qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 fine mapping-Team of Chen JM-TAG-2014
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For the customer use onlyPI2EQX502TZHE SMA EVB User Guide IntroductionPericom Semiconductor’s PI2EQX502T is a low power, high performance 5.0 Gbps signal ReDriver specifically for the USB 3.0 protocol.The device provides programmable equalization and De-Emphasis to optimize performance over a variety of physical mediums by reducing Inter-Symbol Interference.PI2EQX502T supports two 100Ω Differential CML data I/O’s between the Protocol ASIC to a switch fabric, over cable, or to extend the signals across other distant data pathways on the user’s platform.This user guide describes how to use PI2EQX502TZHE SMA EVB for evaluation.Figure1 shows top view and bottom view of PI2EQX502TZHE SMA EVB.Figure1a. TOP view of PI2EQX502TZHE SMA EVBPericom Semiconductor Corp.For the customer use onlyFigure1b. Bottom view of PI2EQX502TZHE SMA EVBBoard Operationz Logical Block DiagramFigure2 shows the logical block diagram of PI2EQX502TZHE.Figure2. Logical Block Diagram of PI2EQX502TZHEPericom Semiconductor Corp.For the customer use only z Board Setting and Operation1) Power SupplyOn the EV board, there is one way for the power supply below.Two 3-Pin headers are for this 3.3V power and ground input.Figure3. Power Input for PI2EQX502TZHE SMA board2) Configuration ControlPI2EQX502TZHE provides pin control for EQ_A/B, DE_A/B and OS_A/B on EVB like in dark blue below.Figure4. Pin control for PI2EQX502TZHE SMA boardOn PI2EQX502TZHE EVB, Below are description and configuration tables for equalization, de-emphasis and swing control setting.Equalization SettingEQ_A and EQ_B are the selection pins for the equalization selection for ChA and ChB in Table2 below. EQ_A or EQ_B can be selected by 3pin headers for 0, open and 1 option to separately 3dB, 6dB and 9dB. N ote for 12dB, the user needs to hand-solder one 48kohm resistor between EQ_A/B and ground like Figure5.Pericom Semiconductor Corp.For the customer use onlyPericom Semiconductor Corp.Table2. Equalizer Configuration Selection Table for PI2EQX502TZHEFigure5. 48Kohm Resistor hand-soldered for 12dB selection of EQ_A/B on PI2EQX502TZHE SMA boardDe-emphasis Setting:DE_A and DE_B are the selection pins for the equalization selection for ChA and ChB in Table3 below. DE_A orDE_B can be selected by 3pin headers for 0, open and 1 option to separately 0dB, -3.5dB and -6dB.Table3. De-emphasis Configuration Selection Table for PI2EQX502TZHER=48KohmR=48KohmFor the customer use onlyPericom Semiconductor Corp.Swing Setting:OS_A and OS_B are the selection pins for the equalization selection for ChA and ChB in Table4 below. OS_A or OS_B can be selected by 3pin headers for 0(GND) and 1(VDD) option to separately 700mV and 1000mV.Table4. Swing Configuration Selection Table for PI2EQX502TZHE3) EVB Test ConnectionFigure6 is the test connection example for AI signal input and AO signal output.Figure6. Test connection with PI2EQX502TZHE SMA boardPower Supply for3.3V Power and GNDFor the customer use onlyPericom Semiconductor Corp.Appendix A: PCB SchematicAppendix B: PCB Stack-upFor the customer use only HistoryVersion 1.0 Original Version 2014/1/27Pericom Semiconductor Corp.。
Altera Remote Update IP Core User GuideThe Altera Remote Update IP core implements a remote system update using dedicated remote systemupgrade circuitry available in supported devices.Remote system update helps you deliver feature enhancements and bug fixes without recalling yourproduct, and reduces time-to-market and extends product life. The Altera Remote Update IP coredownloads a new configuration image from a remote location, stores the image in a configuration device, and upgrades the configuration circuitry to start a reconfiguration cycle.The dedicated circuitry performs error detection during and after the configuration process. When thededicated circuitry detects errors, the circuitry facilitates system recovery by reverting back to a safe,default factory configuration image and then provides error status information.The following figure shows a functional diagram for a typical remote system update process.Figure 1: Typical Remote System Update ProcessNote:Altera recommends you to use 20–MHz f MAX for all devices.Related Information•Configuration Center•ALTREMOTE_UPDATE Knowledge BaseInstalling and Licensing IP CoresThe Altera IP Library provides many useful IP core functions for production use without purchasing anadditional license. You can evaluate any Altera® IP core in simulation and compilation in the Quartus® II software using the OpenCore® evaluation feature. Some Altera IP cores, such as MegaCore® functions,require that you purchase a separate license for production use. You can use the OpenCore Plus feature to evaluate IP that requires purchase of an additional license until you are satisfied with the functionality and performance. After you purchase a license, visit the Self Service Licensing Center to obtain a licensenumber for any Altera product.© 2015 Altera Corporation. All rights reserved. ALTERA, ARRIA, CYCLONE, ENPIRION, MAX, MEGACORE, NIOS, QUARTUS and STRATIX words and logos aretrademarks of Altera Corporation and registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries. All other words and logos identified as trademarks or service marks are the property of their respective holders as described at /common/legal.html. Altera warrants performance of its semiconductor products to current specifications in accordance with Altera's standard warranty, but reserves the right to make changes to any products and services at any time without notice. Altera assumes no responsibility or liability arising out of the application or use of any information, product, or service described herein except as expressly agreed to in writing by Altera. Altera customers are advised to obtain the latest version of device specifications before relying on any published information and before placing orders for products or services.ISO 9001:2008 Registered101 Innovation Drive, San Jose, CA 95134Figure 2: IP Core Installation PathContains the Quartus II softwareContains the Altera IP Library source code <IP core name> - Contains the IP core source filesNote:The default IP installation directory on Windows is <drive>:\altera\<version number>; on Linux it is<home directory>/altera/ <version number>.Related Information•Altera Licensing Site•Altera Software Installation and Licensing ManualCustomizing and Generating IP CoresYou can customize IP cores to support a wide variety of applications. The Quartus II IP Catalog and parameter editor allow you to quickly select and configure IP core ports, features, and output files.IP Catalog and Parameter EditorThe Quartus II IP Catalog (Tools > IP Catalog ) and parameter editor help you easily customize andintegrate IP cores into your project. You can use the IP Catalog and parameter editor to select, customize,and generate files representing your custom IP variation.Note:The IP Catalog (Tools > IP Catalog) and parameter editor replace the MegaWizard ™Plug-InManager for IP selection and parameterization, beginning in Quartus II software version 14.0. Use the IP Catalog and parameter editor to locate and paramaterize Altera IP cores.The IP Catalog lists IP cores available for your design. Double-click any IP core to launch the parameter editor and generate files representing your IP variation. The parameter editor prompts you to specify an IP variation name, optional ports, and output file generation options. The parameter editor generates a top-level Qsys system file (.qsys ) or Quartus II IP file (.qip ) representing the IP core in your project. You can also parameterize an IP variation without an open project.Use the following features to help you quickly locate and select an IP core:•Filter IP Catalog to Show IP for active device family or Show IP for all device families .•Search to locate any full or partial IP core name in IP Catalog. Click Search for Partner IP , to access partner IP information on the Altera website.•Right-click an IP core name in IP Catalog to display details about supported devices, open the IP core's installation folder, andor view links to documentation.2Customizing and Generating IP CoresUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationFigure 3: Quartus II IP CatalogSearch and filter IP for your target deviceDouble-click to customize, right-click for informationNote:The IP Catalog is also available in Qsys (View > IP Catalog). The Qsys IP Catalog includesexclusive system interconnect, video and image processing, and other system-level IP that are not available in the Quartus II IP Catalog. For more information about using the Qsys IP Catalog, refer to Creating a System with Qsys in the Quartus II Handbook .Using the Parameter EditorThe parameter editor helps you to configure IP core ports, parameters, and output file generation options.•Use preset settings in the parameter editor (where provided) to instantly apply preset parameter values for specific applications.•View port and parameter descriptions, and links to documentation.•Generate testbench systems or example designs (where provided).UG-310052015.01.23Using the Parameter Editor3Altera CorporationSend FeedbackFigure 4: IP Parameter EditorsView IP port and parameter detailsApply preset parameters for specific applicationsSpecify your IP variation nameand target device Legacy parameter editorsSpecifying IP Core Parameters and OptionsThe parameter editor GUI allows you to quickly configure your custom IP variation. Use the following steps to specify IP core options and parameters in the Quartus II software. Refer to Specifying IP Core Parameters and Options (Legacy Parameter Editors) for configuration of IP cores using the legacy parameter editor.1.In the IP Catalog (Tools > IP Catalog ), locate and double-click the name of the IP core to customize.The parameter editor appears.2.Specify a top-level name for your custom IP variation. The parameter editor saves the IP variation settings in a file named <your_ip>.qsys . Click OK .3.Specify the parameters and options for your IP variation in the parameter editor, including one or more of the following. Refer to your IP core user guide for information about specific IP core parameters.•Optionally select preset parameter values if provided for your IP core. Presets specify initial parameter values for specific applications.•Specify parameters defining the IP core functionality, port configurations, and device-specific features.•Specify options for processing the IP core files in other EDA tools.4.Click Generate HDL , the Generation dialog box appears.5.Specify output file generation options, and then click Generate . The IP variation files generate according to your specifications.6.To generate a simulation testbench, click Generate > Generate Testbench System .4Specifying IP Core Parameters and OptionsUG-310052015.01.23Altera Corporation7.To generate an HDL instantiation template that you can copy and paste into your text editor, click Generate > HDL Example.8.ClickFinish . The parameter editor adds the top-level .qsys file to the current project automatically. If you are prompted to manually add the .qsys file to the project, click Project > Add/Remove Files in Project to add the file.9.After generating and instantiating your IP variation, make appropriate pin assignments to connect ports.Figure 5: IP Parameter EditorView IP port and parameter detailsApply preset parameters for specific applicationsSpecify your IP variation name and target device Upgrading IP CoresIP core variants generated with a previous version of the Quartus II software may require upgrading before use in the current version of the Quartus II software. Click Project > Upgrade IP Components to identify and upgrade IP core variants.The Upgrade IP Components dialog box provides instructions when IP upgrade is required, optional, or unsupported for specific IP cores in your design. You must upgrade IP cores that require it before you can compile the IP variation in the current version of the Quartus II software. Many Altera IP cores support automatic upgrade.The upgrade process renames and preserves the existing variation file (.v , .sv , or .vhd ) as <my_variant>_BAK.v , .sv , .vhd in the project directory.UG-310052015.01.23Upgrading IP Cores 5Altera CorporationSend FeedbackTable 1: IP Core Upgrade StatusBefore you begin•Archive the Quartus II project containing outdated IP cores in the original version of the Quartus II software: Click Project > Archive Project to save the project in your previous version of the Quartus II software. This archive preserves your original design source and project files.•Restore the archived project in the latest version of the Quartus II software: Click Project > Restore Archived Project . Click OK if prompted to change to a supported device or overwrite the project database. File paths in the archive must be relative to the project directory. File paths in the archive must reference the IP variation .v or .vhd file or .qsys file (not the .qip file).1.In the latest version of the Quartus II software, open the Quartus II project containing an outdated IP core variation. The Upgrade IP Components dialog automatically displays the status of IP cores in your project, along with instructions for upgrading each core. Click Project > Upgrade IP Components to access this dialog box manually.2.To simultaneously upgrade all IP cores that support automatic upgrade, click Perform Automatic Upgrade . The Status and Version columns update when upgrade is complete. Example designs provided with any Altera IP core regenerate automatically whenever you upgrade the IP core.6Upgrading IP CoresUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationFigure 6: Upgrading IP CoresDisplays upgrade status for all IP cores in the Project Upgrades all IP core that support “Auto Upgrade”Upgrades individual IP cores unsupported by “Auto Upgrade”Checked IP coressupport “Auto Upgrade”Successful “Auto Upgrade”Upgrade unavailableDouble-click to individually migrate Example 1: Upgrading IP Cores at the Command LineYou can upgrade IP cores that support auto upgrade at the command line. IP cores that do not support automatic upgrade do not support command line upgrade.•To upgrade a single IP core that supports auto-upgrade, type the following command:quartus_sh –ip_upgrade –variation_files <my_ip_filepath/my_ip>.<hdl> <qii_project>Example:quartus_sh -ip_upgrade -variation_files mega/pll25.v hps_testx•To simultaneously upgrade multiple IP cores that support auto-upgrade, type the following command:quartus_sh –ip_upgrade –variation_files “<my_ip_filepath/my_ip1>.<hdl>; <my_ip_filepath/my_ip2>.<hdl>” <qii_project>Example:quartus_sh -ip_upgrade -variation_files "mega/pll_tx2.v;mega/pll3.v" hps_testxNote:IP cores older than Quartus II software version 12.0 do not support upgrade.Altera verifies that the current version of the Quartus II software compiles the previous version of each IP core. The Altera IP Release Notes reports any verifica‐tion exceptions for Altera IP cores. Altera does not verify compilation for IP cores older than the previous two releases.UG-310052015.01.23Upgrading IP Cores7Altera CorporationSend FeedbackRelated InformationAltera IP Release NotesSimulating Altera IP Cores in other EDA ToolsThe Quartus II software supports RTL and gate-level design simulation of Altera IP cores in supported EDA simulators. Simulation involves setting up your simulator working environment, compiling simulation model libraries, and running your simulation.You can use the functional simulation model and the testbench or example design generated with your IP core for simulation. The functional simulation model and testbench files are generated in a projectsubdirectory. This directory may also include scripts to compile and run the testbench. For a complete list of models or libraries required to simulate your IP core, refer to the scripts generated with the testbench.You can use the Quartus II NativeLink feature to automatically generate simulation files and scripts.NativeLink launches your preferred simulator from within the Quartus II software.Figure 7: Simulation in Quartus II Design FlowNote:Post-fit timing simulation is not supported for 28nm and later device archetectures. Altera IPsupports a variety of simulation models, including simulation-specific IP functional simulation models and encrypted RTL models, and plain text RTL models. These are all cycle-accurate models. The models support fast functional simulation of your IP core instance using industry-standard VHDL or Verilog HDL simulators. For some cores, only the plain text RTL model is generated, and you can simulate that model. Use the simulation models only for simulation and8Simulating Altera IP Cores in other EDA ToolsUG-310052015.01.23Altera Corporationnot for synthesis or any other purposes. Using these models for synthesis creates a nonfunctional design.Related InformationSimulating Altera DesignsArria 10 DevicesThis section covers the remote system configuration modes, components, parameter, ports, andparameter settings for Arria ® 10 devices.Remote System Configuration ModeArria 10 devices support remote configuration mode only.Remote configuration supports “Direct to application” and “Application to Application” update. Remote configuration only supports 4-bytes address scheme so there is no support for devices with densities smaller than 128Mbit.Figure 8: Transitions Between Factory and Application Configurations in Remote Update ModeStart Address > 0 and not 32Start Address = 32When used with low-voltage quad-serial configuration (EPCQ-L) devices, the remote update mode allows a configuration space to start at any flash sector boundary, allowing a maximum of 512 pages in theEPCQ-L256 device and 1024 pages in the EPCQ-L512 device, in which the minimum size of each page is 512Kbits. Additionally, the remote update mode features a user watchdog timer that can detect functional errors in an application configuration.UG-310052015.01.23Arria 10 Devices 9Altera CorporationSend FeedbackRemote System Configuration ComponentsTable 2: Remote System Configuration Components in Arria 10 Devices10Remote System Configuration ComponentsUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationParameter SettingsTable 3: Altera Remote Update IP Core Parameters for Arria 10 DevicesPortsTable 4: Altera Remote Update IP Core Ports for Arria 10 DevicesUG-310052015.01.23Parameter Settings 1112Ports UG-310052015.01.23 ArrayAltera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Ports13Parameters For Arria 10 devices, mapping to each parameter type and corresponding parameter bit width is defined as follow:Table 5: Parameter Type and Corresponding Parameter Bit Width Mapping14Parameters UG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationArria II, Arria V, Cyclone V, Stratix IV, and Stratix V DevicesThis section covers the remote system configuration modes, components, parameter, ports, and parameter settings for Arria II, Arria V, Cyclone ® V, Stratix ® IV, and Stratix V devices.Remote System Configuration ModeArria II, Arria V, Cyclone V, Stratix IV, and Stratix V devices support remote configuration mode only.UG-310052015.01.23Arria II, Arria V, Cyclone V, Stratix IV, and Stratix V Devices 15Remote Configuration ModeFigure 9: Remote Configuration ModeError When used with serial configuration (EPCS) or quad-serial configuration (EPCQ) devices, the remote update mode allows a configuration space to start at any flash sector boundary, allowing a maximum of 128 pages in the EPCS64 device and 32 pages in the EPCS16 device, in which the minimum size of each page is 512Kbits. Additionally, the remote update mode features a user watchdog timer that can detect functional errors in an application configuration.Remote System Configuration ComponentsTable 6: Remote System Configuration Components in Arria II, Arria V, Cyclone V, Stratix IV, and Stratix V Devices16Remote System Configuration Components UG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationParameter SettingsTable 7: Altera Remote Update IP Core Parameters for Arria II, Arria V, Cyclone V, Stratix IV, and Stratix V DevicesUG-310052015.01.23Parameter Settings 17POF checking feature detect and verify the existence of an application configuration image before the image is loaded. Loading an invalid application configuration image may lead to unexpected behaviour of the FPGA including system failure. Example of invalid application configuration images are:• A partially programmed application image • A blank application image •An application image assigned with a wrong start addressPortsTable 8: Altera Remote Update IP Core Ports for Arria II, Arria V, Cyclone V, Stratix IV, and Stratix V Devices18Ports UG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Ports1920Ports UG-310052015.01.23 ArrayAltera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Ports 21Altera CorporationSend Feedback22PortsUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationParametersFor Arria II, Arria V, Cyclone V, Stratix IV, and Stratix V devices, mapping to each parameter type and corresponding parameter bit width is defined as follow:Table 9: Parameter Type and Corresponding Parameter Bit Width MappingUG-310052015.01.23Parameters 23Altera CorporationSend FeedbackCyclone III and Cyclone IV DevicesThis section covers the remote system configuration modes, components, parameters, ports, and remote update operation for Cyclone III and Cyclone IV devices.24Cyclone III and Cyclone IV DevicesUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationRemote System Configuration ModeCyclone IV devices support remote configuration mode only.Remote Configuration ModeFigure 10: Remote Configuration ModeErrorCyclone IV E devices support the active parallel (AP) configuration scheme for Altera devices.When used with EPCS or EPCQ devices, the remote update mode allows a configuration space to start at any flash sector boundary, allowing a maximum of 128 pages in the EPCS64 device and 32 pages in the EPCS16 device, in which the minimum size of each page is 512Kbits. Additionally, the remote update mode features a user watchdog timer that can detect functional errors in an application configuration.Remote System Configuration ComponentsTable 10: Remote System Configuration Components in Cyclone IV DevicesUG-310052015.01.23Remote System Configuration Mode 25Altera CorporationSend Feedback26Remote System Configuration ComponentsUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationParameter SettingsTable 11: Altera Remote Update IP core Parameters for Cyclone IV DevicesUG-310052015.01.23Parameter Settings 27Altera CorporationSend FeedbackPortsTable 12: Altera Remote Update IP Core Ports for Cyclone IV Devices28PortsUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Ports 29Altera CorporationSend Feedback30PortsUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Ports3132Ports UG-310052015.01.23 ArrayAltera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Ports33ParametersFor Cyclone IV devices, mapping to each parameter type and corresponding parameter bit width is defined as follow:Table 13: Mapping to Each Parameter Type and Corresponding Parameter Bit Width34ParametersUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationRemote Update OperationNote:read_source specifies whether a parameter value is read from the current or a previous state. Formore information, refer to Table 14.Note:Perform remote update operations in the corresponding master state machine (MSM) mode.UG-310052015.01.23Remote Update Operation 3536Remote Update Operation UG-310052015.01.23 ArrayAltera Corporationread_sourceThe following table lists the details for read_source . read_source specifies whether a parameter value is read from the current or a previous state. When you trigger the read operation, all contents in status register or input register latched to the data_out node in the Altera Remote Update IP core.Table 14: read_sourceState RegisterThe previous state register 1 reflects the current application configuration and the previous state register 2reflects the previous application configuration.UG-310052015.01.23Remote Update Operation 37Figure 11: State RegisterBack to factory(State register 1 reflects to current application which is application 2, while the state register 2 is reflects to previous application which is application 1)Design Example: Factory Image and Application Image Programming SequenceThis design example illustrates the sequence of programming the Factory Image and Application Image by using the programmer in Quartus II.In this example, you will be perform the following activities:•Generate both SRAM object file (.sof ) for Application Image and Factory Image.•Convert Programming file to generate the JTAG indirect configuration file (.jic )•Program the .jic file into the FPGAThe following instructions guide you to perform the design example tasks:1.Unzip the contents of the RSU.zip file to your working directory on your PC.2.In the Quartus II software, click Open Project in the File menu,pile Application Image:38Design Example: Factory Image and Application Image Programming SequenceUG-310052015.01.23Altera Corporationa.Browse to the folder in which you unzipped the files and open the Application_Image.qpf .b.Click Yes in the message box "Do you want to overwrite the database for C:/your workingdirectory/Application_Image.qpf created by Quatus II 64-Bit Version 13.0.a Build 232 Service Pack 1 SJ Full version?"c.On the Processing menu, choose Start Compilation .d.Click OK when the full compilation successful dialog box appears.e.Application_Image.sof will be generated in c:\your working directory\output_files .f.Click close project in the file menu.4.4. Compile Factory Image:a.Browse to the folder in which you unzipped the files and open the SVRSU.qpf .b.Click Yes in the message box "Do you want to overwrite the database for C:/your working directory/Application_Image.qpf created by Quatus II 64-Bit Version 13.0.a Build 232 Service Pack 1 SJ Full version?"c.Choose Start Compilation on the Processing menu .d.Click OK when the full compilation successful dialog box appears.e.Factory_Image.sof will be generated in c:\your working directory\output_files .5.On the File Menu, click Convert Programming Files and select the detail as shown below:•Programming File type: JTAG Indirect Configuration File (.jic)•Select Configuration Device: EPCQ 128•Mode: Active Serial x4•File name: c:/your working directory/output_file.jic•Flash loader: click add device and choose 5CEFA7ES•SOFT DATA PAGE_0: click Add File and select the factory image file (SVRSU.sof )•SOFT DATA PAGE_0: click Add File and select the Application image file (Application_Image.sof )•Click Generate .•Click OK when the dialogue box of .jic file successfully generated appears.6.On the Tool Menu, click Programmer:a.Make sure the board is power up and the USB Blaster is connected between computer and the board. This design example uses USB Blaster and JTAG mode.b.Click Auto Detect .c.Right click on the 5CEFA7ES and select change file .d.Browse to the output_file.jic that was generated in previous steps.e.Tick the Program/Configure checkbox and click Start .f.Configuration successful indicates the FPGA is configured successfully.Document Revision HistoryThe following table lists the revision history.UG-310052015.01.23Document Revision History39Table 15: Document Revision History40Document Revision HistoryUG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Document Revision History 41Altera CorporationSend Feedback42Document Revision History UG-310052015.01.23Altera CorporationUG-310052015.01.23Document Revision History 43Altera Corporation Send Feedback。
/redhatinc@RedHat /company/red-hat OverviewBusinesses differentiate by delivering extraordinary experiences to their customers, and today those experiences are driven by applications that quickly evolve to meet their needs. Once deployed, these applications must be portable, secure, easy to scale, and simple to manage. Organizations are turning to containers and Kubernetes to meet these needs. To quickly deliver new applications or to containerize and migrate existing ones to the cloud, they need a trusted platform to build upon.Built by open source leaders, Red Hat® OpenShift® is the leading enterprise Kubernetes platform1:a security-focused, consistent foundation to deliver applications anywhere, with full-stack automated operations and streamlined developer workflows. With Red Hat OpenShift, innovators can focus on what matters, stay competitive, and outpace continually rising customer expectations.Red Hat OpenShift Container PlatformRed Hat OpenShift includes everything needed for hybrid cloud, enterprise container and Kubernetes development and deployments. It includes an enterprise-grade Linux® operating system, container runtime, networking, monitoring, container registry, authentication, and authorization solutions. These components are tested together for unified operations on a complete Kubernetes platformspanning every cloud.DatasheetOpenShift Container PlatformThe leading enterprise, hybrid cloud Kubernetes application platformKey benefits:• Integrated platform includingcontainer host, Kubernetes,and application life-cyclemanagement using yourchoice of infrastructure• Greater value from opera-tions and development teamsthroughout the applicationlife cycle• More secure, validatedcontainer content andservices from a widepartner ecosystem.• Faster application devel-opment cycles and morefrequent software deploy-ments with simpler installa-tions and upgrades, even inair-gapped environments• Lower IT operations costsand application portabilityacross hybrid cloud andmulticloud footprintsEnterprise Kubernetes While it might not be difficult to download and install upstream Kubernetes, getting it ready for pro-duction to run business-critical applications for an enterprise requires additional effort. 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It provides:• Automated workflows including source-to-image (S2I) process to get source code into ready-to-run container images.• Streamlined developer perspective that abstracts away the need for familiarity with Kubernetes concepts and surfaces only information and configurations developers care about.• A connection to services from public cloud providers such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform through the OpenShift Service Catalog.Trusted host. Trusted content. Trusted platformRed Hat is a community leader and builder of Kubernetes and container projects, using our open source expertise to drive significant innovation in upstream efforts. Red Hat OpenShift adds compre-hensive, continuous security to upstream Kubernetes, and is designed for full-stack continuous secu-rity from the operating system to the application, and throughout the software life cycle. Advanced capabilitiesAs applications evolve into collections of decentralized services, managing communications and security between those services becomes more difficult. Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh provides a uniform way to connect, manage, and observe microservices-based applications.Using the Red Hat OpenShift Serverless model, an application can simply consume compute resources and automatically scale up or down based on use. This removes the overhead of server pro-visioning and maintenance from developers, letting them focus on application development instead. OpenShift Serverless helps developers deploy and run serverless applications that will scale up or scale to zero on demand.With Red Hat OpenShift Pipeline, developers can take full control over their delivery pipelines, plug-ins, and access control with no central CI/CD server to manage. OpenShift Pipeline runs each stepof the CI/CD pipeline in its own container, allowing each step to scale independently to meet the demands of the pipeline. This enables a streamlined user experience through the OpenShift console developer perspective, command-line interfaces (CLIs), and integrated development environments (IDEs).Drive your journey with Red Hat OpenShiftRed Hat supports our customers’ journeys to the cloud, with Red Hat OpenShift serving as a consis-tent, hybrid cloud foundation for building and running containerized applications for long-term inno-vation. Power business transformation and unite your teams on a cost-effective, single platform to quickly deliver the exceptional experiences your customers expect, anywhere they are.Red Hat OpenShift meets the needs of IT teams and application developers. Customers have wide choice in Kubernetes solutions, including do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms built on upstream projects, managed services on public clouds, and other self-hosted platforms. Red Hat OpenShift stands out as a leading choice for customers who want a more secure, supported Kubernetes platform guided by deep expertise.Features and benefitsFeature Benefit/redhatinc@RedHat /company/red-hat North America1 888 REDHAT1About Red HatR ed Hat is the world’s leading provider of enterprise open source software solutions, using a community-powered approach to deliver reliable and high-performing Linux, hybrid cloud, container, and Kubernetes technologies. Red Hat helps customers integrate new and existing IT applications, develop cloud-native applications, standardize on our industry-leading operating system, and automate, secure, and manage complex environments. Award-winning support, training, and consulting services make Red Hat a trusted adviser to the Fortune 500. As a strategic partner to cloud providers, system integrators, application vendors, customers, and open source communities, Red Hat can help organizations prepare for the digital future.Europe, Middle East,and Africa00800 7334 2835*****************Asia Pacific+65 6490 4200***************Latin America+54 11 4329 7300********************* Feature BenefitDatasheetCopyright © 2019 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, and JBoss are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S.。
All-in-One™qPCR MixFor universal quantitative real-time PCRCat.No.QP001(Old Cat.No.AOPR-0200,20μl×200reactions)Cat.No.QP002(Old Cat.No.AOPR-0600,20μl×600reactions)Cat.No.QP004(Old Cat.No.AOPR-1000,20μl×1000reactions)Cat.No.QP005(Old Cat.No.AOPR-4000,20μl×4000reactions)Performance optimized for All-In-One™qPCR Primers,All-In-One™miRNA qPCR Primers, miProfile™miRNA qPCR Arrays,ExProfile™Gene qPCR Arrays,All-In-One™First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit and All-In-One™miRNA First-Strand cDNA Synthesis KitUser ManualGeneCopoeia,Inc.9620Medical Center Drive,#101Rockville,MD20850USA301-762-0888866-360-9531***********************©2016GeneCopoeia,Inc.USER MANUALAll-in-One TM qPCR MixI.DescriptionII.Related ProductsIII.Contents and StorageIV.PreparationV.ProcedureVI.ExampleVII.Trouble Shooting GuideVIII.Limited Use License and WarrantyI.DescriptionThe All-in-One™qPCR Mix provides fast and efficient SYBR®Green-based real-time quantitative PCR.The qPCR Mix uses a high-fidelity hot-start DNA polymerase,optimized reaction buffer and high-quality dNTPs to enable specific and sensitive amplification of even low-copy genes or miRNAs.The All-in-One TM qPCR Mix reduces experimental design time by providing a universal reaction condition that can be used with almost all primers and most real-time PCR instruments.II.Related ProductsGeneCopoeia offers comprehensive solutions for studying gene expression.A careful process of co-development ensures that they work well together and provide robust and reproducible results.Product DescriptionAll-in-One™First-Strand cDNASynthesis KitReverse transcribe mRNA into first–stand cDNAAll-in-One™qPCR PrimersValidated,gene-specific primers ensure specificity and sensitivity (human,mouse and rat)ExProfile™Gene qPCR Arrays High-throughput or focused group profiling of gene expression All-in-One™miRNA First-StrandcDNA Synthesis KitReverse transcribe miRNA into first–stand cDNAAll-in-One™miRNA qRT-PCR Detection Kits SYBR®Green-based detection kit accurately quantifies miRNA expressionAll-in-One™miRNA qPCR Primers Validated human,mouse,rat miRNA primers for robust,reproducible and reliable quantitation of miRNA activitymiProfile™miRNA qPCR Arrays High-throughput or focused group profiling of miRNA expression RNAzol®RT RNA Isolation Reagent Easy isolation of mRNA,microRNA or total RNAIII.Contents and StorageContents and storage recommendations for the All-in-One TM qPCR Mix are provided in the following table. Cat.Nos.QP001,QP002,QP004,and QP005Contents Quantity Storage temperature/conditions2×All-in-One TM qPCR Mix 2×1ml3×(2×1ml)5×(2×1ml)20×(2×1ml)–20°C(Stable for at least12months)Alternatively,the solution can also bestored at–80°C in aliquots.Avoidrepeated freezing/thawing.ROX Reference Dye (30μΜ)1×80µl3×80µl5×80µl20×80µl–20°C(Stable for at least12months)Alternatively,the solution can also bestored at–80°C in aliquots.Avoidrepeated freezing/thawing.IV.PreparationWearing a lab coat,disposable gloves and protective goggles are recommended when handling chemicals.IMPORTANT NOTES:1.When using the All-in-One qPCR Mix with miProfile miRNA qPCR Arrays and All-in-One miRNAFirst-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit for miRNA expression profiling,please follow the miProfile miRNA qPCR array user manual for the complete instruction.2.Store the kit at–20°C.Avoid storage or leaving reagents at4°C or room temperature.Avoid lightexposure at all times.3.Mix reagents thoroughly by gently inverting tubes several times avoiding bubbles and then brieflycentrifuge before use.4.Prepare the reaction mix with PCR grade water.5.Strictly follow standard procedures for PCR to avoid nucleic acid contamination and non-specificamplification.6.Read all procedures before setting up the PCR reactionV.Procedure1.Thaw the2×All-in-One TM qPCR Mix and ROX Reference Dye as needed.2.Prepare the PCR reaction mix on ice.See the example below.Reagent Volume Final concentration2×All-in-One TM qPCR Mix a10μl1×PCR forward primer(2µM)b2µl0.2µM cPCR reverse primer(2µM)2µl0.2µMTemplate d2μlROX Reference Dye e(30μΜ)ifneeded0.4-0.1μl600nM-150nMWater(double distilled)■Not using ROX Reference Dye4μl■Using ROX Reference Dye3.6-3.9μlTotal20μle the2×All-in-One TM qPCR Mix as half of the total reaction volume and adjust other reagentsaccordingly.If the total reaction volume is changed,maintain each component in the proper proportion. b.Primers are important considerations to ensure success with real-time PCR.All-in-One TM human,mouseand rat primer sets from GeneCopoeia have been validated to provide specific and sensitive amplification even with low copy number genes.For designing your own primers,you may wish to use Oligo primer analysis software(Molecular Biology Insights)or Primer Premier software(Premier Biosoft International).c.Primer concentration should be in the range of0.2to0.6µM.In general,a PCR reaction using0.2µMprimers produces good results.If the PCR efficiency is low,consider increasing primer concentration.However,keep in mind that non-specific PCR products may also increase with increased primer concentration.d.Generally,the amount of DNA template should be less than100ng.Because different templates containvarying copies of a target gene,it may be necessary to perform a gradient dilution to determine the optimal amount of DNA template to use.If reverse transcript cDNA is used as template,dilute before use.Do not add more than5%of the original cDNA solution volume to the total qPCR reaction solution.e.ROX Reference Dye is added only for qPCR instruments that require ROX for calibration.ROXReference Dye provides an internal reference to which the reporter-dye signal can be normalized during data analysis.Normalization is necessary to correct for fluorescence fluctuations due to changes in concentration or volume.Adjust the ROX Reference Dye to optimal concentration according to different qPCR instruments.Instrument ROX per20µl PCR Reaction Final Concentration BioRad iCycler,MyiQ,iQ5,CFX-96,CFX-384,Eppendorf Mastercyclerrealplex,Roche LightCycler480,LightCycler2.0None No ROXABI PRISM7000/7300/7700/7900HTand7900HTFast,ABI Step One,ABI Step One Plus0.4µl(0.2-0.4µl)600nM(300-600nM)ABI7500,7500Fast,ABI Viia7,Stratagene Mx3000P,Mx3005P,Mx4000,0.1µl(0.02-0.1µl)150nM(30-150nM)For other instruments which need calibration of ROX but have not been listed out in the table,please optimize the concentration of ROX according to the guide line of specific instrument.3.Mix the PCR reaction mix sufficiently and add to the PCR reaction tubes.4.Briefly centrifuge to make sure all the reagents are at the bottom of the reaction tubes.5.The following three-step method for programming the PCR reaction is recommended:Cycles Steps Temperature Time Detection 1Initial denaturation95°C10min No40Denaturation95°C10sec No Annealing55°C~60°C20sec No Extension72°C15sec YesNotesi.When using SYBR Green dye to monitor the qPCR reaction,a melting curve analysis should beperformed immediately at the end of cycling.(example adapted from the iQ5real-time PCRdetection system from Bio-Rad):Temperature range Heating rate Constant temperature Detection 72–95°C0.5°C/unit time6sec/unit time Yes25°C30sec NoThe conditions for your instrument may differ,consult the documentation of your qPCR instrument for instructions.ii.The DNA polymerase used in the2×All-in-One TM qPCR Mix is a special chemically modified hot-start enzyme.Incubation for10minutes at95°C will sufficiently activate the enzyme.iii.The actual annealing temperature should be adjusted around the primer melting temperature ranging from55°C~60°C.However,the optimal annealing temperature may be outside of thisrange.Adjust the temperature according to actual reaction conditionsiv.The optimal fragment length to use for amplification during real-time PCR is in the range of80-150bp.However,fragment lengths up to300bp are possible.v.The main condition for the above reaction are referred to in the iQ5qPCR instrument manual from Bio-Rad.If a qPCR instrument from another commercial source is used,please reference theinstrument manual and adjust the extention time and melting curve conditions accordingly.VI.ExampleObjective:The amplification efficiency and detection sensitivity of the2×All-in-One TM qPCR Mix are assessed by standard curves made by gradient dilution of plasmid DNA.The target fragment is102bp.Equipment:iQ5instrument(Bio-Rad Laboratories)Procedure:1.The plasmid is serially diluted to6concentrations ranging from105to1molecule/μl.2.PCR reaction mix preparation(on ice)Reagent components Volume2×All-in-One qPCR Mix10µlPCR forward primer(2µM)2µlPCR reverse primer(2µM)2µlddH201µlTotal15µl3.Mix the above reagents sufficiently.Aliquot to PCR tubes after a brief centrifugation.4.Add5μl of the diluted plasmid template to each PCR e5μl ddH2O as a negative control.5.Program the PCR reaction and corresponding reading conditions of the melting curve:Cycles Steps Temperature Time Detection1Initial denaturation95°C10min No45Denaturation95°C10sec No Annealing60°C20sec No Extension72°C15sec Yes Melting curve reading72°C~95°CHeating Rate0.5°C/6secYes Cooling25°C30sec No6.Analyze the amplification and corresponding melting curves after the qPCR experiment:Amplification curves of serially diluted plasmid DNA Peak values of amplified products in melting curves.7.Construct a standard curve using the Ct values from each amplification curve:Picture of a standard curve8.Conclusion:The peak values from the amplification and melting curves show that as low as5molecules can be detected when using plasmid DNA as a template and that there is only a single amplified product,showing that very high sensitivity can be attained using the All-in-One TM qPCR Mix.At the same time,high amplification efficiency is also shown by the good linear relationship among each concentration of serially diluted plasmid.VII.Trouble Shooting GuidePoor precision or failed qPCR reactions ∙Make sure the initial denature time was set as10min,sufficiently activating of the hot-start polymerase could avoid non-specific amplification and production of primer-dimers.∙The fluorescence detection temperature may not be appropriate.Adjust accordingly.∙The set up position for reaction samples in the real-time PCR instrument may not be right.Adjust accordingly.∙PCR cycle conditions,primer concentration and primer sequences may not be appropriate.Adjust the primer concentration and annealing temperature.If this does not work,redesign the primers.∙The template sample purity may not be adequate.Purify the template sample by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.If the samples are reverse transcribed cDNA,set up the qPCR reaction with a diluted sample as other concentrated reagents in the RT reaction mixture may be interfering with the qPCR.∙Try to use 3.0%agarose gel electrophoresis to check the qPCR products.Check the purity of the primers by electrophoresis or use PAGE-purified primers if the bands are diffused.One may also use phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation methods to treat the primers before the experiment.Abnormal meltingcurvesSignal in the blank(No Template Control)sample∙There may be contamination of the positive samples in the qPCR reaction system if the T m of the melting curve of the blank control is the same as the positive control.Eliminate sample application error first.If the situation still persists,replace the PCR grade water and/or primers and/or use a new2×All-in-One TM qPCR Mix.∙If the T m of the melting curve of the blank control is lower than the positive control,the qPCR reaction may have produced nonspecific amplification such as primer-dimers.Prepare the qPCR reaction mix on ice and increase the temperature of fluorescence detection.If this does not work,redesign the primers.Double peaks and multiple peaks in the melting curve of the positive control∙In the absence of other primers present in the reaction,double or multiple peaks in the melting curve of the positive control indicate that the qPCR reaction produced nonspecific amplification fragments.Prepare the qPCR reaction mix on ice;optimize the qPCR reaction conditions,for example,by increasing the annealing temperature, decreasing the primer concentration or increasing the fluorescence detection temperature(not more than the T m value of the expected product).If this does not work,redesign the forward primer.No peaks or abnormal peaks in the melting curve(or the amplification curves)of the positive control∙Adjust the ROX Dye to optimized concentration according to instrument.No signal(Ct)or late appearing signal ∙Not enough PCR cycles.For good sensitivity,one should generally set up more than35PCR cycles,but more than45cycles may result in too much background signal.∙The amount of template used may not be enough or the template may be e the highest concentration possible of diluted template samples to set up the qPCR.At the same time,avoid freezing and thawing the samples repeatedly.∙The amplification efficiency is low and the qPCR reaction conditions are not optimal.Redesign the primers and optimize the reaction conditions.VIII.Limited Use License and WarrantyLimited Use LicenseFollowing terms and conditions apply to use of all OmicsLink™ORF Expression Clones in all lentiviral vectors and Packaging Kit(theProduct).If the terms and conditions are not acceptable,the Product in its entirety must be returned to GeneCopoeia within5calendar days.A limited End-User license is granted to the purchaser of the Product.The Product shall be used by the purchaser for internal researchpurposes only.The Product is expressly not designed,intended,or warranted for use in humans or for therapeutic or diagnostic use.TheProduct must not be resold,repackaged or modified for resale,or used to manufacture commercial products without prior written consentfrom GeneCopoeia.This Product should be used in accordance with the NIH guidelines developed for recombinant DNA and genetice of any part of the Product constitutes acceptance of the above terms.Limited WarrantyGeneCopoeia warrants that the Product meets the specifications described in the accompanying Product Datasheet.If it is proven to the satisfaction of GeneCopoeia that the Product fails to meet these specifications,GeneCopoeia will replace the Product.In the event a replacement cannot be provided,GeneCopoeia will provide the purchaser with a refund.This limited warranty shall not extend to anyone other than the original purchaser of the Product.Notice of nonconforming products must be made to GeneCopoeia within30days of receipt of the Product.GeneCopoeia’s liability is expressly limited to replacement of Product or a refund limited to the actual purchase price.GeneCopoeia’s liability does not extend to any damages arising from use or improper use of the Product,or losses associated with the use of additional materials or reagents.This limited warranty is the sole and exclusive warranty.GeneCopoeia does not provide any other warranties of any kind,expressed or implied,including the merchantability or fitness of the Product for a particular purpose.GeneCopoeia is committed to providing our customers with high-quality products.If you should have any questions or concerns about anyGeneCopoeia products,please contact us at301-762-0888.©2016,GeneCopoeia,Inc.GeneCopoeia,Inc.9620Medical Center Drive,#101Rockville,MD20850Tel:301-762-0888Fax:301-762-3888Email:***********************Web:GeneCopoeia Products are for Research Use Only Copyright©2016GeneCopoeia,Inc. Trademarks:GeneCopoeia™,All-in-One™,ExProfile™,miProfile™(GeneCopoeia Inc.);RNAzol®(Molecular Research Center,Inc.);SYBR®(Molecular Probes);iQ™5(Bio-Rad);ROX®(Invitrogen).QP001020216。
支持负载均衡式的多级集群的部署方式,以满足高可用的要求和海量日志的处理。
要求系统自带集群主节点选举功能,可以不依赖于操作系统或第三方的集群功能或工具,由日志管理系统本身实现集群中的热插拔功能,任一节点在出现问题后,可以随时下架,退出集群,当节点修复后或维护完成后,上架后即可自动完成加入集群和同步数据的操作。
支持用户时间、服务器时间和浏览器时间的对比分析。
支持人工设置集群各节点的状态。
要求系统内置监控组件,能够以图形化的方式监控:系统集群状态、缓冲区的使用状态、索引当前的运行状态、本地磁盘的使用状态、系统处理日志Cache的状态等信息。
支持日志索引的生命周期管理,管理维度包括:索引大小、索引时间和索引中日志数量,当达到设定的阈值后,可以进行删除、归档等操作,归档后的索引,通过点击按钮,可以将这部分数据重新进行数据的搜索和分析。
支持索引信息的实时统计分析功能,要求能够显示:当前激活的索引名称、索引内管理日志的数量。
能够显示索引主分片和所有分片的当前操作情况,包含:当前索引的操作数量、合并操作的数量、刷新操作的数量、查询操作的数量、抽取操作的数量等。
支持显示每个索引分片当前的状态以及所属节点的信息。
系统日志记录的内容包括索引和搜索的日志、系统运行的日志、接口通信的日志和用户验证的日志,并且可以通过图形化的方式,实时调节日志记录的细粒度,选择好希望记录的等级后,系统能够立即按照新调节的记录等级,进行日志的写入而无需重启软件。
支持用户自定义的字段和内容,当自定义完成后,所有从该接收组件上接收到的日志,都会自动附加指定的字段和内容。
系统的所有配置支持导入导出。
支持趋势图、动态数据表、饼图、表板图、统计图、世界时钟、富文本等多种可视化的展现形式,并能由用户自主进行数据展现的定义、拖拉和摆放,并能够在门户中进行数据的二次计算和分析。
支持图形化的阈值设定,通过简单的鼠标拖拉,可以在图形上定义出阈值的空间颜色,直观的提醒用户监控的指标是否越界。
Sophos UTM Feature ListGeneral ManagementÌCustomizable dashboardÌRole-based administration: Auditor, read-only and manager for all functionsÌNo-charge, centralized management of multipleUTMs via Sophos UTM Manager (SUM)ÌConfigurable update serviceÌReusable system object definitions for networks, services, hosts, time periods, users and groups, clients and servers ÌPoint & Click IPS rule managementÌSelf-service user portal for one-click VPN setupÌConfiguration change trackingÌManual or fully automated backup and restore optionsÌEmail or SNMP trap notification optionsÌSNMP supportÌOne-time password (OTP) / Two-factor authentication(2FA) supports OATH protocol for WebAdmin, User Portal, SSL VPN, IPSec VPN, HTML5 Portal and SSH Login*ÌOne-click secure access for Sophos customer support** Network Routing and ServicesÌRouting: static, multicast (PIM-SM)and dynamic (BGP, OSPF)ÌNAT static, masquerade (dynamic)ÌP rotocol independent multicast routing with IGMP snooping ÌBridging with STP support and ARP broadcast forwarding ÌW AN link balancing: 32 Internet connections, auto-link health check, automatic failover, automatic andweighted balancing and granular multipath rulesÌZ ero-config active/passive high- availabilityÌA ctive/active clustering for up to 10 appliancesÌ802.3ad interface link aggregationÌQoS with full control over bandwidth pools anddownload throttling using Stochastic Fairness Queuingand Random Early Detection on inbound trafficÌF ull configuration of DNS, DHCP and NTPÌS erver load balancingÌI Pv6 supportÌR ED supportÌVLAN DHCP support and tagging**ÌMultiple bridge support**Network ProtectionÌStateful deep packet inspection firewallÌIntrusion protection: Deep packet inspectionengine, 18,000+ patternsÌSelective IPS patterns for maximumperformance and protectionÌIPS pattern aging algorithm for optimal performance*ÌFlood protection: DoS, DDoS and portscan blockingÌCountry blocking by region or individual country(over 360 countries) with separate inbound/outbound settings and exceptionsÌSite-to-site VPN: SSL, IPSec, 256- bit AES/3DES,PFS, RSA, X.509 certificates, pre-shared keyÌRemote access: SSL, IPsec, iPhone/iPad/Cisco VPN client supportÌVoIP handling for SIP and H.323 connectionsÌConnection tracking helpers: FTP, IRC, PPTP, TFTPÌIdentity-based rules and configuration withAuthentication Agent for usersAdvanced Threat Protection*ÌDetect and block network traffic attempting tocontact command and control servers usingDNS, AFC, HTTP Proxy and firewallÌIdentify infected hosts on the network Sandstorm Protection***ÌCloud-based sandbox to detect, block and gain visibility into evasive zero-day targeted attacks in active content such as executables, PDFs, Office Documents, and more ÌPreviously unseen suspicious files aredetonated in the cloud-sandbox and monitoredbefore being released to the end-userÌComplete reporting on all suspicious file activityincluding detailed sandbox analysis results AuthenticationÌTransparent, proxy authentication (NTLM/Kerberos) or client authenticationÌAuthentication via: Active Directory, eDirectory,RADIUS, LDAP and TACACS+ÌSingle sign-on: Active directory, eDirectoryÌSophos Transparent Authentication Suite (STAS)provides AD agent for transparent reliable SSOauthentication with Microsoft Active Directory***ÌSSL supportÌTools: server settings check, username/passwordtesting and authentication cache flushÌGraphical browser for users and groupsÌAutomatic user creationÌScheduled backend synchronization prefetchÌComplex password enforcementWeb ProtectionÌURL Filter database with 35 million+ sitesin 96 categories and 65+ languagesÌApplication Control: Accurate signatures andLayer 7 patterns for thousands of applicationsÌDynamic application control based onproductivity or risk thresholdÌView traffic in real-time, choose to block or shapeÌMalware scanning: HTTP/S, FTP and web-based email via dual independent antivirus engines (Sophos & Avira) block all forms of viruses, web malware, trojans and spywareÌFully transparent HTTPS filtering of URLs*ÌOption for selective HTTPS Scanning of untrusted sites**ÌAdvanced web malware protectionwith JavaScript emulation*ÌLive Protection real-time in-the-cloud lookupsfor the latest threat intelligenceÌPotentially unwanted application (PUA) download blocking*ÌMalicious URL reputation filtering backed by SophosLabs ÌReputation threshold: set the reputation threshold awebsite requires to be accessible from internal networkÌActive content filter: File extension, MIME type,JavaScript, ActiveX, Java and FlashÌTrue-File-Type detection/scan within archive files**ÌYouTube for Schools enforcementÌSafeSearch enforcementÌGoogle Apps enforcement*Web PolicyÌAuthentication: Active Directory, eDirectory,LDAP, RADIUS, TACACS+ and local databaseÌSingle sign-on: Active Directory,eDirectory, Apple Open DirectoryÌProxy Modes: Standard, (Fully) Transparent, Authenticated, Single sign-on and Transparent with AD SSO*ÌTransparent captive portal with authenticationÌSupport for separate filtering proxies in different modesÌTime, user and group-based access policiesÌBrowsing quota time policies and quota reset option**ÌAllow temporary URL filter overrides with authentication ÌClient Authentication Agent for dedicated per-user tracking ÌCloning of security profilesÌCustomizable user-messages for events in local languages ÌCustom HTTPS verification CA supportÌSetup wizard and context sensitive online helpÌCustomizable block pagesÌCustom categorization to override categoriesor create custom categories*ÌSite tagging for creating custom site categories**ÌAuthentication and filtering options by device typefor iOS, Android, Mac, Windows and others*ÌPolicy testing tool for URLs, times,users and other parameters*Email ProtectionÌReputation service with spam outbreak monitoring based on patented Recurrent-Pattern-Detection technologyÌAdvanced spam detection techniques: RBL, heuristics,SPF checking, BATV, URL scanning, grey listing, RDNS/HELO checks, expression filter and recipient verification ÌBlock spam and malware during the SMTP transaction ÌDetects phishing URLs within e-mailsÌGlobal & per-user domain and address black/white lists ÌRecipient Verification against Active Directory accountÌE-mail scanning with SMTP and POP3 supportÌDual antivirus engines (Sophos & Avira)ÌTrue-File-Type detection/scan within archive files**ÌScan embedded mail formats: Block maliciousand unwanted files with MIME type checkingÌQuarantine unscannable or over-sized messagesÌFilter mail for unlimited domains and mailboxesÌAutomatic signature and pattern updatesÌSophos Live Anti-Virus real-time cloud lookups** Email Encryption and DLPÌPatent-pending SPX encryption for one-way message encryption*ÌRecipient self-registration SPX password management**ÌAdd attachments to SPX secure replies**ÌTransparent en-/decryption and digitalsigning for SMTP e-mailsÌCompletely transparent, no additionalsoftware or client requiredÌSupports S/MIME, OpenPGP, and TLS standardsÌPGP key server supportÌAllows content/virus scanning even for encrypted e-mails ÌCentral management of all keys and certificates- no key or certificate distribution requiredÌDLP engine with automatic scanning of emailsand attachments for sensitive data*ÌPre-packaged sensitive data type contentcontrol lists (CCLs) for PII, PCI, HIPAA, andmore, maintained by SophosLabs*Email ManagementÌUser-quarantine reports mailed outdaily at customizable timesÌLog Management service supportÌCustomizable User Portal for end-usermail management, in 15 languagesÌAnonymization of reporting data to enforce privacy policy ÌOver 50 Integrated reportsÌPDF and CSV exporting of reportsÌCustomizable email footers and disclaimersÌSetup wizard and context sensitive online helpÌEmail header manipulation support**End-User PortalÌSMTP quarantine: view and releasemessages held in quarantineÌSender blacklist/whitelistÌHotspot access informationÌDownload the Sophos Authentication Agent (SAA)ÌDownload remote access clientsoftware and configuration filesÌHTML5 VPN portal for opening clientless VPN connections to predefined hosts using predefined servicesÌDownload HTTPS Proxy CA certificatesVPNÌPPTP, L2TP, SSL, IPsec, HTML5-based and Ciscoclient-based remote user VPNs, as well as IPsec, SSL,Amazon VPC-based site-to-site tunnels and SophosRemote Ethernet Device (RED) plug-and-play VPNÌIPv6 SSL VPN support***VPN IPsec ClientÌAuthentication: Pre-Shared Key (PSK), PKI(X.509), Smartcards, Token and XAUTHÌEncryption: AES (128/192/256), DES, 3DES(112/168), Blowfish, RSA (up to 2048 Bit), DHgroups 1/2/5/14, MD5 and SHA-256/384/512ÌIntelligent split-tunneling for optimum traffic routingÌNAT-traversal supportÌClient-monitor for graphical overview of connection status ÌMultilingual: German, English and FrenchÌIPsec Tunnel BindingVPN SSL ClientÌProven SSL-(TLS)-based securityÌMinimal system requirementsÌProfile support for varying levels of accessÌSupports MD5, SHA, DES, 3DES and AESÌWorks through all firewalls, regardless of proxies and NAT ÌSupport for iOS and AndroidClientless VPNÌTrue clientless HTML5 VPN portal for accessingapplications securely from a browser on any device VPN One-ClickÌEasy setup and installations of every client within minutes ÌDownload of client-software, individual configurationfiles, keys and certificates one click away fromthe Security Gateway end-user portalÌAutomatic installation and configuration of the clientÌNo configuration required by end userVPN REDÌCentral Management of all REDappliances from Sophos UTMÌNo configuration: Automatically connectsthrough a cloud-based provisioning serviceÌSecure encrypted tunnel using digital X.509certificates and AES256- encryptionÌRED sites are fully protected by the Network, Weband Mail security subscriptions of the Central UTM.ÌVirtual Ethernet for reliable transfer ofall traffic between locationsÌIP address management with centrally definedDHCP and DNS Server configurationÌRemotely de-authorize RED 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Data center optimizedThe Dell EMC Z9100-ON is a 10/25/40/50/100GbE fixed switch purpose-built for applications in high-performance data center and computing environments.Leveraging a non-blocking switching architecture, the Z9100-ON delivers line-rate L2 and L3 forwarding capacity to maximize network performance. The compact Z9100-ON design provides industry-leading density of either 32 ports of 100GbE, 64 ports of 50GbE, 32 ports of 40GbE, 128 ports of 25GbE or 128 ports 10GbE and two SFP+ ports of 10GbE/1GbE/100MbE to conserve rack space while enabling denser footprints and simplifying migration to 100Gbps in the data center core. Priority-based flow control (PFC), data center bridge exchange (DCBX) and enhanced transmission selection (ETS) make the Z9100-ON ideally suited for DCB environments. In addition, the Z9100-ON incorporatesmultiple architectural features that optimize data center network flexibility, efficiency and availability, including redundant, hot-swappable power supplies and fans.These new offerings provide the flexibility to transform data centers and offer high-capacity network fabrics that are easy to deploy, cost-effective and provide a clear path to a software-defined data center. The Dell EMC Z9100-ON supports the industry standard Open Network Install Environment (ONIE) for zero touch installation of alternate network operating systems. This document refers to this ON switch preloaded with the Dell EMC Networking OS. Characteristic of any ONIE device, other ONIE load images may be loaded by the operator.Key applications •Active Fabric™ implementation using high-density multi rate10/25/40/50/100GbE T oR server aggregation in high-performance data center environments at the desired fabric speed•Small-scale Active Fabric implementation via the Z9100-ON switch in leaf and spine along with S-Series 1/10/40GbE T oR switches enabling cost-effective aggregation of 10/40/50/100GbE uplinks• High-performance SDN/OpenFlow 1.3.1 enabled with ability to inter- operate with industry standard OpenFlow controllers•Use as a high-speed VXLAN Layer 2 Gateway that connects the hyper-visor based overlay networks with non-virtualized infrastructureKey features •1RU high-density 10/25/40/50/100GbE fixed switch with choice of up to 32 ports of 100GbE (QSFP28), 64 ports of 50GbE (QSFP+), 32 ports of 40GbE (QSFP+), 128 ports of 25GbE (SFP28) or 128+2 ports of 10GbE (using breakout cable)•Up to 6.4Tbps of switching I/O bandwidth (full duplex) available and non-blocking switching fabric delivering line-rate performance under full load with sub usec latency•Scalable L2 and L3 Ethernet switching with QoS and a fullcomplement of standards-based IPv4 and IPv6 features, including OSPF and BGP routing support• L2 multipath support via Virtual Link Trunking (VLT) and multiple VLT (mVLT) multi-chassis link aggregation technology• VRF-lite enables sharing of networking infrastructure and provides L3 traffic isolation across tenants•Open Automation Framework adding automated configuration and provisioning capabilities to simplify the management of network environments• Jumbo frame support for large data transfers• 128 link aggregation groups with up to sixteen members per group, using enhanced hashing• Redundant, hot-swappable power supplies and fans• I/O panel to power supply airflow or power supply to I/O panel airflow• Tool-less enterprise ReadyRails™ mounting kitsreducing time and resources for switch rack installation• Power-efficient operation up to 45°C helping reduce cooling costs in temperature-constrained deployments• Converged network support for DCB, with priority flow control (802.1Qbb), ETS (802.1Qaz), DCBx and iSCSI TLV support •Z9100-ON supports Routable RoCE to enable convergence of compute and storage on Active FabricDELL EMC Z9100-ON SERIES SWITCHESHigh-performance 1/10/25/40/50/100GbE multi-rate open networking fixed switchfeaturing Dell EMC Networking OS9Compact full featured fixed 10/25/40/100GEswitch1 RJ45 console/management port with RS232signaling1 10/100/1000bT Ethernet for management1 USB 2.0 type A storage port1 micro USB type B port for console/managementport access2 SFP+ 10GbE/1GbE ports for data access Size: 1 RU, 1.72”h x 17.1”w x 18”dWeight: 22 lbs (9.98 kg)Power supply: 100–240 VAC 50/60 HzMax. power consumption: 605 WattsT yp. power consumption: 195 WattsMax. operating specifications:Operating temperature: 32°F to 113°F(0°C to 45°C)Operating humidity: 10 to 90% (RH), non-condensingMax. non-operating specifications:Storage temperature: –40°F to 158°F(–40°C to 70°C)Storage humidity: 5 to 95% (RH), non-condensingFresh Air Compliant to 45°CReadyRails rack mounting system, no tools required RedundancyT wo hot swappable power supplies with integratedfansHot swappable redundant fansPerformanceSwitching I/O bandwidth: 6.4Tbps (Full Duplex) Forwarding capacity: Up to 3300 MppsMAC addresses: 136KIPv4 Unicast routes: 136KIPv6 Unicast routes: 68KIPv4 Multicast routes: 68KIPv6 Multicast routes: Not supportedMulticast Hosts: 8KARP entries: 128KLayer 2 VLANs: 4K per portLayer 3 VLANs: Standalone 1K/VLT 4KMST: 64 instancesPVST+: 128 instancesLAG: 128 groups, 16 members per LAG groupLAG load balancing:Based on layer 2, IPv4 or IPv6 headers Latency: Sub 500nsPacket buffer memory: 16MBCPU memory: 8GBQOS data queues: 8QOS control queues: 12QOS: Default 1024 entries scalable to 2.5KACL Support: 3KIEEE compliance802.1AB LLDP802.1D Bridging, STP802.1p L2 Prioritization802.1Q VLAN T agging, Double VLAN T agging,GVRP802.1Qbb PFC802.1Qaz ETS802.1s MSTP 802.1X Network Access Control802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) orbreakout802.3ac Frame Extensions for VLAN T agging802.3ad Link Aggregation with LACP802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBase-X)802.3ba 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBase-SR4,40GBase-CR4, 40GBase-LR4, 100GBase-SR10,100GBase-LR4, 100GBase-ER4) on optical ports802.3bj 100 Gigabit Ethernet802.3u Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX) on mgmtports802.3x Flow Control802.3z Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-X) with QSAANSI/TIA-1057 LLDP-MEDForce10 PVST+Jumbo MTU support 9,416 bytesRFC and I-D complianceGeneral Internet protocols768 UDP793 TCP854 Telnet959 FTPGeneral IPv4 protocols791 IPv4792 ICMP826 ARP1027 Proxy ARP1035 DNS (client)1042 Ethernet Transmission1305 NTPv31519 CIDR1542 BOOTP (relay)1812 Requirements for IPv4 Routers1918 Address Allocation for Private Internets2474 Diffserv Field in IPv4 and Ipv6 Headers2596 Assured Forwarding PHB Group3164 BSD Syslog3195 Reliable Delivery for Syslog3246 Expedited Assured Forwarding4364 VRF-lite (IPv4 VRF with OSPF and BGP)5798 VRRPGeneral IPv6 protocols1981 Path MTU Discovery Features2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)Specification2464 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over EthernetNetworks2711 IPv6 Router Alert Option4007 IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture4213 Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hostsand Routers4291 IPv6 Addressing Architecture4443 ICMP for IPv64861 Neighbor Discovery for IPv64862 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration5095 Deprecation of Type 0 Routing Headers inIPv6IPv6 Management support (telnet, FTP, TACACS,RADIUS, SSH, NTP)Security2404 The Use of HMACSHA-1-96 within ESP andAH2865 RADIUS3162 Radius and IPv63580 802.1X with RADIUS3768 EAP3826 AES Cipher Algorithm in the SNMP UserBase Security Model4250, 4251, 4252, 4253, 4254 SSHv24301 Security Architecture for IPSec4302 IPSec Authentication Header4303 ESP Protocol4807 IPsec Security Policy DB MIBRIP1058 RIPv12453 RIPv2OSPF (v2/v3)1587 NSSA 4552 Authentication/2154 OSPF Digital Signatures Confidentiality for2328 OSPFv2 OSPFv32370 Opaque LSA 5340 OSPF for IPv6ISIS5301 Dynamic hostname exchange mechanism forIS-IS5302 Domain-wide prefix distribution with two-levelIS-IS5303 Three way handshake for IS-IS point-to-point adjacencies5308 IS-IS for IPv6BGP1997 Communities2385 MD52545 BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6Inter-Domain Routing2439 Route Flap Damping2796 Route Reflection2842 Capabilities2858 Multiprotocol Extensions2918 Route Refresh3065 Confederations4360 Extended Communities4893 4-byte ASN5396 4-byte ASN representationsdraft-ietf-idr-bgp4-20 BGPv4draft-michaelson-4byte-as-representation-054-byte ASN Representation (partial)draft-ietf-idr-add-paths-04.txt ADD PATHMulticast1112 IGMPv12236 IGMPv23376 IGMPv3MSDPPIM-SMPIM-SSMData center bridging802.1Qbb Priority-Based Flow Control802.1Qaz Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS)Data Center Bridging eXchange (DCBx)DCBx Application TLV (iSCSI, FCoE)Network management1155 SMIv11157 SNMPv11212 Concise MIB Definitions1215 SNMP Traps1493 Bridges MIB1850 OSPFv2 MIB1901 Community-Based SNMPv22011 IP MIB2096 IP Forwarding T able MIB2578 SMIv22579 T extual Conventions for SMIv22580 Conformance Statements for SMIv22618 RADIUS Authentication MIB2665 Ethernet-Like Interfaces MIB2674 Extended Bridge MIB2787 VRRP MIB2819 RMON MIB (groups 1, 2, 3, 9)2863 Interfaces MIB3273 RMON High Capacity MIB3410 SNMPv33411 SNMPv3 Management Framework3412 Message Processing and Dispatching for the Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP)3413 SNMP Applications3414 User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv33415 VACM for SNMP3416 SNMPv23417 Transport mappings for SNMP3418 SNMP MIB3434 RMON High Capacity Alarm MIB3584 Coexistance between SNMP v1, v2 and v3 4022 IP MIB4087 IP Tunnel MIB4113 UDP MIB4133 Entity MIB4292 MIB for IP4293 MIB for IPv6 Textual Conventions4502 RMONv2 (groups 1,2,3,9)5060 PIM MIBANSI/TIA-1057 LLDP-MED MIBDell_ITA.Rev_1_1 MIBdraft-grant-tacacs-02 TACACS+draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-mib-06 BGP MIBv1IEEE 802.1AB LLDP MIBIEEE 802.1AB LLDP DOT1 MIBIEEE 802.1AB LLDP DOT3 MIB sFlowv5 sFlowv5 MIB (version 1.3)FORCE10-BGP4-V2-MIB Force10 BGP MIB (draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-mibv2-05)FORCE10-IF-EXTENSION-MIBFORCE10-LINKAGG-MIBFORCE10-COPY-CONFIG-MIBFORCE10-PRODUCTS-MIBFORCE10-SS-CHASSIS-MIBFORCE10-SMIFORCE10-TC-MIBFORCE10-TRAP-ALARM-MIBFORCE10-FORWARDINGPLANE-STATS-MIB Regulatory complianceSafetyUL/CSA 60950-1, Second EditionEN 60950-1, Second EditionIEC 60950-1, Second Edition Including All National Deviations and Group DifferencesEN 60825-1 Safety of Laser Products Part 1: Equipment Classification Requirements andUser’s GuideEN 60825-2 Safety of Laser Products Part 2: Safety of Optical Fibre Communication Systems FDA Regulation 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 EmissionsAustralia/New Zealand: AS/NZS CISPR 22: 2006, Class ACanada: ICES-003, Issue-4, Class AEurope: EN 55022: 2006+A1:2007 (CISPR 22: 2006), Class AJapan: VCCI V3/2009 Class AUSA: FCC CFR 47 Part 15, Subpart B:2011, Class A ImmunityEN 300 386 V1.4.1:2008 EMC for NetworkEquipmentEN 55024: 1998 + A1: 2001 + A2: 2003EN 61000-3-2: Harmonic Current EmissionsEN 61000-3-3: Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker EN 61000-4-2: ESDEN 61000-4-3: Radiated ImmunityEN 61000-4-4: EFTEN 61000-4-5: SurgeEN 61000-4-6: Low Frequency ConductedImmunityRoHSAll S Series components are EU RoHS compliant. CertificationsAvailable with US Trade Agreements Act (TAA)complianceUSGv6 Host and Router Certified on Dell Networking OS 9.5 and greaterIPv6 Ready for both Host and RouterUCR DoD APL (core and distribution ALSAN switch Warranty1 year return to depotLearn more at DellT /Networking。
DOI 10.1007/s00122-014-2420-xFine mapping of the qLOP2 and qPSR2‑1 loci associated with chilling stress tolerance of wild rice seedlingsNing Xiao · Wei‑nan Huang · Ai‑hong Li · Yong Gao · Yu‑hong Li · Cun‑hong Pan · Hongjuan Ji · Xiao‑xiang Zhang · Yi Dai · Zheng‑yuan Dai · Jian‑min ChenReceived: 2 November 2013 / Accepted: 21 October 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014trait indexes, two major QTLs, qLOP2 (LOD = 3.8) and qPSR2-1 (LOD = 3.3), were detected on the long arm of chromosome 2 by composite interval mapping method in QTL Cartographer software, which explained 10.1 and 12.3 % of the phenotypic variation, respectively. In R/QTL analyzed result, their major effects were also confirmed. Using molecular marker RM318 and RM106, qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 have been introgressed into chilling-sensitive varieties (93-11 and Yuefeng) by marker-assisted selec-tion procedure (MAS), which resulted in 16 BC 5F 3 BILs that chilling tolerance have significantly enhanced compare with wild-type parents (P < 0.01). Therefore, two large segregating populations of 11,326 BC 4F 2 and 8,642 BC 4F 3 were developed to fine mapping of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1. Lastly, they were dissected to a 39.3-kb candidate region between marker RM221 and RS8. Expression and sequence analysis results indicated that Os02g0677300 was a cold-inducible gene for these loci. Our study provides novel alleles for improving rice CST by MAS and contributes to the understanding of its molecular mechanisms.Abbreviations CST C hilling stress tolerance QTL Q uantitative trait locus PSR P lant survival rate LOP L eaf osmotic potential BIL B ackcross introgression lines CBF C almodulin-binding transcription activator DREB D ehydration-responsive element bindingIntroductionCultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and provides 21 % of the global energyAbstractKey message Using leaf osmotic potential and plant survival rate as chilling‑tolerant trait indices, we iden‑tified two major quantitative trait loci qLOP2 and qPSR2‑1 (39.3‑kb region) and Os02g0677300 as the cold‑inducible gene for these loci.Abstract Chilling stress tolerance (CST) at the seedling stage is an important trait affecting rice production in tem-perate climate and high-altitude areas. To identify quan-titative trait loci (QTLs) associated with CST, a mapping population consisting of 151 BC 2F 1 plants was constructed by using chilling-tolerant Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) as a donor parent and chilling-sensitive indica as a recurrent parent. With leaf osmotic potential (LOP) and plant survival rate (PSR) as chilling-tolerantCommunicated by Matthias Wissuwa.N. Xiao and W. Huang have contributed equally to this work.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00122-014-2420-x ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.N. Xiao · W. Huang · Y . Gao · Y . Dai · J. Chen (*)College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China e-mail: jmchen@ N. Xiaoe-mail: yzxiaoning@N. Xiao · A. Li · Y . Li · C. Pan · H. Ji · X. Zhang · Z. Dai (*) Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, National Rice Industry Technology System of Yangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, Chinae-mail: yzxiaoning@per capita (Maclean et al. 2002). Rice is sensitive to low temperatures and is damaged when exposed to temperature below 13 °C (Caton et al. 1998; Sipaseuth et al. 2007), which leads to poor plant establishment, decreased ability to com-pete against weeds, delayed crop maturation, and reduced yields (Andaya and Mackill 2003a, b; Saito et al. 2004, 2010; Y oshida et al. 1996). Therefore, improving chilling stress tol-erance (CST) at the seedling stage is essential for achieving yield stability and incremental advances in crop productivity.Recently, genetic strategies have been applied to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying low temperature in cultivated rice varieties. After exposure to cold (10 °C) for 13 days, a major QTL qSCT-11 (logarithm of odds, LOD = 19) was identified on rice chromosome 11, which explained up to 30 % phenotypic variation of plant survival rate (PSR) (Zhang et al. 2005). Lou et al. (2007) identified five main QTLs related to cold tolerance with LOD > 4.0 on chromosomes 1, 2, and 8 under 6/10 °C for constant day/night 7 days treatment. The accumulated contribution of the five QTLs was 62.3 %. A major QTL (LOD = 15.1) was identified on chromosome 2 flanked by RM561 and RM341, which is responsible for 27.4 % of the total phe-notypic variation. With the use of 191 recombinant inbred lines and 9 °C cold treatment, Andaya and Mackill (2003b) found that qCTS12 on chromosome 12 contributes to tol-erance against wilting and necrosis, whereas qCTS4 (on chromosome 4) prevents yellowing and stunting. These two QTLs were further fine-mapped to 55 and 128-kb regions, respectively, in which eight candidate genes were identified (Andaya and Tai 2006, 2007). Over-expression of the zeta class of glutathione S-transferase genes in this candidate region enhanced germination and seedling growth at low temperature (Takesawa et al. 2002), suggesting that the zeta class could be the candidate genes for qCTS12 (Andaya and Tai 2006). The above-mentioned studies suggest that rice cold or chilling tolerance is controlled by multiple genes.A serial of QTL mapping researches relating to CST also demonstrated that the calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CBF) and dehydration-responsive element-bind-ing protein (DREB) play important roles on plants’ chill-ing tolerance (Alm et al. 2011; Francia et al. 2007; Knox et al. 2008; Miller et al. 2006). In Arabidopsis, although the CBF/DREB1 subgroup consists of six members, only CBF1/DREB1B, CBF2/DREB1C, and CBF3/DREB1A are rapidly induced in response to chilling stress (Agarwal et al. 2010; Novillo et al. 2004; Shigyo and Ito 2004). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively over-expressing any of the three CBF/DREB1 genes significantly improved tolerance to freezing, drought, and high salinity (Nakano et al. 2006; Shigyo and Ito 2004; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shino-zaki 1994). Ten putative rice CBF homologs (OsDREB1A through OsDREB1J) have been identified (Mao and Chen 2012), but the functions of CBF/DREB1 s on response to chilling stress are different even they share similar protein structure domains (Novillo et al. 2004, 2007). So far, the specific CBF/DREB1 genes for chilling tolerance at rice seedling stage are not determined.Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) is the ancestor of culti-vated rice and can be used as a donor of novel alleles for rice breeding (Nakagahra et al. 1997; Tian et al. 2006). QTL anal-yses have been performed to identify novel loci and genes from wild rice, and these loci are expected to be useful in improving the agronomic traits of rice, such as disease resist-ance, abiotic stress, and crop yield (Ashikari and Matsuoka 2006; Brar and Khush 1997; Nguyen et al. 2003). However, CST with wild rice allele introgressed into cultivated rice to elevate chilling tolerance has rarely been reported. Chilling-tolerant Dongxiang wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff., Dongxi-ang) possesses an extremely high innate tolerance to chilling stress (Li et al. 2010), and its seedlings could survive at 2 °C for 72 h (Dai et al. 2007). Therefore, we utilized Dongxiang as a chilling-tolerant donor to fine-map CST. Additionally, a new type of CBF/DREB1G transcription factor was identi-fied as a candidate gene for two QTLs, qLOP2 and qPSR2-1. Our results provide novel alleles for improving rice CST by MAS as well knowledge on understanding molecular mech-anisms for chilling tolerance.Materials and methodsPlant materialsIn the summer of 2006, a chilling-tolerant donor parent (Dongxiang) was crossed with a chilling-sensitive vari-ety (Nanjing 11) (Fig. 1). An advanced backcross strategy was then used to construct a primary mapping population as referenced in Robin et al. (2003) and Xiao et al. (2014). The F1 progeny was backcrossed with Nanjing 11, resulting in 151 BC1F1 plants, which were grown in a greenhouse and individually backcrossed to the recurrent parent, up to BC2F1. During the construct period, no selection for leaf osmotic potential (LOP) and PSR was performed. A plant was selected randomly from each BC2F1 line, which leaded to a primary mapping population containing 151 BC2F1 plants. BC2F2 seeds were harvested individually from each BC2F1 plant to use for the phenotypic characterization. All plants were grown in the Yangzhou Wantou experimen-tal fields at the Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province (119°42′E, 32°39′N) and Sanya of Hainan Province (110°02′E, 18°48′N).Evaluation of leaf osmotic potential and plant survival rate Approximately 100 BC2F2 seeds from each BC2F1 plant were equally divided into two groups (C1 and C2). Toabolish seed dormancy, the two groups were kept at 43 °Cfor 1 week, then sterilized, and soaked using distilled/deionized water at 28 °C in darkness for 2 days. Whenthe seedlings reached to the two-leaf stage, a simulateddiurnal alternating illumination treatment was given: 12 hof 25,000 Lx of illumination at 4 ± 1 °C and 12 h darkat 4 ± 1 °C with relative humidity at 75–85 %. All plantswere chilling-treated in a temperature-controlled phyto-tron growth chamber for 2 days. Then, the group C1 wasimmediately taken out from the chamber for measuringLOP using a permeability manometer (VAPRO 5520,Wescor, USA) which was expressed as: LOP (mmol/kg) = 100 − Ci ×R× (273 +T) × 10−3, where Ci is the measured value, R is gas constant (0.08314), and T is theambient temperature. Then, the temperature of growthchamber was adjusted back to 28/25 °C day/night (12 heach) to start the recovery process with 72 h of illumi-nation at 25,000 Lx. After recovery, the C2 group wasused to assess PSR. The plants with completely witheredleaves were classified as the sensitive group, whereasplants with normal growth were classified as the toler-ant group. The PSR was expressed as a percentage (0–100 %) based on the ratio of the plants showing the toler-ant phenotype. All phenotypes were measured with threetechnical replicates.DNA extraction and molecular marker analysisDNA was extracted from plant leaves following the CTAB method (Rogers and Bendich 1985). All leaves were stored at −80 °C until use. All simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were chosen from the Gramene database (http:// ), and the sequences of the SSR markers are shown in Supplementary Table 1. PCR was performed in 20-µL reaction mixtures containing 20 ng of template DNA, 0.15 µL of 10 mM dNTPs, 2 U Taq DNA poly-merase, 2 µL of 10 × PCR buffer [50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris–HCl (pH 8.3), 1.5 mM MgCl2, and 0.01 % gelatin], and 1.5 µL of 2 µmol/L forward and reverse primers. The cycling conditions were 5 min at 94 °C, followed by 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR prod-ucts were subjected to electrophoresis in 6 % denaturing polyacrylamide gels (Panaud et al. 1996). The gels were then silver stained as described by Xiao et al. (2011). Linkage mapping and QTL analysisThe genetic linkage map was constructed using the MAP-MAKER/EXP version 3.0 (Lander et al. 1987). QTL analysis was conducted using the composite intervalFig. 1 Construction of the mapping population. MAS marker-assisted selection, BIL backcross introgression line(color figure online)mapping (CIM) method in the QTL Cartographer version 2.5 (Lander and Botstein 1989; Lincoln et al. 1992; Wang et al. 2007) and the multiple imputation method in the R/qtl software (Sen and Churchill 2001). Significance thresh-old values of LOD for QTL detection were determined by using permutation tests with 1,000 replicates (Churchill and Doerge 1994). In this study, the QTL threshold of LOP and PSR was 3.2 and 2.8, respectively.Fine mapping of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1To generate a population for fine mapping of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1, molecular markers (RM106, RM318, RM267, RM274, RM44, and RM223) near the mapped QTLs were used to detect the genotype of the BC2F2 population. A plant (SL112) was chosen from a BC2F2 line, that contained a homozygous Dongxiang introgression carrying the qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 and five additional introgressions representing approximately 19.5 % of the Nanjing 11 genome located on 3 of the 12 chromosomes (nontarget regions). For veri-fying the effectiveness of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1, SL112 was backcross with Nanjing 11 to produce BC3F2 secondary mapping population with 172 plants (Fig. 1). A BC3F1 plant with qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 was selected to construct BC4F2 fine mapping population consisting 11,326 plants by back-cross continuously with Nanjing 11. During every back-cross process, markers RM106 and RM318 were used to identify and confirm the individuals containing the qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 loci from Dongxiang alleles. The BC3F3 and BC4F3 seeds were individually harvested from the identified BC3F2 and BC4F2 plants, respectively, and used to measure chilling stress phenotype with three technical repeats. Addi-tional DNA markers were needed to determine the exact position of the nearest recombination locations for qLOP2 and qPSR2-1. Additional SSR markers between RM106 and RM318 were chosen from the Gramene database (htt p:///). The sequences of the indica cv. 93-11 and japonica cv. Nipponbare were downloaded from the publicly accessible rice genome database (http://rapdb. dna.affrc.go.jp/, IRGSP 1.0, and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) and used to develop insertion/deletion markers using Premier v.5.0 (Supplementary Table 2).Effects of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 under different backgroundsTo further verify the effect of enhancing chilling tolerance existed in the qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 loci, backcross prog-enies were generated using SL112 as a donor parent and two chilling-sensitive indica varieties, 93-11 and Yuefeng as recurrent parents (Fig. 1). Two markers, RM106 and RM318, flanking qLOP2 and qPSR2-1, were used in MAS to develop BC5F3 backcross introgression lines (BILs). Seeds from these BILs were harvested to determine chill-ing stress phenotype.Expression analysis of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 candidate genesThe Dongxiang, SL112, and Nanjing 11 were cultivated in the growth chamber until the two-leaf stage and were then subjected to 4 °C chilling stress. Leaf tissue (100 mg) was harvested from each line at six different chilling stress time points of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Total RNA was extracted from the samples as described by Chomczynski and Sac-chi (1987). Contaminated genomic DNA was removed by DNaseI treatment. Total RNA (4 µg) was used as a template for cDNA synthesis using M-MLV transcriptase (TaKaRa Biotechnology, Dalian, China) with oligo (dT) 18 primers. Expression levels were normalized with Actin 1. All primer sequences for real-time PCR are listed in Supplementary Table 3. Expression analysis was operated by two biological replicates with three technical replicates. The sequences sim-ilarity between Dongxiang and Nanjing 11 alleles was ana-lyzed using BLAST (/Blast.cgi). ResultsPhenotypic evaluation of chilling toleranceAfter recovery, Dongxiang and SL112 showed chilling-tol-erant phenotype with normal growth leaves, but most plants of Nanjing 11 presented withered leaves (Fig. 2a). Signifi-cant differences were observed for LOP and PSR between the two parents, and their frequency distributions in the BC2F1 progeny were continuous and skewed toward differ-ent parent (Fig. 2b, c). Chilling-tolerant Dongxiang showed 84.7 mmol/kg of LOP and 90 % of PSR, whereas Nanjing 11 values were 60.1 mmol/kg and 12.2 %, respectively.Detection of the Dongxiang genome among BC2F1 plantsUsing 130 SSR molecular markers, we detected the geno-type of 151 BC2F1 plants. Figure 3a showed that Dongxi-ang chromosome segments introgressed into BC2F1 plants covered 100 % of the whole Dongxiang genome. The per-centage of the Dongxiang genome (in the heterozygous state) varied from 4.8 to 38.8 %, with an average of 23.6 % (Fig. 3b).Identification of chilling-tolerant QTLsThe above genotype data were used to construct a genetic linkage map. All the markers were mapped to the 12 chro-mosomes, and the total length of 12 linkage groups was2,106.8 cM. The average genetic distance between markers was 16.2 cM, and the maximum distance between markers was 65.3 cM (RM569–RM3894) on chromosome 3 (Sup-plementary Table 1).Using the BC 2F 1 phenotype data derived from the BC 2F 2 lines, five QTLs were identified by QTL Cartographer with CIM method (Table 1; Fig. 4). Among them, qLOP2, qPSR2-1, qPSR2-2, and qLOP5 showed effect from Dongxiang and qLOP8 from Nanjing 11. The percentage of phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 6.9 to 12.3 %. qLOP8 (maximum LOD = 5.1) was located at the interval between marker RM44 and RM223 on chro-mosome 8 and accounted for 6.9 % of phenotypic varia-tion. The qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 nearing RM106 and RM318 were identified at the same interval on chromosome 2, with contributions of 10.1 % to LOP and 12.3 % to PSR. By R /qtl analyzed, there were six QTLs identified on chromo-some 2, 5, 8, and 9. Four QTLs were found at coincident positions of the qLOP2, qLOP5, qLOP8, and qPSR2-1 regions identified by QTL Cartographer, but qPSR5 and qPSR9 on chromosome 5 and 9 were only checked in R /qtl analyzed result. It is noted that qLOP2 (LOD = 5.0) and qPSR2-1 (LOD = 3.9) were still identified as two major QTLs in R /qtl analysis, with phenotypic variation of 10.8 and 10.5 %, respectively (Table 1).Characterization of the major effect of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1SL112 was selected to generate BC 3F 1 plant by back-crossed with Nanjing 11. After self-pollination, a small scale of BC 3F 2 secondary mapping population consisting 172 plants was developed. By CIM analysis, qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 were still identified as two major QTLs between RM106 and RM318, which explain 45.4 % (LOD = 21.3) and 39.2 % (LOD = 15.0) of phenotypic variation, respec-tively. Their major effect was also confirmed in R /qtl analy-sis result (Table 2). Therefore, qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 were introgressed into two chilling-sensitive cultivars, indica 93-11 and Yuefeng, using the marker-assisted selection procedure (MAS). This resulted in the development of 16 BC 5F 3 BILs, including nine with the 93-11 genetic back-ground and seven with the Yuefeng genetic background. Compared with the wild-type 93-11 and Yuefeng, the val-ues of LOP and PSR of these BILs with the qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 loci were significantly higher (P < 0.01) (Table 3), suggesting that qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 were reliable chilling-tolerant QTLs in different genetic backgrounds.Fine mapping of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 regionsTo exclude genetic effects of qPSR2-2, qLOP2, and qLOP5 loci from Dongxiang, a BC 3F 1 plant only with qLOP2 andqPSR2-1 loci was selected from the second mapping popula-tion to develop a large fine mapping group containing 11,326 BC 4F 2 plants. Markers RM106 and RM318 were used toidentify recombinants around loci qLOP2 and qPSR2-1, resulting in 78 recombinants having the homozygous geno-type for Dongxiang or Nanjing 11 alleles. Five codominant markers (RM3793, RM3508, RM3512, RM221, and RS3) were developed between the marker RM106 and RM318 to precisely identify recombination events (Fig. 5b). Based ongenotypes revealed by these markers, all recombinants wereFig. 2 Genotype of BC 2F 1 mapping population. a Graphical geno-type of the selected BC 2F 1 plants. Each row represented 151 BC 2F 1 plants and each column represented genotype of 130 SSR markers. The red color indicates the heterozygous segments and the yellow color the homozygous regions for Nanjing 11. b The frequency of Dongxiang segment among BC 2F 1 plants (color figure online)divided into six groups (G1–6). We classified the chilling-tolerant phenotype as “T” (PSR > 60 % or LOP > 75 mmol/ kg), moderately tolerant as “MT” (PSR: 30–60 % or LOP: 65–75 mmol/kg), and susceptible as “S” (PSR < 30 % or LOP < 65 mmol/kg). G1, G2, and G3 (S phenotype) showed Nanjing 11 alleles to the right of RM221, and G4, G5, and G6 (T or MT phenotype) had Dongxiang homozygous alleles to the left of RS3 (Fig. 5c). QTL analysis of these BC4F2 recombinants further confirmed that qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 located between RM221 and RS3 with the LOD of 18.6 and 25.9, which explain 63.4 and 63.9 % of phenotypic variation, respectively (Table 4).To further delimit qLOP2 and qPSR2-1, RM3512, RM221, and RS3 were used to identify BC4F2 plants with heterozygous for loci qLOP2 and qPSR2-1. Seven plants (named G7 group) were found, and the phenotypic values varied greatly. Therefore, BC4F3 seeds were harvested from all G7 group plants and mixed together, which resulted in a segregation group of 8,642 BC4F3 plants for further fine map-ping qLOP2 and qPSR2-1. We developed additional codomi-nant markers (RS8 and RS11). And RM221, RS8, RS11, and RS3 were used to screen recombinants in BC4F3, and seven critical recombinants were identified which fell into two genotypic classes (G7-1 and G7-2). G7-1 showed Nanjing 11 homozygous genotype on the left of RS8 and Dongxi-ang homozygous genotype on the right of RS11, but its phe-notype is “S” (Fig. 5d). With G7-2 being “T” phenotype, showed Dongxiang homozygous genotype on the left of RS8. Using 85 BC4F2 and seven BC4F3 plants, the significant peak checked between markers RS8 and RM221. In this interval, the LOD score of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 was 22.1 and 22.5 that also explained 70.0 and 67.5 % of the phenotypic vari-ance, respectively (Table 4). So, qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 should be positioned to 39.3-kb region between marker RM221 and RS8 (Fig. 5d).Identification of candidate genes for qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 lociWe searched for candidate genes for qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 using the available sequence annotation database (b.nig.ac.jp/index.html), and two genes (Os02g0676800 and Os02g0677300) existed in this can-didate region refer to Nipponbare genome (Fig. 5e). Real-time PCR primers were designed to evaluate the expression of each gene using Dongxiang, SL112, and Nanjing 11 under chilling conditions at 4 °C for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h (Fig. 6). Os02g0676800 and Os02g0677300 were expressed at all chilling stress period. However, only Os02g0677300 was highly up-regulated in both parents and in SL112, and it had more rapid and dramatic response (within 6 h) to chill-ing stress in Dongxiang and SL112 compared with Nanjing 11. After 12 h of exposure to chilling, transcript levels began to fall in chilling-tolerant plants but remained higher than at 0 h. Hence, Os02g0677300 may be the best candidate gene in this region. The sequencing results showed that six single-base changes occurred in the coding region, includ-ing two transversions and four transitions (Supplementary Fig. 1). Among them, only one transversion at the position 610 from the transcription start site changed the Cysteine codon TGT in Nanjing 11 to Glycine (GGT) in Dongxiang. Other mutations were synonymous (Supplementary Fig. 2).Fig. 3 The LOP and PSR frequency distribution of BC2F1 plants after cold treat and chilling injured phenotype of parents and SL112. a Frequency distribution of LOP for cold treatment in the BC2F2 families.b Frequency distribution of PSR for cold treatment in the BC2F2 families.c Phenotype of Dongx-iang, Nanjing 11, and SL112 after recovery. Cold treatment conditions: 4/4 ± 1 °C constant day/night temperature (12 h) for 2 days. Arrowheads indicate the mean LOP and PSR of Dongxiang and Nanjing 11. LOP leaf osmotic potentials, PSR plant survival rate (colorfigure online)DiscussionLow temperature is one of the most important environment factors that affect rice productivity and its distribution. Pre-vious genetic analyses have demonstrated that CST is con-trolled by multiple genes (Andaya and Tai 2007; Jiang et al. 2008; Ji et al. 2009; Koseki et al. 2010; Miura et al. 2001; Qian et al. 2000; Suh et al. 2012; Teng et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2011), but the genes that are responsible for enhanc-ing CST have not been cloned.A survival strategy to adopt for chilling stress involves osmotic adjustment and maintenance of cell membrane sta-bility. Chilling-tolerant varieties can maintain membrane integrity under chilling stress (Huang et al. 2012). ReactiveTable 1 Chromosome location, phenotypic variances, and LOD of the QTLs for LOP and PSR at BC 2F 1 primary mapping populationAE additive effect, LOD logarithm of oddsaNegative value indicates effects from Nanjing 11, and positive values indicate effects from DongxiangQTL Chromosome Intervals QTL cartographer R /qtl LODAE aR 2LOD AE a R 2qLOP22RM106–RM318 3.8 5.510.1 5.07.010.8qLOP55RM267–RM274 4.3 6.18.8 4.08.9 1.4qLOP88RM44–RM223 5.1−14.0 6.9 3.2−2.10.2qPSR2-12RM526–RM318 3.321.812.3 3.922.010.5qPSR2-22RM318–RM450 3.121.49.8qPSR55RM3664–RM6082 3.1627.11 6.4qPSR99RM11168–RM245163.412.553.4Fig. 4 Chromosomal location of putative QTLs for LOP and PSR at the seedling stage (color figure online)Table 2 Phenotypic variances and LOD of qLOP2 and qPSR2-1 at BC 3F 2 second mapping group AE additive effect, LOD logarithm of oddsaNegative value indicates effects from Nanjing 11, and positive values indicate effects from DongxiangQTLChromosomeIntervalsQTL cartographer R /qtl LODAE a R 2LOD AE a R 2qLOP22RM106–RM31821.314.445.415.318.238.2qPSR2-12RM526–RM31815.018.739.213.414.534.4oxygen species are generated during chilling stress in chill-ing-sensitive plants (Song et al. 2011; Theocharis et al. 2012), causing severe damage to various cellular compo-nents such as membrane lipids and structural proteins and hence irreversibly damaging the cell membrane, electrolyte leakage, and cell dehydration and death (Huang et al. 2009; Lee et al. 2004). Therefore, the degree of the plant with-ering after chilling stress indicates the injury to the plants (Nagamine 1991). The lower the LOP is, the more exten-sive is the leaf withering. Leaf curling occurred in Nanjing 11 after 6 h of treatment at 4 °C, and by 48 h, most of the leaves were totally withered. In contrast, for the chilling-tolerant Dongxiang, there was normal growth with few wilted leaves during chilling stress and the subsequent recovery stages, indicating that cell membrane integrity was better in Dongxiang and that dehydration was less. We identified three QTLs that are related to the LOP, two from Dongxiang, named qLOP2 and qLOP5, and qLOP8 from Nanjing 11. To date, no previous research has reported the use of this trait as a physiological index to map rice chilling tolerance during the seedling stage. However, this trait has been used as a physical index to map drought- and temper-ature-tolerant QTLs, and the mapped loci were overlapped with ours based on the physical distance. Nguyen et al. (2004), Zhang et al. (2001) identified qOA2.1 (R 2 = 8.9 %, LOD = 3.0) and qOA8.1 (R 2 = 8.3 %, LOD = 2.91), which are related to drought tolerance on chromosomes 2 and 8 and overlap with qLOP2 and qLOP8. qLOP5 is consistentwith the QTL between marker RG182 and RG1 that is related to dehydration tolerance (Lilley et al. 1996). There-fore, the LOP can be used as a stable index for evaluating osmotic potential changes and cell membrane integrity in rice under chilling stress.Compared with LOP, the PSR was the final phenotype reflecting the plants’ adaptations to the consecutive stresses and recoveries. A correlation analysis between these parameters in BC 2F 1 plants showed a significant but not highly predictive result (r = 0.23, P < 0.01). We noted that there were two types of chilling sensitive among BC 2F 2 plants. In the first, most of the leaves withered after a chill-ing treatment of 48 h. In the second, there were no leaves withered during the chilling-treatment phase, but the leaves gradually withered during the restoration phase, suggest-ing that some plants with high LOP died during the recov-ery phase. The phenotypes above were reported by Koseki et al. (2010): All of the seedlings retained normal leaf color immediately after the 4 °C chilling treatment, the chilling-sensitive individuals had wilted leaves and no discernible growth after 14 days of recovery while the chilling-tolerant individuals maintained leaf color and showed growth with an increase in tiller numbers (2–3). The BC 2F 1 individuals showed LOP that was similar to that of Dongxiang but had poor survival during the recovery, which may have caused the distribution of the leaf osmotic potential and plant sur-vival rate value to be skewed to different parents in the BC 2F 1 group. There might be different chilling-tolerant molecular and physiological mechanisms for the chilling treatment and recovery stages. After the cessation of the chilling treatment, the reversion of gene expression in the chilling-tolerant varieties was quick and easy, whereas the chilling sensitive displayed a considerably slower recovery capacity at the transcriptional level (Zhang et al. 2012). In order to preserve normal growth after chilling stress, rice should exhibit a strong ability to resist the stress during the chilling treatment and to quickly recover its metabo-lism during the recovery phase. Therefore, it is important to study genes that contribute to CST in both stages. In the present study, there was a significant correlation (r = 0.76, P < 0.01) between the LOP and PSR in BC 4F 2 generation, indicating that qPSR2-1 and qLOP2 loci play important roles in resisting chilling stress and in restoring metabolism during both the chilling treatment and the recovery stage. Han et al. (2007) found a major QTL, qCSH2, between RM262 and RM263 on chromosome 2 that confers seed-ling vigor traits under cold-water irrigation, explaining 16.6 % of the phenotypic variation. Previous studies also reported that some major chilling-tolerant QTLs located on chromosome 2. Lou et al. (2007) detected a major QTL (LOD = 15.09) flanked by RM561 and RM341 and that explained 27.42 % of the phenotypic variation for the seed-ling survival rate. Liu et al. (2013) also identified a majorTable 3 The LOPs and PSRs of BILs with 93-11 and Yuefeng genetic background * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01Genetic background BIL name LOP PSR 93-11BIL-193−1167.2 ± 4.2*51.9 ± 5.5**BIL-293−1169 ± 5.5*53.4 ± 6.8**BIL-393−1170.1 ± 6.2*54.6 ± 6.6**BIL-493−1172.8 ± 5.6**54.8 ± 8.7**BIL-593−1173.4 ± 4.1**54.8 ± 8.2**BIL-693−1169.4 ± 4.3*56.1 ± 5.5**BIL-793−1174.6 ± 5.5**56.3 ± 8**BIL-893−1174.3 ± 6.2**56.4 ± 7.3**BIL-993−1175.2 ± 4.5**61.8 ± 9.4**CK(93-11)61.9 ± 4.836.8 ± 5.8YuefengBIL-1Yuefeng 65.2 ± 5*48.2 ± 6.3**BIL-2Yuefeng 68 ± 6.6**42.6 ± 9.4*BIL-3Yuefeng 64.7 ± 4*47.6 ± 5.2**BIL-4Yuefeng 62.3 ± 5.4*45.6 ± 7.0**BIL-5Yuefeng 66.7 ± 1.9*43.3 ± 10.4*BIL-6Yuefeng 65 ± 6.4*52.4 ± 7.9**BIL-7Yuefeng 66.7 ± 4.5*44 ± 6.5**CK (Yuefeng)52.7 ± 3.522.6 ± 7.0。