. Economics largely depends upon statistics. National income accounts are multipurpose indicators for the economists and administrators. Statistical methods are used for preparation of these accounts. In economics research statistical methods are used for collecting and analysis the data and testing hypothesis. The relationship between supply and demands is studies by statistical methods, the imports and exports, the inflation rate, the percapita income are the problems which require good knowledge of statistics.3.如果您想在数学领域有所发展，请务必学好统计学. 统计学与数学密不可分，他们的很多东西都是互通的. 所以想要学好数学也得要学好统计学.(3) In Mathematics:Statistical plays a central role in almost all natural and social sciences. The methods of natural sciences are most reliable but conclusions draw from them are only probable, because they are based on incomplete evidence. Statistical helps in describing these measurements more precisely. Statistics is branch of applied mathematics. The large number of statistical methods like probability averages, dispersions, estimation etc… is used in mathematics and different techniques of pure mathematics like integration, differentiation and algebra are used in statistics.4. 如果您将来想入银行业，那么你就离不开统计学. 因为银行在很多的方面必须要用到统计学的方法.(4) In Banking:Statistics play an important role in banking. The banks make use of statistics for a number of purposes. The banks work on the principle that all the people who deposit their money with the banks do not withdraw it at the same time. The bank earns profits out of these deposits by lending to others on interest. The bankers use statistical approaches based on probability to estimate the numbers of depositors and their claims for a certain day.5. 如果您将来想成为一名管理人才，那么缺乏统计学知识是简直是不可想象的事情. 许多的国家政策的制定都基于统计数据，统计数据是被广泛用于管理决策.(5) In State Management (Administration):Statistics is essential for a country. Different policies of the government are based on statistics. Statistical data are now widely used in taking all administrative decisions. Suppose if the government wants to revise the pay scales of employees in view of an increase in the living cost, statistical methods will be used to determine the rise in the cost of living. Preparation of federal and provincial government budgets mainly depends upon statistics because it helps in estimating the expected expenditures and revenue from different sources. So statistics are theeyes of administration of the state.6. 统计学在会计和审计中运用相当广泛. 想学会计与审计的同学统计学知识是必不可少的.(6) In Accounting and Auditing:Accounting is impossible without exactness. But for decision making purpose, so much precision is not essential the decision may be taken on the basis of approximation, know as statistics. The correction of the values of current asserts is made on the basis of the purchasing power of money or the current value of it.In auditing sampling techniques are commonly used. An auditor determines the sample size of the book to be audited on the basis of error.7. 统计学在几乎所有的自然科学和社会科学中都不可或缺. 统计方法被广泛用来分析实验结果，检验显著性，比如生物、物理、化学等等.(7) In Natural and Social Sciences:Statistics plays a vital role in almost all the natural and social sciences. Statistical methods are commonly used for analyzing the experiments results, testing their significance in Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Meteorology, Research chambers of commerce, Sociology,Business, Public Administration, Communication and Information Technology etc…8. 如果您有志成为天文学方面的人才，你得学好统计学才行.(8) In Astronomy:Astronomy is one of the oldest branch of statistical study, it deals with the measurement of distance, sizes, masses and densities of heavenly bodies by means of observations. During these measurements errors are unavoidable so most probable measurements are founded by using statistical methods.Example: This distance of moon from the earth is measured. Since old days the astronomers have been statistical methods like method of least squares for finding the movements of stars.大学大多数学科将会涉及统计学（下面只是其中一些直接以统计为基础的学科，还有很多专业或学科也是跟统计学相关的）：Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. A number of specialties have evolved to apply statistical theory and methods to various disciplines. Certain topics have "statistical" in their name but relate to manipulations of probability distributions rather than to statistical analysis.（精算）Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical andstatistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.∙（生物统计学）Biostatistics is a branch of （生物）biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis, and includes （医学统计）medical statistics.∙（商业分析）Business analytics is a rapidly developing business process that applies statistical methods to data sets (often very large) to develop new insights and understanding of business performance & opportunities∙（化学统计学）Chemometrics is the science of relating measurements made on a chemical system or process to the state of the system via application of mathematical or statistical methods.∙（人口统计学）Demography is the statistical study of all populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time or space.∙（计量经济学）Econometrics is a branch of economics that applies statistical methods to the empirical study of economic theories and relationships.∙（环境统计学）Environmental statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science. Weather, climate, air and water quality are included, as are studies of plant and animal populations.∙（流行病学）Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine.∙（统计地质学）Geostatistics is a branch of geography that deals with the analysis of data from disciplines such as petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geography.∙（运筹学）Operations research(or Operational Research) is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex problems.∙（种群生态学）Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.∙（心理测验学）Psychometrics is the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, andpersonality traits.∙（质量控制）Quality control reviews the factors involved in manufacturing and production; it can make use of statistical sampling of product items to aid decisions in process control or in accepting deliveries.∙（数理心理学）Quantitative psychology is the science of statistically explaining and changing mental processes and behaviors in humans.∙（可靠性工程学）Reliability Engineering is the study of the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time∙（统计金融）Statistical finance, an area of econophysics, is an empirical attempt to shift finance from its normative roots to a positivist framework using exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets.∙（统计力学）Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force.∙（统计物理学）Statistical physics is one of the fundamental theories of physics, and uses methods of probability theory in solving physical problems.∙（统计热力学）Statistical thermodynamics is the study of the microscopic behaviors of thermodynamic systems using probability theory and provides a molecular level interpretation of thermodynamic quantities such as work, heat, free energy, and entropy.美国大学统计专业排名 1 Stanford University斯坦福大学 2 University of California Berkeley加州大学伯克利分校 3 Harvard University哈佛大学 5 Johns Hopkins University约翰霍普金斯大学 6 The University of Chicago芝加哥大学 9 Carnegie Mellon University卡内基美隆大学 10 Duke University杜克大学 12 North Carolina State University北卡罗来纳州立大学 12 Texas A&M University德州A&M大学 12 University of Michigan Ann Arbor密西根大学-安娜堡分校 12 University of Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚大学 17 University of California Berkeley加州大学伯克利分校 17 University of Minnesota Twin Cities明尼苏达大学Twin Cities分校 20 Iowa State University爱荷华州立大学 20 Pennsylvania State University宾夕法尼亚州立大学 22 Columbia University哥伦比亚大学 22 Cornell University康乃尔大学 22 Purdue University,West Lafayette普渡大学西拉法叶校区 22 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校 27 Ohio State University俄亥俄州立大学 27 University of California Los Angeles加州大学洛杉机分校 27 University of Florida佛罗里达大学 27 University of Wisconsin Madison威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校 31 University of California Davis加州大学戴维斯分校 33 University of Illinois Urbana Champaign伊利诺伊大学厄本那―香槟分校 33 Yale University耶鲁大学 37 Rutgers University New Brunswick罗格斯大学新伯朗士威校区 38 Emory University埃默里大学 38 Rice University莱斯大学 40 Colorado State University科罗拉多州立大学 40 Florida State University佛罗里达州立大学 40 University of Connecticut康涅狄格大学 40 The University of Iowa爱荷华大学 44 Michigan State University密歇根州立大学 45 BOSTON University波士顿大学 45 University of Pittsburgh匹兹堡大学 48 The George Washington University乔治华盛顿大学 48 Northwestern University西北大学。
2022学年第二学期高三年级质量调研英语试卷I.Listening ComprehensionSection A(10分)Directions:In Section A,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a conversation and the question about it,read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A.The newsstand. B.The grocery store.C.The bookstore.D.The antique shop.2.A.Two hours.B.Half an hour.C.An hour.D.An hour and a half.3.A.She doesn’t need any break.B.She will have coffee later.C.She is busy with the discussion.D.She will type after having coffee.4.A.He is going to miss the woman.B.He is looking for a new job.C.He has moved to a bigger city.D.He used to be a science teacher.5.A.Dry the clothes for another45minutes.B.Examine the dryer for potential damage.C.Put the clothes back into the washing machine.D.Take the clothes out of the dryer immediately.6.A.The library is short of staff today.B.He hasn’t handed in the photo yet.C.The photo store is closed too early.D.He fails to pick up the card in time.7.A.John may be partly responsible for the problem.rry should learn to get along with John.C.The man should react properly to what John said.rry is probably the man who starts the fight.8.A.The venue for camping.B.The environmental risk of camping.C.The safety of camping.D.The official bans on camping.9.A.The statistics on the app are mostly out of date.B.The woman has been keeping track of the progress.C.The man needs to find out where to put their efforts.D.The latest figure can show if they are in the right direction.10.A.The Hawaii volcano eruption was destructive.B.What the man said is not currently relevant.C.The man should read newspapers of last year.D.The locals in Hawaii suffered a great deal.Section B(15分)Directions:In Section B,you will hear two passages and one longer conversation.After each passage or conversation,you will be asked several questions.The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once.When you hear a question,read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions11through13are based on the following passage.11.A.Gaining related work experience.B.Passing a standardized exam.C.Having a good command of English.D.Obtaining a Master’s degree.12.A.Meeting with clients.B.Analyzing computer data.C.Learning book information.D.Writing reader comments.13.A.Fan prefers hosting events to broadcasting.B.Fan is worried about her career prospects.C.Fan hopes to be a writer in the future.D.Fan is satisfied with her work.Questions14through16are based on the following passage.14.A.It was developed independently by Edward Chang.B.It is the most accurate AI-based translation system.C.It can show people’s thoughts on computer screens.D.It can turn people’s words into powerful brain waves.15.A.It doesn’t require a surgery.B.Its results are more accurate.C.It is much smaller in size.D.Its cost is significantly lower.16.A.New discoveries in brain networks.B.New researches on computer science.C.New devices in AI language translation.D.New developments in mind-reading technology.Questions17through20are based on the following conversation.17.A.It is the biggest event of the year for the university.B.It is held outside the campus in the city library.C.It is a day that Tom and Liz look forward to.D.It is a busy day for the graduates and their family.18.A.The seat close to the stage will be available to the man.B.The photographer who receives a certificate will be hired.C.Professional photographers will take photos of each student.D.The president of the university will purchase the best cameras.19.A.Pursue graduate studies full-time.B.Find a part-time job.C.Attend part-time night schools.D.Work in a library full-time.20.A.Veronica’s university life and hobbies.B.Veronica’s graduation day and future plans.C.Veronica’s studies and support of the family.D.Veronica’s personality and attitude towards life.II.Grammar and VocabularySection A(10分)Directions:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Understanding Your Loved OnesEight months after my father died,I saw some letters on top of my mother’s coffee table.They were written decades ago___1___my father’s neat handwriting.I couldn’t imagine my serious father ever___2___(write)anything like love letters.“Would you like me to read them to you?”Mom asked with a hint of a smile.The letters___3___(address)to my mother in1974over the course of a month when my father traveled back to Italy to care for his sick mother,leaving his wife and me behind in Toronto,___4___my parents had immigrated to in1956.I sat back and listened while my mother read his letters to me,and thought,“Who is this guy?”My father was proud and stubborn(固执的),and he married a woman who was his equal in that regard.During their58-year marriage,their stubbornness often___5___(lead)to conflict.So it was bittersweet to hear my father’s youthful words___6___(read) aloud by my elderly mother with a sad tone.I knew she was thinking about what could have been different if she had been ___7___(proud).As children,we often assume we know___8___about our parents.But,sometimes,we find out that they were and are people with various dimensions.After she finished reading the letters,I held them in my hands and examined them like theywere fossils(化石).A man of few words___9___my father was,he had filled the front and back of several pages.These letters are only part of their correspondence.My mother also wrote back to my father.I begged her to read them to me,but she only smiled.I don’t want to enter her heart’s most sacred place uninvited unless she wishes____10____ (listen)to.But she has assured me that one day she will share them with me.Section B(10分)Directions:After reading the passage below,fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one more word than you need.A．conventional B．tolerable C．layer D．stranded E.pile F.insightfulG.difference H.placed I.hazards J.anchor K.raysInspired by Arctic Life Polar bears are warm-blooded animals with heavy fat and fur that can survive in freezing Arctic temperatures.A team of students from the Royal Danish Academy,inspired by polar bears,designed a pop-up igloo (弹出式冰屋)—an emergency tent that might make survival in sub-zero areas much more___11___.Led by Henry Glogau,the team said that their design can help those lost or___12___in extreme conditions.With little visibility and no phone coverage,people may face severe___13___while waiting for rescue in cold polar areas.Rather than fight against the extreme conditions,the team looked to use them to its advantage.“Inspired by snow caves and the___14___winter-used tents,we treat snow as a building material rather than a burden,”the team told Vigour Times website.The pop-up igloo adopts a mylar(聚酯薄膜)material,which works similarly to polar bears’skin.Besides their thick fat and fur,polar bears have black skin underneath,which is ideal for absorbing___15___from the Arctic sun.In the same way,the mylar material reflects heat into the area within the tent to keep people feeling comfortable.The pop-up igloo also features an origami-like(像折纸的)design,which helps to trap the snow and___16___the tent.The origami pockets create areas where snow can___17___up on the outside.It prevents heat from escaping from the tent,while holding the tent to the ground.This adds another protective___18___to everything inside.To check its capabilities and limits,the team put the design through intensive testing for one month in Alaska.The analysis indicates that an average37°C___19___in temperature between indoors and outdoors could be maintained.In the future,the pop-up igloos could be____20____along hiking routes in cold areas like the Arctic,where they could be set up in seconds when needed.III.Reading ComprehensionSection A(15分)Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,Cand D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Has someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment?If so,you may be a___21___of gaslighting.“Gaslighting”is a kind of psychological abuse to gain___22___over others by purposely making other people think they’re wrong even when they’re right.The term comes from Patrick Hamilton’s play in1938.Lead character Jack Manningham seeks to convince his wife Bella that she is___23___,by saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗)of the gas light in their home,when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light.Gaslighting is initially used to talk about what happens in romantic relationships.However,many individuals also experience gaslighting at work.___24___,a recent survey has found that58%of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work.It’s___25___since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others.In the workplace,the___26___between a boss and his employee can be the perfect breeding(滋生的)ground for this type of behavior.Your boss might tell you to handle an assignment in a certain way,but when you do,he gets___27___ and says it wasn’t what he wanted.It makes you feel like your memory is___28___.In other situations,your boss may exclude you from a meeting___29___and when you ask him about it,he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly.In order to find out whether your boss’s behavior really___30___gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator,you could write down your experiences and ask yourself what really happened,what his motives might have been,and how your emotion was___31___.But always be careful because gaslighters know how to fly under the radar(雷达).They are skilled at weakening an employee’s confidence and sense of reality in a clever and___32___way.To protect yourself,at the end of the conversation with your boss,repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points,___33___the interactions between you two.But don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem,Robin Stern,author of The Gaslight Effect,warns,because it’s hard to get a gaslighter to ___34___his behavior pattern.If things don’t improve,you may want to consider getting out of the gaslighting situation by looking for a new position.It may be one of the best things you can do for your___35___well-being. 21．A．creator B．victim C．host D．scholar22．A．power B．wealth C．support D．experience23．A．having fun B．feeling angry C．going crazy D．becoming younger24．A．By comparisonB．Worse still C．After all D．In fact25．A．unsurprising B．irrelevant C．unnecessary D．improper26．A．harmonies B．dynamics C．phases D．replacements27．A．annoyed B．interested C．frightened D．excited28．A．visual B．painful C．faulty D．lasting29．A．at random B．for sure C．in time D．on purpose 30．A．recommends B．constitutes C．escapes D．discovers31．A．facilitated B．affected C．represented D．monitored32．A．hard-to-prove B．easy-to-spot C．safe-to-learn D．tough-to-survive 33．A．interrupting B．overcoming C．abandoning D．documenting34．A．submit B．attain C．change D．forgive35．A．emotional B．physical C．virtual D．economicSection B(22分)Directions:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)What’s wrong with being an amateur?While reading a recently published report saying“many people who attend plays are themselves involved in a form of amateur drama”,August Schulenburg of the Flux Theatre Ensemble questioned the divide between amateurs and professional artists.One reason for the barrier,he suggests,is fear.“When professional arts organizations perceive their value under threat, they must draw rigid lines to protect it.Amateurs are pushed aside out of fear that they will somehow endanger the professional brands.”But for Schulenburg,it’s an outmoded attitude towards amateurs.“The professional artist must be among them and of them;the amateur must be an equal partner at the table.”It sounds a lot like he is advocating the kind of large-scale community work.If so,he might have a point.The importance of forming a community rather than a passive audience is something Douglas MacLennan also picked up on recently over a blog.In a post headlined“Pay attention!If selling tickets is your business model,you’ve got a problem”,he argues that theatres and other arts institutions will only survive if they“build community rather than audience”. The idea is that you give the public reasons to engage with your company,you build loyalty so that their support is more than just a consumer transaction(交易).Abigail Katz,a regular theater-goer,wonders whether theatres offer good value for money.She has written recently in a post at the Playgoer blog that much of the theatre“doesn’t do anything…doesn’t make me feel anything”.Lynn Conner,one author of the report,also mentioned“I believe what today’s potential arts audiences most want out of an arts event is the opportunity to co-author meaning.They don’t want the arts;they want the experience.They want to gain the cultural rights by forming and exchanging opinions that are valued in the community.”36．What do the two underlined pronouns“they”respectively refer to?A．rigid lines;professional brands B．amateurs;professional arts organizationsC．professional brands;rigid lines D．professional arts organizations;amateurs37．Which of the following does August Schulenburg agree with?A．Rigid lines must be drawn to protect professional arts.B．It is unwise for theatres to overlook amateur audience.C．Theatres must produce serious plays to attract the audience.D．The artists should dine together with the amateurs at the table.38．In paragraph4,the words of Abigail Katz are cited__________.A．to highlight the necessity of surveying customers’feelingsB．to emphasize the importance of advertising through blogsC．to indicate the failure of theatres to engage the audienceD．to complain about the high price of the theatre plays39．According to this passage,theatres should put____________first.A．the audience’s sense of participation B．the quality of professional playsC．the actors’personal experiences D．the control of cultural rights(B)The2022World Cup has come to an end.Let’s review some facts about the hi-tech turf(草皮)that Qatar had spent much of its energy on.Qatar,a desert nation,had three main challenges:water,air and light.It got almost every condition going against it. The water used to irrigate(灌溉)the grass is low quality,mainly treated seawater.Because of the desert sun,Qatar’s stadiums were built for maximum shade—great for preventing heatstroke,but less ideal for photosynthesis(光合作用). Inside the nearly-closed stadiums,there’s very little air movement.Qatar identified pitch(球场)quality as a particular issue and set up the Aspire Sport Turf Research and Development Centre to find the best types of grass for use in the harsh climate,testing24different varieties.Eventually,Atlas Turf’s grass was chosen as much for its appearance as its tolerance for the tough conditions Qatar faces.The following pictures show some tech facts about the turf,which ensures a consistent and durable surface for the players in all weather conditions.40．What information can we learn from the passage?①the conditions against grass growing in Qatar②the material the stadiums were built with③the supplier of the turf grass④the efforts Qatar made to select the most suitable grass⑤the technology involved in making the turf⑥the tough challenges facing the football playersA．①③④⑤B．①③⑤⑥C．②③④⑤D．②④⑤⑥41．Atlas Turf’s grass is chosen probably because_____________.A．it has very little air movement B．it becomes rough in windy weatherC．it is shade-tolerant D．it appears to have a golden color42．Which of the following is TRUE about the turf?A．24types of grass have been planted on the turf.B．Damage to the turf can be recovered quickly.C．Artificial grass covers70percent of the turf.D．Water can be saved at the bottom of the turf.(C)Peter and Minke van Wingerden have created something wild:a herd of cows floating on the sea.The Dutch husband-and-wife team’s experiment on sustainable agriculture,called Floating Farm,can be found in the port of Rotterdam. The modernist structure houses40cows,who collectively produce some200gallons of milk a day.In addition to helpingnourish(滋养)the local community,the waterborne farm is playing a part in the global conversation about how the climate crisis is pushing farmers to reconsider how—and where—they produce food.Floods,extreme heating,droughts and even rising night temperatures have sent the food system off balance.The race to outsmart the constant attack of extreme weather has made the world of farming unrecognizable from what it was only decades ago.A team of scientists in Mexico is developing wheat types that can adapt themselves to different climates,while Jack’s Solar Garden in Longmont,Colorado,is a testbed for the emerging method of solar farming.Rotterdam has already established itself as one of the most climate-adaptive places in the world.Everything from office buildings to entire neighborhoods are built on water in the city,which is90%below sea level.The Wingerdens’Floating Farm was a new but necessary attempt.Should a weather crisis arise,a waterborne farm isn’t necessarily stuck in place.A former property developer with a background in engineering,Peter found his inspiration for the Floating Farm in a climate disaster in New York City,where Hurricane Sandy prevented the delivery of fresh food to millions.The Wingerdens’model is ripe for reproduction—which is exactly what the Floating Farm’s team of14are working on now.Plans are under way for a floating vegetable farm to move into the space next to the current Floating Farm.Permit applications are also out for similar structures in Dubai,Singapore and the Dutch cities of Haarlem and Arnhem.The new projects will apply lessons learned from Floating Farm.“You need to build a house in order to know how to build a house,”Peter says.The biggest obstacles he sees ahead,however,are not financial or physical,but rather political and administrative.“One of the biggest challenges we come across worldwide is regulations.Cities need to have disruptive thinking,cities need to have disruptive departments,and cities need to have areas where you can say:OK,this is the experimental zone.”Because what Peter and his team are pulling off is of a different order than the typical sustainability measures.“We are not innovative,”he says.“We are disruptive.”43．Which of the following is TRUE about the Floating Farm?A．It is the first modern farming attempt to fight climate change.B．It is a model of new agriculture in the age of climate crisis.C．It has outsmarted other forms of farming like solar farming.D．It copies a similar structure in Dubai ready for reproduction.44．It can be inferred from the passage that___________.A．90%of the population in Rotterdam live below the sea levelB．The New York City is working hard to fight climate changeC．The local community will not be fed without new farmingD．Waterborne facilities are necessary to the future of Rotterdam45．The phrase“disruptive thinking”in the last paragraph means“thinking__________”.A．in a daring and unusual way B．in a focused and logical wayC．in a careful and detailed way D．in a rude and unpleasant way46．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A．Is Rotterdam Built on Water?B．Can Floating Farming Survive?C．Are Cows at Sea the Future of Farming?D．Is Extreme Weather Affecting Agriculture?Section C(8分)Directions:Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Bedtime RitualsAt the end of a long day,you might want to collapse in front of the TV and watch an episode of your favorite show._____47_____Settling down with a cup of lemon tea or reading a book can tell your body it’s time to sleep.If you turn these activities into a ritual—that is,if you do them every night around the same time—you will be all the more likely to get the rest you need.A bedtime ritual is important not only because it prepares you for sleep but also because it helps establish healthy sleep habits.If your current habits don’t support good sleep,a bedtime ritual can help you make necessary changes._____48_____Worry can make it hard to fall asleep at night,but for some people,anxiety at bedtime is common.Rituals can provide comfort by offering predictability and structure.Some rituals,such as journaling,might also relieve anxiety by giving the writer a fresh perspective or sense of meaning.____49____Consider trying several bedtime rituals before settling on a consistent routine.What’s important is figuring out what works for you.Start out with two or three activities according to your needs and preferences.If you enjoy exercise and movement,try yoga or gentle stretching.If you find comfort in order,create a to-do list for the next day.If classical music calms you,turn on some Bach or Mozart enjoying a bath.Whether your bedtime ritual takes place in bed or somewhere else,make sure your environment is relaxing.Wear comfortable clothes or pajamas,curl up(蜷曲)under a cozy blanket,and keep the lights low.______50______ A．Bedtime rituals can also help you reduce anxiety.B．For adults,bedtime rituals typically last30minutes to an hour.C．But engaging in some bedtime activities could actually help you sleep better.D．Then when the time comes to fall asleep,you’ll be ready.E．There’s no fixed format for the perfect bedtime ritual.F．Evidence indicates that people who read a book in bed have better sleep quality.51．Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than e your own words as far as possible.Museum Craze Involves More TeenagersMore museums are here waiting for you!China’s capital,Beijing,is going to open another batch(一批)of museums this year.The building of a new branch of the Palace Museum,one of the world’s most visited tourist attractions,kicked off as well.As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years,teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums,where they can immerse(沉浸)themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine,visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from220million to290million in the past5years.Among the increasing numbers of museum visitors,many of them were teenagers accompanied by their families,reported Guangming Daily earlier this month.To draw younger visitors,many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture.They include artifact making,night visits,secret adventures,treasure evaluation,and some interesting courses.At the China Hangzhou Arts&Crafts Museum,for example,teenagers gathered around to make paper umbrellas during the Spring Festival holiday.With white gloves on and little spades in their hands,visitors in Henan province got to experience the daily work of archaeologists(考古学家).Apart from the activities,some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers.A hall called Popular Agricultural Science for Young Visitors is a special branch launched by China Agricultural Museum.It is an exhibition hall that combines both visual and audio technology to involve teenagers in agriculture.Besides these offline approaches,a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers,the Palace Museum in particular.Online visitors may go on an exciting adventure on the website in the style of a comic book. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________V.Translation(15分)Directions:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets. 52．这里是调料和零食，请随意取用。
523迈向完整、准确的诊断准确性研究报告：STARD计划Towards Complete and Accurate Reporting of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: The STARD InitiativePatrick M. Bossuyt 1*, Johannes B. Reitsma 1, David E. Bruns 2,3, Constantine A. Gatsonis 4, Paul P. Glasziou 5, Les M. Irwig 6, Jeroen G. Lijmer 1, David Moher 7, Drummond Rennie 8,9, Henrica C.W. de Vet 10, for the STARD Group作者单位1. 荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学学术医学中心临床流行病学与生物统计学系（阿姆斯特丹1100DE ）2. 美国夏洛茨维吉尼亚大学病理系（维吉尼亚V A22903）3. 美国华盛顿临床化学杂志（华盛顿DC20037）4. 美国普罗维登斯布朗大学统计学中心（罗德岛RI02912）5. 澳大利亚昆士兰大学全科实习中心（昆士兰QLD4006）6. 澳大利亚悉尼大学公共卫生与社区医学系（悉尼NSW2006）7. 加拿大安大略省渥太华Chalmers 研究组（渥太华K1N6M4）8. 美国旧金山加利福尼亚大学卫生政策研究学院（加利福尼亚CA94118）9. 美国芝加哥美国医学会杂志（伊利诺伊IL60610）10. 荷兰阿姆斯特丹自由大学外部研究学院（阿姆斯特丹1081BT ）*通讯作者: D e p a r t m e n t o f C l i n i c a l Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Fax 31-20-6912683;Email: Stard@amc.uva.nl.摘 要背景 要理解诊断准确性研究的结果，读者必须了解其设计、实施、分析及结果。
统计工作手册英文翻译Title: Statistical Work Manual Translation。
As the demand for statistical analysis continues to grow in various industries, the need for a comprehensive statistical work manual has become increasingly important. This manual serves as a guide for professionals and students alike, providing a detailed overview ofstatistical methods, tools, and best practices. In this article, we will explore the key components of astatistical work manual and discuss its importance in the field of data analysis.The statistical work manual begins with an introduction to the fundamental concepts of statistics, including descriptive and inferential statistics, probability, and data visualization. This section provides a solid foundation for readers who may be new to the field of statistics, ensuring that they have a clear understanding of the basic principles before delving into more advancedtopics.The manual then covers a wide range of statistical methods, such as hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and multivariate analysis. Each method is explained in detail, with step-by-step instructions and examples to help readers apply these techniques to their own data sets. Additionally, the manual includes discussions on the assumptions and limitations of each method, allowing readers to make informed decisions when choosing the appropriate statistical approach for their analyses.In addition to methods, the manual also addresses the use of statistical software and programming languages for data analysis. This section provides guidance on how to use popular software such as R, Python, and SPSS, as well as tips for writing efficient and reproducible code. By incorporating practical examples and exercises, the manual helps readers develop the skills necessary to conduct sophisticated statistical analyses using modern tools and technologies.Furthermore, the manual emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in statistical work, including issues related to data privacy, confidentiality, and integrity. Readers are encouraged to adhere to ethical standards and best practices when conducting statistical analyses, ensuring that their work is both accurate and responsible.Another critical aspect of the statistical work manual is its focus on effective communication of statistical findings. This includes strategies for presenting data visually, writing clear and concise reports, andeffectively communicating statistical results to non-technical audiences. By mastering these communication skills, readers can ensure that their statistical analyses have a meaningful impact on decision-making processeswithin their organizations.Finally, the manual addresses the role of statistics in various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and marketing. It provides real-world examples of howstatistical analyses have been used to solve complexproblems and drive business decisions, demonstrating the practical relevance of statistical work in today's data-driven world.In conclusion, a statistical work manual is an invaluable resource for anyone involved in data analysis. By providing a comprehensive overview of statistical methods, tools, and best practices, this manual equips readers with the knowledge and skills needed to conduct rigorous and meaningful statistical analyses. As the demand for data-driven insights continues to grow, the importance of a well-crafted statistical work manual cannot be overstated.。
在统计方面的英语In terms of statistics, there are several key concepts and techniques that are important to understand. These include measures of central tendency, variability, probability, and hypothesis testing. Central tendencyrefers to the typical or average value of a set of data,and can be measured using the mean, median, or mode. Variability, on the other hand, describes the spread or dispersion of the data, and is often measured using the range, variance, or standard deviation. Probability is a measure of the likelihood of a particular event occurring, and is used to make predictions and decisions based on uncertain outcomes. Hypothesis testing is a technique usedto evaluate the strength of evidence in support of a claim about a population parameter.在统计学方面，有几个重要的概念和技术需要理解。
这些包括中心趋势、变异性、概率和假设检验。
中心趋势是指一组数据的典型或平均值，可以用均值、中位数或众数来衡量。
精度英文AccuracyAccuracy is the degree of exactness or correctness of a measurement, calculation or prediction. It is critical to many fields, including science, engineering, finance, medicine, and statistics. In order to make informed decisions based on data, accuracy is essential. This essay will explore the roles that accuracy plays in various fields, and the methods used to measure and improve accuracy.In science, accuracy is crucial when recording experimental data. The accuracy of a measurement refers to how closely it matches the true, known value of the property being measured. Accuracy is typically expressed as a percentage of the error associated with a given value, where the error is the difference between the measured value and the true value. For example, if you measure the temperature of a liquid as 25 degrees Celsius, but the true temperature is 23 degrees Celsius, then the accuracy of your measurement is said to be 8%.In engineering, accuracy is important in every step of the design process. Engineers must ensure that their calculations are accurate in order to create safe and functional products. For instance, a bridge designer must accurately calculate the weight and traffic load that the bridge can safely handle. The consequences of inaccurate measurements can be catastrophic, such as the collapse of the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City in 1981, which was caused by an engineering error in the design of its walkway.In finance, accuracy is critical for making sound investment decisions. Financial analysts must accurately predict the future performance of a particular investment in order to determine its potential value. This requires analyzing large amounts of data and considering various economic factors, such as inflation and interest rates. Inaccurate predictions can lead to financial losses, as seen during the 2008 financial crisis, where investors made imprudent choices based on inaccurate assumptions about housing prices.In medicine, accuracy is vital for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Medical professionals must ensure that they accurately identify a patient’s illness in order to prescribe the most appropriate treatment. Moreover, there is no margin for error when administering medication or performing a surgical procedure. Lack of attention to detail can have severe consequences, such as administering the wrong drug or dosing too high or too low.In statistics, accuracy refers to the degree to which a sample accurately represents the population being studied. In order to ensure accuracy, statisticians use various methods to minimize sampling errors, such as random sampling and stratified sampling. Additionally, statisticians must be aware of potential biases (such as selection bias) that may skew their data.In order to measure accuracy, various statistical measures are used. One commonly used statistic is the mean absolute error (MAE), which measures the average deviation between predicted values and actual values. Another commonly used metric is the root-mean-square error (RMSE), which measures the square root of the average of the squared differences between predicted and actual values. These measures can help determine the degree to which a set of measurements is accurate, and can help identify areas where improvements could be made.To improve accuracy, certain techniques can be employed. One of the most powerful tools for improving accuracy is calibration. Calibration involves comparing a target instrument or measurement with a reference instrument or measurement, and adjusting the target instrument as needed to ensure accuracy. This can involve adjusting the scale of a gauge, repositioning the device, or recalibrating the instrument. Calibration is particularly important in scientific fields where measurements need to be consistent and repeatable.Another technique to improve accuracy is to increase the number of measurements taken. This can help reduce the impact of individual errors and outliers, and provide a more representative sample of the data. Additionally, increasing the precision of measurements can help improve accuracy. For instance, using more sensitive instruments with finer resolution can help reduce the effects of rounding errors and improve accuracy.In conclusion, accuracy plays a vital role in a wide range of fields, from science and engineering to finance and medicine. It is essential for making informed decisions based on data and for producing safe, functional products. Measuring and improving accuracy is critical for ensuring that accurate measurements are obtained, and that reliable predictions can be made. Techniques such as calibration and increasing precision can be used to improve accuracy, and precision can be validated using statistical measures such as MAE and RMSE.。
关于数据描述的英文作文英文：When it comes to data description, there are several key aspects to consider. First and foremost, it's important to clearly define the data being described. This means identifying the data source, the timeframe covered, and any relevant variables or parameters that may impact the data.Once the data has been defined, it's important to consider how it will be presented. This may involve creating visualizations such as graphs or charts, or it may involve using descriptive statistics to summarize the data in a more quantitative way.Another important aspect of data description is ensuring that the data is accurate and reliable. This may involve verifying the data against other sources or conducting statistical tests to identify any outliers or anomalies in the data.Finally, it's important to consider the audience for the data description. Depending on who will be using the data, different levels of detail or technical language may be appropriate.Overall, effective data description involves a combination of clear communication, accurate analysis, and consideration for the needs of the audience.中文：数据描述涉及到几个关键方面。
自身前后对照的统计学方法Statistics is a crucial tool in various fields, aiding in the analysis and interpretation of data to make informed decisions. One commonly used statistical method is self-contrast, which compares an individual's performance before and after a particular intervention or event. This method allows for a more personalized analysis of the impact of the intervention on the individual.统计学是各个领域中至关重要的工具，帮助人们分析和解释数据，以便做出明智的决策。
其中一种常用的统计方法是自身前后对照，它比较个体在特定干预或事件之前和之后的表现。
这种方法允许更个性化地分析干预对个体的影响。
Self-contrast statistical methods are commonly used in fields such as healthcare, education, and psychology. In healthcare, for example, doctors may use self-contrast to analyze the effectiveness of a new treatment on a patient's symptoms over time. In education, teachers can use this method to assess the impact of a new teaching strategy on student performance. In psychology, researchers might use self-contrast to study behavioral changes before and after therapy sessions.自身前后对照统计方法通常在医疗保健、教育和心理学等领域中被广泛应用。
