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2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Tom and Alice（） having a new car to replace their old one for years.问题1选项A.has been dreaming ofB.have been dreaming ofC.has dreamedD.will have dreamed【答案】B【解析】根据句意可知谓语应该用复数，首先排除选项A和C，再根据“for years”可知，应用现在完成时，所以选项B正确。
2.单选题（） the heavy pollution, the city officials have decided to cancel school for the day.问题1选项A.PriorB.By means ofC.Due toD.Through 【答案】C【解析】prior在前的，优先的；by means of依靠；due to由于；through从头到尾，彻底。
句意：由于污染严重，市政官员已决定停课一天。
选项C符合句意。
3.单选题There is（） conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.问题1选项A.so muchB.so manyC.too fewD.a few【答案】A【解析】information是不可数名司，只有选项A后面接不可数名词。
4.单选题It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized, they become bound up with the techniques and implementation of the managerial process, and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement. In so doing, they may neglect the purpose for which they were set up.Thus, they do not facilitate the development of those who are part of the school community, and tend to neglect the desires of children, parents and society at large.It is because of such criticisms that there has been an increasing influence in political rhetoric and legislation of free-market theories of organization and society. Such theories suggest that a much more market-oriented, competitive approach is required so that schools reorient themselves towards their “clients”. By s o doing, it is claimed, not only do they once again address the needs of those with whom they should be primarily concerned, but suchan approach also unleashes the benefits of individual responsibility, freedom of choice, and reward.Though much of this sounds attractive, it has its roots as much in an economic body of thoughtas in social and political theory, and this must raise the question of whether it can be viably transferred to an educational context. Indeed, if by “educational” we mean the development of all within the school community, then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, “the consumers”. If teachers are seen as part of this community, then their development is just as important.If bureaucratic forms of management face the problem of explaining how their values can be objective when they are in fact the product of a particular value orientation, the forms of management derived from free-market theories, suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values, are subject to the charge of relativism. In other words, free-market theories, granted that they are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends, must explain why any set of values, including their own, is preferable to another.1.According to the author, criticism of schools arises from （）.2.The “school community”( Line 3, Para. 4) the author refers to would probably include （）.3.The transfer of free market ideas to the schools may fail because （） .4.According to the text, criticism of free market solutions in education arise from the fact that （）.5.The “charge of relativism” mentioned in the last paragraph is meant to show （）.问题1选项A.concerns that schools deliberately neglect studentsB.the high cost of education due to bureaucracyC.a perception of them as self-serving and bureaucraticD.a misunderstanding of schools officials问题2选项A.studentsB.students and parentsC.students, parents and teachersD.teachers and students 问题3选项A.schools have no real clientsB.they concentrate only on the consumer and do not include teachersC.schools are totally different from the free marketD.they have no solid purpose in their aims问题4选项A.they do not explain why their set of values are better than othersB.their values are too subjectiveC.their values are too different from those within an educational contextD.the educational context is not a free market问题5选项A.the values are too narrow-mindedB.the values are not specific enoughC.the values are too self-servingD.the values are not strongly held【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。
人大考博英语复习备考基础阶段语法单词复习方法语法和词汇是复习考博英语的基础。
对于考博的学生而言，基础阶段是全面、系统得学习语法的关键时期。
因为，如果能在这一时期打下坚实的基础，接下来的学习会非常顺利，后期的阅读、写作及翻译的技巧和方法更能融会贯通。
基础阶段，考生应该全面掌握考博语法要点。
无论英语基础是否扎实，万学海文英语考博辅导专家们都建议2012年的广大考生们应该从头开始，将语法知识进行系统化的学习，因为大多数同学的语法知识只限于高中语法，对语法没有系统地掌握。
考生要针对个人情况，多下苦功突破薄弱环节，巩固并熟练掌握常考的重要语法点，如：三大从句(名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句)，非谓语动词，比较结构，否定句等。
语法学习贵在持之以恒多数考生感觉语法知识比较枯燥，不愿意学习。
但是，语法学习是能顺利通过研究生考试的因素之一。
万学海文建议建议2012年的考生要静下心来，结合做题来学习，即先看语法书，然后做相应的题目巩固语法知识。
如果题目做得不理想，这会成为你学习的动力;如果题目做得不错，说明你对这部分语法知识掌握得不错。
学习的同时，要对基本的语法知识进行整理，形成一个体系，也要对一些特殊的语法现象进行归纳。
另外，语法复习重在语法现象本身，而不是记住那些枯燥无味的术语，检验语法是否过关的另外一个方法：在阅读练习中能否准确理解长难句。
同学们一定要把语法学习和平时的练习结合起来，做到学以致用。
词汇学习贵在把握规律说到考博词汇，更是让考生们畏之如虎，在很多同学的印象中，考博大纲中所要求的词汇都是一些难词、大词，甚至是平时罕见的词，这些词一部分是为为难考生而选的，所以对背单词都有一些恐惧感。
首先大家应该调整心态克服这种心理。
众所周知，大纲中要求5500 个单词，其中不乏一些所学过的单词，甚至一些词是高中就曾经出现过的，大家早已熟悉。
比如说：考博大纲中对于school 这个词还有要求，可以说大家对于这个词再熟悉不过了，在初中一年级课本的韩梅梅和李雷同学经典的对话中我们就学到过这个词，但是考纲中仍对这个词有要求，仔细看，发现这个词后面又加了一些引申义。
Reading Material V: Reading Longer ArticlesThe Many Faces of the FutureWhy we'll never have a universal civilization?By Samuel P. Huntington1 Conventional wisdom tells us that we are witnessing the emergence of what V. S. Naipaul calleda “ universal civilization,” the cultural coming together of humanity and the increasing acceptance of common values, beliefs, and institutions by people throughout the world. Critics of this trend point to the global domination of Western-style capitalism and culture, and the gradual erosion of distinct cultures—especially in the developing world.2 If what we mean by universal culture are the assumptions, values, and doctrines currently held by the many elites who travel in international circles, that's not a vi able “one, world” scenario. Consider the “Davos culture” . Each-year about a thousand business executives, government officials, intellectuals, and journalists from scores of countries meet at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Almost all of them hold degrees in the physical sciences, social sciences, business, or law; are reasonably fluent in English; are employed by governments, corporations, and academic institutions with extensive international connections; and travel frequently outside of their own countries. They also generally share beliefs in individualism, market economies, and political democracy, which are also common among people in Western civilization. This core group of people controls virtually all international institutions, many of the world's governments, and the bulk of the world's economic and military organizations. As a result, the Davos culture is tremendously important, but it is far from a universal civilization. Outside the West, these values are shared by perhaps 1 percent of the world's population.3 The argument that the spread of Western consumption patterns and popular culture around the world is creating a universal civilization is also not especially profound. Innovations have been transmitted from one civilization to another throughout history. But they are usually techniques lacking in significant cultural consequences or fads that come and go without altering the underlying culture of the recipient civilization. The essence of Western civilization is the Magna Carta, not the Magna Mac. The fact that non-Westerners may bite into the latter does not necessarily mean they are more likely to accept the former. During the ' 70s and ' 80s Americans bought millions of Japanese cars and electronic gadgets without being "Japanized", and, in fact, became considerably more antagonistic toward Japan. Only naive arrogance can lead Westerners to assume that non-Westerners will become "Westernized" by acquiring Western goods.4 A slightly more sophisticated version of the universal popular culture argument focuses on the media rather than consumer goods in general. Eighty-eight of the world's hundred most popular films in 1993 were produced in the United States, and four organizations based in the United States and Europe—the Associated Press, CNN, Reuters, and the French Press Agency—dominate the dissemination of news worldwide. This situation simply reflects the universality of human interest inlove, sex, violence, mystery, heroism, and wealth, and the ability of profit-motivated companies, pri-marily American, to exploit those interests to their own advantage. Little or no evidence exists, however, to support the assumption that the emergence of pervasive global communications is producing significant convergence in attitudes and beliefs around the world. Indeed, this Western hegemony encourages populist politicians in non-Western societies to denounce Western cultural imperialism and to rally their constituents to preserve their indigenous cultures. The extent to which global communications are dominated by the West is, thus, a major source of the resentment non-Western peoples have toward the West. In addition, rapid economic development in non-Western societies is leading to the emergence of local and regional media industries catering to the distinctive tastes of those societies.5 The central elements of any civilization are language and religion. If a universal civilization is emerging, there should be signs of a universal language and a universal religion developing. Nothing of the sort is occurring.6 Despite claims from Western business leaders that the world’s language is English, no evidence exists to support this proposition, and the most reliable evidence that does exist shows just the opposite. English speakers dropped from 9.8 percent of the world's population in 1958 to 7. 6 percent in 1992. Still, one can argue the English has become the world' s lingua franca, or in linguistic terms, the principal language of wider communication. Diplomats, business executives, tourists, and the service professionals catering to them need some means of efficient communication, and right now that is largely in English. But this is a form of intercultural communication; it presupposes the existence of separate cultures. Adopting a lingua franca is a way of coping with linguistic and cultural differences, not a way of eliminating them. It is a tool for communication, not a source of identity and community.7 The linguistic scholar Joshua Fishman has observed that a language is more likely to be accepted as a lingua franca if it is not identified with a particular ethnic group, religion, or ideology. In the past, English carried many of those associations. But more recently, Fishman says, it has been " de-ethnicized (or minimally ethnicized), " much like what happened to Akkadian, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin before it. As he puts it, "It is part of the relative good fortune of English as an additional language that neither its British nor its American fountainheads have been widely or deeply viewed in an ethnic or ideological context for the past quarter century or so." Resorting to English for intercultural communication helps maintain—and, indeed, reinforce—separated cultural identities. Precisely because people want to preserve their own culture, they use English to communicate with people of other cultures.8 A universal religion is only slightly more likely to emerge than a universal language. The late 20th century has seen a resurgence of religions around the world, including the rise of fundamentalist movements. This trend has reinforced the differences among religions, and has not necessarily resulted in significant shifts in the distribution of religions worldwide.9 Of course, there have been increases during the past century in the percentage of people practicing the two major proselytizing religions, Islam and Christianity. Western Christians accounted for 26.9 percent of the world's population in 1900 and peaked at about 30 percent in 1980, while the Muslim population increases from 12.4 percent in 1900 to as much as 18 percent in 1980. The per-centage of Christians in the world will probably decline to about 25 percent by 2025. Meanwhile, because of extremely high rates of population growth, the proportion of Muslims in the world will con-tinue to increase dramatically and represent about 30 percent of the world's population by 2025. Neither, however, qualifies as a universal religion.10 The argument that some sort of universal civilization is emerging rests on one or more of three assumptions; that the collapse of Soviet communism meant the end of history and the universal victory of liberal democracy; that increased interaction among peoples through trade, investment, tourism, media, and electronic communications is creating a common world culture; and that a universal civilization is the logical result of the process of global modernization that has been going on since the 18th century.11 The first assumption is rooted in the Cold War perspective that the only alternative to communism is liberal democracy, and the demise of the first inevitably produces the second. But there are many alternatives to liberal democracy—including authoritarianism, nationalism, corporatism, and market communism (as in China)— that are alive and well in today's world. And, more significantly, there are all the religious alternatives that lie outside the world of secular ideologies. In the modern world, religion is a central, perhaps the central, force that motivates and mobilizes people. It is sheer hubris to think that because Soviet communism has collapsed, the West has conquered the world for all time and that non-Western peoples are going to rush to embrace Western liberalism as the only alternative. The Cold War division of humanity is over. The more fundamental divisions of ethnicity, religions, and civilizations remain and will spawn new conflicts.12 The new global economy is a reality. Improvements in transportation and communications technology have indeed made it easier and cheaper to move money, goods, knowledge, ideas, and images around the world. But what will be the impact of this increased economic interaction? In social psychology, distinctiveness theory holds that people define themselves by what makes them different from others in a particular context: People define their identity by what they are not. As advanced communications, trade, and travel multiply the interactions among civilizations, people will increasingly accord greater relevance to identity based on their own civilization.13 Those who argue that a universal civilization is an inevitable product of modernization assume that all modern societies must become Westernized. As the first civilization to modernize, the West leads in the acquisition of the culture of modernity. And as other societies acquire similar patterns of education, work, wealth, and class structure—the argument runs — this modern Western culture will become the universal culture of the world. That significant differences exist between modern and traditional cultures is beyond dispute. It doesn' t necessarily follow, however, that societies with modern cultures resemble each other more than do societies with traditional cultures. As historian Fernand Braudel writes, "Ming China. .. was assuredly closer to the France of the Valois than the China of Mao Tsetung is to the France of the Fifth Republic."14 Yet modern societies could resemble each other more than do traditional societies for two reasons. First, the increased interaction among modern societies may not generate a common culture, but it does facilitate the transfer of techniques, inventions, and practices from one society to another with a speed and to a degree that were impossible in the traditional world. Second traditional society was based on agriculture; modern society is based on industry. Patterns of agriculture and the social structure that goes with them are much more dependent on the natural environment than are patterns of industry. Differences in industrial organization are likely to derive from differences in culture and social structure rather than geography, and the former conceivably can converge while the latter can-not .15 Modern societies thus have much in common. But do they necessarily merge into homogeneity? The argument that they do rests on the assumption that modern society must approximate a single type, the Western type. This is a totally false assumption. Western civilization emerged in the 8th and 9th centuries. It did not begin to modernize until the 17th and 18th centuries. The West was the West long before it was modern. The central characteristics of the West—the classical legacy, the mix of Catholicism and Protestantism, and the separation of spiritual and temporal authority—distinguish it from other civilizations and antedate the modernization of the West.16 In the post-Cold War world, the most important distinctions among people are not ideological, political, or economic. They are cultural. People and nations are attempting to answer a basic human question: Who are we? And they are answering that question in the traditional way, by reference to the things that mean the most to them: ancestry, religion, language, history, values, customs, and institutions. People identify with cultural groups: tribes, ethnic groups, religious communities, nations, and, at the broadest level, civilizations. They use politics not just to advance their interests but also to define their identity. We know who we are only when we know who we are not, and often only when we know who we are against.17 Nation-states remain the principal actors in world affairs. Their behavior is shaped, as in the past, by the pursuit of power and wealth, but it is also shaped by cultural preferences and differences. The most important groupings of states are no longer the three blocs of the Cold War but rather the world's major civilizations.18 The main responsibility of Western leaders is to recognize that intervention in the affairs of other civilizations is the single most dangerous source of instability in the world. The West should at-tempt not to reshape other civilizations in its own image, but to preserve and renew the unique qualities of its own civilization.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题The opening of Disneyland will bring many associated investment opportunities. At least four economic sectors will benefit directly. First, property markets. Housing and commercial real estate prices around the Disneyland area are already rising. Second, the tourism sector. After the opening, analysts expect 3 to 5 million more tourists will visit Shanghai every year, bring more business to hotels, travel agencies and retails. Third, brand marketing will give a boost to toy manufactures, publishers and the gaming industry. Fourth, construction companies and material suppliers will enjoy a huge increase, comparable to the 2010 Shanghai world Expo. Disneyland’s first phase of construction is expected to cost 24 billion yuan.【答案】迪士尼在上海开园会带来许多相关的投资机会。
考博英语复习资料-人大考博英语翻译突破长难句翻译技巧 翻译是人大考博英语中分量很重的考察内容。
掌握了翻译的解题技巧，翻译就成了最好拿分的一个题型。
因为翻译题型主要考察两点：词汇和长难句。
而翻译题型的词汇一般是认识的，最主要的一点就是碰到最难翻译的长句该怎么办?从近些年的真题中，我们发现命题者有一个非常清楚的或者非常明显的趋势和导向，就是对于比较复杂的句子结构和文章考察的比重加大。
这个体现在各个部分的题型当中，尤其以英译汉部分最为明显。
所以想要抓住获得高分的“核心竞争力”就要着重提高对文章长难句和段落逻辑结构的把握上，再加上一定的应试技巧和策略，才能在考博英语中取得高分。
育明考博提醒大家要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句，这样翻译做起来就容易得分多了。
在英语长句的翻译过程中，下面六个技巧可以发挥很大的作用：(1) 逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。
在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。
倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。
例如：It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析：该句由一个主句，一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成，“……变得越来越重要”是主句，也是全句的中心内容，全句共有三个谓语结构，包含三层含义：A. ……变的越来越重要;B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C. 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。
中国人民大学考博英语第二阶段复习备考方案及真题分析中国人民大学考博英语第二阶段：阅读理解复习备考方案中国人民大学考博备考时间安排：（7月至10月，共3个月）中国人民大学考博重点和目标：阅读课程，要求完成全部课件的学习，掌握阅读解题方法。
中国人民大学考博英语具体学习指导：a.阅读：第一：继续坚持看原创文章的习惯，如果没有时间的话，建议可以两天看一篇；第二：每天一课时网络课件的内容，根据讲解，领悟方法；第三：寻找六级真题，每天做一套题里面的阅读部分，大约是5到6篇；抑或是用华慧考博网所发行的专门针对阅读专项的《华慧考博英语阅理解220篇》来进行练习；第四：对于错误率高的文章需要精读，并仔细研究错误的原因，同时，对其中的未知以及常考词汇做深刻记忆和整理；第五：对于感兴趣的文章可以试做翻译练习。
c.词汇：学员识记华慧考博网发行的《华慧考博英语10000词汇详解》，那么在此阶段的前期学习完这本复习资料之后，建议学员还可以自行找到一些专四或专八的词汇继续来记忆，巩固已知，同时拓展未知词汇。
（每天任务量：300个单词左右）该专项的具体复习方法以公司的艾宾浩斯记忆法为指导。
d.语法：在此阶段，首先要做的事情就要对重要的语法点对学员进行测试，以考查其掌握程度。
其次，如果有针对哪一个点了解不清，容易混淆的，教师需为学员讲解，揭开迷雾，并做相关的练习题。
中国人民大学考博英语阅读理解专项训练 Roger Rosenblatt''s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,successfully alters the approach taken bymost previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle''s recent work,for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances,its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt''s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors?Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt''s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works - yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer''s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussionmakes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson''s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. 1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________. [A] evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism. [B] comparing various critical approaches to a subject. [C] discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism. [D] summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism. 2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt __________. [A] evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction. [B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors. [C] explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history. [D] assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically. 3.The author''s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as__________. [A] pedantic and contentious. [B] critical but admiring. [C] ironic and deprecating. [D] argumentative but unfocused. 4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt''s book EXCEPT: __________. [A] rhetorical questions. [B] specific examples. [C] comparison and contrast. [D] definition of terms. 5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson''s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to __________. [A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt''s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism. [B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage. [C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt''s book made in the first paragraph of the passage. [D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt''s work. [参考答案]1、A2、D3、B4、D5、D。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Mary finally decided（） all the junk she had kept in the garage.问题1选项A.get ridB.gotten rid ofC.getting rid ofD.to get rid of【答案】D【解析】固定介词搭配。
decide to do sth.决定做某事。
所以，选项D正确。
2.单选题“Two hundred eight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million...” That is the sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of garbage cans all over United States in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown away after use by consumers and businesses. This does not include fluid materials. During that year, Americans threw away 210 million tons (about 43 pounds/20 kilograms per person daily) of garbage. We throw away 12. 4 million tons of glass and about 80 million tons of paper products. America also throws away large amounts (in tons) of food scraps, yard wastes, plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and other materials. That is almost a mountain of garbage.Even though we make an effort to recycle and compost our solid waste, the amount of waste keeps increasing each year. Our biggest problem is where to put the solid waste and how to keep it from polluting our environment. If solid waste is disposed of incorrectly, it can contaminate our surface and underground water supplies. Currently, our municipal waste or waste collected by our cities and towns, goes to landfills. Today, about 85% our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps. This waste must be treated to keep rats, flies and other animals from building their home in the landfills. The treat also prevents the growth of bacteria and other organism that carry diseases. So, how do we handle this mountain of garbage? Scientists have come up with different methods for handling our waste problem.One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in Fresno California, in 1937. In sanitary landfill, the solid waste is spread in thin layers that compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is a more expensive method, but it takes away the hazards that are caused by landfills. It also allowed the land to be used for building or recreation. The negative of the landfills is that it’s tough to find open land and this process is very expensive. The land also needs its water sources protected so that the water will not pollute the water supply. Landfill (water dumps) and sanitary landfills rely on the natural biodegradability of the solid wastes. Solid waste are biodegradable if they can decay or break down through the action of living organisms and return to the earth. However certain materials take longer to decay than others, and some materials do not decay or decompose at all. Scientists need to find other methods of waste disposal. Incineration and recycling are methods that are currently in use today.1.This passage is about disposal problem of solid waste（）.2.From the article we can infer that（）.3.According to the article, about（）is dumped to landfills.4.The word “recycle”( Line 1, Paragraph 2) means（）.5.According to the article, which one of the following is NOT true?问题1选项A.by consumersB.in CaliforniaC.by municipal governmentD.in America问题2选项A.treatment of the solid is a hard nut to crackB.solution for proper disposal will be found soonC.California set a good example in solid waste in 1930sD.the government remains confident about the solid waste问题3选项A.12. 4 million tons of garbageB.80 million tons of garbageC.85% of the garbageD.92. 4 tons of garbage问题4选项A.to send something far awayB.to throw something away to the right placeC.to convert waste into reusable materialD.to turn into fertilizers问题5选项A.Solid waste does not include fluid materials.B.Sanitary landfill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California.C.Burning is not a method that is used today.posting is still one of the ways to handle the mountain of garbage【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。
人民大学考博英语考试专项提高训练-阅读理解真题模拟练习 Exercise two：The Continuity of the Religious Struggle in Britain Though England was on the whole prosperous and hopeful, though by comparison with her neighbors she enjoyed internal peace, she could not evade the fact that the world of which she formed a part was torn by hatred and strife as fierce as any in human history. Men were still for from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion different from their own. And hence necessarily false, must inevitably destroy such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell. So the struggle went on with increasing fury within each nation to impose a single creed upon every subject, and within the general society of Christendom to impose it upon every nation. In England the Reformers, or Protestants, aided by the power of the Crown, had at this stage triumphed, but over Europe as a whole Rome was beginning to recover some of the ground it had lost after Martin Luther’s revolt in the earlier part of the century. It did this in two ways, by the activities of its missionaries, as in parts of Germany, or by the military might of the Catholic Powers, as in the Low Countries, where the Dutch provinces were sometimes near their last extremity under the pressure of Spanish arms. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and divided: and so, in the 1570’s Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a thousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries.（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八 交流群105.619.820）These were young Englishmen who had either never given up the old faith, or having done so, had returned to it and felt called to become priests. There being, of course, no Catholic seminaries left in England, they went abroad, at first quite easily, later with difficulty and danger, to study in the English colleges at Douai or Rome: the former established for the training of ordinary or secular clergy, the other for the member of the Society of Jesus, commonly known as Jesuits, a new Order established by St, Ignatius Loyola same thirty years before. The seculars came first; they achieved a success which even the most eager could hardly have expected. Cool-minded and well-informed men, like Cecil, had long surmised that the conversion of the English people to Protestantism was for from complete; many—Cecil thought even the majority—had conformed out of fear, self-interest or—possibly the commonest reason of all—sheer bewilderment at the rapid changes in doctrine and forms of worship imposed on them in so short a time. Thus it happened that the missionaries found a welcome, not only with the families who had secretly offered them hospitality if they came, but withmany others whom their first hosts invited to meet them or passed them on to. They would land at the ports in disguise, as merchants, courtiers or what not, professing some plausible business in the country, and make by devious may for their first house of refuge. There they would administer the Sacraments and preach to the house holds and to such of the neighbors as their hosts trusted and presently go on to some other locality to which they were directed or from which they received a call.1. The main idea of this passage is[A]. The continuity of the religious struggle in Britain in new ways.[B]. The conversion of religion in Britain.[C]. The victory of the New religion in Britain.[D]. England became prosperous.2. What was Martin Luther’s religions?[A]. Buddhism. [B]. Protestantism. [C]. Catholicism. [D]. Orthodox.3. Through what way did the Rome recover some of the lost land?[A]. Civil and military ways. [B]. Propaganda and attack.[C]. Persuasion and criticism. [D]. Religious and military ways.4. What did the second paragraph mainly describe?[A]. The activities of missionaries in Britain.[B]. The conversion of English people to Protestantism was far from complete.[C]. The young in Britain began to convert to Catholicism[D]. Most families offered hospitality to missionaries.重难点词汇整理Vocabulary：1. evade 避开，回避2. creed 教义，信条，主义3. the Crown 原义皇冠，在英国代表王权，王室/君主4. low Countries 低地国，指荷兰，卢森堡，比利时5. last extremity 最后阶段，绝境，临终。
人大考博辅导班：人大国学院考博经验分享启道人大考博辅导班---人大国学院考博复试第一条为做好博士研究生招生考试复试(以下简称复试)工作，规范复试方式与过程，根据教育部和中国人民大学关于博士生入学复试的有关规定，制定本实施办法。
第二条复试工作自始至终贯彻科学选拔、公平公正、全面考察、客观评价、公开透明、严谨严密的原则，坚决抵制各种不正之风。
第三条复试工作在学院博士研究生复试工作领导小组的组织下进行。
学院主管研究生工作的院长担任组长。
第四条复试内容和形式：复试包括外语听力水平和口语水平测试(满分50分，其中听力测试20分，口语测试30分)、专业课和综合素质面试(满分150分)。
第五条外语听力及口语成绩30分以上，专业课和综合素质面试成绩90分以上，即为复试合格。
第六条各项复试成绩均合格的，将各项成绩与初试成绩加权求和，从高分至低分录取。
第七条结果公布：拟录取名单以学校研究生院公布为准。
对于跨专业加试、复试、体检不合格的考生，不拟录取。
第八条体检时间及须知：1、体检时间：4月16日上午7:30-10:002、启道人大考博辅导班老师提醒须知：请考生于体检前自行登录“中国研究生招生信息网”登录个人账号下载《体检表》，核对本人信息。
于体检当日早7:30到中国人民大学校医院大厅收费窗口交体检费90元，并凭缴费收据到四层大厅登记激活体检预约单，激活后，按照体检地点安排体检。
注意：体检当日空腹(静脉采血)，体检前一日应清淡饮食、不饮酒、不熬夜;体检当日10:00以后不再接待体检考生。
请各位考生严格遵守体检时间安排，每一项体检后，请大夫标明，以免漏查。
第九条复试时间及要求：1、报到及备考时间：4月17日上午9:00-9:30到国学馆111教室报到及备考，10:00正式复试。
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English20092009@Password: 119119高级技能辅导词汇与阅读1．总体安排1）全面概览，查漏找缺：词汇，语法：A; 认知性；复用性；a/anact n. 法律，法案law，bill, statute, constitution, legal code, rules, regulation, draft, tre aty, convention , 2007 2006 20051. Voc: 10 3.5 4 32. Read:5. Writing 13 02) 针对漏缺，专项攻破:3)综合练习，全面提高Internet , influenceWeb, net; effect, impact同义互释；主题词猜答案；2．考试概况3．词汇辅导4．阅读辅导---alt: high, heightAltitude==al, 高gao;Exalt: ex---: oute--, er--: herd, herb:althorn, altherbase:高草群落--spir，--sper：breatheSpirit，conspire, conspiracy, desperate, exasperated, inspire, SARS---severe acute respiratory syndrome--it: go, walk exit==go out visit==go to see initiate==go intoBeing===系动词；人，生物体；be==实意动词，live，existT o be, or not be;This is a question.--mut---: change mutation, mutable, mutability, mutase: 变位酶latitude=维度wei, longitude==经度，jing, attitude, multitude, magnitude---spic，---spis，--spec--, ---spect: see, lookConspicuous==obvious, evident, suspicious, suspicion, despise, speculate, respectful, inspection, prospective, retrospect==look back, suspect, introspect==look inside, spectator, spectacle, spectacularDivert---: di--, dis--, dif--: away, apart, divide, divorce, different--vers, ---vert: turn, change historical reversal---turn back; al, diverse, convert, conversation, versatile, adversary: against, opposite《英语词汇的奥秘》，蒋争，中国国际广播出版社P25Conference==meetingT o err is human.Confidential sth to sb., preside; private, personal, secret,Prefer, transfer, infer, differ, defer….Pre---: before prepare, predict, preview---scribe, --script: writeInscribe, inscription; describe, description; proscribe, prescribe, prescription subscribe, manuscriptBe occupied with==be busy with: timeBe preoccupied with ==concentrate/focus/bent on/ be absorbed inUsed to do===Be used to doing===Out of question==no probemOut of the question===impossibleInoculate==instillInstructor, mentor, director, tutor---struct: build ob---, op-: against; ad---Construct==, obstruct==build against,Intestinal obstructionIntestine; --is, --es --itis: ; diabetes==diabetesdestroy, structure, infrastructureobsess: be obsessed/absorbed inobesity---ful, ---ous: beautiful, dangerous---ive, ---ate,----ent: active, permissive, considerate, intelligent, diligent---able,---ible, ----uble: eatable, edible; visible, insoluble ==solve--ic, --cal, ---al:Respectful, respectable, respective; intelligent, intelligible, intellectual;Incredible, increditable, incredulous; considerable, considerate; economic, economical; historic, historical; healthy, healthfulPreeminent:Impressive== --pressImpress: express, oppress,Depressant, stimulantDe---: downgene---, gen--, ---gn: producegenetic, genetics, eugenics,benign, malignantbene--, beni---: goodP24-251-5 DCABD6-10 BCABD11-15 CAAAA16-20 DDABAP25---27a. 1C 2D 3C 4A 5D6A 7B 8D 9A 10Db. 1D 2C 3C 4D 5A6C 7C 8B 9A 10Cc. 1D 2A 3B 4A 5C6B 7C 8D 9C 10Ad. 1D 2B 3A 4A 5 D6C 7 B 8D 9A 10BProvided that…..---lev: high, height level, lever, maglev==magnetically levitated train---tain, ---tin, ----ten: keepSustainable, detain, container, maintainable=maintenance, obtain, attain, continue==keep ontenant, tenacious--ant: 人：assistant, accountant, flight attendant---剂：stimulant, depressant, retardant, insect repellantRepel: --pel, --pul: pushPropeller ==push forward, impel==push into,Repel===push back,Expel==push outExpel==expulsionDispel===push away, compel==push together, compulsory, compulsion, pulse, impulse---ceed, ---cede, ---cess:Go, walk; ---it, ---gress:Aggressive==go towardsProgress=go forward, ingress==go intoEgress=go out,Transgression==go acrossProceed=go forward, precede==go before, succeed==go after/behind, exceed==go out,recede==go backeconomic recession, concede==go together, inaccessible==go towards, procedure, pacify==pacific entrance/entry/access to internet/WTOar--, ac--, ag---: to/towardsprocess, unprecedent, success, successive, successfulcontra--, contro--: against, oppositeas soon as ===hardly when===no sooner thandis--: away , apart---tract: pull, drawTractor, contract==pull together, extract==pull out, abstract==pull away from, attract=pull towardsive, subtract==pull down/underinter---: between internet, international, intercity, interstate, interview,---fereinterrupt== --rupt: break,corrupt= , volcanic eruption===break outdisrupt==break away/apart--ject: throw, castInterject==Reject=throw back, projectile=throw forward, inject=throw intoion, deject==depress==throw down, projector, eject==throw outruin, spoil; hurt/wound, injuredSpare the rod, spoil the child.--mini--, min--: tinyMinute organism/ minimum, mini-skirt/car/busApproximately--proximityEf---:, ex--, e--:fuse--, fus---: pour, flowRefuse==pour/flow back, infuse=flow/pour into, confusion, effuse, profuse, interfuse, perfuse, transfuse==Trans: change translate, transform, transaction, transplant, transfer--scend: comeAscend, descendent---mit, ---mis: sendDismiss==send away/apart, missile, emit==send out, waste emission, omit, omission, permit, admit,Pseudo--: falsePseudo-somethingPseudopodium: 伪足--ped, ---pod: footCentipede, pedal, pedestrian, peddler, tripod--nym：name synonym, antonym; acronym==NBA, WTO, NASA : acrobathttp:==hypertext transmission/fer protocol词组测试出题思路：1.动词词组：动同介副异；Fall over/in/up/out动异介副同:Work out, figure out, make out, take outOn，off；up，down；Put on, take on, get on:Get off; take off:Go on, keep on;Break off, cut off,T urn on, turn off, show is onPut/come/make/ Across；in，out；In turn, in return, in terms of, in the long/short run;Seaquake; tsunamiHard-to-get-to placesThe women-would-jump-Onto-the-chair-at-the-sight-the-mouse era passed.Freshmen, blue-blooded,Green-eyed==envious==jealous, red-eyed:on the 2nd thought, think twice;one thousand and one ways to express selfThere are numerous greenflies on the stems and leaves of certain plants. Greenfly: fly butterfly, dragonfly, horsefly, gadflyFirefly; lightflygreenroom, greenhouse滋，呲，喵，哞叽，咯，嘎Soar==嗖, baby-boom, boost,Poptop，pop the ball into the basketRenaissance, Aristotle;Fix af—affix prefix, suffixPend---:hangExpend, suspend, spend, pendant, pendulumCrus--, cruc--: crucial, cruciform, cruciferous flowersCin--: burn, ash;Incinerator, incineration, cinders, CinderellaCommunications satelliteAstronautEmpty the box.The paper is only an introduction and a conclusion sandwiched with some extracts from other thesis.Air, aero--Plane, telephoneVegetable==veg,Cab, cabman, cabbyHeli copter; auto mobileBird influenza Flu, fridge== refrigeratorXmas, fax==facsimile2.介副词词组：3.固定搭配Centimeter==cm, financeeActor, -ess: actress, tiger==tigress, princessLa Nina , hiphop:HopstitchWorld wide web==World wide watchY oung urban professionals= yuppieHomepage,Car Care, litter—rubbishLog on重要词汇复习思路abandon (desert, discard, give up) abide by (obey, observe, comply with, conform to) abolish (cancel, eliminate, get rid of) acceptable, accessible, available, adaptable accident(ally), incident(ally), event(ually), incidenceacquaint (with), acquire, require, inquire, enquire adapt, adjust, accommodateaccount (for, to, on account of, take into account) accumulate addiction, addition, condition, prediction adapt, adept, adopt admit, permit, allow, promise advocate advanced advantage affect, effect, afford, effort allege allocate altitude, attitude, latitude, longitudeamateur ambitious amendment amusement announcement annoyannual(yearly) anticipate(expect, dream, imagine) anxious appalling, appealing apparent appoint appreciate appropriate approve approximate arbitrary arouse, arise, rise, raise array, arrange argueartificial(man-made) assault(attack) assemble assert assess assetassign(ment) associate (with, to) assume assure(ance) astonish attach to, detach from attain, obtain, contain, sustain, maintain attempt (try, manage) attend to attract, contract, abstract, subtract, distract authentic authority (authorize) automatic average, common, usual, ordinary avoid award, reward be aware of awkward, embarrassed重要词组复习思路break (in, up) call (for, up) check (in, up) come (across, out) cut ( in, off) die (down, out) drop (in, out) fill (in, out) get (back, by) give (in, up) go (after, on) hand (in, out) hold (in, on) keep (from, up) lay (aside, down) live (by, on) look (at, after) make (for, out) pass (away, on) pay (for, off) pull (in, out) put (away, off) result (from, in) run (for, against) see (off, into) set (out, up) show (off, up) stand (by, for) take (in, up) try (on, out) turn (in, on, up) wait (for, on) wear (down, off, out) work (at, on, out) ward off, resort to, stick to, accuse of, attend to, back up, burn (out, up, down), burst into (tears, blames)break into (crying, fire) calm down, dedicate (devote)…to, deprive…of, derive…from, figure out, focus on, concentrate on, center on, count on, depend on, rely on/upon, relieve…from, remind sb. of… shut (up, off) speak (for, of, out) stop(keep, prevent, prohi bit, ban)…from高频词汇50 state 42 take 39change 33 say 30 penalty 29 technology 26 result, statement22 global, paragraph 21 live, means 20 cent, consume, radiation 19 company, lack, medical, murder, program 18 increase, space, step 17 aid, mark, possible, rate, used16 choice, deal, social 15 center, graph, point 14 interview, less, mental, physical, reason, soup 13 climate, modern, provide, purpose, tech, traditional 12 ability, drought, kill, knowledge, last, matter, million, pollution, public, revenge, rise, society, spend, stock, title, volunteer 11 culture, emission, function, importance, individual, late, level, limit, material, minute, necessary, nuclear, patient, research, travel, type 10 applicant, cell, common, crime, factor, harmful, international, least, line, main, manner, personal, pressure, prevent, researcher, scientific, serious, sheet 9 complete, confidence, current, drop, effort, environment, estimate, expect, general, government, investment, lead, limited, remain, save, sell, set, traffic, video 8 capable, certain, continue, decade, effect, fuel, imply, involve, likely, living, measure, product, relate, tend, term 7 available, average, avoid, behavior, care, comprehension, cross, electronic, fall, keep, majority, motorist, murderer, natural, occur, popular, price, project, pure, record, refer, regard, retail, seal, section, single, species, suggest, trend, typical, victim 6 acquisition, adapt, allow, apply, approach, astronaut, attack, attitude, balance, clear, complex, concept, control, corporation, damage, data, decline, emergency, endanger, extinct, jam, leave, lie, loss, nature, object, perception, progress, prove, reflect, replace, response, restrict, riot, safety, service, shift, significance, smoke, solve, surrounding, theory, thought, total, tradition, university, value, view 5 adequate, appear, atmosphere, aware, belong, bother, creature, cue, custom, dependent, diagnosis, electrical, entire, exchange, failure, feedback, former, heap, image, immediate, impact, improve, insight, issue, lot, lower, marry, mention, national, network, objective, organize, practical, prefer,previous, raise, reduce, relation, relationship, rescue, safe, self, sense, share, sign, similar, situation, status, store, suffer, survival, threat, transmit, tribe, various, vast, wave, zone4 account, agreement, amount, appliance, arrow, aspect, bamboo, block, broadcast, career, cast, cause, chase, choose, consider, convention, cope, detail, enormous, entertain, evidence, executive, exist, express, extreme, flight, focus, fossil, fundamental, historical, ideal, impression, intend, locate, logical, lost, maintain, major, market, mid, mystery, notion, opinion, organization, overseas, ownership, participate, predict, protect, pump, purchase, rapid, realize, receive, recipe, register, regulation, relief, remains, report, responsible, revolution, risk, rule, satellite, scheme, select, sentence, silence, simple, standard, subject, support, survey, switch, system, taste, technique, throw, topic, trade, train, training, transport, understanding, universal, unusual, vehicle, visual, voltage, whole 3 absorb, academic, access, alive, alternative, appropriate, association, band, basic, bid, broad, cable, challenge, charge, chronic, cite, clue, code, colleague, comfort, construct, contact, crack, curiosity, cycle, desirable, develop, device, divorce, eliminate, entertainment, escape, essential, exception, exhaust, expand, expend, expert, fatal, favor, feasible, female, fiction, funeral, generation, genetic, genuine, goal, gossip, hydraulic, ignore, imagine, indicate, influence, initial, instruction, intelligence, introduction, item, jury, latter, layer, list, logic, mass, microwave, misery, mission, mobile, narrow, nerve, official, order, origin, ozone, pattern, permit, philosopher, pioneer, powerful, preserve, process, production, publish, punishment, quarter, range, rare, react, recite, 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