中国人民大学考博英语真题

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Britain’s hope of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered（） yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.问题1选项A.a severe set-backB.sharp set-backC.a severe blown-upD.sharp blown-up【答案】A【解析】set-back阻碍，停止，为名词，前面需加冠词a，排除选项B；blown-up放大的，膨胀的，为形容词，不用冠词a修饰，排除选项C。

句意：当Hunter在预赛中未能晋级，英国在奥运会上夺冠的希望昨日遭遇严重挫折。

选项A更符合语境。

2.单选题In modern days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city called Qal’at Shartlat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the time, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Arrur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became known as the Assyrians.Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three periods even though they cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods was the Old Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B.C.—1400 B.C. ), the Middle Assyrian Period (circa 1365 B.C.—1100 B.C. ) and the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( circa 934 B. C.— 609 B.C.).Archaeological evidence showed that people began to settle in Ashur as early as 2500 B. C. But it did not attain any political significance until the third dynasty of Ur collapsed in 2004 B. C. After that fiasco, the Assyrians transformed the Ashur into a bustling commercial center, controlling trade routes to and from Anatolia. In 1813 B. C. , the first great Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throne and began a series of military expansions. At the height of his reign, his kingdom owned the entire northern Mesopotamia. Its growing influence gave its neighbor plenty of reasons to be wary. While things were going splendidly for this Assyrian upstart, Shamshi-Adad passed away in 1791 B. C. Soon after his death, the kingdom began to fall apart. Knowing that the Shamshi-Adad5s empire was on the verge of collapse, Hammurabi of the 1st dynasty of Babylon jumped at the chance and invaded northern Mesopotamia. He conquered Ashur in 1760 B. C. From that point on to the middle of 1300s B.C. , Assyria was reduced to a mere vassal state. At first, it had to answer to the 1st dynasty of Babylon. After that empire was eradicated, it turned to submit to a Human kingdom called Mitanni. It was not until 1365 B. C. that Assyria, then ruled by Ashur-uballit I, was able to regain its independence. For the next couple hundred years, Assyria grew increasingly powerful. It eventually defeated Babylonia and even occupied Egypt.1.According to the article, the Assyrian lived in part of modern-day（）.2.According to the historians, the history of Assyria has lasted for about （）.3.It was during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the first great Assyrian King, when the Assyrians （）.4.During the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the neighboring countries of Assyrian Empire（）.5.In history, the Assyrians were once very powerful, and they even occupied（）at one stage. 问题1选项A.EgyptB.IndiaC.ChinaD.Iraq问题2选项A.4, 000 yearsB.3, 800 yearsC.3, 100 yearsD.1, 400 years问题3选项A.began to expand their empire with military forcesB.began to open new trade routesC.began to encourage commercial activitiesD.began to establish diplomatic relations with other countries问题4选项A.all showed their respectB.all admired the achievements of Shamshi-Adad IC.all became vigilant and anxiousD.all paid tribute to Shamshi-Adad I问题5选项A.IndiaB.RussiaC.EgyptD.Greece【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。

中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)(略）客观题部分请用铅笔将此部分的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________.A. previouslyB. virtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyT he sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.”Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiable2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. virusC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B (5 points )Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocateC. criticizeD. analyze12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A. confirmB. achieveC. matchD. exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonous14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped orwanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperatingC. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-timeC. brutalD. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight.A. mercurialB. gallantC. ardentD. frugalⅢCloze (10 points )Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__ to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Ora le”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned23. A. in B. on C. about D. for24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. containsⅣReading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask thestudents to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped intoforeign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wond er customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to re duce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be ______.A. Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______.A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the target languageB. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countriesPassage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top-and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms,” is a growing industr y. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the to levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry52. The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of ______.A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT true according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his word s, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of sepp uku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays,many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies that ______.A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who is hard to defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.A. to capture the commanding generalB. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional governmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.A. was well received by the soldiersB. was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD. left a deep impression to the soldiers59. What is true according to articleA. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt.C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. One of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.A. written “Patriotism,” one of hi s most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published “A Forest in Flower”D. published “Confession of a Mask”主观题部分请用钢笔或圆珠将此部分的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！ⅤTranslation (20 points)Part A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply actioncould not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A product is to be regarded as being （）when introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value.问题1选项A.dischargedB.discardedC.disposedD.dumped【答案】D【解析】上下文语义。

句意：一种产品以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国家的贸易时，被认为是。

根据语境可知，这里应填入与进出口货物相关的词汇。

dump指倾销，符合语境，选项D正确。

2.单选题（） the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paper that we need has risen as well.问题1选项A.Along withB.AltogetherC.AlthoughD.All along【答案】A【解析】along with随同...…一起；altogether完全，总而言之；although尽管，虽然；all along始终，一直。

句意：随着我们办公室电脑数量的增加，我们需要的纸的数量也增加了。

选项A符合句意。

3.写作题Write a letter of invitation of about 100 words to your close friend Tom, asking him to come and stay for a week-end with your family at your riverside cottage :(a)you have not seen him for a long time;(b)the country air will do him good;(c)he can catch a train after work on Friday;(d)you ask him to let you know the time of his arrival;(e)you will meet him at the station.【答案】Dear Tom,It has been a long time since I last see you! How are you, my dear friend!Recently, I heard that you have been though a terrible time of losing your wife, all my family is very sad about this grievous news. We are all worrying about you!We recently bought a riverside cottage at XXX, and because it is spring now and the flowers are blooming here, we sincerely invite you to come here to have a wonderful weekend, we are sure that the country air will be good for you.You can catch a train after work on Friday if you will come here and please let me know the exact time of your arrival, I would be expecting you at the train station.Sincerely, yours4.单选题Who would have thought we would become a planet of “ologies”？ There’s biology, psychology, herpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one “ology” truly helps us to understand the most part of our planet, our environment. Ecology (which is filled with ecologists) is the study of ecosystems and the beings and organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Just think, in condition of bees, deer and other organisms, you are important toecologists.Ecosystems are communities that vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch of glass or as large as the entire biosphere. The many varieties of plants and animals that exist in our planet ecosystems are important to our ecosystems. Plants in particular provide oxygen and nutrients all organisms need to survive. These producers have the ability to use t he sun’s energy to produce food (think photosynthesis). This is where the animals and consumers become important. The animals get their energy by eating the plants and other organisms within the ecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers would not have a job. As you may have guests, decomposers, like bacteria, step in broken down, the organic materials are absorbed by the soil and gases are sent back into our atmosphere. The whole process is ready to start again through the Earth’s natural cycles. There has to be a balance of producers, consumers, decomposers in order to remain a balanced ecosystem. Remember, all organisms need matter and energy to survive. An ecosystem is balanced when matter and energy move efficiently through those ecosystems. Just as your backpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at any given time, all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain. Carrying capacity is the largest population an ecosystem can support at any particular time. The support of this population depends on the amount of resources (matter and energy) that are available and the movement of those resources within that ecosystem. If energy and matter are moving efficiently through an ecosystem, then the current po pulation of plants and animals has not reached beyond the ecosystem’s carrying capacity. Once resources dwindle or animal populations increase dramatically, the ecosystem may not be able to support those populations. Fortunately, nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems: ecological responses to change, energy transfer, and food chains and food webs.1.The purpose of starting the article with the word-ending “ology” ( Line 1, Paragraph 1) is（）.2.According to this article, the ecosystems（）.3.According to the article, the word “producers” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) refers to（）.4.We can infer from the article that in the ecosystem the job for the “decomposer”( Lines6, Paragraph 2) is to（）.5.According to the article,（）has three ways to control the balance of the ecosystems.问题1选项A.to trace the origin of “ology”B.to give an example for the meaning of “ology”C.to introduce the term “ecology”D.to illustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems 问题2选项A.are in danger of being destroyedB.are very small in sizeC.refer only to the entire biosphereD.vary greatly in size and location问题3选项A.plantsB.animalsC.ecologistsD.consumers问题4选项A.absorb the sun’s energyB.produce oxygen and nutrientsC.break down the dung and the remains of dead organD.eat the plants and animals问题5选项A.human beingsB.the environmentC.animals and plantsD.nature【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.信息推断题。

中国人民大学2001Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays thatone is losing the trim and of youth.A. vagueB. vigorC. vogueD. vulgar2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugsis carefully the risks and benefits.A. valuingB. evaluatingC. estimatingD. weighing3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly, of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.A. obliviousB. patentC. obviousD. pernicious4.The word “foolish” is too mild to describe your behavior, I would preferthe word .A. ideologicalB. idyllicC. idioticD. idiomatic5.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car hasGermany’s Touring Car Championship.A. conqueredB. contestedC. dominatedD. determined6.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a , many familiesfind that ownership of two cars is indispensable.A. fashionB. necessityC. proclivityD. nuisance7.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the suggested.A. alterationsB. alternativesC. alternationsD. altercations8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedomof speech.A. censershipB. censureshipC. sensorshipD. censorship9.The of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.A. connotationB. denominationC. donationD. denotation10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good senseand hit the boy back.A. got the feel ofB. got the hang ofC. got the better ofD. got the worst ofPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEETⅠ.11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many ofthe incidents are imaginary.A. fascinatingB. factitiousC. fastidiousD. fictitious12.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industries and overseas auto industries.A. promoteB. protectC. preserveD. prolong13.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.A. rationalB. obscureC. worldlyD. eminent14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in whicha great many lives were lost.A. casualtyB. catastropheC. catalogueD. crusade15.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected.A. withdrawB. emergeC. recoverD. uncover16.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer’s warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or 50,000 miles.A. prohibitionB. insuranceC. prophecyD. guarantee17.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.A. submitB. commitC. transmitD. permit18.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.A. contemptuousB. contagiousC. conspicuousD. contemplated19.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A. exceedB. witherC. overpassD. neglect20.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said,“There’s no point in talking about impossibilities.”A. intersectB. interjectC. penetrateD. adulterateⅢ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile 21 mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much 22 likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On 23 hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to 24 than in a comparable accident 25 on the roads.Motorways have no 26 bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and 27 speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is 28 in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps 29 ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups 30 vehicle stops for some reason, such asmechanical failure, driver error and so on, have become all 31 familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How 32 of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop 33 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. 34 wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they 35 at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions 36 their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy 37 this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are bared 38 motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is 39 thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required, 40 it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness.B. afterC. toD. byB. farC. lessD. lesserB. otherC. oneD. the otherup B. occur C. be found D. ariseB. elsewhereC. anywhereD. somewhereB. steepC. verticalD. sharpB. thenC. soD. thereuponB. evenC. stillD. subsequentlyB. simplyC. barelyD. purelyB. sinceC. whenD. forB. alsoC. undulyD. unreasonablyB. muchC. deeplyD. profoundlyB. fromC. atD. forB. HoweverC. WhoeverD. HowB. rakeC. tillD. ploughB. beforeC. thusD. untilB. forC. ofD. onB. againstC. awayD. offB. consideredC. concernedD. touchedB. thenC. themD. forⅣ Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B,C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Passage 1The next time the men were taken up onto the deck, Kunta made a point of looking at the man behind him in line, the one who lay beside him to the left when they were below. He was a Serere tribesman much older than Kunta, and his body, front and back, was creased with whip cuts, some of them so deep and festering that Kunta felt badly for having wished sometimes that he might strike the man in the darkness for moaning so steadily in his pain. Staring back at Kunta, the Serere’s dark eyes were full of fury and defiance. A whip lashed out even as they stood looking at each other—this time at Kunta, spurring him to move ahead. Trying to roll away, Kunta was kicked heavily in his ribs. But somehow he and the gasping Wolof managed to stagger back up among the other men from their shelf who were shambling toward their dousing with buckets of seawater.A moment later, the stinging saltiness of it was burning in Kunta’s wounds, and his screams joined those of others over the sound of the drum and the wheezing thing that had again begun marking time for the chained men to jump and dance for the toubob. Kunta and the Wolof were so weak from their new beating that twice they stumbled, but whip blows and kicks sent them hopping clumsily up and down in their chains. So great was his fury that Kunta was barely aware of the women singing “Toubob fa!” And when he had finally been chained back down in his place in the dark hold, his heart throbbed with a lust to murder toubob.Every few days the eight naked toubob would again come into the stinking darkness and scrape their tubs full of the excrement that had accumulated on the shelves where the chained men lay. Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring bale fully in hatred, following the bobbing orange lights, listening to the toubod cursing and sometimes slipping and tailing into the slickness underfoot—so plentiful now, because of the increasing looseness of the men’s bowels, that the filth had begun to drop off the edges of the shelves down into the aisleway.The last time they were on deck, Kunta had noticed a man limping on a badly infected leg. This time the man was kept up on deck when the rest were taken back below. A few days later, the women told the other prisoners in their singing that the man’s leg had been cut off and that one of the women had been brought to tend him, but that the man had died that night and been thrown over the side. Starting then, when the toubob came to clean the shelves, they also dropped red-hot pieces of metal into pails of strong vinegar. The clouds of acrid steam left the hold smelling better, but soon it would again be overwhelmed by the choking stink. It was a smell that Kunta felt would never leave his lungs and skin.The steady murmuring that went on in the hold whenever the toubob were gone kept growing in volume and intensity as the men began to communicate better and better with one another. Words not understood were whispered from mouth to ear along the shelves until someone who knew more than one tongue would send back their meanings. In the process, all of the men along each shelf learned new words in tongues they had not spoken before. Sometimes men jerked upward, bumping their heads, in the double excitement of communicating with each other and the fact that it was being done without the toubob’s knowledge. Muttering among themselves for hours, the men developed a deepening sense of intrigue and of brotherhood. Though they were of different villages and tribes, the feeling grew that they were not from different peoples or places.41.The living conditions for the Blacks in the hold of the slave ship were .A. adequate but primitiveB. inhumane and inadequateC. humane but crowdedD. similar to the crew’s quarters42.The prisoners had difficulty communicating with each other because .A. they were too sick to talkB. they distrusted one anotherC. no one felt like talkingD. they spoke different languages43.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to balefully as used in “Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring balefully in hatred”?A. IndulgentlyB. VacantlyC. ForlornlyD. Menacingly44.By constantly referring to such things as filth and choking stink, the author seeks to create a tone that arouses a feeling of .A. disgust with the dirtB. horror at the injusticeC. revolting at the foul odorD. relief that this happened long ago45.Despite their intense pain and suffering, the Black men found a small measure of comfort in .A. their exercise periods on deckB. the breathtaking ocean sceneryC. their conversations with the Black womenD. their conversations with one anotherPassage 2Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will o verestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workedwith the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideA.46.According to the passage, a country’s economy is probably decided by .A. the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB. the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC. the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD. the economic increase and decrease of the large companies47.In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should .A. get very well prepared for his new businessB. choose a business he’s already familiar withC. examine the company’s crucial signs now and thenD. invest as much as possible into his enterprise48.Which of the following statements about small business is not true? .A. It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B. The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapses.C. There’s a good omen for small business according to a survey.D. Some small business owners are blind to early premonition of failure.49.What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A. The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B. The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C. It’s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because they have used up their money.D. It’s urgent for small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalize their business.50.What’s the main idea of this passage?A. How to become a winner in small business?B. How to be a successful boss in multinational corporation?C. How to deal with the ups and downs in small business?D. How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit?Passage 3The blue, mystic Lake Elsinore lies in an inland California valley which is teeming and steaming with hot springs. Rimmed by shaggy mountains whose forestedcrests are reflected in its clear waters, Lake Elsinore is the very personification of peace—but on it rests the curse of Tondo.The lake has had a colorful history. Much of it lies buried in legend, and it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. There have been stories of underground volcanoes on the lake bottom, erupting, killing fish and discoloring the water. There have been stories of a playful sea serpent that lived in its depths.Long noted for its scenic beauty and health-giving waters, the lake was a famous resort in the Nineties. But long before the first white man had set foot along the shore of the lake, this part of California had been the home of the Soboba Indians. Their chief was Tondo, a stern and unforgiving man.He had a daughter, Morning Star, who was in love with Palo, son of the chief of the Palas, a neighboring tribe. The Sobobas and Palas were sworn enemies. For a time the lovers met secretly. Then one day they were discovered by Tondo. His rage was terrible to behold. He forbade the lovers ever to meet again.Morning Star tried in every way to appease her father’s anger, to soften his heart toward Palo. But in time she saw that it was useless; that he would never give his consent to their marriage. Vowing that they would never be separated, the Indian maid and her lover walked hand in hand into the lake, as the dreary November sun cast long shadows on the land. They were followed by a group of orphan children whom Morning Star had befriended. All walked into the lake, singing the mournful death song of their people, while Tondo stood on the shore and cursed the lovers, cursed the blue water into which they all walked to their death.Ever since that day it would seem that a jinx has been laid over Lake Elsinore. Oldtimers tell of a great upheaval in the lake which caused water to spout into the air like a geyser and turn blood-red. Later, it became known that three hundred springs of boiling mud and water were born in the valley during that upheaval. The springs reeked with sulphur.For many years after this phenomenon the lake remained peaceful. Then boats were overturned for no apparent reason, and few of their occupants ever returned to tell the story. This continued for several years. At the same time, strong swimmers dived into the lake never to reappear.In 1833 and again in 1846, fish in the lake suddenly died.In the spring of 1850 came the Battle of the Gnats. They bred in the water of the lake and swarmed over the land. They invaded the countryside until the harassed inhabitants called for help.And in July 1951, the sky-blue waters of the lake vanished like mist before a noonday sun. When the bottom was laid bare there was no trace of a volcano, the bottomless pits, or the other disturbances of legend or fact.The copious winter rains of 1951—52 have replenished the lake. But what menace does its haunting beauty hold today? For tomorrow?The once mighty Sobobas are few now. But the old men swear that their ancestors still haunt the lake. They nod grizzled head and murmur that the Great Tondo’s curse will forever remain upon the lake. Only time, the wise and silent one, can tell.51.Which of the following statements is true of Lake Elsinore?A. It is considered by legend to be rich in golb.B. It was once famous as a beautiful resort.C. It is located in a volcanic crater in California.D. It used to be the center of a mining village.52.Probably Tondo’s rage was due the fact that .A. Morning Star was too young to marryB. Tondo’s tribe and Palas’s tribe were enemiesC. Palo mistreated his Soboba girl friendD. Palas vowed meet Morning Star in secret53.According to the old-timers, on two occasions .A. the water of the lake turned redB. lake water sprouted into the airC. the Gnats invaded the countrysideD. fish in the lake suddenly died54.The word “jinx” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) probably means .A. spell of bad luckB. hot air currentC. strange tranquilityD. storm of unusual duration55.Which can be considered the best title for the passage?A. The Curse of Tondo.B. The Beautify Lake Elsinore.C. The Mysterious Indian Tribes.D. The Tragic Love of Morning Star.Passage 4The crucial years of the Depression, as they are brought into historical focus, in creasingly emerge as the decisive decade for American art, if not for American culture in general. For it was during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress of American art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janusfaced, the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same time forward, as far as the present and beyond. It was the moment when artists, like Thomas Hart Benton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like Stuart Davis and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the Machine Age and to deal with its consequences.America in the thirties was changing rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although not without a struggle. A predominantly rural and small town society was being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations. As a result, traditional American types such as the independent farmer and the small businessman were being replaced by the executive and the bureaucrat. Many Americans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinhereited. At the same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous, the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction that art, at least, should serve some purpose or carry some message of moral uplift grew stronger asthe Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditional American virtues which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and political context.In this new context, the appeal of the paintings by the Regionalists and the American Scene painters often lay in their ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditional American values—self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in an international situation soon to involve America in a second world war. Such themes gained popularity because they filled a genuine need for a comfortable collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white-picket-fence America, which in retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost Golden Age.In this light, an autonomous art-for-art’s sake was viewed as a foreign invader liable to subvert the native American desire for a purposeful art. Abstract art was assigned the role of the villainous alien; realism was to personify the genuine American means of expression. The argument drew favor in many camps: among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations of European modernism and were convinced that American art must develop its own distinct identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared to set up an artificial double standard, one for American art, and another for European art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote in Art News, “We have today in our midst a greater array of what may be called second, third, and fourth-string artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring circus.”56.According to the passage, in the 1930s, abstract art was seen as .A. uniquely AmericaB. uniquely EuropeanC. imitative of European modernismD. counter to American regionalism57.The second paragraph deals mainly with in America.A. the rapid growth of urban populationB. the impact of industrialization on rural lifeC. the disappearance of traditional valuesD. the changing scenes in religion and politics58.According to the passage, the best word to describe America in the 1930s would be .A. reactionaryB. consistentC. dynamicD. melancholic59. “The artificial standard” (Paragraph 4) refers to the difference between standards of judgement for .A. realism and abstract artB. politically oriented intellectuals and museum officialsC. European art and American artD. landscape painting and abstract painting60.The best choice for title of the passage would be .A. The Thirties in Art. Reaction and RebellionB. America in the Thirties: A Changing TimeC. Thomas Hart Benton and RegionalismⅤ Translation (20 points)Part A (10 points)Directions: Translate the following English into Chinese onto your ANSWER SHEET.This organization is also a manufacturing firm. Here, however, management encourages and rewards risk taking and change. Decisions based on intuition are valued as much as those that are well rationalized. Management prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative products. Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to “run with it”, and failures are treated as “learning experiences”. The company prides itself on being market driven and rapidly responsive to the changing needs of its customers.There are few rules and regulations for employees to follow, and supervision is loose because management believes that its employees are hardworking and trustworthy. Management is concerned with high productivity but believes that this comes through treating its people right. The company is proud of its reputation as being a good place to work.Part B (10 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese into English onto your ANSWER SHEET.我在这风光奇异的地方所呆的时间不长，但我的心灵得到了升华。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Britain’s hope of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered（） yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.问题1选项A.a severe set-backB.sharp set-backC.a severe blown-upD.sharp blown-up【答案】A【解析】set-back阻碍，停止，为名词，前面需加冠词a，排除选项B；blown-up放大的，膨胀的，为形容词，不用冠词a修饰，排除选项C。

句意：当Hunter在预赛中未能晋级，英国在奥运会上夺冠的希望昨日遭遇严重挫折。

选项A更符合语境。

2.单选题John played basketball in college and（） active ever since.问题1选项A.have extremely beenB.has been extremelyC.will be extremelyD.should extremely be【答案】B【解析】根据"ever since"可知本句应用现在完成时，表示过去的影响一直持续到现在。

所以选项B正确。

3.单选题The novel contains some marvelously revealing （） of rural life in the 19th century.问题1选项A.glancesB.glimpsesC.glaresD.gleams【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。

glance扫视，强调动作的快速性；glimpse一瞥，粗略地一看，强调快速但不完整的“一瞥”；glare怒视，强调目不转睛地“注视”；gleam闪光，瞬息的一现，还可指情感流露。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Topics for composition should be （） to the experiences and interests of the students.问题1选项A.concernedB.dependentC.connectingD.relevant【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。

选项A一般与with搭配；选项B一般与on/upon搭配；选项C可与with和to搭配，意为“与…相连”；be relevant to意为“与…有关的”。

选项D符合语境。

2.单选题I （）you that the goods will be delivered next week.问题1选项A.insistB.confirmC.assureD.ensure 【答案】C【解析】近义词辨析。

sb. confirm that证实......；assure sb. that...向某人保证......；sb. ensure that...确保某事会发生。

选项C更符合语境。

3.单选题Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.问题1选项A.intriguingB.exasperatingC.demonstrativeD.unprovoked【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。

根据句意可知，划线部分词应该为贬义，首先排除选项A和C；其次如果选B，这里应该指让人感到愤怒的，用-ed的形式，所以选项B不正确；选项D正确，指无缘无故的，符合语境。

4.翻译题One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy. Buying a commodity or the stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodityis purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.【答案】当确实存在遭受损失的风险时，人们不禁要问为什么允许进行投机活动。

历年真题2017年中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅡReading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are4reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Questions16to20are based on the following passage．Sometimes,over a span of many Years,a business will continue to grow,generating ever-increasing amounts of cash,repurchasing stock,paying increased dividends,reducing debt, opening new stores,expanding production facilities,moving into new markets,etc.,while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant(or even falls)．When this happens,the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range．Take,for example,Wal-Mart.Over the past five years,the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over80％,profits by over100％,and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30％during that timeframe.Clearly,the valuation picture has changed.An investor that read the annual report back in2000or2001might have passed on the security,deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio.Today,however,the equation is completely different--despite the stock price,WalMart is,in essence,trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend,twice the earnings power, more stores,and a bigger infrastructure.Home Depot is in much the same boat,largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy．Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon.Ten years ago,in1996, the stock traded between a range of$36．10and$54．30per share.At the time,it had reported earnings per share of$1．40and paid a cash dividend of$0．50per share.Corporate per share book value was$2．48．Last year,the stock traded within a range of$40．30 and$45．30per share;squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior!Yet,despite the stagnant stock price,the2006estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share standaround$2．16(a rise of54％),the cash dividend has more than doubled to$1．20, book value is expected to have grown to$7．40per share(a gain of nearly300％),and the total number of shares outstanding(未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from2．481 billion to an estimated2．355billion due to the company's share repurchase program．16．This passage is probably a part of______．A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word“stagnant”(line4,Para.1)can be best paraphrased as______．A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price becauseA．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT______．A．the cash dividend has increasedB．the earning power has become strongerC．both businesses have continued to growD．the stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author,one had better______．A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value.of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price fails downQuestions21to25are based on the following passage．Today's college students are more narcissistic(自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors,according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society．“We need to stop endlessly repeating'You're special'and having children repeat that back,”said the study's lead author,Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University.“Kids are self-centered enough already.”“Unfortunately,narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society,including the breakdown of close relationships with others,”he said.The study asserts that narcissists“are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived,at risk for infidelity,lack emotional warmth,and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty,and over-controlling and violent behaviors”.Twenge,the author of“Generation Me：Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive,Entitled--and More Miserable Than Ever Before”,said narcissists tend to lack empathy,react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others．Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work.But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically,noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications．Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies.“Permissiveness seems to be a component,”he said.“A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting.Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students,while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings,don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation．Hanady Kader,a University of Washington senior,said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded.But she is dismayed(气馁；心,)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status.“We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want,and nobody should stand in your way,”Kader said.“I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane,a University of Vermont sophomore,says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered.“People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,”she said.“People want to look their best,have a good time,but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides,some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome,Dalane said.“It would be more depressing if people answered,'No,I'm not special.'”21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may______．A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．All the above．22．The italicized word“commended”(line1,Para.3)means______．A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences．B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work．C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge．D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion．24．It is implied that______．A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissism B．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the study D．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be when you hear someone say“I'm special”．A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedQuestions26to30are based on the following passage．The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries．The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards,instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election,which can occur more than50days after the card vote is completed．Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill.The National Association of Manufacturers,The National Federation of Independent Business,the U.S.Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers.“This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights”,said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill.Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion(旨迫,胁迫)from unions．Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers.“Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't,”Samuel said.He cites the31,358cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby,the secret ballot would not be eliminated.The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers.“On the ground,the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,”said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council,who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level．The bill has other provisions(规定，条款)as well.The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(促裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a con-tract after3months.An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for2years,a fact that Straczewski calls,“borderline unconstitutional”.“I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,”said Straczewski．The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers.The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,the organization that oversees arbitration,reported that in2004,45percent of newly formed unions were deniedfirst contracts by employers.The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees.As it stands,the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages．26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth．B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth．C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment．D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees'income．27．According to its opponents,the bill______．A．will protect employees'rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．The word“it”(line5,Para.5)refers to______．A．the change B．the legislationC．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPTA．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries B．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on betweena recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employ ees30．It is implied that______．A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers'coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions31to35are based on the following passage．Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society,changing many people's views on race,history and politics.The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals．Muhammad AllCassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville,Kentucky,learning to fight at age12after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself.Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion,going on to win three world heavyweight titles.He became known as much for his swagger(趾高气扬)outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in1965,changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U.S.Army on religious grounds.Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease,even lighting the Olympic torch at the1996Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September11terrorist attacks．W.E．B．Du Bois(William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)Born in1868,this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent,prolific intellectuals of his time.An academic,activist and historian,Du Bois co-founded the National Associationfor the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),edited“The Crisis”magazine and wrote 17books,four journals and many other scholarly articles.In perhaps his most famous work,“The Souls of Black Folk”,published in1903,he predicted“the problem of20th century [would be］the problem of the colorline”．Martin Luther King Jr．The Rev.Martin Luther King Jr.is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement.He spearheaded(带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches,sit-ins,boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affect-ed Americans'attitudes toward race relations.He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in1964．Malcolm XBlack leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early1960s.He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following,which continued even after his death in1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's1992movie“Malcolm X”was released．Jackie RobinsonIn1947,Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S.major leagues.After retirement from baseball in1957,he remained active in civil rights and youth activities.In1962,he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame．31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army．B．He learned to fight at an early age．C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing．D．He loves peace．32．The italicized word“prolific”(line2,Para.3)is synonymous to______．A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage,which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W.E．B．Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people．B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S.major baseball leagues throughout his life．C．Martin Luther King Jr.was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements．D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death．34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized．B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death．C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime．D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities．35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of Famous African AmericansB．Influence of Famous African AmericansC．Political Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsPartⅢVocabulary(10％)Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word.And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to______the weightof the building．A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very______at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference．A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong______to swimming in summer because of the hot weather．A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was______by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting．A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be______in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them．A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology．A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years______before he returned home from the United States．A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities．A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing,the sign X______the unknown number．A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much______by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall．A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a______relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade．A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's______was that she should go and see the specialist in this field．A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its______declaration in1970that oceans were the heritage of mankind．A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments.Do you know of any______ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get______quickly．A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a(n)______action to strengthen the market management．A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to______it．A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same______on the matter．A．potentiality B．sentiment C．Postscript D．subscription54．We cannot be______with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday．A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region．A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPartⅣCloze(10%)Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level.Nearly one-third of all human beings live within36miles of a coastline.Most of the world's great seaport cities would be56:New Orleans, Amsterdam,Shanghai,and Cairo.Some countries--Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific--would be inundated.Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,57large populations occupy lowlying areas,would suffer extreme 58．Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons,59in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world.60water quality may result as61flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable,natural62could be flooded with ocean water,destroying forever many of the63plant and animal species living there．Food supplies and forests would be64affected.Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture.Warmer temperatures would65grain-growing regions pole-wards.The warming would also increase and change the pest plants,such as weeds and the insects66 the crops．Human health would also be affected.Warming could67tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever,malaria,and other diseases.Heat stress and heat mortality could rise.The harmful68of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69There will be some70from warming.New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic,longer growing seasons further north will71new agricultural lands,and warmer temperature will make some of today'scolder regions more72But these benefits will be in individual areas.The natural systems --both plant and animal--will be less able than man to cope and73Any change of temperature,rainfall,and sea level of the magnitude now74will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well．The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions75by global warming．56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered 57．A．which B．where C．when D．what' 58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying 60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban 62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest 63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting 64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating 67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests 69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution 70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits 71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflected PartⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10%) Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese,and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET．Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it,but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being．For most of human history,the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefitside of the energy-well-being equation.Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting,converting,and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience,deprivation and constraints on growth.The1970's,then,represented a turning point.After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects.It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply.It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits．PartⅥWritingDirections:You are asked to write in no less than200words about the title of“Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China”.You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。

中国人民大学2001Ⅱ V ocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and of youth.A. vagueB. vigorC. vogueD. vulgar2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is——carefully the risks and benefits.A. valuingB. evaluatingC. estimatingD. weighing3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly,of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.A. obliviousB. patentC. obviousD. pernicious4.The word “foolish” is too mild to describe your behavior, I would prefer the word .A. ideologicalB. idyllicC. idioticD. idiomatic5.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car has Germany’s TouringCar Championship.A. conqueredB. contestedC. dominatedD. determined6.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a , many families find that ownership of two cars is indispensable.A. fashionB. necessityC. proclivityD. nuisance7.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the suggested.A. alterationsB. alternativesC. alternationsD. altercations8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedom of speech.A. censershipB. censureshipC. sensorshipD. censorship9.The of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.A. connotationB. denominationC. donationD. denotation10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good sense and hit the boy back.A. got the feel ofB. got the hang ofC. got the better ofD. got the worst ofPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many of the incidents are imaginary.A. fascinatingB. factitiousC. fastidiousD. fictitious12.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industriesand overseas auto industries.A. promoteB. protectC. preserveD. prolong13.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.A. rationalB. obscureC. worldlyD. eminent14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in which a great many lives were lost.A. casualtyB. catastropheC. catalogueD. crusade15.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected.A. withdrawB. emergeC. recoverD. uncover16.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer’s warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or 50,000 miles.A. prohibitionB. insuranceC. prophecyD. guarantee17.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.A. submitB. commitC. transmitD. permit18.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.A. contemptuousB. contagiousC. conspicuousD. contemplated19.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A. exceedB. witherC. overpassD. neglect20.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said,“There’s no point in talking about impossibilities.”A. intersectB. interjectC. penetrateD. adulterateⅢ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile for mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much more likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On 23 the other hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to happen24 than in a comparable accident 25 on the roads.Motorways have no 26 bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and 27 speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is 28 in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps 29 ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups 30 vehicle stops for some reason, such as mechanical failure, driver error and so on, have become all 31 familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How 32 of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop 33 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. 34 wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they 35 at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions 36 their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy。

Qualifying Examination for PHD Students: listeningName _________________ Department ___________________Class __________________ Student Number _____________Section I True or False (5%)Directions: Listen to the following passage twice, decide whether the statements onyour question paper are true or false, and write your answer on your answer sheet.1 Sub prime investments were safe investments for banks.2 Lending money to those who ask for it is good business for banks.3 An asset such as a house can always be sold for a profit if you need the money.4 Customer confidence in the banking system is important to stability.5 It is unnecessary for governments to guarantee banks in a crisis.Section II: Filling in the Blank Spaces (10%)Directions: Listen to the following passage twice and fill in the blank spaces on your answer sheet.At the first glance, the world’s leading universities seem to be moving towardsa globalised form of management, in which leaders are recruited regardless of （1）and move freely across borders.Of the top 100 universities in the world, nine are headed by individuals（2 ） overseas and an emerging global market can also be perceived in the international ( 3 ) of some academic careers.But one US researcher, Ben Wildarsky, thinks that barriers to a foreignnational coming to lead a university are ( 4 ) higher than the barrier for studentsto study overseas or professors to teach overseas. He argues that international ( 5 ) at the senior management level tends to be confined to English-speaking countrie s,rather than running between anglophone nations and China or Latin America, for example. Language may be the (6) barrier here, he suggests, with universityleaders needing top-level contacts and communication skills to deal with governmentand business. Salary may also be a (7) .In Asia, the US researcher adds, universities seeking to attain world-classstatus are increasingly looking to tempt back senior Asian academics who (8) tothe West to study or further their careers. By (9) native-born professors with a background of success at top Western universities to return, Asian institutions are (10) some of the values that made those universities great.Section III: Answering Questions (5%)Directions: Listen to the following passage twice and answer the questions on your answer sheet.1 What should you always wear if you are driving a car?2 How far should you stop from an accident if you are not involved?3 What should you do if you stop behind an accident on a freeway at night?4 Where should you head for if you leave your car at an accident on a freeway?5 If your doors are blocked how should you try to get out of your car?Qualifying Examination for PHD Students: listeningName _________________ Department ___________________Class __________________ University Number _____________Answer SheetSection I （5%）1. ___________2. _________3. ___________4. __________5. ________ Section II (10%)1. ___________2. _________3. ___________4. __________5. ________ 10. __________ 1 2. _________ 13. ___________ 14. __________ 15. ________ Section III (5%)1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4．__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5． ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。

中国人民大学商学院博士生入学考试英语试题样题中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语考试示例Part I Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: For each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best completing the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1．When I heard that Mrs. Thacher resigned, I called her. I wanted her to know that my heart was _____ her.A. forB. ofC. inD. with2. Gentleness has been considered a _____ trait.A. boyishB. delicateC. feminineD. male3. We know that this is ture, but _____ we recognize this truth only in our backward glance.A. all too oftenB. too oftenC. all too lateD. too late4. The retiring professor was _____ by his colleague.A. criticizedB. exaltedC. driven outD. examined5. He is honest. His actions are always _____ his words.A. contradictory toB. contradicted byC. agreed withD. consistent with6. Life is never just _____.A. livingB. beingC. existingD. going7. The lady _____ her skirt by sit on the seat while flying.A. disorderedB. disarrangedC. creasedD. crashed8. You must always be ready to sacrifice _____ to duty.A. inclinationB. tendencyC. interestD. career9. In many countries now, smoking is not _____ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious10.His pleasant ways _____ me into thinking that he was my good friend.A. deprivedB. despisedC. divertedD. beguiled11._____ animals must be kept in cages in case they might hurt the tourists.A. LandB. DomesticC. ViciousD. Farm12. Almost overnight, Ames became a hero of environmentalists when his finding led to new ____and bans on certain chemicals.A. regulationsB. authoritiesC. ordersD. suggestions13.The ____ noise whistles kept me awake all night.A. incarnateB. incessantC. repetitiousD. rampant14. The baby seems content, he must have ____ his new nursemaid.A. taken toB. taken afterC. taken fromD. taken in15. He had either to leave the country immediately or to surrender himself to the Nazi authorities,and had no other _____.A. alternativeB. hopeC. resourceD. approach16. A good sense of rhythm is one of his natural ____ as a poet.A. endowmentsB. interestC. weaknessesD. accomplishments17. All his attempts to argue about the rightness were _____.A. futileB. not importantC. effective in caseD. without reason18.I ____ lowbrow, admire the highbrow all the more for his patronizing type.A. conceitingB. humbleC. overweeningD. poor19. Lowbrows are quite _____ for highbrows to have their symphonics and their Russion novels.A. contentB. containedC. capacityD. yearn20. As the speed of change brings design ____ fashion, then decisions about taste will have to bemade more and more regularly.A. near toB. nearer toC. next toD. close to21.The dark clouds suggest a(n) _____ storm.A. impendingB. surprisingC. fastD. enexpected22. To our grief, he became ______ to the drug.A. addictedB. interestedC. amusedD. disturbed23.Being a foreigner, Carl did not _____ to the joke.A. appreciateB. catch on toC. laughD. like24. Talks on climate change resulted in the German city of Bonn on July 16 to _____ globalwarming.A. focus onB. combatC. settle downD. sum up25. His parents _____ him to enlist when he was seventeen.A. permittedB. committedC. madeD. enabled26. _____ may think they are better than the facts would justify.A. OptimistsB. PessimistsC. CynicistsD. Humorists27. He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.A. duckedB. evadedC. escapedD. dodged28. By isolating negative words and phrases, you can _____ the damage you’re doing to yourself.A. point outB. pointC. pinpointD. get29. It did the _____ service of freeing us from the dilemma.A. immenseB. muchC. lot ofD. innumerous30. Sports, and not learning, seem to _____ in that school.A. appearB. occupyC. dominateD. lead31. The local people could hardly think of any good way to _____ poverty they had endured.A. shake offB. ward offC. put offD. take off32. As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracleappears to depend on a seeming _____. The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.A. interruptionB. descriptionC. qualificationD.contradiction33. His meeting with Picasso was an important _____ in the artist’s life.A. lessonB. episodeC. sceneD. chapter34. Borders these days have little meaning for Singapore- based regional _____ of electronics firmslike Sanyo and Philips.A. executivesB. officialsC. governorsD. servants35. Unfortunately, the woman’s hat _____ my view of the stage.A. blocked upB. obstructedC. preventedD. interfered36. Meantime, road construction is _____ on the site of a proposed Tuman River Triangle.A. under wayB. in the wayC. of the wayD. by way37. Everyone knows that the firefly is a _____ insect.A. firingB. lightingC. luminiferousD. glowing38. Preferential policies and ready cooperation do play a role in _____ poverty.A. alleviatingB. activatingC. assaultingD. accustoming39. The fact that these regions are _____ in natural resources doesn’t mean local people are well off.A. adorableB. accessibleC. abundantD. ambient40. In spite of a problem with the ____ equipment, some very useful work was accomplished.A. imperfectB. temporaryC. emergencyD. reinstalledPart II Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a singel bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1There is extraordinary exposure in the United States ot the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle acidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer that 4 percent of all dirvers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country’s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest.At this lever there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to drinking while intoxicatd. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverage will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BAC involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs of those repeatedly arrested for durnken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.41. The author is mainly concerned with _____.A.interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalitiesB.reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk drivingC.suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United StatesD.analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities42. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain______.A.required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation therapyB.make it illegal to drive while intoxicatedC.increased the number of drunk driving arrestsD.placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks43. The author imples that a BAC of 0.1 percent _____.A.is unreasonalby high as a definition of intoxication for purposes of drivingB.penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limitC.is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal collisionsD.proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time44. The author cites the British example in order to _____.A.demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in states that have laws against drunk drivingB.prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce trafficdeathsC.prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deterdrunk drivingD.suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws45. The author’s tone of then end of the article can best be described as _____.A. ironicB. indifferentC. admonitoryD. indecisivePassage 2No one can be greater thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks of himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which whey are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiansm was the mind of people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect ot something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and on one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unble to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgement, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition: even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be ture, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from and considered what such persons may have to say, and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact with seeminlgy conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.46. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find ____.A.acceptance of truthB.enthusiasmC.controversy over principlesD. a suspension of judgement47. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?A.Most education people study both sides of a questionB.Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C.The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only one side of an issue.D.It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one’s teachers48. As it is used in line 4 of the passage, the word ‘suffer’ most nearly means _____.A. endureB. undergoC. permitD. support49. It can be inferred from the passage that a person who knows only his own side of an issue isregarded by the author as ______.A. uniformedB. opinionatedC. ignorantD. rational50. Which of the following statements do you think the author would be most likely to agree with?A. A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.B.Periods of intellectual achievement are of heterodox speculation.C.In a period of mental slavery, no true intellectual thought is possilbeD.Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.Passage 3Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generated half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will balze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Mid-career executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also , at least for a while, be bookeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked abusiness they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workded with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small –business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitabiliby. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product have evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.51.According to the passage, a country’s economy is probably decided by ______.A.the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB.the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC.the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD.the economic increase and decrease of the large companies52. In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should _______.A.get very well prepared for his new busnissB.choose a business he’s already familiar withC.examine the company’s crucial signs now and thenD.invest as much as possible into his enterprise53. Which of the following statement about small business is not ture?A.It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B.The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapsesC.There’s a good omen for small business according to a survey.54. What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A.The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B.The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C.It’s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because theyhave used up their money.D.I t’s urgentfor small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalizetheir business.55. What’s the main idea of this passage?A.How to become a winner in small business.B.How to be a successful boss in multinational corporations.C.How to deal with ups and downs in small business.D.How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit.Passage 4The World Health Organization (WTO) is in trouble. Its leader is accused of failing to lead, and as the roganization drifts, other bodies, particularly the World Bank, are setting the global health agenda . Western governments want the WHO to set realistic targets and focus its energy on tackling major killer such as childhood diseases and tobacco.The WHO clearly needs to set priorities. Its total budget of $0.9 billion – around 10 p for each man, woman and child in the world – cannot solve all the wolrd’s health problems. Yet its senior management does not seem willing to narrow the organization’s focus. Instead it is trying to be all things to all people and losing dependability.Unfortuanately, the arguments for priority- setting is being seriouisly undermined by the US, one of the chief advocators of change. The US is trying to reduce its contribution to the WHO’s regular budget from a quarter of the total to a fifth. That would leave the organization $20 million short this year, on top of the substantial debts the US already owes.The WHO may need priorities, but it certainly doesn’t need budget cuts. Thanks to ther US’s failure to pay its bills, many of the poorer nations see priority-setting as merely a cover for cost-cutting that would hit their health programs hard.The WHO would not serve poorer countries any worse if it shaprened its focus. It would probably serve them better. In any case, a shaprer foucs should not mean that less money is needed. When the US demands cuts, it simply fuels disputes between the richer and poorer countires and gives the WHO’s senior management more time to postpone.The American action is not confiend to the WHO. It wants eventually to cut its contributions to the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labor Organization too. But it knows that dissatisfaction with the WHO and its leadersip made the organization vulneralbe. It if wins against the WHO, the rest will lose out in their turn.America’s share of the budget is already a concession. Each nation’s contribution to the UN agencies is calculated according to its wealth, and by that measuere the US should be paying about 28 percent of the WHO budget. But over the past three decades the US has gradually reduced what it pays the organization. The US should not ask for future cuts. Until it pays its full share of money, it will hold back the organization’s much needed reforms.The world needs the WHO. The World Bank may have a bigger budget, but it sees improved health as jost one part of economic and social development. The WHO remains the only organization committed to health for all, regradless of wealth.56. How much of the WHO’s budget should the United States pay in terms of its wealth?A. A quarterB. 28%C. More than $ 20 milllionD. A fifth57. Which of the following can best characterize ther US?A.It has stopped demanding reforms.B.Its managemtnt is inefficient.C.It is trying to pay less to WHO.D.Its government is not responsive.58. What does the author mean when he interprets the urge for a sharper focus?A.The US will be justified in cutting its financial contribution.B.More heated argumenteds will be unavoidable between richer and poorer countries.C.There should be better service for poor countries but no cost-cutting.D.The poorer countries will not receive more benefits.59. What is the United State’s strategy to fight all those organizations according to the author?A.To defeat them all one by one.B.To defeat the WHO first and the others will give up.C.To exclusive cut contributions to the WHO.D.To cut contributions to all the organizations.60. Which of the following world organizations has the weakest leadership according to the passage?A.The International Labor OrganizationB.The Food and Agriculture Organization.C.The Wolrd Health OrganizationD.The World BankPassage 5The practice of capital punishement is as old as government itself. For most of history, it has not been considered controversial. Since ancient times most governments have punished a wide variety of crimes by death and have conducted exectutions as a routine part of the administration of criminal law. However, in the mid-18th century, social critics in Europe began to emphasize the worth of the individual and to criticize government practices they considered unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and dabate over whether governments should utilize the death penalty continue today.The first significant movement to abolish the death penalty began during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment. In 1764 Italian jurist and philosopher Cesare Beccaria published An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Many consider this influential work the leading document in the early campaign against capital punishment. Other individuals who campaigned against executions during this period include French authors Voltaire and Denis Diderot, British philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith, and political theorist Thomas Paine in the United States.Critics of capital punishment argue that it is cruel and inhumane, while supporters consider it a necessary form of revenge for terribe crimes. Those who advocate the death penalty declare that it is a uniquely effictive punishment that prevents crime. However, advocates and opponents of the death penalty dispute the proper interpretation of statistical analyses of its preventing effect. Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as human rights sissue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound difference of opinion not only about what is the right answer on capital punishment, but also about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty becomes a public issue.61. We can learn from the first paragraph that in ancient times _____.A.death penalty had been carried out before government came into beingB.people thought it was right for the government to conduct exectionsC.death penalty was practiced scarcely in European countriesD.many people considered capital punishment unjust and cruel62. Why was capital punishment questioned in the mid-18th century in Europe?A.People began to criticize their government.B.The government was unjust in this period.C.People began to realize the value of life.D.Social critics were very active at that time.63. Critics of capital punishment insist that it _____.A.violate human rights regulationsB.is an ineffective punishment of the criminalsC.is just the revenge for terrible crimesD.involves killing without mercy64. The advocates and opponents of the death penalty_____.A.agree that it is a human rights issueB.agree that it can prevent crimesC.explain its statistical analyses differentlyD.think that they are asked different types of questions65. The author’s attitude towards capital punishment can be summarized as ______.A. supportiveB. criticalC. neutralD. contradictoryPassage 6The sound of gunshots has become an all too familiar and unwelcome occurrence in many communities across the nation. When shots ring out, 911 calls from worried citizens may come from a large area. Unfortuately, even with numerous reports, police are ofter frustrated in their efforts to silence this gunfire because they cannot pinpoint the location of gunshots rapidly. A U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientist recognized that sound waves traveling through the air away from a gunshot are basically similar to the sound waves traveling through the ground away from an earthquake. Scientist then have adapted their methods for quickly finding the exacty source of an earthquake to the problem of locating gunshots.Field testing of a gunshot-locating system inspired by earthquake technology began in 1995. After only a few weeks of testing and improving the software, the system was locating many signals that were clearly associated with gunfire. Automatic weapons fire was the easiest to identify because of the regular time interval between individual shots. The system was more sensive during the night, when there was less background noise from traffic and other urban activity. By the last spring , the system was undergoing final acceptance trials. Captian Jim Granucci of the Redwood City Police Department stated that “ even before the system was in use, the number of illegal gunshots declined as word of its existence speread. “。