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Unit 6 Sense Relations of WordsPart I. Relations of SynonymsI.Origin of SynonymsFrom French , Greek, Latin etc.Differences between British English and American EnglishII.Types of SynonymsA: absolute/ exact/ perfect synonyms 完全同义词B: near/ partial/ loose synonyms 部分同义词III.Differences of Synonyms1.s emantic differences2.s tylistic differences3.s ense differences4.d ifferences of methods and collocations根据以下四个原因，对下列各组同义词的形成原因作出判断：A. dialectB. formalityC. connotationD. collocation1. refuse: garbage__________2. chat: gossip___________3. lawyer: attorney_______4. warning: caveat________5. hate: loathe_________6. money: brass__________7. praise: eulogy________8. much: mickle_________9. western: occidental_________10. throw: hurl_________11. capable: able_______12. pass: die_________13. stingy: economic______14. help: servant________15. diminutive: tiny_______16. abdomen: belly______17. herd: flock______18. children: kids______19. sour: rancid________20. apartment: flat________ Part II. Relations of AntonymsI.Classifications of AntonymsII.Characteristics of AntonymsIII.Applications of Antonyms选出下列各词的反义词：1.i ndeterminate A. qualified B. definiteC. stubbornD. effective2.d iverge A. bypass B. encloseC. relayD. come together3.a nomalous A. viscous B. essentialC. normalD. elemental4.s tabilize A. penetrate B. minimize C. fluctuate D. isolate5.a nchor A. unbend B. disjoinC. disruptD. dislodge 1、2班6.r efute A. associate B. recognizeC. proveD. understand7.b oisterous A. angry B. clever C. frightened D. quiet8.e mit A. absorb B. demand C. mistake D. prevent9.a lly A. mediator B. adversaryC. inventorD. conspirator10.offhand A. accurate B. universal C. appropriate D. premeditated11.profuse A. sequential B. scantC. surlyD. supreme12.extant A. extensive B. extricable C. extinct D. extra13.persevere A. put into B. send outC. take awayD. give up14.pungency A. boredom B. redundancy C. blandness D. insignificance15.sedulous A. ponderous B. careless C. useless D. treacherous 16.flustered A. mute B. calm C. heavy D. courageous17.expire A. evolve B. stabilizeC. come to lifeD. grow to fruition18.morose A. agitated B. overawed C. decisive D. cheerful 19.gist A. artificial manner B. trivial point C. eccentric method D.singular event20.endorse A. provoke criticism B. receive payment C. submit unwillingly D. oppose publicly判断下列各形容词在句中的不同意义：1.blue1)He is wearing a blue shirt today.2)Her hands were blue with cold.3)He’s feeling blue all week.4)That’s a blue joke.2.green1)Wait for the light to turn green.2)These apples are too green to eat.3)You must be green to believe that!4)The passengers turned quite green withseasickness.3.fast1)Who’s the fastest runner in the world?2)That clock is ten minutes fast.3)He led a fast life.4)The color is fast.4. heavy1) Her father carried a heavy burden of responsibility.2) The going was heavy at the race-course.3) I don’t like heavy meals..4) It’s very heavy_ I think there’ll be a storm..5. poor1) They were too poor to buy shoes for the kids.2) The poor little puppy had been abandoned.3) It was raining heavily and visibility was poor.4) She’s a good teacher but a poor manager. 6. rich1) America is a rich country.2) Oranges are rich in vitamin C.3) Indians like rich curries.4) They are looking for a rich well-drained soil.7. short1) He is too short to become a police officer.2) The hospital is getting short of nurses.3) “Ben” is usually short for “Benjamin”.4) I’m sorry I was short with you earlier.8. soft1) The grass is soft and springy.2) I prefer a soft pink to harsh red.3) A soft breeze rustled the trees.4) If you’re too soft with these kids they’ll never respect you.9. strong1) Stay indoors in the middle of the day, when the sun is strong.2) The euro is getting stronger against the dollar.3) Strong will is one of the factors to achieve success.4) He is a strong candidate for the job.10. warm1) The weather is a bit warmer today.2) The host gave me a warm welcome.3) The room was furnished in warm reds and browns.4) Am I getting warmer?Part III. PolysemyI.the Original Meaning and ExtendedMeaningII.General Meaning and Special Meaning III.Abstract Meaning and Concrete MeaningIV.Literal Meaning and Metaphorical MeaningPart IV. HomonymyPart V. Hierarchical RelationGenerality and SpecificityHyponym, Co-hyponym and Superordinate TermQuasi-hyponymy 准下义关系Part VI. TaxonomyTaxonyms superordinate co-taxonyms co-taxonymyPart VII. PartonomyPart-whole relationsSuperordinate and meronymy写出下列共下义词的上义词：1.prawn, crab, octopus, oyster____2.flute, drum, violin, saxophone3.hammer, saw, spanner, screw4.sparrow, nightingale, owl, robin5.date, mango, peach, plum6.sight, hearing, touch, taste7.acridity, aroma, stink, pong8.boat, ship, destroyer, cruiser9.spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope10.jacket, fleece, overcoat, sweater11.roll, bagel, croissant, baguette12.snack, repast, refreshment, feast13.cheesecake, pie, custard, fruit salad14.eggplant, mushroom, broccoli,cauliflower15.borrow, buy, steal, find16.walk, run, stagger, crawl17.murder, slay, slaughter, assassination18.slippers, boots, sandals, sneakers19.paper, pens, envelopes, eraser20.robbery, theft, raid, embezzlement。
Unit 6 Semantic Networks of English WordsCheck Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.b. Most lexical items form semantic field with other lexemes with certain semantic relation.c. The meaning of a hyponym is included in the meaning of its superordinate.d. There is always a superordinate term for its hyponyms.e. Lexical gaps across English and Chinese exist in all semantic fields.Key: F T F F TIn-Class Activities1. Some semantic fields are quite small. For example, each pair of antonyms, such as long andshort forms a lexical field of two members. The meanings of the two antonyms have in common that both relate to an end section of the same scale, and the group is complete since there are no other adjectives that share this part of the meaning.ASK:(1) Can you find more semantic fields of this small type?(2) Do polysemous word old and its antonyms new and young belong to the same semantic field?Key:(1) alive and dead, male and female, big and small(2) No. old & new and old & young belong to different semantic fields.2. In public notices, we often find the use of general words for persons, objects, places, etc. Look at the following three pictures.ASK:(1) What are the general words used in these pictures? Can you provide some hyponyms for eachof them? Does any of the general words have a certain hyponym that finds no equivalent in Chinese?(2) Do you think it is reasonable to use superordinate terms on these occasions?Key: (1) vehicle, pets, food, drinks, shirt, shoes, customer(2) Omit3. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since ―dog‖ is ahyponym of ―mammal‖ and ―mammal‖ is a hyponym of ―animal‖, ―dog is a hyponym of animal‖.ASK:(1) Can you find other examples to prove the relation of transitivity?(2) Is meronymy a transitive relation like hyponymy? Use examples for illustration.Key:(1) Tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant.Scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson are hyponyms of red which is a hyponym of color.(2) Meronymy is not exactly the transitive relation like hyponymy. For example, ―pupil‖is a part of ―eye‖, and ―eye‖ is a part of ―face‖, while ―pupil‖ is not a part of ―face‖.4. Often a concept lexicalized in one language may not have a corresponding lexical item in another language and thus presents a translation difficulty.ASK:(1) What methods can you employ to translate the missing word, if the concept is important ormust be cited often?(2) Is it an easy job to translate the Chinese sentence ―他铅笔盒里有五支笔‖ into English? Whyor why not? Name some of the hyponyms of ―笔‖ in both Chinese and English.Key: 1) a compound word, a descriptive phrase, borrowing from one language, etc.2) No. Because there is no English equivalence for Chinese word笔.铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk5. A term which is a hyponym of itself is an autohyponym in that the same lexical item can operate at both superordinate an d subordinate levels; for example, ―man‖ contrasts with ―animal‖ at one level, but at a lower level it contrasts with ―woman‖ (in effect, ―a man is a kind of man‖).ASK:(1) Can you find other autohyponyms?(2) Can you account for the existence of autohyponyms in any possible way?Key: Omit6. Hyponymy and meronymy are often found in language use. It is quite common for a general term and a specific term, or a part word and a whole word to substitute for each other in both speaking and writing. The former rhetorical device is called metonymy and the latter one synecdoche. For example, in the sentence ―An apple a day keeps the doctor away‖, the specific term ―apple‖ refers to the general term ―fruit‖; in the sentence ―How many mouths does he have to feed‖, the part word ―mouth‖ is used to replace the whole word ―person‖. Read the following sentences.a. He could hardly earn his everyday bread.b. I’ve got wheels.c. Last year nearly 6 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.d. Put down the steel.ASK:(1) Can you point out the words substituted by the bold-faced words?(2) Can you supply more examples of your own?Key: (1) 1. food 2. car 3. automobiles 4. knife(2) OmitPost-Class T ask1.How is meronymy different from hyponymy? Use examples to illustrate their differences. Key: Meronymy is different from hyponymy in that the former is a ―part of‖ or ―member of‖ relation while the latter a ―kind of‖ relation. For example, a leaf is a part of a tree; an oak is a kind of tree.Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since ―dog‖ isa hyponym of ―mammal‖ and ―mammal‖ is a hyponym of ―animal‖, ―dog is a hyponym ofanimal‖. Meronymy is not necessarily a transitive relation. For example, although.2.Read the following tree diagram on the relationship of hyponymy among lexical items in thesemantic field of fruit and illustrate the lexical gap existing in the field.fruit?? etc. berryapple pearKey: The term berry acts as the general term for more specific fruits blackberry and raspberry, but there seems to be no term for the category including such fruit as apple and pear.3. Meronymy is classified into the following seven types. Find more examples for each type.1. component — object (branch — tree,)2. member — collection (fish — shoal)3. portion — mass (strand — hair)4. stuff — object (gold — ring)5. feature — activity (paying — shopping )6. place — area (Cambridge — Massachusetts)7. phase — process (adolescence — growing up)Key: Omit4. Identify the meaning relationship between the following pairs.a. window houseb. football gamec. Chinese Languaged. New Y ork USAe. CPU computerf. scarlet redKey: 1)meronymy 2) hyponymy 3) hyponymy 4) meronymy 5)mernymy 6) hyponymy5. The Chinese word ―吃” can be used flexibly to form various expressions. Translate thefollowing Chinese slangs into English.吃闲饭吃香吃不消吃力吃苦吃不开Key:吃闲饭‖（lead an idle life），―吃香‖（be very popular），―吃不消‖（more than one can stand, too much）吃力(word hard, be tired)，吃苦（have a tough time）吃不开（be unpopular）6. The following passage is an introduction to ―pop‖. Please draw a lexical network of ―pop‖ constructed by words with semantic relations of hyponymy, meronymy, etc.Key:Unit 7 The Semantic Relations among English WordsCheck Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. The word classes of gradable antonyms are adjective, noun and verb.b. Chat and gossip form a pair of synonyms in terms of connotation.c. Homonymous words always come from different etymological roots.d. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between two items are said to berelational opposites.e. The cohesive effect of a text is always achieved by the co-occurrence of words with meaningrelations of synonymy and antonymy.Key: T T F T FIn-Class Activities1. Antonyms are commonly found to co-occur in natural languages, among which are (both) X and Y, X as well as Y, X and Y alike, (eithe r) X or Y, neither X nor Y, from X to Y, and now X, now Y. Read the following sentences.a. They were free with the fellows, young and old, about the place, and exchanged banter inrude phrases, which at first shocked her. (Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie)b. That was one reason she did not look forward to Cathy's visit, short or long.c. The Danderlea’s energies were claimed by buying and selling liquor, while Mrs Fortescuewent out a lot. (Doris Lessing: Mrs Fortescue)ASK:(1) What does each italicized part in the above sentences mean respectively?(2) Can you find some idioms formed by the co-occurrence of antonyms?Key: (1) In the first sentence, young and old is used actually to mean, and semantically could well be replaced by, ―(fellows) regardless of age‖ or ―(fellows) of all ages‖, rather than just―those who are young and those who are old‖; short or long in the second sentence hasthe emphasis of ―any visit‖ or ―visit of any length in time‖; buying and selling in thethird simply means the action of ―trading‖.(2) Omit2. Antonymy is widely used in wise sayings, as in ―A good beginning makes a good ending‖ and ―All things are difficult before they are easy‖. Now look at the following incomplete sa yings.a. Adversity leads to __________.b. A good husband makes a good __________.c. A young idler, an __________beggar.d. Be swift to hear, __________ to speak.e. Easy come, easy __________.f. Every advantage has its __________.g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes ___________.h. Pride goes before, and shame comes __________.i. The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows __________.j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go__________.ASK:(1) Can you complete each of the above sayings with a word which has an antonymousrelationship with the bold-faced word?(2) Do you know the meaning of each saying? Try to translate them into Chinese.key:a. Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。
