环球时代：2013北师大英语专业考研基础英语模拟题及答案

北京师范大学2013年博士入学英语试题与答案详解第一部分：试题部分Part I: Reading comprehension (45%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1In contrast to rock musicians, jazz players prefer to spend their time with their music and tend to measure success by that single standard, as a trombonist once put it:”A jazz musician would rather play a good concert for three people than a bad one for three thousand.”All the same, with their fellow players, jazzmen are collegiate and gregarious, exchanging musical ideas in a spirit of mutual support or friendly competition, uniting in a collaborative effort to raise the level of their art. Even the greatest individualists have benefited from the talents of others.In this legendary band, Duke Ellington provided star soloists with the ideal framework for their abilities. At the same time, they inspired him with the rich material of their personal idioms and phrases, which found their way into his compositions. In fact, Ellington was so adept at recycling what he heard that one of them dismissed him as” not a composer but a compiler”.Ellington’s creative gifts were genuine and vast, but for much of his life he did receive crucial assistance not only from the involvement of his band, but from an actual day-in, day-out collaborator. In 1938 he met Billy Strayhorn, a youngpianist-composer who was immediately brought into the ducal fold. Stryhorn became Ellington’s altered ego, contributing scores to the band but functioning even more importantly as a silent partner, completing pieces Ellington left unfinished, reworking others and acting as all-purpose composer-sometimes credited, more often not.Ellington provided Strayhorn with financial security, artistic respect and the creative medium of the Ellington band. Throughout their partnership-which lasteduntil Strayhorn’s death in 1967—they never had a contract. Ellington simply paid all Strayhorn’s bills, never stipulated how much he should compose, and treated him as creative equal and friends, describing him as” my favorite human being”, Strayhorn, a homosexual bon vivant, brilliant but self-effacing, let Ellington take both the glory and the strain of stardom, while he relieved some of the artistic pressure with a talent comparable to the leader’s own.Though occasionally there was discord over the matter of official composer credit in their joint works, Ellington always publicly acknowledged his colleague’s contributions, and the many Strayhon originals in Ellington’s book speak for themselves, including the band’s famous theme and greatest hit,” Take the Train”. Thought the young man was adept at imitating the ducal style, his own unique voice, full of subtle impressionist colors, influenced a generation of later jazz composers.1.According to the article, jazzmen________.pete fiercely with each otherB.Are not sociable when they are with their fellow playersC.Refuse to exchange ideas about music with their fellow playersD.Collaborate a lot with their fellow players to improve the level of their art2.Which of the following statements is TRUE about Duke Ellington?A.He refused to collaborate with but a few talented musicians.B.He had little natural talent but rather used other’s genius for his ownpurposes.C.He entered into a collaborative relationship with Billy Strayhorn that suitedboth men.D.He often utilized material from lesser known musicians withoutacknowledgement.3.Of the Strayton\Ellington relationship, the author believes________.A.Both men were ultimately dissatisfied with their working arrangement.B.Strayhorn was respected and well compensated for his contributions to thebandC.Strayhorn provided the bulk of the creative talent while Ellington receivedpublic recognition for their effortD.While their professional relationship was productive, their personalities oftenclashed, putting a strain on their relationship4.The author feels jazz musicians________.A.Strive for commercial success over musical accomplishmentB.Differ from rock musicians in their ability to raise the level of their musicC.Are traditionally soloists who gain little from cooperative collaborationD.Gain much through mutual collaboration, although often individualists5.It is indicated that Billy Strayhon________.A.Wrote many famous songs and often attributed to Duke EllingtonB.Ended his work with Duke Ellington amid tension and frustrationC.Struggled financially as he never received proper credit for his workD.Was basically known for integrating different jazz themes into a largercompilation6.The title for this passage would be________.A．jazzmen Strayhorn and Ellington Walk AloneB．A Classic Collaborative Effort during Jazz’s Finest HourC．S trayhorn and Ellington: an Unequal and Frustration CollaborationD．Jazz is Never Played in Group: Ellington and Strayhorn Tell the World7.What is the possible meaning of the underlined word” hit” in the last paragraph?A. A successful playB.Striking vigorouslyC. A song that was welcomed by the publicD. A headline printed prominently to draw the public attention2A water is a giver and, at the same time, the taker of life. It covers most of the surface of the planet we live on and features large in the development of thehuman race. On present predictions, it is an element that is set to assume even greater significance.Throughout history, water has had a huge impact on our lives. Humankind has always had a rather ambiguous relationship with water, on the one hand receiving enormous benefit from it, not just as a drinking source, but as a provider of food and a means whereby to travel and to trade. But forced to live close to water in order to survive and to develop, the relationship has not always been peaceful or beneficial. In fact, it has been quite the contrary. What has essentially been a necessity for survival has turned out in many instances to have a very destructive andlife-threatening sideThrough the ages, great floods alternated with long periods of drought have assaulted people and their environment, hampering their fragile fight for survival. The dramatic changes to the environment that are now a feature of our daily news are not exactly new: fields that were once lush and fertile are now barren; lakes and rivers that were once teeming with life are now long gone; savannah has been turned to desert. What perhaps is new is our native wonder when faced with the forces of nature.Today, we are more aware of climatic changes around the world. Floods infar-flung places are instant hews for the whole world. Perhaps these events make us feel better as we face the destruction of our own property by floods and other natural disasters.In 2002, many parts of Europe suffered severe flood damage running into billions of euros. Properties across the continent collapsed into the sea as waves pounded the coastline wreaking havoc with sea defences. But it was not just the seas. Rivers swollen by heavy rains and by the effects of deforestation carried large volumes of water that wrecked many communities.Building stronger and more sophisticated river defences against flooding is the expensive short-term answer. There are simpler ways. Planting trees in highland areas, not just in Ganges Delta, is a cheaper and more attractive solution. Progress isalready being made in convincing countries that the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is causing considerable damage to the environment. But more effort is needed in this direction.And the future? If we are to believe the forecasts, it is predicted that two thirds of the world population will be without fresh water by 2025. But for a growing number of regions of the world the future is already with us. While some areas are devastated by flooding, scarcity of water in many other places is causing conflict. The state of Texas in the United States of America is suffering a shortage of water with the Rio Grande failing to reach the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in 50 years in the spring of 2002, pitting region against region as they vie for water sources. With many parts of the globe running dry through drought and increased water consumption, there is now talk of water being the new oil.Other doom-laden estimates suggest that, while tropical areas will become drier and uninhabitable, coastal regions and some low-lying islands will in all probability be submerged by the sea as the polar ice caps melt. Popular exotic destinations now visited by countless tourists will become no-go areas. Today’s holiday hotspots of southern Europe and elsewhere will literally become hotspots-too hot to live in or visit. With the current erratic behaviour of the weather, it is difficult not to subscribe to such despair.Some might say that this despondency is ill-founded, but we had ample proof that there is something not quite right with the climate. Many parts of the world have experienced devastating flooding. As the seasons revolve, the focus of the destruction moves from one continent to another. The impact on the environment is alarming and the cost to life depressing. It is a picture to which we will need to become accustomed.8.The writer believes that water________.A.Is gradually becoming of greater importance.B.Will have little impact on our lives in future.C.Is something we will need more than anything else.D.Will have even greater importance in our lives in the future.9.Humankind’s relationship with water has been________.A.Two-sidedB.One-sidedC.Purely one of great benefitD.Fairly frightening10.The writer suggest that________.A.We are in awe of the news we read and see on TV every dayB.Change to the environment leaves us speechlessC.We should not be in awe of the news we read and see on TV every dayD.Our surprise at the environmental change brought about by nature issomething new11.According to the text, planting trees________.A.Has to be coordinated internationallyB.Is more expensive than building sea and river defensesC.Is a less expensive answer to flooding than building river defensesD.Is not an answer to the problem of flooding in all regions12.By 2025, it is projected that________.A.At least half the world population will have fresh waterB.One-third of the world population will have fresh waterC.The majority of the world population will have fresh waterD.Fresh water will only be available to half of the world population13.According to the text, in the future low-lying islands________.A.Will still be habitableB.Will not be under waterC.Are likely to be under waterD.Will probably not be under water14.According to the writer________.A.People do not need to get used to environmental damageB.People will need to get used to climate changes that cause environmentaldamageC.People are now more used to environmental damage than they have been inthe pastD.The general despondency about environmental changes is ill-founded3The legend of Paul Revere’s midnight ride through the Massachusetts countryside in 1775 is known to most Americans, young and old. As the story goes, Paul Revere was a silversmith in Boston at the time of the American Revolution. When he learned that the British army planned to attack the towns and villages of Middlesex Country, farmhouse and village hall, to warn the local revolutionary soldiers of the planned attack. Because of his warning(according to legend)the struggling American colonies were able to defeat the British in an important battle.One reason for the popularity of the legend may be the publicity it has received through Henry Wadsworth Longfellwo’s commemorative poem, Paul Revere’s Ride. Longfellwo wrote the poem in 1861 and it has since then become one of the most well-known and well-loved poems in the country. The poem certainly captures the sense of danger and excitement , met with courage and ingenuity which many Americans associate with the American Revolution. It is easy to understand why the poem evokes such a large audience.However, Longfellow’s poem contains a number of historical errors. According to Longfellow’s poem, Paul Revere instructed a friend to watch the movement of the British troops and determine whether they marched inland or towards their boats. The friend was then to hang lanterns in the tower of the Old Church in Boston: one lantern if the British marched by land and two lanterns if they marched by sea. The expression” one if by land and two if by sea,” taken from Longfellow’s poem, has become very popular and is often quoted. But this idea contains two inaccuracies. First, the lanterns were hung in the tower of the Old Christ Church, not the Old NorthChurch, which is in a completely different part of Boston and would not have been visible from Paul Revere’s lookout point. Second, Longfellow confused the meaning of the number of lanterns to be hung: the actual arrangement was” two if by land and one if by sea.”Not all of Longfellow’s historical mistakes are so minor. It seems as though Longfellow chose to emphasize the idea of one hero struggling against many opposing forces, with only his own abilities to rely on. But actually, Paul Revere was only one of three riders delegated to warn the Revolutionary soldiers about the coming attack.Some people feel that Longfellow’s errors are insignificant, and that the ideals of courage and cunning are the important features of both the poem and the historical events which inspired it. But others feel that, while it probably makes little difference how many lanterns were hung from which church tower, the poem’s emphasis on the solitary hero runs counter to the most valuable idea in the poem: the idea of unity and cooperation in the face of danger. Critics of the poem raise an important question: Longfellow’s poem tells a famous story, and tells it powerfully—but is it the right story?15.According to the article, which of the following statements about Paul Revere isTURE?A.Paul Revere was a silversmith in BostonB.Paul Revere rode on horseback all alone in MassachusettsC.Paul Revere was instructed to watch closely the movements of the BritishtroopsD.Paul Revere was instructed to watch closely the movements of the Britishpeople16.Paul Revere RODE THROUGH Middlesex County because he wanted to warn thelocal townspeople that________.A.The British were going to steal their silverB.The British army was going to attack themC.The British were going to plunder the townD.They should escape from the British soldiers by sea instead of running awayover land17.According to the article, what is one of the factors that contribute to thepopularity of the story of Paul Revere?A.Longfellow’s poem” Paul Revere’s Ride”B.Paul Revere’s courage and braveryC.The important event of the American RevolutionD.An important question raised by critics of the poem18.According to the article, what the opponents of Longfellow’s poem reallymean________.A.Are all minorB.Make his poem unpopularC.May confuse people about the important ideas behind the historical eventson which the poem is basedD.Show that Longfellow did not care how many or from which church towerlanterns were hung19.The lantern hung from the tower of Old North Church________.A.Was visible from Paul Revere’s lookout pointB.Indicated that the British were going to attack by landC.Is one of many inaccuracies in Longfellow’s poemD.Indicated that the British were going to attack by sea20.The author thinks that Longfellow’s poem________.A.Has helped to publicize the story of Paul RevereB.Contains both major and minor historical inaccuraciesC.May emphasize the wrong features of the storyD.All of the above21.The author’s attitude toward Longfellow’ poem is________.rgely satiricalB.Partially criticalC.Fairly appreciativeD.Very ironical4In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earning differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employer would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuch’s result suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employers would be 14.6 percent employers, other things being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employers, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earning differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design controlled for education, labor force participation, mobility, motivations, and age inorder to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self—employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest: For women, this order is reversed.One can infer from Brown’s results that consumer discriminate againstself-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.22.The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employedwomen may encounter expect________.A.Discrimination from suppliersB.Discrimination from consumersC.Problems in obtaining good employeesD.Problems in obtaining government assistance23.A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discriminationagainst self-employed women would tend to contradict which of the following?A.Some explicit results of Brown’s study.B.Fuchs’ hypothesisC. A suggestion made by the authorD.Sanborn’s hypothesis24.According to Brown’s study, women’s earnings categories occur in which of thefollowing orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?ernment employment, private employment, self-employmentB.Self-employment, private employment, government employmentC.Private employment, self-employment, government employmentD.Private employment, government employment, self-employment25.Which of the following questions does the passage explicitly answer?A.Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring highquality employees?B.Why do private employers discriminate more against women than dogovernment employees?C.Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study?D.Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?26.It can be inferred from the passage that the statements in the last paragraph aremost probably________.A.Brown’s elaboration of his research resultsB.The author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’ and Brown’s resultsC.Brown’s tentative inference from his dataD.The author’s criticisms of Fuchs’ argument, based on Brown’s results27.Which of the following titles best describe the content of the passage as a whole?A.The necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy.B.How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment?C.The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earning asCompared to Women’s Earning.D.The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, PrivateEmployers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings.5Famed for their high-elevation forests, the Appalachian Mountains sweep south from Quebec to Alabama. Highest in New English and North Carolina, this broadsystem covers more than 1200 miles to form the rocky backbone of the eastern United States.The Blue Ridge Mountains form a substantial part, 615 miles, of the far-reaching Appalachians. They begin as a narrow, low ridge in Pennsylvania, then slowly spread and rise until they reach the height of 5938 feet at majestic Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina. The Blue Ridge technically includes among its major spurs the Great Smoky Mountains and the Black Mountains; Mount Mitchell, in the latter range I is at 6684 feet the highest peak east of the Mississippi River. Like the rest of the Appalachians, these mountains were once substantially higher and bolder. Their uplift was completed some 289 million years ago, and they have been drastically eroded ever since. At one time, immense continental glaciers covered the land as far south as Pennsylvania. Although they did not spread over the Blue Ridge, plants and animals far beyond their reach became adapted to the cold. When the climate warmed and the ice melted, the cold-adapted species retreated northward, surviving in the south only at higher, cooler elevations.Red Spruces and Fraser firs are remnants of the Ice Age, thriving in the higher elevations of the Blue Ridge; and local belches, birches, and red oaks are typical of forests father to the north. Sharing the high peaks is another distinctive plant community. This is the “bald”—a treeless area covered with grass, or more commonly, with broad-leaved shrubs. Often large and vigorous, the latter include huckleberries, mountain laurel, and most especially, rhododendron, an evergreen shrub that blossoms in June and creates some of the most spectacular wild gardens on Earth.28.The southernmost point of the Appalachian Mountains is in________.A.QuebecB. New EnglishC. AlabamaD. North Carolina29.The expression” the latter range” in paragraph two refers to________.A.AppalachiansB.The Black MountainsC.The Great Smoky MountainsD.Grandfather Mountain30.According to the passage, the melting of glaciers caused some plant speciesto________.A.Adapt to the heatB.Die outC.Grow bigger and strongerD.Move northward31.The author mentions all the following as plants that can be found in a “bald”EXPECT________.A.mountain laurelB.huckleberriesC.red oaksD.rhododendron32.where in the passage does the author mention what has happened to thedevelopment of the mountains since they reached their highest point?A.The second sentence of Paragraph One.B.The latter half of the second paragraph.C.The first two sentences of Paragraph Two.D.The whole Paragraph Two.33.According to the passage, a 615-mile expanse of the Appalachians is knownas________.A.The blue Ridge MountainsB.Grandfather MountainC.The Black MountainsD.The Great Smoky Mountains6Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in smalltowns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology they proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embrace the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cites introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside forindustrial or commercial development.34.What does the passage mainly discuss?A. A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century.B.The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal.C.Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century.D.Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century.35.The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas________.A.Were suspicious of their neighborsB.Were very proud of their lifestyleC.Believed city government had too much powerD.Wanted to move to the cities36.In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in orderto________.A.Participate in the urban reform movementB.Seek financial securityply with a government ordinaceD.Avoid crime and corruption37.What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?A.They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellersB.They believed private ownership would slow economic growthC.They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulationsD.They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas38.All of the following were the direct result of public utility reformsEXCEPT________.A.Local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companiesB.Some utility companies were owned and operated by local governmentsC.The availability of services was regulated by local governmentD.Private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local government39.Why does the author mention “industrialization” in Paragraph3?。

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.1. A grants B submits C transmits D dilivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hungerand need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Aministration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.An arizona.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enfour federal immigrations law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field " and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama tures on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued tha Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challengesincluding climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they givecomposure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay,you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一答案1.A(grants)2. B(external)3. C（picture）4. D(for example)5. B(fearful)6. D(on)7. A(if)8. A(test)9. D(success)10.C(chosen)11.A(otherwise)12.C(conducted)13.B(rated)14.C(took)15.B(then)16.C(marked)17.D(before)18.D(drop)19.B(undo)20.A(necessary)Text 121. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[B] insensitivity to fashion.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. What is the subject of the text[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.Text 226. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[B] lower their operational costs27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[C] will not benefit consumers29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[D] skepticismText331·[B] our faith in science and technology32·[A] a sustained species33·[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive34·[C] draw onour experience from the past35·[C] TheEver-bright Prospects of MankindText 436. [C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law37. [C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.38. [D]stood in favor of the states39. [A] outweighs that held by the states40. [B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.41.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.42.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .43.[B] However, the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.44.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.45.[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories,。

2013年考研英语模拟测试练习及答案(3)答案1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C总体分析本文主要讨论了听行为对人际交流的影响。

文章第一段从父母和子女之间的交流出发，说明儿女不听父母的话造成了他们之间的隔阂。

第二段从婚姻的角度出发，说明夫妻双方的互不理睬造成交流不畅，从而使离婚率上升。

第三段从政治的角度出发，说明政府官员不聆听选民甚至不在意自己所说的话，造成官民隔阂。

例证法是本文采用的主要的论证方法。

试题精解1.[精解] 本题考查考生通过上下文选择适当的形容词的能力。

空格处填入的形容词在句子中充当表语，说明"青少年与父母的交流是__1__"。

首先排除[C]项 rare"希罕的，珍贵的"，因为它强调事物因罕见而珍贵，而文中需要的是表贬义的词。

空格后面部分提到，造成这种隔阂(gap)的首要原因是听的行为。

由此可知，这里讨论的是听对人与人之间交流效果的影响，不是交流少，而是交流不好，所以[D]项poor"质差的，效率低的，不理想的"正确。

scarce"缺乏的，不足的";little"很少的，几乎无"。

2.[精解] 本题考查考生通过上下文选择适当的形容词的能力。

空格处填入的形容词修饰listening behavior，说明"__2__听的行为会造成父母和孩子之间沟通不好"。

[A]项malignant"恶性的，恶意的"贬义程度太深，不适合描述父母和孩子之间的行为。

[D]项feeble "无效的，无力的"，形容人时表示"虚弱无力的"，形容事物时表示"无效的，无力的"，和[C]项ineffective"无效的，无能的"近义，如a feeble argument/joke无力的证据/干巴巴的笑话。

Section I Use of English年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案2013People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.T o 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C]to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C]share [D]test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulText 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn't be more out of date or at oddswith the feverish would be described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictmentof “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release,and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don't advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like MichaelPollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman namedSarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can't be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on laborand the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a do not track (DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not obligeanyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tellwhether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, whichit says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: we believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the rangeof threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species haveendured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? T ake a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the Red List of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizationsare now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation hasits flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about themore immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves. This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to bea passing fad. T o be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN's “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world's dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet's abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigrationlaw Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the moreimportant matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal statusof people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied withfederal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenshipand the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using theirown resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona's plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers' duty to withhold immigrants ‘information.[B] States' independence from federal immigration law.[C] States' legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress's intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states' interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states' support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. grants2. D. external3. C. picture4. A. For example5. B. fearful6. B. on7. A. if8. D. test9. D. success10. A. chosen11. D. otherwise12. C. conducted13. B. rated14. D. took15. B. then16. C. marked17. A. before18. C. drop19. B. undo20. C. necessarySection II Reading Comprehension Part AText 1 (In the 2006)21. B. insensitivity to fashion22. D. shop for their garment more frequently23. A. accusation24. D. pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. C. criticism of the fast-fashion industryText 2 (An old saying)26. B. lower their operational costs27. D. internet browser developers28. C. will not benefit consumers29. A. DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. D. skepticismText 3 (Now utopia)31. B. our faith in science and technology32. A. sustained species33. D. our immediate future is hard to conceive34. C. draw on our experience from the past35. C. the ever-bright prospects of mankindText 4 (On a five to three)36. C. overstepped the authority of federal immigration37. C. states' legitimate role in immigration enforcement38. D. stood in favor of the states39. A. outweighs that held by the states40. D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part B41. E. These issues all have root causes in human behavior...42. F. Despite these factors...43. B. However, the numbers are still small...44. G. During the late 1990s...45. C. The idea is to force social to integrate...Section III Translation46. 然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. 一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。

北师大版英语中考仿真试卷与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、What is the relationship between the two speakers?A) Teacher and studentB) Customer and shop assistantC) Doctor and patientAnswer: BExplanation: In the dialogue, one speaker asks about the availability of a certain size of shoes, indicating that they are looking to make a purchase. The other speaker responds by checking the stock, which is typical of a customer service interaction in a retail setting.2、According to the dialogue, what does the man suggest doing on Saturday?A) Going to the moviesB) Visiting a museumC) Having dinner togetherAnswer: AExplanation: During the conversation, the man mentions that there’s a new film he’d l ike to see and proposes going to the cinema on Saturday, which clearly indicates his suggestion for their weekend plans.3、听力材料：A. Hello, can I help you?B. Sure, I need some information about the school.C. I’m sorry, but I don’t have that information ri ght now.Question: What does the speaker most likely need to do next?A) Ask for more details.B) Wait for the information.C) Leave the school.Answer: B) Wait for the information.Explanation: The listener is asking for information about the school, and the speaker responds that they don’t have that information right now. This suggests that the listener will need to wait for the information to be provided.4、听力材料：A. The library is open from 8 am to 8 pm on weekdays.B. You can borrow books for a maximum of two weeks.C. The library offers free Wi-Fi and study rooms.Question: What is a benefit of using the school library?A) Extended borrowing time.B) Free Wi-Fi access.C) No borrowing privileges.Answer: B) Free Wi-Fi access.Explanation: The speaker mentions that the library offers free Wi-Fi and study rooms, indicating that one of the benefits of using the school library is the availability of free Wi-Fi access. The other options are either incorrector not mentioned in the dialogue.5.听力材料：W: Excuse me, are you Mr. Smith?M: Yes, that’s right. You must be Miss Green.W: I am. I’ve heard so much about you from Mr.Wang.M: Oh, really? What do you know about me?W: Well, you’re a great teacher and your students love you.M: I’m glad to hear that. Thank you.Question: What is the relationship between the two speakers?A) Colleagues.B) Teacher and student.C) Doctor and patient.D) Strangers.Answer: A) Colleagues.Explanation: The two speakers are talking about Mr. Smith, which indicates that they know each other. They mention Mr. Wang, who is likely their common colleague, so the correct answer is A) Colleagues.6.听力材料：M: Hi, Lisa. How was your vacation?W: Hi, John. It was amazing! I went to the beach with my family.M: That sounds fun. Did you do anything special?W: Yeah, we went snorkeling and saw so many colorful fish. It was like adream!M: Wow, I wish I could have gone with you.W: Maybe next time, John. We can all go together.M: I’d love that.Question: What did Lisa do during her vacation?A) She went hiking.B) She went snorkeling.C) She went shopping.D) She went sightseeing.Answer: B) She went snorkeling.Explanation: In the conversation, Lisa mentions that she went snorkeling and saw colorful fish, which directly answers the question. Therefore, the correct answer is B) She went snorkeling.7、What does the man want to do this weekend?•A) Go to the cinema•B) Visit a museum•C) Have a picnic in the parkAnswer: C) Have a picnic in the parkExplanation: In the conversation, the man suggests having a picnic in the park because the weather forecast predicts it will be sunny and warm. He believes it’s a perfect opportunity to enjoy the outdoors. The woman agrees, as she has also heard about the good weather and thinks it would be nice to spend some time outside.8、How often does the woman go to the gym?•A) Twice a week•B) Three times a week•C) Every dayAnswer: B) Three times a weekExplanation: When the man asks the woman about her workout routine, she responds by saying that she goes to the gym three times a week, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. She explains that this schedule allows her to maintain a good balance between her fitness and other commitments.9.You are listening to a conversation between two friends at a bookstore.A. The man is looking for a book on art history.B. The woman is recommending a book on cooking.C. They are discussing a book on travel.D. The man is asking for help finding a book.Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, the woman mentions, “I was just looking fora good travel book,” indicating that they are discussing a book on travel.10.You are listening to a phone conversation between a student and a teacher.A. The student is asking for an extension on a project.B. The teacher is explaining the grading system.C. The student is reporting a problem with the classroom computer.D. The teacher is discussing the next assignment.Answer: AExplanation: The student says, “I was wondering if there’s any chance I couldget an extension on the project due next week?” which indicates that the student is asking for an extension on a project.11、Listen to the conversation between two students talking about their favorite subjects.Question: What is the boy’s favorite subject?A. MathB. EnglishC. ScienceAnswer: C. ScienceExplanation: The boy clearly states that he finds science experiments fascinating, which indicates that his favorite subject is Science.12、Listen to the conversation between a teacher and a student discussing the upcoming field trip.Question: Where are they planning to go for the field trip?A. The museumB. The zooC. The botanical gardenAnswer: A. The museumExplanation: The teacher mentions that they have organized a visit to the museum next week where they will learn about ancient civilizations, indicating that the destination for the field trip is the museum.Please prepare to listen as the recordings will begin shortly.13.You are listening to a conversation between two friends, Alice and Bob. They are discussing their weekend plans.Alice: Hey Bob, what are you doing this weekend?Bob: I’m planning to go hiking with a few friends. How about you?Alice: That sounds fun! I was thinking of going to the beach. The weather is supposed to be great.Bob: That’s awesome. Maybe we can meet up after our activities and have a picnic?Alice: Sure, that sounds perfect!Question: What are Alice’s weekend plans?A. She wants to go hiking.B. She wants to go to the beach.C. She wants to have a picnic.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, Alice mentions that she was thinking of going to the beach, so her plan is to go to the beach.14.Listen to a short passage about a famous scientist, Dr. Smith, and his achievements.Passage: Dr. Smith is a renowned scientist who has made significant contributions to the field of medicine. One of his most notable achievements is the development of a new drug that has helped millions of people worldwide. Dr. Smith’s research has not only improved the quality of life for patientsbut has also saved countless lives. His work has earned him numerous awards and accolades.Question: What is one of Dr. Smit h’s notable achievements?A. He discovered a new element.B. He developed a new drug.C. He won a Nobel Prize in physics.Answer: BExplanation: In the passage, it is mentioned that one of Dr. Smith’s most notable achievements is the development of a new drug. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.15.Listen to the dialogue between two friends and answer the question.A. What are they talking about?B. Where are they going?C. What time will they meet?Answer: AExplanation: The conversation starts with one friend asking the other what they are planning to do today. This indicates that they are talking about their plans for the day.16.Listen to the short passage about a famous landmark and answer the question.What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To describe the history of the landmarkB. To explain the importance of the landmarkC. To recommend a place to visitAnswer: BExplanation: The passage focuses on the significance of the landmark and its impact on the community. While it does touch upon its history and potential for tourism, the main purpose is to highlight the importance of the landmark.17、What is the main purpose of the school event?A)To raise funds for new sports equipmentB)To celebrate the end of the academic yearC)To welcome new students to the schoolD)To honor outstanding teachersCorrect Answer: B) To celebrate the end of the academic yearExplanation: In the passage, the speaker mentions that the event is a celebration for all the hard work done by the students throughout the year, indicating that it’s to mark the conclusion of the academic year.18、When will the event take place?A)Next MondayB)This FridayC)The day after tomorrowD)At the end of this monthCorrect Answer: B) This FridayExplanation: The speaker clearly states that the event is scheduled for the coming Friday, which is the next available Friday on the calendar.For the actual exam, each question would be followed by a pause to allow students time to select their answers based on what they hear in the audio. After the listening comprehension section, the test continues with other parts such as reading, writing, and so on.19.Listen to the conversation and answer the question.W: Hi, John! How was your trip to the mountains last weekend?M: It was amazing, but a bit exhausting. The weather was so unpredictable.Q: What can we infer about the weather during John’s trip?A: The weather was unpredictable.解析：从对话中可以听到John说“the weather was so unpredictable”，说明天气不可预测。

2013年考研英语⼀真题答案及详解打印版2013年考研英语⼀真题答案及详解2013年考研英语⼀真题答案及详解Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEETSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A[D]helpfulDirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1In the2006film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her,Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed,Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of“fast fashion”.In the last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent release,and more profit.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.For H&M to offer a$5.95knit miniskirt in all its2,300-pius stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly20billion garments a year–about64items per person–and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,whosince2008has made all of her own clothes–and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment–includingH&M,with its green Conscious Collection line–Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A]poor bargaining skill.[B]insensitivity to fashion.[C]obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22.According to Cline,mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A]combat unnecessary waste.[B]shut out the feverish fashion world.[C]resist the influence of advertisements.[D]shop for their garments more frequently.23.The word“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]accusation.[B]enthusiasm.[C]indifference.[D]tolerance.24.Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25.What is the subject of the text?[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is,no one knows which half.In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for,click on and sayonline,companies can aim“behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?Or should they have explicit permission?In December2010America's Federal Trade Cornmission(FTC)proposed adding a"do not track"(DNT) option to internet browsers,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to befollowed.Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year.In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May31st Microsoft Set off the row:It said that Internet Explorer10,the version due to appear windows8,would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.Atter all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on default will become thenorm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before.Brendon Lynch,Microsoft's chief privacy officer,bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control."Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in paragraph1that“behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[A]ease competition among themselves[B]lower their operational costs[C]avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27.“The industry”(Line6,Para.3)refers to:[A]online advertisers[B]e-commerce conductors[C]digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A]many cut the number of junk ads[B]fails to affect the ad industry[C]will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29.which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A]DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30.The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A]indulgence[B]understanding[C]appreciation[D]skepticismText3Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years-so why shouldn't we?Take a broader look at our species'place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years(see "100,000AD:Living in the deep future").Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's"Red List"of threatened species,and you will read:"Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable, currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline." So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundation,based in San Francisco,has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales.Its flagship project is a mechanicalclock,buried deep inside a mountain in Texas,that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognise a new geological era:the Anthropocene.They,too,are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet-in the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today's technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the manypossibilities we can envisage.That's one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure,the future is not all rosy:while our species may flourish,a great many individuals may not.But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today,and to make a future worth living in.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A]our desire for ares of fulfillment[B]our faith in science and teched[C]our awareness of potential risks[D]our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings on[A]a sustained species[B]the word’s dominant power[C]a threat to the environment[D]a misplaced race33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph5?[A]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B]Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C]The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D]Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to[A]explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B]adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C]draw on our experience from the past.[D]curb our ambition to reshape history.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Uncertainty about Our Future[B]Evolution of the Human Species[C]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D]Science,Technology and Humanity.Text4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an8-0defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutionalprinciples that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The8-0objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36.Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B]disturbed the power balance between different states.[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies.37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A]Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B]States’independence from federal immigration law.[C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A]violated the Constitution.[B]undermined the states’interests.[C]supported the federal statute.[D]stood in favor of the states.39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A]outweighs that held by the states.[B]is dependent on the states’support.[C]is established by federal statutes.[D]rarely goes against state laws.40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world,working both inside and outside academia.According to the World Social Science Report2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about11% every year since2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climatechange,security,sustainable development and health.(41)____Humanity has the necessaryagro-technological tools to eradicate hunger,from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers. Here,too,the problems are social:the organization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example.And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding(44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system bechanged:Horizon2020,a new program to be enacted in2014,would not have such a category,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science;rather,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A]It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B]However,the numbers are still small:in2010,about1,600of the100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C]the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories,including health and demographic change food security,marine research and the bio-economy,clear,efficient energy;and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.[D]the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community,and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E]These issues all have root causes in human behavior.all require behavioral change and social innovations,as well as technological development.Stemming climate change,for example,is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F]Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G]During the late1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate-varied from around4%to25%;in most European nations,it is about15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them:the need for creative expression.There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create,express,fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46)Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless,it strikes one that,for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges,beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence,a“still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T.S.Eliot.(47)A sacred place of peace,however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need,as opposed to shelter,which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking,as it is for these unlikely gardens,the foemer becomes all the more /doc/a12a5f0f7375a417866f8f3a.html posure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment.(48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to,or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us.When we are deprived of green,of plants,of trees,(49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible,yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials,an institution of colors, small pool of water,and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world.(50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though ina“liberated”sense,to describe these synthetic constructions.In them we can see biophilia-a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about100words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do notsign your own name at the end of the e-mail,Use"Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)SectionⅠUse of English1.【答案】A【解析】第⼀句提到“总体⽽⾔，当⼈们⾃⼰做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息.”第⼆句顺接上⽂，“乍⼀看这是⼀种优势”，that 引起定语从句，这种优势使⼈们具有⼀种能⼒，即能够做出不受外界因素影响的不带偏见的决定.B选项submit“服从，提交”，不能与ability连⽤，C选项transmit“传输，发射”，也不能与ability 搭配，D选项deliver“传递”，同样不能与ability搭配.A,C,D ⽆论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适.A选项grant本⾝具有赋予，授予的意思.故答案选A.2.【答案】D【解析】external外部因素和上⽂的background information同义复现，不考虑背景信息，不受外界因素影响.A选项minor次要的，B选项objective客观的，C选项crucial残酷的，D选项external 外部的，故答案选D.3.【答案】C【解析】第三题本句but引起句意转折.“但是XX推测不考虑⼤局会导致决策者被⽇常接触的信息影响⽽带有偏见.”⾸先注意到空前⾯有定冠词the，指代上⽂信息，即不考虑背景信息、不考虑⼤环境.⽽⼤局，⼤环境的表达，此处选择picture是最贴切的.A 选项issue 问题，B选项vision想象⼒，美景都不合适，故答案选C.4.【答案】A【解析】通读后⾯的句⼦，提到了法官与被告，这明显是⽣活当中的⼀个具体的实例，故答案选A.⽽B选项on average“平均，通常”，出现的话，周围往往应该要出现数字.C选项in principle“⼤体上，原则上”，后⾯需要出现的是总结性的话语，D选项above all“⾸先”是⽤来列举条⽬，将A,B,D排除.5.【答案】B【解析】从句意上来看“例如，他们提出理论，认为法官不敢在罪⾏⾯前表现得太软弱，如果当天已经宣判五六名被告执⾏缓刑，那么他很有可能将下⼀个⼈送⼊监狱.A选项fond of喜欢，B选项fear of惧怕，C选项capable of有能⼒，D选项thoughtless of 考虑不周，故答案选B.6.【答案】B【解析】根据句内的逻辑关系，在对待犯罪⾏为⽅⾯害怕表现出太软弱，在...⽅⾯，关于...的表达应该⽤介词on，故答案为B.7.【答案】A【解析】A if表条件.B选项until表时间，往往跟not连⽤，直接排除.C选项though表让步，D选项unless相当于if...not.通读空格所在的前后句⼦，得出这两句之间的逻辑关系是表⽰条件的.8.【答案】D【解析】⾸先注意到idea前⾯有定冠词this，很明显指代上⽂提出的观点.⽽且跟上⽂以法官为例⼀样，下⽂“他们把注意⼒转向⼤学录取过程”也是上⽂观点的例证，⽬的是对上⽂的观点进⾏检验，⽽不是A选项“促进”，B选项“强调”或C选项“分享”，故答案选D.9.【答案】D【解析】A选项decision“决定”，B选项quality“质量，品质”，C选项status“地位”，D选项success“成功”.申请者的____不应该取决于同⼀天随机选到的其他⼏名申请者.接着下⽂讲到⾯试官⾯试MBA[微博]申请者的结果results，因此第9题应该也有结果的意思，与下⽂结合是达到正⾯的结果，因此答案是即“申请者的成功”.其它选项带⼊原⽂重叠答案，与原义不符合10.【答案】A【解析】空格后⾯有⼀个副词为randomly，随机地，既然是随机，那么选项B选项studied“研究过的”，C选项found“找到的”D 选项identified“经鉴定的”就与randomly是相⽭盾的，全部排除.11.【答案】D【解析】本题解题关键在于but，通过suspect可以看出Dr. Simonsohn与前⽂意思相反，因此otherwise正好符合题意. 12.【答案】C【解析】此外明显缺⼀个过去分词作interviews的定语，再看by 后⾯的officers，只有conducted(执⾏)，符合语境，故为正确答案.13.【答案】B【解析】本题末尾one to five(从⼀到五)，前⾯⼜有⼀个on a scale(…的范围)，A分配，D排列语义上说不通，再综合后⾯的factor(因素)，对⽐⼀下，只有B(划分等级)，整合起来，即划分成⼀到五个等级，合情合理C match看似与to搭配，但也不符合⽂意，故正确答案为B.14.【答案】D【解析】本题需联系整句话，take…into consideration(考虑，涉及)，从形式上来说没有问题，再从意义上来看，说“这个等级考虑了⼏种因素…”，是对上⽂评级的进⼀步解释，也没有问题.15.【答案】B【解析】还是承接上⽂讲到的评级得分，后半句讲到的是(平时学校等级)考试得分，再结合中间conjunction⼀词(联接)，可以推断为then(具有承接之意)，因此为正确答案，⽽A和D为同⼀意义和⽤法(代替)，与conjunction相冲突，C说不通，故也为错误选项. 16.【答案】C【解析】本题出在⼀个⾮限定性定语从句上，先⾏词为a standardized exam,后半句是800分，考试和分数之间⾸选marked，选项B通过具有⼀定的⼲扰性，但注意主语是考试，所以正确选项为C.A为⽆关选项.17.【答案】A【解析】本句属于⽐较级，对⽐的是⼏个⾯试者的分数，C、D是空间上的上下，⽽这⾥缺的时间上的先后，故排除C和D，B 是“之后”，不符合语⾔先后逻辑，故正确答案为A.18.【答案】C【解析】解本题需往下看，to…the effects of such a decrease,由此可以判断接下来那个应聘者的分数是出现了下降，故直击正确选项C.19.【答案】B【解析】该句为不定式作主语，“(⾯试考官可能给)更低的分数”所带来的影响，可以推断，是消除或是抵消这种不利结果，应聘者需要在GMAT[微博]中多拿30分，A“达到”，C“保持”D“漠视”明显不符，故A“消除”为正确答案.20.【答案】C【解析】该题难度较⼤，需把句意弄懂，也就是“这30分是⽐…所多的”建议把四个选项分别代⼊空格处，A有前途的，B可能的，C必须的，D有帮助的，对⽐之后，只有C最合逻辑，也就是说“这30分是⽐原本该考试所必须要求的多出来的，即另外多拿本不需要的30分才能平衡前⾯的更低的分数”，故C为正确选项.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText121.【答案】B(insensitivity to fashion)【解析】事实细节题.根据题⼲，⾸先定位到⾸段.由⽂章第⼀句后半句“…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”意思是：“……批评她没有魅⼒的助理，因为助理认为⾼级时尚对她的⽣活影响不⼤”.可知criticize是对scolds的同义替换，B项中的“insensitivity to fashion”是“imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”的同义替换.所以B项为正确答案.A项在⽂中并未提及，属于⽆中⽣有.C项和D项是对⽂章第⼀句的曲解.22.【答案】D(shop for their garments more frequently)【解析】事实细节题.根据题⼲，⾸先定位到第⼆段.由倒数第⼆句“these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable,……,and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”意思是“这些商标(畅销商标)促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是⽤完就可以丢弃的，……，并且每周更新他们的⾐橱.”D选项“shop for their garments more frequently”的意思是“更加频繁地购买服装”，正好是“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”的同义替换.A，B，C项均属于⽆中⽣有项.23.【答案】A(accusation)【解析】词义题.题⼲中需要猜测词义的单词出现在第⼆段的第⼀句“……the feverish world described inOverdressed,Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of‘fast fashion’”.再结合选项可知，“indictment”是Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的⼀种态度.因此，解答此题的关键在于联系上下⽂语境，找到Elizabeth Cline 对“快时尚”的态度.由第⼆段最后⼀句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”，意思是“Cline说，通过以特别低的价格销售潮流物品，这些品牌破坏了潮流周期，动摇了这个长久以来习惯于季节周期的产业”.由“hijack”和“shaking”可知，Cline对“快时尚”应该是持否定态度的，所以选项A“accusation(谴责)”是正确选项.24.【答案】D(pricing is vital to environmental-friendly purchasing)【解析】推理判断题.根据题⼲，可定位到最后⼀段.解题关键在于“Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to”，意思是“每个⼈都很虚荣，这很常见.但消费者付不起太多东西的时候，他们才会以更加可持续的⽅式去购物.”这句的关键词是“afford”和“shop more sustainably”，对应于D项中的“pricing”和“environmental-friendly purchasing”.A项对于本段的曲解.B 项说的是“忽视环境的可持续发展”，与⽂中“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment…”(⼀些时尚服饰公司已经做出努⼒减少对劳动⼒和环境)意思相悖.C项⽂中未提及.25.【答案】C(criticism of the fast-fashion industry)【解析】主旨⼤意题.此题考查对全⽂主旨⼤意的准确归纳.从整个⽂章脉络来看，⽂章的第⼀段⽤事例引⼊，第⼆段讲到⽂章的主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业.第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变⾰的弊端，⽐如：给⾃然资源造成压⼒、使⽤⼤量有害的化学物质、浪费现象.最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法.由此可知，C项统领全⽂，为正确答案. A,B,D项都不是⽂章所论述的中⼼主题.Text226.【答案】C(lower their operational costs)【解析】事实细节题.根据题⼲，⾸先定位到⾸段.这段的⼤意是⼴告经费的⼀半都浪费掉了，但是通过“behavioral ads”可以追踪购买者的搜索习惯和评价，使得⼴告更有针对性，从⽽降低预算成本，也就是“this fraction can be much reduced”.A、B和C 选项⽂中并未提及，属于⽆中⽣有.27.【答案】D(internet browser developers)【解析】词义句意题.the industry在语篇中是指代前⾯的出现内容，⽽前⾯出现的Microsoft Internet Explorer，Apple’s Safair 和Google’s Chrome都是D选项中中的“Internet browser developers”.B和C选项⽂中并未提及，属于⽆中⽣有.A选项并⾮本段中谈论的核⼼.28.【答案】A(will not benefit consumers)【解析】推理判断题.解题关键在于“…consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences”，也就是说，当浏览器开发者不能收集消费者⽹上购物倾向时，消费并不能从中受益.B、C和D选项⽂中并未提及，属于⽆中⽣有.29.【答案】B(DNT may not serve its intended purpose)【解析】推理判断题.根据题⼲，可以定位到第六段.解题关键在于理解本段的⾏⽂逻辑，即“unable to tell whether…or whether, some may ignore…”.也就是说“由于不能辨别有些主体是真正反对⾏为⼴告，也不能辨别它们⽀持微软的做法，有些⼈甚⾄忽视DNT，继续先前的做法.”可此可见，B项符合题意.A、C和D选项内容在本段中均没有提及.30.【答案】C(skepticism)。

2013年北京外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．IAEA正确答案：国际原子能机构2．UNICEF正确答案：联合国儿童基金会3．Iron-deficiency anemia正确答案：缺铁性贫血4．sandwich generation正确答案：三明治一代5．hydrocarbon compounds正确答案：碳氢化合物6．eutrophication正确答案：富营养化7．wind turbine正确答案：风力发动机8．temperate ecosystems正确答案：温带生态系统9．depleted nuclear fuel正确答案：贫化铀10．genome正确答案：基因组11．nanotechnology正确答案：纳米技术12．marginal cost正确答案：边际成本13．discount market正确答案：贴现市场14．LDC正确答案：欠发达国家15．eye candy正确答案：华而不实汉译英16．页岩气正确答案：shale gas17．居家养老正确答案：home—based care for the aged18．参政议政正确答案：participate in the administration and discussion of state affairs 19．本币互换协议正确答案：bilateral currency swap agreement20．自主知识产权正确答案：intellectual property right21．存款准备金正确答案：deposit reserve22．专属经济区正确答案：exclusive economic zone23．文化逆差正确答案：cultural deficit24．光伏电池正确答案：photovoltaic cell25．装机容量正确答案：installed capacity26．差额选举正确答案：competitive election27．医药分开正确答案：separation of clinic from pharmacy 28．官二代正确答案：the children of powerful officials 29．屌丝正确答案：diors30．打酱油正确答案：it’s none of someone’s business 英汉互译英译汉31．The conifer hedges in front of J. K. Rowling’s seventeenth-century house, in Edinburgh, are about twenty feet tall. They reach higher than the street lamps in front of them, and evoke the entrance to the spiteful maze in the film adaptation of “Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, “ the fourth volume of her fantasy series. Rowling, who at forty-seven, is about to publish her first novel for adults—it is set in a contemporary Britain familiar with Jay-Z and online pornography, but is shaded with memories of her own, quite cheerless upbringing—lives here with her second husband, Neil Murray, a doctor, and their children. She has a reputation for reserve: for being likable but shy and thin-skinned, and not at all comfortable with the personal impact of having created a modern myth, sold four hundred and fifty million books, and inspired more than six hundred thousand pieces of Harry Potter fan fiction, a total that increases by at least a thousand stories a week.正确答案：J．K．罗琳住在爱丁堡一座十七世纪的房子里，周围满是针叶树，差不多6．1米高，比它们前面的街灯还要高，很容易让人想起罗琳第四部小说《哈利·波特与火焰杯》的改编电影中神秘莫测的学校入口。

北京大学英语专业2014年硕考试题专业技能部分，英译汉是罗马尼亚哲学家E. M. Cioran的Some Blind Alleys: A Letter（Richard Howard为英译者）节选。

Drained by his fecundity, a phantom who has worn out his shadow, the man of letters diminishes with each word he writes. Only his vanity is inexhaustible; if it were psychological, it would have limits; those of the self. But it is cosmic or demonic: it submerges him. His "work" obsesses him; he continually alludes to it, as if, on our planet, there were nothing outside himself which deserved attention or curiosity...Voltaire was the first literary man to erect his incompetence into a procedure, a method. Before him, the writer, content to be tangent to events, was more modest: plying his trade in a limited sector, he followed his own nose and kept it clean. Nothing of the journalist about him, at most he was interested in the anecdotic aspect of certain solitudes: his indiscretion wasineffectual.With our braggart, things change. None of the subjects which intrigued his times escaped his sarcasm, his half-knowledge, his craving for controversy, his universal vulgarity. In Voltaire, everything was impure except his style. Profoundly superficial, without any sensibility for the intrinsic, for the interest reality offers in itself, he inaugurated in letters our ideological gossip. His mania for chatter, for indoctrinating, his porter's-lodge wisdom, were to make him the prototype, the model of the littérateur. Since he said everything about himself, and since he exploited to the last drop the resources of his nature, he no longer troubles us: we read him and move on. On the other hand, in the case of a Pascal we feel sure he has not told us all there is to say; even when he irritates us, he is never, for us an author. To write books is to have a certainrelation with original sin. For what is a book if not a loss of innocence, an act of aggression, a repetition of our Fall? To publish one's taints in order to amuse or exasperate! A barbarism with respect to our intimacy, a profanation, a defilement. And a temptation. I know what I am talking about, and I speak advisedly. At least I have the excuse of hating my actions, of performing them without believing in them...From the depth of my disgust, everything literary looks to me like a chastisement; I shall try to forget my life for fear of discussing it; or else, unable to accede to that absolute of disillusion, I shall condemn myself to a morose frivolity. Shards of instinct, nonetheless, compel me to cling to words. Silence is unbearable: what strength it takes to settle into the concision of the Inexpressible! It is easier to renounce bread than speech. Unfortunately the verbal turns intoverbiage, to literature. Even thought that way tends, ever ready to spread out, to puff up; to check it with a period, to contract it into an epigram or a witticism is to counter its expansion, its natural movement, its impulse toward dilution, toward inflation. Whence our systems, whence our philosophies.中译英是一篇建国前汉语风格的文论，大意是中国文学多是随感式，词句由作者性格贯穿，杂而不乱，西方的文学由亚里士多德的《诗学》起就注重逻辑演绎，结构严谨云云。

2013年考研英语模拟试题及答案2013年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语 答题注意事项 1.本试卷考试时间150分钟，满分100分。

2.试卷后⾯附有参考答案，供学员测试后核对。

Section I Structure and Vocabulary In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice on the answer sheet. (20 points) 1. A variety of small clubs can provide _____ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful group dynamics. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple 2. By turning this knob to the right you can _____ the sound from this radio. [A] amplify [B] enlarge [C] magnify [D] reinforce 3. Under the _____ confronting them it was impossible to continue the strike any longer. [A] surroundings [B] settings [C] circumstances [D] environments 4. We have the system of exploitation of man by man. [A] cancelled [B] abolished [C] refused [D] rejected 5. We shall probably never be able to _____ the exact nature of these sub-atomic particles. [A] assert [B] impart [C] ascertain [D] notify 6. This diploma _____ that you have completed high school. [A] proves [B] certifies [C] secures [D] approves 7. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost _____ on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft. [A] restrictively [B] radically [C] inclusively [D] exclusively 8. That sound doesn’t _____ in his language so it’s difficult for him to pronounce. [A] happen [B] take place [C] occur [D] run 9. The security guard _____ two men who were yelling in the courtroom. [A] expelled [B] propelled [C] repelled [D] dispelled 10. In most cases politicians are _____ as they seldom tell the truth. [A] credible [B] credulous [C] incredulous [D] incredible 11. He soon received promotion, for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable _____. [A] future [B] possibility [C] ability [D] opportunity 12. Britain has the highest _____ of road traffic in the world—over 60 cars for every mile of road. [A] density [B] intensity [C] popularity [D] prosperity 13. CCTV programs are _____ by satellite to the remotest areas in the country. [A] transferred [C] transformed [D] transmitted 14. An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports and cut the budget _____. [A] disposition [B] deficit [C] defect [D] discrepancy 15. The government will _____ a reform in the educational system. [A] initiate [B] initial [C] initiative [D] intimate 16. Estimates _____ anywhere from 600 000 to 3 million. Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another mater: that the number of the homeless is increasing. One of the federal government’s studies predicts that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. [A] cover [B] change [C] differ [D] range 17. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as institutional, with display becoming sharper and storage _____ increasing. [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty 18. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic _____ is the function of the particular space. For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and too few entries and exits will not work for its purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be decorated. [A] care [B] concern [C] attention [D] intention 19. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more mysterious. The new experiments, such as those _____ for the first time at a recent meeting or the society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations for the purpose of non-REM sleep. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled 20. Changes in the social structure may indirectly _____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] check [D] reflect Section II Use of English Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) Health implies more than physical fitness. It also implies mental and emotional well-being. An angry, frustrated, emotionally 21 person in good physical condition is not 22 healthy. Mental health, therefore, has much to do 23 how a person copes with the world as s/he exists. Many of the factors that 24 physical health also affect mental and emotional well-being. Having a good self-image means that people have positive 25 pictures and good, positive feelings about themselves, about what they are capable 26 , and about the roles they play. People with good self-images like themselves, and they are 27 like others. Having a good self-image is based 28 a realistic, as well as positive, or optimistic 29 of one’s own worth and value and capabilities. Stress is an unavoidable, necessary, and potentially healthful 30 of our society. People of all ages 31 stress. Children begin to 32 stress during prenatal development and during childbirth. Examples of stress-inducing 33 in the life of a young person are death of a pet, pressure to 34 academically, the divorce of parents, or joining a new youth group. The different ways in which individuals 35 to stress may bring healthful or unhealthy results. One person experiencing a great deal of stress may function exceptionally well 36 another may be unable to function at all. If stressful situations are continually encountered, the individual’s physical, social, and mental health are eventually affected. Satisfying social relations are vital to 37 mental and emotional health. It is believed that in order to 38 , develop, and maintain effective and fulfilling social relationships people must 39 the ability to know and trust each other, understand each other, influence, and help each other. They must also be capable of 40 conflicts in a constructive way. 21. [A] unstable [B] unsure [C] imprecise [D] impractical 22. [A] normally [B] generally [C] virtually [D] necessarily 23. [A] on [B] at [C] to [D] with 24. [A] signify [B] influence [C] predict [D] mark 25. [A] intellectual [B] sensual [C] spiritual [D] mental 26. [A] to be doing [B] with doing [C] to do [D] of doing 27. [A] able better to [B] able to better [C] better to able [D] better able to 28. [A] on [B] from [C] at [D] about 29. [A] assessment [B] decision [C] determination [D] assistance 30. [A] ideality [B] realization [C] realism [D] realityd s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > 0 0 3 1 . [ A ] o c c u r [ B ]e n g a g e [ C ] c o nf r o n t [ D ] e n c o u n t e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > 0 03 2 . [ A ] t o l e r a t e [ B ] s u s t a i n [ C ] e x p e r i e n c e [ D ] u n d e r t a k e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > 0 0 3 3 . [ A ] e v id e n c e [ B ] a c c i d e n t s [ C ] a d v e n t u r e s [ D ] e v e n t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > 0 0 3 4 . [ A ] a c q u i r e [ B ] a c h i e v e [ C ] o b t a i n [ D ] f u l f i l l / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > 0 0 3 5 . [ A ] r e s p o n d [ B ] r e t u r n [ C ] r e t o r t [ D ] r e p l y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > 0 0 3 6 . [ A ] w h y [ B ] w h e n [ C ] w h i l e [ D ] w h e r e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > 0 0 3 7 . [ A ] s o u n d [ B ] a l l - r o u n d [ C ] e n t i r e [ D ] w h o l e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 5 " > 0 0 3 8 . [ A ] i l l u m i n a t e [ B ] e n u n c i a t e [ C ] e n u m e r a t e [ D ] i n i t i a t e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 6 " > 0 0 3 9 . [ A ] a c c e s s [ B ] a s s e s s [ C ] p r o c e s s [ D ] p o s s e s s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 7 " > 0 0 4 0 . [ A ] r e s o l v i n g [ B ] s a l u t i n g [ C ] d i s s o l v i n g [ D ] s o lv i n g S e c t i o n I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 8 " > 0 0 R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r t e x t s . A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w e a c h t e x t b y c h o o s i n g [ A ] , [ B ] , [ C ] o r [ D ] M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T ( 4 0 p o i n t s ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > 0 0 T e x t 1 / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > 0 0 T h e p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e , i . e . , t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n c h i l d h o o d a n d a d u l t h o o d , m a y b e l o n g o r s h o r t , d e p e n d i n g o n s o c i a l e x p e c t a t i o n s a n d o n s o c i e t y s d e f i n i t i o n a s t o w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s m a t u r i t y a n d a d u l t h o o d . I n p r i m i t i v e s o c i e t i e s a d o l e s c e n c e i s f r e q u e n t l y a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e , w h i l e i n i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s w i t h p a t t e r n s o f p r o l o n g e d e d u c a t i o n c o u p l e d w i t h l a w s a g a i n s t c h i l d l a b o r , t h e p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e i s m u c h l o n g e r a n d m a y i n c l u d e m o s t o f t h e s e c o n d d e c a d e o f o n e s l i f e . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e l e n g t h o f t h e a d o l e s c e n t p e r i o d a n d t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f a d u l t h o o d s t a t u s m a y c h a n g e i n a g i v e n s o c i e t y a s s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s c h a n g e . E x a m p l e s o f t h i s t y p e o f c h a n g e a r e t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e f r o n t i e r i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d m o r e u n i v e r s a l l y , t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f a n a g r i c u l t u r a l s o c i e t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > 0 0 I n m o d e r n s o c i e t y , c e r e m o n i e s f o r a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e l o s t t h e i r f o r m a l r e c o g n i t i o n a n d s y m b o l i c s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d t h e r e n o l o n g e r i s a g r e e m e n t a s t o w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s i n i t i a t i o n c e r e m o n i e s . S o c i a l o n e s h a v e b e e n r e p l a c e d b y a s e q u e n c e o f s t e p s t h a t l e a d t o i n c r e a s e d r e c o g n i t i o n a n d s o c i a l s t a t u s . F o r e x a m p l e , g r a d e s c h o o l g r a d u a t i o n , h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t i o n a n d c o l l e g e g r a d u a t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s u c h a s e q u e n c e , a n d w h i l e e a c h s t e p i m p l i e s c e r t a i n b e h a v i o r a l c h a n g e s a n d s o c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n , t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f e a c h d e p e n d s o n t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a n d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a m b i t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l . C e r e m o n i e s f o r a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e a l s o b e e n r e p l a c e d b y l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n s o f s t a t u s r o l e s , r i g h t , p r i v i l e g e s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . I t i s d u r i n g t h e n i n e y e a r s f r o m t h e t w e l f t h b i r t h d a y t o t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t t h a t t h e p r o t e c t i v e a n d r e s t r i c t i v e a s p e c t s o f c h i l d h o o d a n d m i n o r s t a t u s a r e r e m o v e d a n d a d u l t p r i v i l e g e s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a r e g r a n t e d . T h e t w e l v e - y e a r - o l d i s n o l o n g e r c o n s i d e r e d a c h i l d a n d h a s t o p a y f u l l f a r e f o r t r a i n , a i r p l a n e , t h e a t e r a n d m o v i e t i c k e t s . B a s i c a l l y , t h e i n d i v i d u a l a t t h i s a g e l o s e s c h i l d h o o d p r i v i l e g e s w i t h o u t g a i n i n g s i g n i f i c a n t a d u l t r i g h t s . A t t h e a g e o f s i x t e e n t h e a d o l e s c e n t i s g r a n t e d c e r t a i n a d u l t r i g h t s w h i c h i n c r e a s e s h i s s o c i a l s t a t u s b y p r o v i d i n g h i m w i t h m o r e f r e e d o m a n d c h o i c e s . H e n o w c a n o b t a i n a d r i v e r s l i c e n s e ; h e c a n l e a v e p u b l i c s c h o o l s ; a n d h e c a n w o r k w i t h o u t t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s o f c h i l d l a b o r l a w s . A t t h e a g e o f e i g h t e e n t h e l a w p r o v i d e s a d u l t r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a s w e l l a s r i g h t s ; t h e y o u n g m a n c a n n o w b e a s o l d i e r , b u t h e a l s o c a n m a r r y w i t h o u t p a r e n t a l p e r m i s s i o n . A t t h e a g e o f t w e n t y - o n e t h e i n d i v i d u a l o b t a i n s h i s f u l l l e g a l r i g h t s a s a n a d u l t . H e n o w c a n v o t e , h e c a n b u y l i q u o r , h e c a n e n t e r i n t o f i n a n c i a l c o n t r a c t s , a n d h e i s e n t i t l e d t o r u n f o r p u b l i c o f f i c e . N o a d d i t i o n a l b a s i c r i g h t s a r e a c q u i r e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f a g e a f t e r m a j o r i t y s t a t u s h a s b e e n a t t a i n e d . N o n e o f t h e s e l e g a l p r o v i s i o n s d e t e r m i n e a t w h a t p o i n t a d u l t h o o d h a s b e e n r e a c h e d b u t t h e y d o p o i n t t o t h e p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > 0 0 4 1 . T h e p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e i s m u c h l o n g e r i n i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s b e c a u s e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f m a t u r i t y h a s c h a n g e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z e d s o c i e t y i s m o r e d e v e l o p e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] m o r e e d u c a t i o n i s p r o v i d e d a n d l a w s a g a i n s t c h i l d l a b o r a r e m a d e ( C ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] c e r e m o n i e s f o r a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e l o s t t h e i r f o r m a l r e c o g n i t i o n a n d s y m b o l i c s i g n i f i c a n c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 7 " > 0 0 4 2 . F o r m e r s o c i a l c e r e m o n i e s t h a t u s e d t o m a r k a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e g i v e n p l a c e t o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] g r a d u a t i o n s f r o m s c h o o l s a n d c o l l e g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] s o c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] c e r t a i n b e h a v i o r a l c h a n g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 2 " > 0 0 4 3 . N o o n e c a n e x p e c t t o f u l l y e n j o y t h e a d u l t h o o d p r i v i l e g e s u n t i l h e i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] e l e v e n y e a r s o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] s i x t e e n y e a r s o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] t w e n t y - o n e y e a r s o l d ( C ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] b e t w e e n t w e l v e a n d t w e n t y - o n e y e a r s o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 7 " > 0 0 4 4 . S ta r t i n g f r o m 2 2 , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 2 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] o n e w i l l o b t a i n m o r e b a s ic r i g h t s / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 2 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] t h e o l d e r o n e b ec o m e s , t h e m o r e b a s i c r i g h t s h e w i l l h a v e / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 3 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] o ne w o n t g e t m o r e b a s i c r i g h t s t h a n w h e n h e i s 2 1 ( C ) / p > p b d sf i d = " 2 3 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] o n e w i l l e n j o y m o r e r igh t s g r a n t e d b y s o ci e t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 2 " > 0 0 4 5 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e , i t i s t r u e t h a t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] i n t h e l a t e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t h e d i v i d i n g l i n e b e t w e e n a d o l e s c e n c e a n d a d u l t h o o d n o l o n g e r e x i s t e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] n o o n e c a n m a r r y w i t h o u t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f h i s p a r e n t s u n t i l t h e a g e o f t w e n t y - o n e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] o n e i s c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e r e a c h e d a d u l t h o o d w h e n h e h a s a d r i v e r s l i c e n s e ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] o n e i s n o t f r e e f r o m t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s o f c h i l d l a b o r l a w s u n t i l h e c a nj o i n t h e a r m 0 T e x t 2 / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 7 " > 0 0 W e l l , n o g a i n w i t h o u t p a i n , t h e y s a y . B u t w h a t a b o u t p a i n w i t h o u t g a i n ? E v e r y w h e r e y o u g o i n A m e r i c a , y o u h e a r t a l e s o f c o r p o r a t e r e v i v a l . W h a t i s h a r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h i s w h e t h e r t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y r e v o l u t i o n t h a t b u s i n e s s m e n a s s u m e t h e y a r e p r e s i d i n g o v e r i s f o r r e a l . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 8 " > 0 0 T h e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s a r e m i l d l y d i s c o u r a g i n g . T h e y s h o w t h a t , i f y o u l u m p m a n u f a c t u r i n g a nd se r v i c e s t o g e t h e r , p r o d u c t i v i t y h a s g r o w n o n a v e r a g e b y 1 . 2 % s i n c e 1 9 8 7 . T h a t i s s o m e w h a tf a s t e r t h a n t h e a v e r ag e d u r i n g th e p r e vi o u s d e c a d e . A n d s i n c e 1 9 9 1 , p r o d u c t i v i t y h a s i n c r e a s e d b y a b o u t 2 % a y e a r , w h i c h i s m o r e t h a n t w i c e t h e 1 9 7 8 - 1 9 8 7 a v e r a g e . T h e t r o u b l e i s t h a t p a r t o f t h e r e c e n t a c c e l e r a t i o n i s d u e t o t h e u s u a l r e b o u n d t h a t o c c u r s a t t h i s p o i n t i n a b u s i n e s s c y c l e , a n d s o i s n o t c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e o f a r e v i v a l i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g t r e n d . T h e r e i s , a s R o b e r t R u b i n , t h e t r e a s u r y s e c r e t a r y , s a y s , a d i sj u n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m a s s o f b u s i n e s s a n e c d o t e t h a t p o i n t s t o a l e a p i n p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d t h e p i c t u r e r e f l e c t e d b y t h e s t a t i s t i c s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 9 " > 0 0 S o m e o f t h i s c a n b e e a s i l y e x p l a i n e d . N e w w a y s o f o r g a n i z i n g t h e w o rk pl a c e a l l t h a t r e - e n g i n e e r i n g a n d d o w n s i z i n g a r e o n l y o n e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e o v e r a l l p r o d u c t i v i t y o f a n e c o n om y , w h i c h i s d r i v en b y m a n yo t h e r f a c t o r s s u c h a s j o i n t i n v e s t m e n t i n e q u ip m e n t a n d m a c h i n e r y , n e w t e c h n o l o g y , a n d i n v e s t m e n t i n e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g . M o r e o v e r , m o s t o f t h e c h a n g e s t h a t c o m p a n i e s m a k e a r e i n t e n d e d t o k e e p t h e m p r o f i t a b l e , a n d t h i s n e e d n o t a l w a y s m e a n i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y : s w i t c h i n g t o n e w m a r k e t s o r i m p r o v i n gq u a l i t y c a n m a t t er j ust a s mu c h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 0 " > 0 0 T w o o t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n s a r e m o r e s p e c u l a t iv e . F i r s t , s o m e o f t h e b u s i n e s s r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f r e c e n t y e a r s m a y h a v e b e e n i n e p t l y d o n e . S e c o n d , e v e n i f i tw a s w e l l d o n e , i t m a y h a v e s p r e a d m u c h l e s s w i d e l y t h a n p e o p l e s u p p o s e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 1 " > 0 0 L e o n a r d S c h l e s i n g e r , a H a r v a r d a c a d e m i c a n d f o r m e r c h i e f ex e c u t i v e o f A u B o n g P a i n , a r a p i d ly g r o w i n g c h a i n o f b a k e r y c a f e s , s a y s t h a t m u c h r e - e n g i n e e r i n g h a s b e e n c r u d e . I n m a n y c a s e s , h e b e l i e v e s , t h e l o s s o f r e v e n u e h a s b e e n g r e a t e r t h a n t h e r e d u c t i o n s i n c o s t . H i s c o l l e a g u e , M i c h a e l B e e r , s a y s t h a t f a r t o o m a n y c o m p a n i e s h a v e a p p l i e d r e - e n g i n e e r i n g i n a m e c h a n i s t i c f a s h i o n , c h o p p i n g o u t c o s t s w i t h o u t g i v i n g s u f f i c i e n t t h o u g h t t o l o n g t e r m p r o f i t a b i l i t y . B B D O s A l R o s e n s h i n e i s b l u n t e r . H e d i s m i s s e s a l o t o f t h e w o r k o f r e - e n g i n e e r i n g c o n s u l t a n t s a s m e r e r u b b i s h t h e w o r s t s o r t o f a m b u l a n c e c a s h i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 2 " > 0 0 4 6 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a u t h o r , t h e A m e r i c a n e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] n o t a s g o o d a s i t s e e m s / p > p b d s f i d = "2 4 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] a t i t s t u r n i n g p o i n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] m u c h b e t t e r t h a n i t s e e m s ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] n e a r t o c o m p l e t e r e c o v e r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 7 " > 0 0 4 7 . T h e o f f i c i a l s ta t i s t i c s o n p r o d u c t i v i t y g r o w t h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 4 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] e xc l ude t h e u s u a l r eb o u n d i n a b u s i n e s sc y c l e / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 4 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] f a l l s h o r t o f b u s i ne s s m e n s a n t i c i p a t i o n / p > p b d sf i d = " 2 5 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] m e e t t h e e x p e c t a t i o n o f b u s i n e s s p e o p l e ( B ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 51 " > 0 0 [ D ] f a i l t o r e f l e c t t h e t r u e s t a t e o f e c o n o m y / p > p b d s f i d = "2 5 2 " > 0 0 4 8 . T h e a u t h o r r a i se s t h e q u e s t i o n w h a t a b o u t p a i n w i t h o u t g a i n ? b e c a u s e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d sf i d = " 2 5 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] h e q u e s t i o n s t h e t r u t h o f n og a i n w i th o u t p ai n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] h e d o e s n o t t h i n k t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y r e v o l u t i o n w o r k s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] h e w o n d e r s i f t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s a r e m i s l e a d i n g ( B ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] h e h a s c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e f o r t h e r e v i v a l o f b u s i n e s s e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 7 " > 0 0 4 9 . W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s N O T m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a s s a g e ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] R a d i c a l r e f o r m s a r e e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e i n c r e a s e o f p r o d u c t i v i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] N e w w a y s o f o r g a n i z i n g w o r k p l a c e s m a y h e l p t o i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i v i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] T h e r e d u c t i o n o f c o s t s i s n o t a s u r e w a y t o g a i n l o n g t e r m p r o f i t a b i l i t y . ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] T h e c o n s u l t a n t s a r e a b u n c h o f g o o d - f o r - n o t h i n g s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 2 " > 0 0 5 0 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e , t h e a u t h o r s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y r e v o l u t i o n i n t h e U . S . A i s _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] b i a s e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] o p t i m i s t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] a m b i g u o u s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] n e g a t i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 7 " > 0 0 T e x t 3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 8 " > 0 0 M o n e y s p e n t o n a d v e r t i s i n g i s m o n e y s p e n t a s w e l l a s a n y I k n o w o f . I t s e r v e s d i r e c t l y t o a s s i s t a r a p i d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f g o o d s a t r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e , t h e r e b y e s t a b l i s h i n g a f i r m h o m e m a r k e t a n d s o m a k i n g i t p o s s i b l e t o p r o v i d e f o r e x p o r t a t c o m p e t i t i v e p r i c e s . B y d r a w i n g a t t e n t i o n t o n e w i d e a s i t h e l p s e n o r m o u s l y t o r a i s e s t a n d a r d s o f l i v i n g . B y h e l p i n g t o i n c r e a s e d e m a n d i t e n s u r e s a n i n c r e a s e d n e e d f o r l a b o u r , a n d i s t h e r e f o r e a n e f f e c t i v e w a y t o f i g h t u n e m p l o y m e n t . I t l o w e r s t h e c o s t s o f m a n y s e r v i c e s : w i t h o u t a d v e r t i s e m e n t s y o u r d a i l y n e w s p a p e r w o u l d c o s t f o u r t i m e s a s m u c h , t h e p r i c e o f y o u r t e l e v i s i o n l i c e n s e w o u l d n e e d t o b e d o u b l e d , a n d t r a v e l b y b u s o r t u b e w o u l d c o s t 2 0 p e r c e n t m o r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 9 " > 0 0 A n d p e r h a p s m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f a l l , a d v e r t i s i n g p r o v i d e s a g u a r a n t e e o f r e a s o n a b l e v a l u e i n t h e p r o d u c t s a n d s e r v i c e s y o u b u y . A p a r t f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t t w e n t y - s e v e n a c t s o f P a r l i a m e n t g o v e r n t h e t e r m s o f a d v e r t i s i n g , n o r e g u l a r a d v e r t i s e r d a r e p r o m o t e a p r o d u c t t h a t f a i l s t o l i v e u p t o t h e p r o m i s e o f h i s a d v e r t i s e m e n t s . H e m i g h t f o o l s o m e p e o p l e f o r a l i t t l e w h i l e t h r o u g h m i s l e a d i n g a d v e r t i s i n g . H e w i l l n o t d o s o f o r l o n g , f o r m e r c i f u l l y t h e p u b l i c h a s t h e g o o d s e n s e n o t t o b u y t h e i n f e r i o r a r t i c l e m o r e t h a n o n c e . I f y o u s e e a n a r t i c l e c o n s i s t e n t l y a d v e r t i s e d , i t i s t h e s u r e s t p r o o f I k n o w t h a t t h e a r t i c l e d o e s w h a t i s c l a i m e d f o r i t , a n d t h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s g o o d v a l u e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 7 0 " > 0 0 A d v e r t i s i n g d o e s m o r e f o r t h e m a t e r i a l b e n e f i t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y t h a n a n y o t h e r f o r c e I c a n t h i n k o f . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 7 1 " > 0 0 T h e r e i s o n e m o r e p o i n t I f e e l I o u g h t t o t o u c h o n . R e c e n t l y I h e a r d a w e l l - k n o w n t e l e v i s i o n p e r s o n a l i t y d e c l a r e t h a t h e。

综合能力训练卷(五)第一部分知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1．The Summer Palace is really beautiful. In fact, I doubt whether China has ________ park.A．a more beautiful B．a most beautifulC．the most beautiful D．a beautiful2．Once a decision has been made, all of us should ________ it.A．direct to B．stick toC．lead to D．refer to3．As she ________ the newspaper, Granny ________ asleep.A．read; was falling B．was reading; fellC．was reading; was falling D．read; fell4．Don't promise anything ________ you are one hundred percent sure.A．whether B．after C．how D．unless5．Your words ________ her feelings badly.Why not apologize to her?A．hurt B．injure C．wound D．ruin6．She's in a hopeless situation, ________ we will keep a very close eye on.A．where B．when C．which D．that7．Occasions are quite rare ________ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.A．who B．which C．why D．when8．Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still ________ the traditional customs.A．perform B．possessC．observe D．support9．We'll have a picnic in the park this Sunday ________ it rains or it's very cold.A．since B．if C．unless D．until10．The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction.A．seeing B．having seenC．to see D．to have sen11．They tried to prevent the crops from ________.A．injury B．injuringC．being hurt D．being injured12．We don't keep winning games ________ we keep playing well.A．because B．unlessC．when D．while13．It's helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently.A．that B．when C．which D．where14．His efforts to raise money for his program were ________ because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets.A．in place B．in sightC．in effect D．in vain15．—I'm sorry I can't go to your party tonight.—________？Haven't we agreed on it?A．What is it B．Why don't youC．What do you think D．How is it第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

北京师范大学2013英语专业考研基础英语模拟试题（三）I.Grammar20points1.Supply the passage with proper prepositions(8points)(1)food and shelter,clothing is one of people’s most important needs.Clothing includes all the different garments,accessories,and ornaments worn by people(2)the world.Most people,no matter where they live,wear some kind of clothing.People(3)various regions dress differently(4)many reasons.They may have different materials and methods making clothes,or they may have different habits of dress.Any person may wear certain clothing for a variety of individual reasons.But(5)general,people wear clothes for three main reason: a.protection, munication,and c.decoration.Most clothing serves all three purposes.In many areas of the world,people need clothing for protection(6)the weather. Clothing also protects people who work(7)dangerous jobs,take part in rough sports,or engage(8)other hazardous activities.2.Choose from A,B,C or D the one that best complete each sentence.(12points)(9)As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said,not what we think.A.ought to be saidB.must sayC.have to be saidD.need to say(10)The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall indeath rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A.andB.asC.butD.or(11)In my opinion,he’s the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets.A.in allB.at bestC.for allD.by far(12)She is a musician than her brother.A.much ofB.much asC.more ofD.more as(13)my wife’s consistent encouragement I wouldn’t have accomplished my graduate study.A.But forB.But withC.Except forD.as are(14)Most insulation devices of this kind,manufactured for such purposes,are extremely expensive to install.A.that areB.which isC.those areD.as are(15)Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees,occupationsfor which technical training is necessary.A.so too there areB.so also there areC.so there are tooD.so too are there(16)This,they say,is proof that the more primitive species was not simply supplanted by anadvanced one into one.A.but also developedB.but reformed sharplyC.but merely turnedD.but evolved slowly(17)In such desperate strains did he find himself that he was reduced to the violin in thestreets.A.playB.playingC.be playingD.having played(18)Those twins are so alike that it is next to impossible to distinguishA.who is whoB.which is whichC.one and the otherD.one another(19)He is determined to prove his innocence,he has to go to the highest court in the land.A.even thoughB.even asC.even ifD.even so(20)When ,many racists cannot give a logical reason for their attitudes towards other racial groups.A.questioningB.having been questionedC.having questionedD.questionedII.Vocabulary 30pointsDirections:complete the passage by choosing the best word for each gap from the box.Change the word form when you think it is necessary to do so.(30points).English as a killer languageThroughout the world,people regard English as a language of economic opportunity,though this is not a universal feeling,since some consider English a tool for the destruction of linguistic and cultural （21）.A number of commentators have seen the spread of English not as an unqualified benefit,but rather as an opportunity reserved only for the （22）few and a means to construct patterns of inequality both within countries and between the “west’and the “rest”.The global spread of English is （23）:on the one hand it appears as an unstoppable process that homogenizes culture wherever it goes:Crystal (1997a)cites the Italian word cocacolonizzare (to co-colonize),while the poet Derrick Desmond （24）crudely laments the ‘Californucation’(sic)of world culture.On the other hand ,however,the spread of English creates divisions in society,and （25）with other languages causes the creation of new language varieties.Pattayanyak(1996)has suggested that in India the use of English （26）improved educational opportunities for only a very small minority.On the whole it （27）the rift between the urban and rural,the developed and developing and the masses and the elite.He argues that （28）English is the almost exclusive language of science and technology,this actually prevents ordinary people form having access to and interacting with it.Because it prevents many languages sharing communication,it （29）‘alienation,anomie,and blind spots in cultural perception’.Ultimately,Pattaynayak argues,English causes other cultures to wither and die,and its use by the elite to secure their position of privilege is just as much of an imposition on the people as colonialism （30）was.It has also been suggested (and it does seem to be truecertainly of most Britons andAmerican)that the spread of global English has led to complacency about the use of English,and has encouraged people to be（31）about learning languages.Certainly in my recent experience teaching at university in Great Britain,many of the foreign-language programmers are struggling to recruit students who wish to（32）in a foreign language and traditional literature-based German and French programmers in particular seem to be struggling to retain student numbers.On the other hand,as we mentioned in the section on the boom in English teaching,courses that combine European language with,for example,business studies,marketing or IT training,（33）the instrumental function of learning the language is transparent,are indeed attracting students.Thus,this complacency or lack of interest might not be a simple （34）of students losing interest in learning languages,but rather of academics（35）touch with how and why we teach them.pointsШ.Reading Skills4040pointsText ATask1:Complete the passage by choosing the best sentence for each gap.There are more sentences given than necessary.（10points）We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study,but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were.It really is extraordinary that after all these years;educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations.For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know,it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact people opposite.(36).(37)It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well,or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count:the exam goes on.No one can give off his best when he is in mortal terror,or after a sleepless night,yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do.(38)(39)What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus,so the student is encouraged to memorize.Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely,but to restrict his reading;they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge,but induce cramming.They lower the standards of teaching,for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms.Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects,they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise.The most successful candidates are not always be best educated;they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.The result on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner.Examiners are only human.They get tired and hungry;they make mistakes.Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates.And their word carries weight.Aftera judge’s decision you have the right of appeal,but not after an examiner’s.(40)It is cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them?This is what is boils down to in the last analysis.The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall“I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.”A.Every class at school requires homework,quizzes,texts,and finally,a final exam.We takeexams to prove ourselves---to prove we have advanced our education.B.There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person’s trueabilities.C.Stress has hit an eleven on the one-to-ten scale during examinations.Stress is not healthy,andit makes everyone angry.The last thing I remember when I go back to school is exams.Is the school trying aversion therapy on its student?D.The moment a child begins school,he enters a world of vicious competition where successand failure are clearly defined and measured.Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’:young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career?Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?E.As anxiety-makers,examinations are second to none.That is because so much depends onthem.They are the mark of success or failure in our society.Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day.F.They may be a good means of testing memory,or the knack of working rapidly under extremepressure,but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.G.A good education should,among other things,train you to think for yourself.The examinationsystem does anything but that.Text BTask1:Read the passage and then mark your answers.(6points)During adolescence,the development of political ideology becomes apparent in the individual;ideology here is defined as the presence of roughly consistent attitudes,more or less organized in reference to a more encompassing,though perhaps tacit,set of general principles.As such,political ideology is dim or absent at the beginning of adolescence.Its acquisition by the adolescent,in even the most modest sense,requires the acquisition of relatively sophisticated cognitive skills:the ability to manage abstractness to synthesize and generalize,to imagine the future.These are accompanied by a steady advance in the ability to understand principles.The child’s rapid acquisition of political knowledge also promotes the growth of political ideology during adolescence.By knowledge,I mean more than the dreary“facts”,such as the composition of country government that the child is exposed to in the conventional ninthgrade civics course.Nor do I mean only information on current political realities.These are facets of knowledge,but they are less critical than the adolescent’s absorption,often unwitting,of a feeling for those many unspoken assumptions about the political system that comprise the common ground of understanding----for example,what the state can“appropriately”demand of itsinstitutions,such as the schools and churches.Thus,political knowledge is the awareness of social assumptions and relationships as well as of objective facts.Much of the naivete that characterizes the younger adolescent’s grasp of politics stems not from an ignorance of“facts”but from an incomplete comprehension of the common conventions of the system,of what is and is not customarily done,and of how and why it is or is not done.Yet I do not want to overemphasize the significance of increased political knowledge in forming adolescent ideology.Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization,by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition,has been misled about the tempoof political understanding in adolescence.Just as young children can count numbers in series without grasping the principle of ordination,young adolescents may have in their heads many random bits of political information without a secure understanding of those concepts that would give order and meaning to the information.Like magpies,children’s minds pick up bits and pieces of data.If you encourage them,they will drop these at your feet—Republicans and Democrats,the tripartite division of the federal system,perhaps even the capital of Massachusetts.But until the adolescent has grasped the integumental function that concepts and principles provide,the data remain fragmented,random, disordered.(41)The passage suggests that,during early adolescence,a child would find which of thefollowing most difficult to understand?A.A book chronicling the ways in which the presidential inauguration ceremony has changedover the years.B.An essay in which an incident in British history is used to explain the system of monarchicsuccession.C.A summary of the respective responsibilities of the legislative,executive and judicialbranches of government.D.A debate in which the participate argue,respectively,that the federal government shouldor should not support private schools.(42)It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with whichof the following statements about schools?A.They should present political information according to carefully planned,schematicarrangements.B.They themselves constitute part of a general sociopolitical system that adolescents arelearning to understand.C.If they were to introduce political subject matter in the primary grades,students wouldunderstand current political realities at an earlier age.D.They are ineffectual to the degree that they disregard adolescent’political naivete.(43)According to the author,which of the following contributes to the development of politicalideology during adolescence?A.conscious recognition by the adolescent of his or her own naiveteB.Thorough comprehension of the concept of ordinationC.Evaluation by the adolescent of the general principles encompassing his or her specificpolitical ideas.D.Intuitive understanding of relationships among various components of society.Task2:Respond BRIEFLY to the following questions based on the text.(14points)(44)What is the author’s primary purpose in the passage?(45)What does the term“common ground of understanding”refer to in the passage?(46)Please summarize the author’s evaluation of the accumulation of political knowledge byadolescents.IV.Translation40points(59)Translate the following into English.(20points)对于大自然的爱好，我是多方面的，我爱山，但更爱海。

北京2013届高考英语模拟试题及答案北京2013届高考英语预测试题二第一部分知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1．All the organizations involved have sent urgent ________ to government, asking for extra funding.A．appeals B．repliesC．consultation D．contracts2．My father gives me five hundred yuan a month which I think can________ all my expenses.A．meet B．contain C．include D．cover3.When a new disease breaks out, experts must ________ what to do in the fastestway.A．figure out B．take outC．point out D．make out4．What a pity! I missed meeting my friend at the airport because my car was _____ ___ in the traffic jam.A．broken up B．held upC．kept back D．kept up5．Unemployment is on the increase. A growing number of young people, ________， are finding themselves out of work.A．in case B．all in allC．in particular D．as a result6．It is obvious that talking about something behind others is what everyone will not ________.A．come up with B．put up withC．keep up with D．catch up with7．The government ________ to the country to pay more attention to A/H1N1 flu.A．appealed B．suggestedC．called D．explained8．Our English teacher is our favorite. She's kind and humorous, but ________， she is strict with us.A．in other words B．on the other handC．after all D．in all9．The bell rang and every student had to________their examination papers.A．give up B．give awayC．give out D．give in10．His sacrifices for the country were never officially________， which made all ofus feel discouraged.A．acknowledged B．appealedC．recommended D．evaluated11．—How many people are still leading ________ life under ________ poverty line i n the world?—Perhaps one fourth.A．a; the B．a; aC．/; / D．the; /12．The computer system ________ suddenly while he was searching for informatio n on the Internet.A．broke down B．broke outC．broke up D．broke in13．To catch up with the times, we must keep ourselves ________of the current news. A．warned B．informedC．convinced D．accused14．—What a pleasant ________ these trees give us!—Why not stop and enjoy the cool air?A．shade B．shadow C．picture D．scene15．—Perhaps we should give up.—Nobody can ________ the change of situation.A．predict B．present C．prepare D．prefer第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

2013年考研英语一真题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been __20___.1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have a llowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads a t those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its otherproducts favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Li ne 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we shouldrecognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for ares of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and teched[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings on[A] a sustained species[B] the word’s deminant power[C] a threat to the environment[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration lawMonday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no s tate should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborativeendeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borro w a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of thehomeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college , inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the , Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)。

2013年北京大学考博英语真题试题及答案PartOne:ListeningcomprehensionThereare3sectionsinthispart.InsectionAandByouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Liste ncarefullyandthenchoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesonyourA NSWERSHEET.SectionA:Conversations5Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.1.WhichisNOTthepurposeofMr.Lewis’visit?A.Toseefriends.B.Togiveconcerts.C.Tovacation.D.Togiveprivatelessons.2.WhatkindofcellodidMr.Lewisusewhenhewaseight?A.Afull-sizedcello.B.Ahalf-sizedcello.C.Atwo-thirds-sizedcello.D.Itisnotmentioned.3.WhatistrueaboutMr.Lewis’cello?A.Healwaystakesitwithhim.B.Itwasmadebyhisuncle.C.Heborroweditfromhisuncle.D.Hegotaseatfreeforhiscello.Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.4.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheresearch?A.Tomakepreparationsforanewpublication.B.Tolearnhowcouplesspendtheirweekends.C.Toknowhowhouseworkisshared.D.Toinvestigatewhatpeopledoattheweekend.5.WhatdoesthemandoonFridays?A.Hegoestoexerciseclasses.B.Hegoessailing.C.Hegoestothecinema.D.Hestaysathome.6.Onwhichdaydoesthecouplealwaysgoout?A.Friday.B.Saturday.C.Sunday.D.Anyweekday.7.Whichpersonaldetaildoesthemangive?A.Surname.B.Firstname.C.Address.D.Age.Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youw illbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.8.WhatconclusioncanwedrawaboutMikebeforehewenttothecampingschool?A.Hewaseagertodothecourse.B.Hehaddoneoutdooractivities.C.Heenjoyedlifeintheopen.D.Hewasreluctantandtimid.9.MikeparticipatedinallthefollowingactivitiesEXCEPT______________.A.hikingB.canoeingC.swimmingD.camping10.WhichofthefollowingwordsismostappropriatetodescribeMikeafterthecampingschoo l?A.Independent.B.Strong.C.Determined.D.Persistent.SectionB:Talks5Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.11.WhathappenedtoJanuary27th,1967?A.Threemenwereinjuredduringafire.B.Onemandiedduringthefireaccident.C.Afirestartedinsideaspaceship.D.Aspaceshipwaslaunched.12.Whathappenedin1981?A.Thespaceprogramwassuspended.B.Fivemenwereinjuredduringanaccident.C.Theaccidentoccurredbeforetherehearsal.D.Noaccidenthappenedthatyear.13.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutaccidents?D?BPiCs?XSA.Accidentsareunavoidable.B.Accidentscanbeavoided.C.Humanbeingsarealwayscareless.D.Thereshouldbemoreprecautions.Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.14.BBC’sweatherforecastisa________program.A.seldomwatchedB.littleknownC.newD.popular15.WeatherobservationscomefromallthefollowingsourcesEXCEPT________.putersB.satellitesC.thegroundD.radar16.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBBC’sforecasters?A.Theyreadfromscript.B.Theyareprofessional.C.Theyuseamapforpresentation.D.Theycareabouttheirclothes.17.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBritishtelevisionviewers?A.Theyrememberwhattheysawonweatherforecasts.B.Theyliketalkingaboutweatherinsteadofwatching.C.Theypaymoreattentiontothestyleofthepresenters.D.Theywatchandrememberwhatisnecessary.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.18.WhichisNOTshowinganincreasethisyear?A.Numberoftourists.B.Holidaytravelers.C.Shopping.D.Diningandentertaining.19.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutthisyear’sbusinesstravelers?A.Therearefewerbusinesstravelers.B.Therearemorebusinesstravelers.C.Thenumberremainsthesameaslastyear’s.D.Itisnotmentionedinthetalk.20.Whichisthelargestsinglevisitorexpenditure?A.Hotelaccommodation.B.Meals.C.Shopping.D.Entertainment.SectionC:SpotDictation10Directions:Inthissectionyouaregoingtohearareportonthestronglinkbetweensleepandfata laccident.Somewordsaretakenoutandyouareexpectedtofillinthemissingwordsasyouliste n.ThereportwillbereadTWICEandyouwillhaveoneminutetocheckyourwork.Thenputyour answersonANSWERSHEET(2).Inadequaterestmeansaweaker(C1)___________system,layingthebodyopentoawhole(C 2)__________ofillnesses.Ontheaverageamanneedssevenhoursofsleepadayandawoman sevenanda(C3)____________hours.Sixhoursof(C4)_________sleepisbetterthantenho ursof(C5)__________andturning,however.Peoplewhosleeplessthansixhoursanightare( C6)________foranearlydeath.Somepeople(C7)___________thattheycangetbywithlittlesleepwhennecessary.Butexpe rtsthinkthesepeopleare(C8)________themselves.Betweensleep(C9)________andfatalaccidentsthereisanobvious(C10)_________.Peopl ewhoget(C11)________sleeporpoorqualitysleephaveahigherriskof(C12)________onth eroad.Theyaremorelikelytofallasleepatthe(C13)_________andkillpeopleorgetkilled.Pr ofessionaldriversand(C14)___________workersaremostlikelytotakethe(C15)_______ _.Theperformanceatworkalso(C16)__________becauseofsleepdeprivation.Thepressuresofworkdeprivepeopleofsleep.Tomakeitup,theytryto(C17)________catnap s.Butexpertsarealittle(C18)____________aboutthebenefitsofcatnapping.Theytellusthat thecatnapcanneverbea(C19)_________forpropersleep.Forvictimsof(C20)_________,c atnappinginthedayistheworstthingtheycanpossiblydo.PartTwo:StructureandWrittenExpression20Directions:Ineachquestiondecidewhichoffourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompleteth esentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.21.Thenuclearfamily__________aself-contained,self-satisfyingunitcomposedoffather, motherandchildren.A.referstoB.definesC.describesD.devotesto22.Somepollsshowthatroughlytwo-thirdsofthegeneralpublicbelievethatelderlyAmerica nsare________bysocialisolationandloneliness.A.reproachedB.favoredC.plaguedD.reprehended23.Inadditiontobetteringgroupandindividualperformance,cooperation________thequal ityofinterpersonalrelationship.A.ascendspelsC.enhancesD.prefers24.Inthepast50years,there________agreatincreaseintheamountofresearch_____ontheh umanbrain.A.was…didB.hasbeen…tobedoneC.was…doingD.hasbeen…done25.“Im usthaveeatensomethingwrong.Ifeellike_____.”“Wetoldyounottoeatatarestaurant.You’dbetter_______athomewheny ouarenotintheshape.”A.tothrowup…toeatB.throwingup…eatingC.tothrowup…eatD.throwingup…eat26.Parentshavetoshowdueconcernstotheirchildren’screat ivityandemotionaloutput;othe rwisewhattheythinkbeneficialtothekidsmightprobably_______theirenthusiasmandaspir ations.A.holdbackB.holdtoC.holddownD.holdover27.Accordingtopsychoanalysis,aperson’sattentionisattracted________bytheintensityof differentsignals________bytheircontext,significance,andinformationcontent.A.notlessthan…asB.as…justasC.somuch…asD.notsomuch…as28.TheymovedtoPortlandin1998andlivedinabighouse,_______tothesouth.A.thewindowsofwhichopenedB.thewindowsofitopenedC7U O:`naC.itswindowsopenedD.thewindowsofwhichopening29.Theladywhohas_______foranightinthedeadofthewinterlaterturnedouttobeadistantre lationofhis.A.puthimupB.puthimoutC.puthimonD.puthimincd30.Bystanders,_______,_________astheywalkedpastlinesofambulances.A.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazedB.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedC.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedD.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazed31.HongKongwasnotatargetforterrorattacks,theGovernmentinsistedyesterday,astheUS ________closedforanapparentsecurityreview.A.ConsulationB.ConstitutionC.ConsulateD.Consular32.AmericanfanshaveselectedYaoinavotefortheAll-Stargame______thelegendaryO’N eal,who______the“GreatWall”attheweekendastheRocketsbeattheLosAngelesLakers.-A.inheadof,ranonB.inheadof,ranintoC.aheadof,ranontoD.aheadof,raninto33.Professionalarchivistsandlibrarianshavetheresourcestoduplicatematerialsinotherfor matsandtheexpertisetoretrievematerialstrappedin_________computers.A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese34.Shealwaysprintsimportantdocumentsandst oresabackupsetatherhouse.“Iactuallythin kthere’ssomethingaboutthe______ofpaperthatfeelsmorecomforting.”Shesaid.A.tangibilityB.tanglednessC.tangentD.tantalization35.“Theysaidwhatwealwaysknew,”saidanadministrationsource,___________.A.heaskednottobenamedB.whoaskednottobenamedC.whoaskednotbenamedD.whoaskednotnamed36.InGermany,theindustrialgiantsDaimlerChryslerandSiemensrecently_______theirun ionsintosigningcontractsthatlengthenworkhourswithoutincreasingpay.A.muscledB.movedC.mushedD.muted37.Hearguesthatthepolicyhasdonelittletoeasejoblessness,andhasleftthecountry_______ .A.energizedB.EnervatedC.NervedD.enacted38.Themorepeoplehearhisdementedrants,themoretheyseethatheisaterrorist_______.A.whoispureandsimpleB.beingpureandsimpleC.pureandsimpleD.aspureandsimple39.Thisexpansionofrightshasledtobothaparalysisofthepublicserviceandtoarapidandterri ble________inthecharacterofthepopulation.A.determinationB.deteriorationC.desolationD.desperationU [~~CVV40._______adecliningbirthrate,therewillbeanover-supplyof27,000primaryschoolplace sby2010,_______leaving35schoolsidle.sto B.Couplingwith,equivalenttoC.Coupledwith,equivalenttoD.Couplingwith,equalstoPartThree:ReadingComprehension10PassageOne TheHeroMymother’sparentscamefromHun gary,butmygrandfathercouldtracehisorigintoGerman yandalsohewaseducatedinGermany.Althoughhewasabletoholdaconversationinninelan guages,hewasmostcomfortableinGerman.Everymorning,beforegoingtohisoffice,heread theGermanlanguagenewspaper,whichwasAmericanownedandpublishedinNewYork.MygrandfatherwastheonlyoneinhisfamilytocometotheUnitedStateswithhiswifeandchil dren.HestillhadrelativeslivinginEurope.Whenthefirstworldwarbrokeout,helamentedthe factthatifmyuncle,hisonlysonhadtogo,itwouldbecousinfightingagainstcousin.Intheearl ydaysofthewar,mygrandmotherbeggedhimtostoptakingtheGermannewspaperandtotake anEnglishlanguagenewspaper,instead.Hescoffedattheidea,explainingthatthefactitwasin GermandidnotmakeitaGermannewspaper,butonlyanAmericannewspaper,printedinGer man.Butmygrandmotherinsisted,forfearthattheneighborsmayseehimreaditandthinkhew asGerman.So,hefinallygaveuptheGermannewspaper.Oneday,theinevitablehappenedandmyuncleMiltonreceivednoticetojointhearmy.Mygra ndparentswereveryupset,butmymother,hislittlesister,wasexcited.Nowshecouldboastab outhersoldierbrothergoingofftowar.Shewastenyearsoldatthetime,andmyuncle,realizing howhewasregardedbyhislittlesisterandherfriends,wentoutandboughtthemallservicepins ,whichmeantthattheyhadalovedoneintheservice.Allthelittlegirlsweredelighted.Whenth edaycameforhimtoleave,hiswholeregiment,intheiruniforms,lefttogetherfromthesametr ainstation.Therewasabandplayingandmymotherandherfriendscametoseehimoff.Eachon eworeherservicepinandwavedasmallAmericanflag,cheeringtheboys,astheyleft.Themomentcameandthesoldiers,allveryyoung,noneofwhomhadhadanytraining,butwho hadneverthelessallbeenissueduniforms,boardedthetrain.Thebandplayedandthecrowdch eered.Thetraingroanedasifitknewthedestinytowhichitwastakingitspassengers,butitsoon begantomove.Stillcheeringandwavingtheirflags,thebandstillplaying,thetrainslowlydep artedthestation.Ithadgoneaboutathousandyardswhenitsuddenlygroundtoahalt.Thebandstoppedplaying, thecrowdstoppedcheering.Everyonegazedinwonderasthetrainslowlybackedupandretur nedtothestation.Itseemedaneternityuntilthedoorsopenedandthemenstartedtofileout.So meoneshouted,“It’sthearmistice.Thewarisover.”Foramoment,nobodymoved,butthenth epeopleheardsomeonebarkordersatthesoldiers.Themenlinedupandformedintotwolines. Theywalkeddownthestepsand,withthebandplayingbehind,paradeddownthestreet,asretu rningheroes,tobewelcomedhomebytheassembledcrowd.Thenextdaymyunclereturnedtohisjob,andmygrandfatherresumedreadingtheGermannewspaper,whichhereaduntiltheda yhedied.41.Wherewasthenarrator’sfamilywhenthisstorytookplace?A.InGermany.B.InHungary.C.IntheUnitedStatesD.InNewYork.42.Hisgrandfather____________.A.couldnotspeakandreadEnglishwellenoughB.knewninelanguagesequallywellC.knewanumberoflanguages,butfeltmorekintoGermanD.lovedGermanbestbecauseitmadehimthinkofhome43.HisgrandmotherdidnotwantherhusbandtobuyandreadnewspapersA.Coupledwith,equalinGerman,because________.A.itwaswartimeandGermansweretheirenemyB.theneighborswouldmistakethemaspro-GermanC.itwaseasiertogetnewspapersinEnglishinAmericaD.nobodyelsereadnewspapersinGermanduringthewartime44.Thenarrator’smotherwantedherbrothertogotofightinthewar,because________.A.likeeverybodyelseatthewartime,shewasverypatrioticB.shehatedthewarandtheGermansverymuchC.allherfriendshadrelativesinwarandshewantedtobelikethemD.shelikedtohaveabrothershecouldthinkofasaheroPassageTwo WakingUpfromtheAmericanDreamssds Therehasbeenmuchtalkrecentlyaboutthephenomenonof“Wal-Martization”ofAmerica, whichreferstotheattemptofAmerica’sgiantWal-Martchainstorecompanytokeepitscostatrock-bottomlevels.Foryears,manyAmericancompanieshaveembracedWal-Mart-likestr atagemstocontrollaborcosts,suchashiringtemps(temporaryworkers)andpart-timers,fight ingunions,dismantlinginternalcareerladdersandoutsourcingtolowerpayingcontractorsat homeandabroad.Whilethesetactics havetheadmirableoutcomeofholdingdownconsumerprices,they’recos tlyinotherways.Morethanaquarterofthelaborforce,about34millionworkers,istrappedinlo w-wage,oftendead-endjobs.Manymiddle-incomeandhigh-skilledemployeesfacefewero pportunities,too,ascompaniesshiftworktosubcontractorsandtempsagenciesandmovewhi te-collarjobstoChinaandIndia.TheresulthasbeenanerosionofoneofAmerica’smostcherishedvalue:givingitspeoplethea bilitytomoveuptheeconomicladderovertheirlifetimes.Historically,mostAmericans,even low-skilledones,wereabletofindpoorlypaidjanitorialorfactoryjobs,thengraduallyclimbe dintothemiddleclassastheygainedexperienceandmovedupthewagecurve.Butthenumber ofworkersprogressingupwardbegantoslipin1970s.Upwardmobilitydiminishedevenmor einthe1980sasglobalizationandtechnologyslammedblue-collarwages.RestoringAmericanmobilityislessaquestionofknowingwhattodothanofmakingithappen. Expertshavedecriedschools’inadequacyforyears,butfixingthemisalong,arduousstruggle .Similarly,therehavebeenplentyofwarningsaboutdecliningcollegeaccess,butfindingfun dswasdifficulteveninerasoflargesurpluses.45.TheAmericandreaminthispassagemainlyrefersto____________.A.therearealwayspossibilitiesofferedtopeopletodevelopthemselvesinthesocietyB.AmericanscanalwaysmoveupthepayladderC.Americanyoungpeoplecanhaveaccesstocollege,eventheyarepoorD.thelaborforceisnottrappedinlow-wageanddead-endjobs46.Wal-Martstrategy,accordingtothispassage,is to___________.A.hiretempsandpart-timerstoreduceitscostB.outsourceitscontractstolowerpriceagenciesathomeandabroadC.holddownitsconsumerpricebycontrollingitslaborcostsD.dismantlethecareerladderandstoppeople’smobilityupward47.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A.Wal-Martizationhasbeensuccessfulinkeepingcostsatrock-bottomlevels.B.Upwardmobilityforlow-skilledworkershasbecomeimpossibleintheU.S.C.Morebusinessopportunitiesaregiventolow-costagenciesinChinaandIndia.D.AlthoughpeopleknowhowtorestoreAmericanmobility,it’sdifficulttochangethepresen tsituation.PassageThree SeniorsandtheCityTensofthousandsofretireesarepullingupstakesinsuburbanareasandfashioningtheirownretirementcommunitiesintheheartofthebustlingcity.Theyarelookingforwhatmo stolderpeoplewant:ahomewithnostairsandlowcrimerates.Andtheyarewillingtoexchange regularweeklygolftimeforrichculturalofferings,youngneighborsandplentyofgoodrestau rants.Spyinganopportunity,majorreal-estatedevelopershavebrokengroundonurbansitest heyintendedtomarkettosuburbanretirees.Theseseniorsarealreadychangingthefaceofbigc ities.Onedeveloper,FranMcCarthyasks:“Whoeverthoughtthatsuburbanflightwouldbero undtrip?”Thetrickleofolderfolksreturningtothecityhasgrownintoasteadystream.Whilesomecities, especiallythosewithfewculturalofferings,haveseenanexodusofseniors,urbanplannerssa yothershavebecomeretireesmagnets.Between1999and2000,thepopulationof64-to-75-year-oldsindowntownChicagorose17percent.Austin,NewOrleans,andLosAngeleshavese endouble-digitincreasesaswell.Theremaybehiddenhealthbenefitstocityliving.Astudyre vealsthatmovingfromsuburbstothecitycanwardoffthebyproductofaging---socialisolatio n.Inthenextsixyears,downtownsareexpectedtogrowevengrayer.Foraffluentretirees,cityl ifeisanincreasinglypopularoption.48.Retiredseniorsaremovingbackintothecitybecause____________.A.theyfindtherearetoomanycrimesinthesuburbsB.unliketheflatsinthecity,theircountryhousehavestairstoclimbC.theyarenolongerinterestedinplayinggolfD.inthecity,theyhavemoresocialandculturallifeagainstloneliness49.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_________.A.thereal-estatedevelopershavebrokentheiroriginalcontractsofconstructionwithseniorr etireesB.alifeinthedowntowncityisexpensive,andmostofthoseretireeswhomovedbackintotheci tyareverywell-offC.withmoreolderpeoplelivinginthecity,thecitywillbecomegrayandlessbeautifulD.verysoontheAmericansuburbanareaswillfacetheirlowpopulationcrisis50.FranMcCarthy’squestionmeans:nobodyeverthoughtthat__________.A.peoplewhomovedoutofthecitydecadesagonowwouldmovebackB.suburbandwellerswhenmovingbackintothecitymusttakeroundtripC.suburbanflightyearsagowouldgoincirclesD.seniorpeople’smovingbackintothecitywouldtakeplaceallovertheUnitedStatesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexa ctmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2)1 5(51)Beingangryincreasestheriskofinjury,especiallyamongmen,newresearchsays.Theresearchersgathereddataonmorethan2,400accidentvictimsatthreeMissourihospitals. Theyinterviewedeachsubjecttodeterminethepatient’semotionalstatejustbeforetheinjury and24hoursearlier,gatheringdataonwhetherthepatientsfeltirritable,angryorhostile,andto whatdegree.Thentheycomparedtheresultswithacontrolgroupofuninjuredpeople.(52)Despitewidespreadbeliefin“roadrage,”angerdidnotcorrelatewithinjuriesfromtraffic accidents.(53)Notsurprisingly,angerwasstronglyassociatedwithinjuriesinflicteddeliberately.Buto therinjuries–thoseneitherintentionallyinflictednorfromfallsortrafficaccidents–alsoshow edstrongassociationswithanger.(54)Thecorrelationsweresignificantlyweakerforwomenthanformen,buttherewerenodiff erencesbyrace.Theauthorsacknowledgethattheirdatadependonself-reports,whicharenotalwaysreliable.(55)Whyangercorrelateswithinjuryisnotknown.“Icanspeculatethattheangermayhavepro mptedsomebehaviorthatledtotheinjury,ormayhavesimplydistractedtheperson,leadingin directlyt otheinjury,”saidthestudy’sleadauthor.PartFour:ClozeTest10Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenfillineachnumberedblankwithO NEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).LastyearFrenchdriverskilled(56)_______than5,000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeind ecades.Creditgoeslargely(57)________the1,000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthen ation’shighwayssince2003,whichexpertsreckon(58)_______3,000liveslastyear.Succes s,ofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500(59)______radardevicesthisy ear.Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.Europeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedin Britishcities,subwaysandbuses(60)_______theseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargel yunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombing,inwhichvideocamer as(61)________akeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetrators,havehelpedspuraseachange.Amo nth(62)_______theLondonattacks,halfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInt ernetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mail,Internetandphonedatafor“anti-terror”(63)_ _____.InaBritishpoll,73percentofrespondentssaidtheywere(64)_______togiveupsomec ivillibertytoimprove(65)________.PartFive:Proofreading10Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,ONEineachnumbered andunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyoucha ngeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethe missingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaw ord,crossitoutwithaslash(/).PutyouransweronANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begunbeganeg.2(67)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(68)NeverwillInotdoitagain.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Applicationfilesarepiledhighlythismonthincollegesacrossthecountry.(67)Admissio nsofficersareporingessaysandrecommendationletters,scouringtranscriptsandstandardiz edtestscores.(68)Butanythingismissingfrommanyapplications:aclassranking,onceamajorcomponent inadmissionsdecisions.Inthecat-and-mousemaneuveringoveradmissiontoprestigiouscollegesanduniversities,(6 9)thousandsofhighschoolshavesimplystoppedprovidingthatinformation,concludingitco uldharmthechancesoftheirverybetter,butnotbest,students.(70)Cannycollegeofficials,inturn,havefoundatacticalwaytoresponse.(71)Usingbroadda tathathighschoolsoftenprovide,likeadistributionofgradeaveragesforentireseniorclass,th eyessentiallyrecreateanapplicant’sclassrank.(72)Theprocesshasleftthemexasperating.(73)“Ifwe’relookingatyoursonordaughterandyouwantustoknowthattheyareamongthebe stintheirschool,witharankwedon’tnecessarilyknowthat,”saidJimBock,deanofadmission sandfinancialaidatSwarthmoreCollege.(74)Admissionsdirectorssaystrategycanbackfire.Whenhighschoolsdonotprovideenoughgeneralinformationtorecreatetheclassrankcalcul ation,(75)manyadmissionsdirectorssaytheyhavelittlechoiceandtodosomethingvirtually noonewantsthemtodo:givemoreweighttoscoresontheSATandotherstandardizedexams.PartSix:Writing15Directions:Writeashortcompositionofabout250to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.Writ eitneatlyonANSWERSHEET(2).Recently,anewspapercarriedanarticleentitled:“WeShouldNoLongerForceGongLiandZ hangYimoutoTakePartinNationalPolitics”.Thearticlearguedthatsomeartistsandfilmstar sareunwillingorunqualifiedtorepresentthepeopleinthePeople’sCongressorthePeople’sP oliticalConsultativeConference,andtheyshouldnotbeforcedtodoso.Whatdoyouthink?56.fewer57.to58.saved59.more60.as61.played62.after63.purposes64.ready/willing65.s ecurity北京大学2006年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCBＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab31-35cdbab36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.Accordingtonewresearch,gettingangryaddstothechancesofgettingphysicallyhurt,par ticularlyformale.52.evenpeoplegen[size=5][/size]erallybelievehatpeopleeasilygetangrywhendrivingont heroad,butangerdidn’thavemuch/anythingto dowithinjuriesfromtrafficaccidents,/butnot manyinjuriesfromtrafficaccidentsaretheresultsofangerontheroad.53.Itisnotatallsurprisingthatangerisaveryimportantreasonforpeoplewhointentionallyhur tthemselves.54.Weseethisstronglinkbetweenangerandinjurymoreinmenthaninwomen,butdifferentra cesofpeopledidnotshowmuchvariation.55.Peopledonotknowyetwhyangerisassociatedwithinjury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To58.Saved59.More60.As61.Played62.After63.Purposes64.Ready65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high67.Pore-poreover68.Anything-something69.Better-good70.Response-respond71.Forentire-foranentire72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS 73.With-without74.Strategy-thestrategy75.And-butWriting:(15points)。

2013北京师范大学翻译硕士MTI考研试题（回忆版）翻译硕士英语211选择题：词语辨析题！结果，今年考试出了大问题，fill the blanks and compelete the sentences，结果有些题的blank没有了。

所以不得不自己分析句子成分，找恰当的位置填写单词。

挺崩溃的。

单词里记得的有一组是——payoff/pay for/pay out/pay back阅读题：然后就是3篇阅读，选择题。

现在已经完全记不得阅读都讲了些什么。

一篇好像是跟英国教育相关的。

阅读的第二部分是阅读简答题，很费时间，而且完全没把握自己有没有答到点子上去。

总的说来，阅读特别特别费时间，难度比专八略难。

如果有机会，多练练简单类的阅读吧！这个有用！写作：最后的写作写的是追求时尚其实就是从众，有风度，没温度。

你对此有什么看法。

400字-500字的作文。

英语翻译基础357英译汉Tariff barrierSoftware wizardEconomy classPrize fellowNetizenTrade partnerShallow laughterRelease pollAchilles’heelA wet hen汉译英粮食安全方便面团购买一赠一食用方法山寨水货靶心暂停彩票吉日人肉搜索Internet mass hunting归化英译汉：关于经济全球化带给美国的影响以及美国该如何应对。

文章生词不多，能读明白，翻得好与坏就看自己的能力了！汉译英：关于玉的一篇文章，文章还挺优美的，中间要讲《和氏璧》的故事内容，最后总觉玉的特点。

我的翻译有处硬伤，要是没那个硬伤，我会觉得自己翻译的还算达到“信”，因为那个硬伤，“信、达、雅”的信差不多都没达到！抑郁~所以还是得多翻，多背单词！汉语写作与百科知识4481. 下列不属于明清传奇的是？A.桃花扇B.雷峰塔C.红线传D.长生殿2.下列哪种说法表现了平面性？3.《水浒传》评注最有名的是A. 毛宗岗B. 汤显祖CD 想不起来4.文人绘画的最高峰是？A.宫廷绘画D.山水画其他两项记不起来5.关于广陵散正确的是？6.中医学五大核心理论出自那本书？我只记得我的选项《黄帝内经》7.纸寿千年是指那种纸？宣纸8.王羲之擅长什么字体？行书9.人驭兽图，看出远古时代的动物崇拜处于哪个阶段？10.《春秋》是哪种史书？编年史、断代史、史记、离骚（这居然是选项哟）11. 刘向和刘歆的《别录》、《七略》是什么哪类史书？目录学12.中国艺术的最高境界是“和”，那么中国艺术的基本类型是？阳刚与阴柔13. 下列说法表现中国雕塑平面性的是？14.最早的寺庙是？白马寺15.唐诗宋词汉文章，文章指什么？C.骈文D.汉赋16.春秋时期，博士是指哪些人？17.给了一段材料讲的“长善救失”的教学思想！看你的理解~18.应该是绘画源自自然的正确理解19. 对“君子有三畏:畏天命,畏大人,畏圣人之言”的正确解释？20.又考了《永乐大典》21.下列属于世情小说的是，选的《金瓶梅》22.不属于关汉卿作品的是《汉宫秋》23.董仲舒的话，关于德育和智育？24.书院的院长称为什么？山长和洞主后面4个是研友帮忙忙补充的！其实不算太难，我错的比较多！书好好看了的孩子，稍稍有文化底蕴的话应该丢不了几个题。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2013)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three words in each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Now listen to the mini-lecture.What Do Active Learners Do?SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1.According to the interviewer, which of the following best indicates therelationship between choice and mobility?A.Better education → greater mobility → more choices.B.Bet ter education → more choices → greater mobility.C.Greater mobility → better education → more choices.D.Greater mobility → more choices → better education.2.According to the interview, which of the following details about the first poll isINCORRECT?A.Shorter work hours was least chosen for being most important.B.Choices for advancement might have been favored by young people.C.High income failed to come on top for being most important.D.Job security came second according to the poll results.3.According to the interviewee, which is the main difference between the first andthe second poll?A.The type of respondents who were invited.B.The way in which the questions were designed.C.The content area of the questions.D.The number of poll questions.4.What can we learn fro m the respondents’ answers to items 2, 4, and 7 in thesecond poll?A.Recognition from colleagues should be given less importance.B.Workers are always willing and ready to learn more new skills.C.Psychological reward is more important than material one.D.Work will have to be made interesting to raise efficiency.5.According to the interviewee, which of the following can offer both psychologicaland monetary benefits?A.Contact with many people.B.Chances for advancement.C.Appreciation from coworkers.D.Chances to learn new skills.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on your answer sheet.Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6.According to the news item, “sleepboxes” are designed to solve the problems of_________.A.airportsB.passengersC.architectspanies7.Which of the following is NOT true with reference to the news?A.Sleepboxes can be rented for different lengths of the time.B.Renters of normal height can stand up inside.C.Bedding can be automatically changed.D.Renters can take a shower inside the box.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.8.What is the news item mainly about?A.London’s preparations for the Notting Hill Carnival.B.Main features of the Notting Hill Carnival.C.Police’s preventive measures for the carnival.D.Police participation in the carnival.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.9.The news item reports on a research finding about _________.A.the Dutch famine and the Dutch womenB.early malnutrition and heart healthC.the causes of death during the famineD.nutrition in childhood and adolescence10.When did the research team carry out the study?A.At the end of World War II.B.Between 1944 and 1945.C.In the 1950s.D.In 2007.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on your answer sheet.TEXT AThree hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets and newsletters. “The coffee houses particularly are very roomy for a free conversation, and for reading at an easier ra te all manner of printed news,” noted one observer. Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media.Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social and diverse, reviving the distinctive characteristic of the era before the mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics. In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries.Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends.And it is not just readers who are challenging the media elite. Technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news. Celebrities and world leaders publish updates directly via social networks; many countries now make raw data available through “open government” initiatives. The internet lets people read newspapers or watchtelevision channels from around the world. The web has allowed new providers of news, from individual bloggers to sites, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practiced by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets.In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure. As producers of new journalism, individuals can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources. As consumers, they can be general in their tastes and demanding in their standards. And although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the ages of the internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy it.11.According to the passage, what initiated the transformation of coffee-house news tomass-media news?A.The emergence of big mass media firms.B.The popularity of radio and television.C.The appearance of advertising in newspapers.D.The increasing numbers of newspaper readers.12.Which of the following statements best supports “Now, the news industry is returning tosomething closer to the coffee house”?A.Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009.B.People in the Western world are giving up newspapers and TV news.C.Classified documents are published in their thousands online.D.More people are involved in finding, discussing and distributing news.13.According to the passage, which is NOT a role played by information technology?A.Challenging the traditional media.B.Planning the return to coffee-house news.C.Providing people with access to classified files.D.Giving ordinary people the chance to provide news.14.The author’s tone in the last paragraph towards new journalism is _________.A.optimistic and cautiousB.supportive and skepticalC.doubtful and reservedD.ambiguous and cautious15.In “The coffee house is back”, coffee house best symbolizes _________.A.the changing characteristics of news audienceB.the more diversified means of news distributionC.the participatory nature of newsD.the more varied sources of newsTEXT BParis is like pornography. You respond even if you don’t want to. You turn a corner and see a vista, and your imagination bolts away. Suddenly you are thinking about what it would be like to live in Paris, and then you think about all the lives you have not lived. Sometimes, though, when you are lucky, you only think about how many pleasures the day ahead holds. Then, you feel privileged.The lobby of the hotel is decorated in red and gold. It gives off a whiff of 19th. century decadence. Probably as much as any hotel in Paris, this hotel is sexy. I was standing facing the revolving doors and the driveway beyond. A car with a woman in the back seat — a woman in a short skirt and black — leather jacket — pulled up before the hotel door. She swung off and she was wearing high heels. Normally, my mind would have leaped and imagined a story for this woman. Now it didn’t I stood there and told myself. Cheer up. You’re in Paris.In many ways, Paris is best visited in winter. The tourist crowds are at a minimum, and one is not being jammed off the narrow sidewalks along the Rue Dauphine. More than this. Paris is like many other European cities in that the season of blockbuster cultural events tends to begin in mid-to late fall and so, by the time of winter, most of the cultural treasures of the city are laid out to be admired.The other great reason why Paris in winter is so much better than Paris in spring and fall is that after the end of the August holidays and the return of chic Parisian women to their city, the restaurant-opening season truly begins hopping. By winter, many of the new restaurants have worked out their kinks(不足；困难) and, once the hype has died down, it is possible to see which restaurants are actually good and which are merely noisy and crowded.Most people are about as happy as they set their mind to being, Lincoln said. In Paris it doesn’t take much to be happy. Outside the hotel, the sky was pale and felt very high up. I walked the few blocks to the Seine and began running along the blue-green river toward the Eiffel Tower. The tower in the distance was black, and felt strange and beautiful the way that many things built for the joy of building do. As I ran toward it, because of its lattice structure, the tower seemed obviously delicate. Seeing it, I felt a sense of protectiveness.I think it was this moment of protectiveness that marked the change in my mood and my slowly becoming thrilled with being in Paris.During winter evenings, Paris’s streetlamps have a halo and resemble dandelions. In winter, when one leaves the Paris street and enters a cafe or restaurant, the light and temperature change suddenly and dramatically, there is the sense of having discovered something secret. In winter, because the days are short, there is an urgency to the choices one makes. There is the sense that life is short and so let us decide on what matters.16. According to the passage, once in Paris one might experience all the following feelings EXCEPT _________.A.regretB.condescensionC.expectationD.impulse17.Winter is the best season to visit Paris. Which of the following does NOT support thisstatement?A.Fashionable Parisian women return to Paris.B.More entertainment activities are staged.C.There are more good restaurants to choose from.D.There are fewer tourists in Paris.18.“Most people are about as happy as they set their mind to being.” This statement means thatmost people _________.A.expect to be happyB.hope to be as happy as othersC.would be happier if they wantedD.can be happy if they want19.In the eyes of the author, winter in Paris is significant because of _________.A.the atmosphere of its eveningsB.its implications for lifeC.the contrast it bringsD.the discovery one makes20.At the end of the passage, the author found himself in a mood of _________.A.excitementB.thoughtfulnessC.lonelinessD.joyfulnessTEXT CIf you want to know why Denmark is the world’s leader in wind power, start with a three-hour car trip from the capital Copenhagen — mind the bicyclists — to the small town of Lem on the far west coast of Jutland. You’ll feel it as you cross the 6.8 km-long Great Belt Bridge: Denmark’s bountiful wind, so fierce even on a calm summer’s day that it threatens to shove your car into the waves below. But wind itself is only part of the reason. In Lem, workers in factories the size of aircraft hangars build the wind turbines sold by Vestas, the Danish company that has emerged as the industry’s top manufacturer around the globe. The work is both gross and fine; employees weld together massive curved sheets of steel to make central shafts as tall as a 14-story building, and assemble engine housings (机器外罩) that hold some 18, 000 separate parts. Most impressive are the turbine’s blades, which scoop the wind with each sweeping revolution. As smooth as an Olympic swimsuit and honed to aerodynamic perfection, each blade weighs in at 7,000 kg, and they’re what help make Vestas’ turbines the best in the world. “The blade is where the secret is,” says Erik Therkelsen, a Vestas executive. “If we can make a turbine, it’s sold.”But technology, like the wind itself, is just one more part of the reason for Denmark’s dominance. In the end, it happened because Denmark had the political and public will to decide that it wanted to be a leader — and to follow through. Beginning in 1979, the government began a determined programme of subsidies and loan guarantees to build up its wind industry. Copenhagen covered 30% of investment costs, and guaranteed loans for large turbine exporters such as Vestas. It also mandated that utilities purchase wind energy at a preferential price — thus guaranteeing investors a customer base. Energy taxes were channeled into research centres, where engineers crafted designs that would eventually produce cutting-edge giants like Vestas’ 3-magawatt (MW) V90 turbine.As a result, wind turbines now dot Denmark. The country gets more than 19% of its electricity from the breeze (Spain and Portugal, the next highest countries, get about 10%) and Danish companies control one-third of the global wind market, earning billions in exports and creating a national champion from scratch. “They were out early in driving renewables, and that gave them the chance to be a technology leader and a job-creation leader,” says Jake Schmidt, international climate policy director for the New York City-based Natural Resources Defense Council. “They have always been one or two steps ahead of others.”The challenge now for Denmark is to help the rest of the world catch up. Beyond wind, the country (pop.5.5 million) is a world leader in energy efficiency, getting more GDP per watt than any other member of the E.U. Carbon emissions are down 13.3% from 1990 levels and total energy consumption has barely moved, even as Denmark’s economy continued to grow at a healthy clip. With Copenhagen set to host all-important U.N. climate change talks in December —where the world hopes for a successor to the expiring Kyoto Protocol — and the global recession beginning to hit environmental plans in capitals everywhere, Denmark’s example couldn’t be more timely.“We’ll try to make Denmark a showroom,” says Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen. “You can reduce energy use and carbon emissions, and achieve economic growth.”It’s tempting to assume that Denmark is innately green, with the kind of Scandinavian good conscience that has made it such a pleasant global citizen since, oh, the whole Viking thing. But the country’s policies were actually born from a different emotion, one now in common currency: fear. When the 1973 oil crisis hit, 90% of Denmark’s energy came from petroleum, almost all of it imported. Buffeted by the same supply shocks that hit the rest of the developed world, Denmark launched a rapid drive for energy conservation, to the point of introducing car-free Sundays and asking businesses to switch off lights during closing hours. Eventually the Mideast oil started flowing again, and the Danes themselves began enjoying the benefits of the petroleum and natural gas in their slice of the North Sea. It was enough to make them more than self-sufficient. But unlike most other countries, Denmark never forgot the lessons of l973, and kept driving for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified energy supply. The Danish parliament raised taxes on energy to encourage conservation and established subsidies and standards to support more efficient buildings. “It all started out without any regard for the climate or the environment,” says Svend Auken, the former head of Denmark’s opposition Social Democrat Party and the architect of the country’s environmental policies in the 1990s. “But today there’s a consensus that we need to build renewable power.”To the rest of the world, Denmark has the power of its example, showing that you can stay rich and grow green at the same time. “Denmark has proven that acting on climate can be a positive experience, not just painful,” says NRDC’s Schmidt. The re al pain could come from failing to follow in their footsteps.21.Which of the following is NOT cited as a main reason for Denmark’s world leadership inwind power?A.Technology.B.Wind.ernment drive.D.Geographical location.22.The author has detailed some of the efforts of the Danish Government in promoting the windindustry in order to show _________.A.the government’s determinationB.the country’s subsidy and loan policiesC.the importance of export to the countryD.the role of taxation to the economy23.What does the author mean by “Denmark’s example couldn’t be more timely”?A.Denmark’s energy-saving efforts cannot be followed by other countries.B.Denmark can manufacture more wind turbines for other countries.C.Denmark’s energy-saving success offers the world a useful model.D.Denmark aims to show the world that it can develop even faster.24.According to the passage, Denmark’s energy-saving policies originated from _________.A.the country’s long tradition of environmental awarenessB.the country’s previous experience of oil short ageC.the country’s grave shortage of natural resourcesD.the country’s abundant wind resources25.Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?A.Not to save energy could lead to serious consequences.B.Energy saving cannot go together with economic growth.C.Energy saving efforts can be painful but positive.D.Denmark is a powerful leader in the global wind market.TEXT DThe first clue came when I got my hair cut. The stylist offered not just usual coffee or tea but a complementary nail-polish change while I waited for my hair to dry. Maybe she hoped this little amenity would slow the growing inclination of women to stretch each haircut to last four months while nursing our hair back to whatever natural colour we long ago forgot.Then there was the appliance salesman who offered to carry my bags as we toured the microwave aisle. When I called my husband to ask him to check some specs online, the salesman offered a pre-emptive discount, lest the surfing turn up the same model cheaper in another store. That night, for the first time, I saw the Hyundai ad promising shoppers that if they buy a car and then lose their job in the next year, they can return it.Suddenly everything’s on sale. The upside to the economic downturn is the immense incentive it gives retailers to treat you like a queen for a day. During the flush times, salespeople were surly, waiters snobby. But now the customer rules, just for showing up. There’s more room to stretch out on the flight, even in a coach. The malls have that serene aura of undisturbed wilderness, with scarcely a shopper in sight. Every conversation with anyone selling anything is a pantomime of pain and bluff. Finger the scarf, then start to walk away, and its price floats silkily downward. When the mechanic calls to tell you that brakes and a timing belt and other services will run close to $2,000,it’s time to break out the newly perfected art of the considered pause. You really don’t even have to say anything pitiful before he’ll offer to knock a few hundred dollars off.Restaurants are also caught in a fit of ardent hospitality, especially around Wall Street. Trinity Place offers $3 drinks at happy hour any day the market goes down, with the slogan “Market tanked? Get tanked!” —which ensures a lively crowd for the closing bell. The “21” Club hasdecided that men no longer need to wear ties, so long as they bring their wallets. Food itself is friendlier: you notice more comfort food, a truce between chef and patron that is easier to enjoy now that you can get a table practically anywhere. New York Times restaurant critic Frank Bruni characterizes the new restaurant demeanor as “extreme solicitousness tinged with outright desperation.” “You need to hug the customer,” one owner told him.There’s a chance that eventually we’ll r eturn all this kindness with the extravagant spending that was once decried but now everyone is hoping will restart the economy. But human nature is funny that way. In dangerous times, we clench and squint at the deal that looks too good to miss, suspecting that it must be too good to be true. Is the store with the supercheap flat screens going to go bust and thus not be there to honor the “free” extended warranty? Is there something wrong with that free cheese? Store owners will tell you horror stories about shoppers with attitude, who walk in demanding discounts and flaunt their new power at every turn. They wince as they sense bad habits forming: Will people expect discounts forever? Will their hard-won brand luster be forever cheapened, especially for items whose allure depends on their being ridiculously priced?There will surely come a day when things go back to “normal”; retail sales even inched up in January after sinking for the six months. But I wonder what it will take for us to see those $545 Sigerson Morrison studded toe-ring sandals as reasonable? Bargain-hunting can be addictive regardless of the state of the markets, and haggling is a low-risk, high-value contact sport. Trauma digs deep into habits, like my 85-year-old mother still calling her canned-goods cabinet “the bomb shelter.” The children of the First Depression were saving string and preaching sacrifice long after the skies cleared. They came to be called the “greatest generation.” As we learn to be decent stewards of our resources, who knows what might come of it? We have lived in an age of wanton waste, and there is value in practicing conservation that goes far beyond our own bottom line.26.According to the passage, what does “the first clue” suggest?A.Shops try all kinds of means to please customers.B.Shops, large or small, are offering big discounts.C.Women tend to have their hair cut less frequently.D.Customers refrain from buying things impulsively.27.Which of the following best depicts the retailers now?A.Bad-tempered.B.Highly motivated.C.Over-friendly.D.Deeply frustrated.28.What does the author mean by “the newly perfected art of the considered pause”?A.Customers now rush to buy things on sale.B.Customers have got a sense of superiority.C.Customers have learned how to bargain.D.Customers have higher demands for service.29.According to the passage, “shoppers...flaunt their new power at every turn” means thatshoppers would _________.A.keep asking for more discountsB.like to show that they are powerfulC.like to show off their wealthD.have more doubts or suspicion30.What is the author’s main message in the last two paragraphs?A.Extravagant spending would boost economic growth.B.One’s life experience would turn into lifelong habits.C.Customers should expect discounts for luxury goods.D.The practice of frugality is of great importance.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Mark the best answer to each question on your answer sheet.31.The full official name of Australia is _________.A.The Republic of Australia.B.The Commonwealth of Australia.C.The Federation of Australia.D.The Union of Australia.32.Canada is well known for all the following EXCEPT _________.A.its mineral resourcesB.its forest resourcesC.its fertile and arable landD.its heavy industries33.In the United States community colleges offer _________.A.two-year programmesB.four-year programmesC.postgraduate studiesD. B.A. or B.S. degrees34.In _________, referenda in Scotland and Wales set up a Scottish parliament and a Walesassembly.A.2000B.1946C.1997D.199035.Which of the following clusters of words is an example of alliteration?A. A weak seal.B.Safe and sound.C.Knock and kick.D.Coat and boat.36.Who wrote Mrs. Warren’s Profession?A.John GalsworthyB.William Butler YeatsC.T.S. EliotD.George Bernard Shaw37.Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser is a(n) _________.A.novelB.short storyC.poemD.autobiography38.Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme?A.Un lock.ern ment.C.Go es.D.Off-stage.39._________ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A.OnomatopoeiaB.CollocationC.DenotationD.Assimilation40.The sentence “Close your book and listen to me carefully!” performs a(n) _________function.A.interrogativermativeC.performativeD.directivePART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the endof the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in theblank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit。

2013北师大外应真题回忆一、721基英（超简单）1.完形填空（无选项）讲的chronic angerChronic anger may have roots in early childhood experiences.The psychoanalyst Karen Horney theorized that victims of chronic anger may not have had their emotional needs met in infancy and toddlerhood. This led them to suffer from an underlying condition called basic anxiety, the unverbalized impression that the world is unsafe and threatening. One way an adult can defend against basic anxiety is by repressing it and converting it to anger. Threats are anticipated and dealt with while they are still far away on the psychological horizon. Thus, Horney looks on much chronic anger as a defense against emotional insecurity.（defend和defense仿佛只考了一个）Longitudinal studies by developmental psychologists on traits of temperament suggest that these traits are to some extent inborn and relatively stable. Some children are more aggressive than others, and this is just their basic disposition. Although this is not an explanation of chronic anger, such a trait of temperament, if present, may interact with other causes and amplify chronic anger.If a child grows up in a family that allows itself frequent irrational outbursts of anger, then observational learning can play a role in a tendency toward chronic anger. The adult may be imitating the behaviour of parents or older siblings. The individual was given tacit permission as a child to express aggressive impulses without sufficient restraint.It is possible that the angry adult was a verbal or physical bully as a child or adolescent. Such behaviour often intimidates others and may bring short-term psychological payoffs. If so, the behaviour is reinforced and tends to become a trait of personality.2.为段落选标题讲的asia economic crisis3.段落还原American education4.阅读Whorf hypothesis 根据原文回答问题，都能找到答案，最后一题是写title5.翻译原文中的几句话，词汇超简单，不用看原文就能翻关于毕加索的但是翻译的句子有很多人名，地名，作品名，所以呢，要扩大知识面6.作文always telling the truth is not good for all relations二、243日语（超简单，初下水平，中上我感觉不用看也行，不过我看了）1.汉字写假名5个出场，控，出发，苦手，2.假名写汉字5个书类，给料，3.语法选择题4.对话型选择5.用括号中词的正确形式填空，有过去式，可能，被动，6.三篇阅读7.翻译（育儿爸爸，新兴精品男）8.写作（我的梦）三、942英语语言学与外国语言学（有向非重点的方向发展的趋势）1.名词解释（4'*5=20'）Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis，foregrounding，t-unit，curriculum development （or syllabus design），content validity2.describe phones（比较简单）according to manner of articulation（题目已给出具体分类）and place of articulation（已给出具体分类），voiced/voiceless.只需要对号入座即可。