英语专业考研名校全真试题基础英语2010年真卷_南开大学

南开大学研究生基础英语考试真题全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hi there, everyone! Today, I want to share with you the real test questions from the NanKai University Basic English Test for Graduate Students. Sounds pretty serious, right? Don't worry, I'll break it down for you in a fun and easy way!Question 1:What does the word "confident" mean? How can you show confidence in your daily life?Confident means believing in yourself and your abilities. You can show confidence by speaking up in class, trying new things, and standing up for yourself when you believe in something. Remember, you are awesome just the way you are!Question 2:Write a short paragraph about your favorite hobby and explain why you enjoy it.My favorite hobby is playing soccer. I love running around the field with my friends, scoring goals, and getting exercise. It'sso much fun and makes me feel happy and energized. Plus, it's a great way to make new friends and work as a team.Question 3:What is your dream job and why? How will you achieve your dream job in the future?My dream job is to become a scientist and discover new things that can help people. I will achieve my dream by studying hard in school, asking lots of questions, and never giving up. I believe that if I work hard and stay positive, I can make my dream job come true.So, there you have it, the NanKai University Basic English Test for Graduate Students in a nutshell! I hope this helped you understand the questions better and remember, believe in yourself and you can do anything. Good luck with your studies and exams!篇2Title: My Experience in Nanjing University Graduate English ExamHi everyone! Today I want to share my experience in the Nanjing University Graduate English Exam. It was quite an adventure!First, let me tell you about the exam format. There were four parts: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. The listening part was a bit tricky because the speakers spoke really fast! I had to concentrate hard to understand everything they were saying. The reading part was not too bad, but there were some difficult vocabulary words that I had to look up in the dictionary.The writing part was my favorite because I got to express my own ideas. I wrote about my favorite season, which is summer. I love going to the beach and swimming in the ocean. The speaking part was a bit nerve-wracking because I had to talk in front of the examiners. But I think I did pretty well!Overall, the exam was challenging but also fun. I learned a lot of new words and phrases, and I improved my English skills. I'm proud of myself for taking on this challenge and I can't wait to see the results!If you're thinking about taking the Nanjing University Graduate English Exam, I say go for it! It's a great opportunity to test your English skills and challenge yourself. Good luck!篇3Hello everyone, I want to share with you the questions of the Nanjing University Graduate Basic English Exam. The exam was really tough, but I tried my best!Question 1: Rewrite the following sentence in the passive voice: "The teacher gave the students a quiz."Hmm, this one was kinda tricky! I think the answer should be "The students were given a quiz by the teacher."Question 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb: "I _______ (not see) my friend since last week."I remember this one! The answer is "haven't seen." Easy peasy!Question 3: Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "I have _____ (been / gone) to Paris before."I know this one! The answer is "been." I wish I could go to Paris too!Question 4: Write a short paragraph describing your favorite movie and why you like it.I wrote about my favorite movie "Finding Nemo." I love it because it's about a little fish who goes on a big adventure to find his son. It's funny and exciting!Question 5: Translate the following sentence into English: "."I translated it as "I want to go to the park to play." I love playing in the park!Overall, the exam was challenging, but I did my best. I hope I did well and can pass the test. Thank you for reading my article about the Nanjing University Graduate Basic English Exam!篇4Today, I want to tell you about a super hard test called the "Nankai University Basic English Graduate Entrance Exam". It's like a big challenge for all the big kids who want to go to Nankai University to study more about English.So, this test is not like the easy English tests we take in primary school. It's super serious and you have to know a lot of big, fancy English words. But don't worry, I'll tell you some of the topics they ask about in the exam.First, they ask about reading comprehension. You have to read a big, complicated passage and answer questions about it.You have to really understand what the passage is saying, so you can answer the questions correctly.Then, they ask about vocabulary. You have to know a lot of words and what they mean. Some of the words are really hard, like "discern" or "inconceivable". It's like a big puzzle trying to figure out what all those words mean.Next, they ask about grammar. You have to know all about nouns, verbs, adjectives, and all that stuff. It's like trying to put together a big sentence puzzle. You have to make sure all the pieces fit together perfectly.Finally, they ask about writing. You have to write a big essay about a topic they give you. You have to make sure your grammar is perfect and your ideas are clear and organized. It's like telling a big story with your own words.So, if you want to pass the Nankai University Basic English Graduate Entrance Exam, you have to work really hard and study a lot. But don't worry, I know you can do it! Just practice your English every day and you'll be ready for the big test. Good luck, big kids!篇5Hello everyone! Today I want to talk about the Nanjing University postgraduate basic English exam that I took recently. It was kind of tough, but I managed to get through it!So, the exam had a bunch of different sections. The first part was listening, where they played recordings of people speaking English and we had to answer questions about what they said. It was a bit hard to understand at first, but I tried my best and got some of the answers right.The next part was reading, where we had to read a bunch of passages and answer questions about them. Some of the passages were really long and it was hard to stay focused, but I did my best to read carefully and answer the questions.After that, we had a grammar section where we had to fill in the blanks with the correct words. This part was a bit tricky because English grammar can be really confusing sometimes, but I tried my best to remember all the rules we learned in class.The last part of the exam was writing, where we had to write an essay about a given topic. I had to think really hard about what to write, but I managed to come up with some good ideas and wrote a decent essay.Overall, the exam was pretty challenging, but I think I did okay. I hope I pass and can continue my studies at Nanjing University. Wish me luck!篇6Yo! So today I wanna talk about this super tough exam called the South Open University basic English exam for grad students. It's like a big deal, you know? You gotta be on your A-game to pass this bad boy!So, like, the exam is all about testing your English skills. They wanna see if you can read, write, listen, and speak English like a boss. It's all multiple-choice questions and short answer stuff, so you gotta really know your stuff.They ask you all kinds of things, like grammar rules, vocabulary words, and even some reading comprehension. It's no joke, you gotta study hard if you wanna do well.But hey, don't stress too much! Just take it one question at a time and do your best. And remember, it's not about being perfect, it's about trying your hardest and learning from your mistakes.So yeah, that's the lowdown on the South Open University basic English exam for grad students. It's a tough one, but if you put in the work and stay positive, you got this! Good luck, my dudes!篇7Hi everyone, I want to share with you the questions from the NanKai University Research English Exam, which I just took. It was quite tough, but I tried my best! Here are some of the questions:1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb:He (study) __________ English for five years.2. Choose the correct answer:I haven’t seen him _____ he left for Japan.A. forB. sinceC. agoD. before3. Write a short paragraph (about 100 words) on the topic "My Favorite Season".My favorite season is summer because I can go swimming and play outside with my friends. I also love eating ice cream and having picnics in the park.4. Translate the following sentence into English:。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。

英语（一）即原统考“英语”。

英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。

英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。

考试时间为180分钟。

满分为100分。

试卷包括试题册和答题卡。

答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。

考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。

（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。

第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。

共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。

在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。

共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。

A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。

本部分有3种备选题型。

每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。

要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

南开大学2010年英语专业研究生考试基础英语真题————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices Marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. Sometimes the single building is not particularly historic, but in with other buildings it takes on meaning.A. distinctionB. correlationC. designD. conjunction2. The interior of the concert hall is a feast, with a modem stateliness of line and color reigning throughout.A. remarkableB. visualC. glowingD. delicious3. The accelerated growth of public employment the dramatic expansion of budgets and programs.A. parallelsB. containsC. revolvesD. escapes4. The board of the company has decided to its operation to include all aspects of the clothing business.A. extendB. enlargeC. expandD. amplify5.1 would scribble nil over this book than I would write on a valuable painting.A. rather notB. no moreC. neverD. not6. She will see to it that every Party member ___________ a copy of this document.A. will getB. get C: would get D. gets7. Is it true that those old houses are being pulled down new office blocks?A. to accommodateB. to provide forC. to increaseD. to make room for8. X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make details that are otherwise impossible to observe.A. it visibleB. visiblyC. visibleD. they are visible9. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than eastern Nebraska.A. doesB. inC. it does inD. in it does10. A historical novel may do more than mirror history, future events.A. even influencingB. it may even influenceC. may even influenceD. that it may even influencePart II Cloze (10 points)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.It has been established beyond a shadow of doubt that readers in general waste a great deal of time and effort. Why is this (1)? Why is it that the poorest readers by (2) standard are often theablest______(3)people? Why is it that the majority of students have very (4) idea of how to tackle __________(5) reading? Why is it that a high (6) of readers—not excluding those ________(7) professional work involves a lot of reading—use a technique that is (8) more advanced than (9) they were children?Or why __________(10) there people—to take an extreme but illuminating_________(11) —who in conversation anddiscussion___________(12) sustain a difficult argument with ease and _________(13) who as readers assimilate only factual information,and__________(14) that with difficulty, so that worthwhile books are virtually_________(15) them? In our opinion, reading presents technical__________(16) of communication that dispose the reader to use (17) methods of assimilation; this, and only__________(18), can provide an adequate__________(19) of why readers___________(20) a class so inefficient..1. A) it2. A) any3. A) competent4. A) little B)soB) theB) sensibleB) goodC)thatC) theirC) inC) highD)kindD) whatD) ofD) low5. A) with6. A) number7. A) qualified8. A) definitely9. A) that10. A) are11. A) case12. A) couldn't13. A) when14. A) even15. A) nothing16. A) problems17. A) proper18. A) that19. A) problem20. A) in B) onB) percentageB) respectableB) hardlyB) whatB) shouldB) illustrationB) alwaysB) fortunatelyB) aboutB) uselessB) questionsB) correctB) thisB) questionB) ofC) theirC) amountC) whoseC) basicallyC) whenC) thoseC) exampleC) seldomC) yetC) didC) beyondC) issuesC) efficientC) itC) wayC) asD) aboutD) rateD) theirD) generallyD) whichD) mustD) pointD) howeverD) contraryD) doesD) overD)contradictionsD) inappropriateD) whichD) explanationD) forPart III. Reading Comprehension (50 points)Section IDirections: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or Unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 1-4 are based on the following passage:The stars awaken a certain reverence because though always present they are inaccessible. In fact all natural objects make a similar impression—when the mind h open to their influence. Not even the wisest person can extort from Nature all of her secrets nor exhaust his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a toy to a wise spiritWhen we speak of Nature in this manner, we mean the integrity of expression made manifold by natural objects. The charming landscape which I saw this morning is indubitable made up of some twenty or thirty farms. This field is the property of Miller, that one the property of Locke and that one beyond the wood the property of Manning. But none of them wens the landscape. There is property in the horizon which no man has, but it belongs only to him whose eyes can integrate all the parts. This is the best part of these men's farms. Yet to this their warranty gives no title. The power to produce this delight does not reside in Nature but in humans, or in the harmony of both for Nature is not always decked out in holiday attire. The same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered is overspread with melancholy today, nature always wears the color of the spirit.1 .The phrase "Nature never became a boy to the wise spirit" means which of the following?A. Educated people do not treat nature as Children do.B. Nature will always conquer even the most learned person,C. Nature is unpredictable and human beings cannot understand it.D. A truly wise person does not lose his appreciation of nature.2. The author implies that the difference between farms and the landscape is primarily a matter of__________A. cultivationB. perceptionC. ownershipD. allegiance3. The phrase “color of the spirit” (the last line)means_____________.A. feelings of the observerB. changing seasonsC. weatherD. time of day4. The author uses the word property in the phrase “property in the horizon” to expressA. melancholyB. reverenceC. disbeliefD. ironyPart IV Translation (50 points)Section I.Directions: Translate each of the following passages from English into Chinese. Write your translated Version on the Answer Sheet. Passage One 略Section IIDirections: Translate the following two passages from Chinese into English.Passage One我在一本名叫《西游记》的书里读到关于这只猴子的故事。

南开大学728基础英语2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题南开大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目：基础英语专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学Part one VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form if necessary. Eachand even parts of India---that people think of as ___with children.2 If population policy can do little to ___environmental damage, then the human race will have to rely on technology and governance to shift the world’s economy toward cleaner growth.3 Anger is like a(n)___horse. Unless we govern it, we are at its mercy. So we need to learn how to manage anger.4 They are so absorbed in their conversation that they are totally___to what is happening around them.5 When asked whether he gets ___with the industry, he states that he never gets disturbed since he is passionate with what he do and the people that surrounds him.6 Normally, at the beginning of war the spirit of the enemy is keen and irresistible. A certain period later, it will decline and___.7 The trick in fundraiser is to ___money out of p eople who don’t want to give it away.8 The new insurance policy is written without ___or mysterious terms.9 The grand jury ___her for murder.10 He hesitated about climbing such a small,___ladder.11 The chair has the power to ___a meeting. But the power must be exercised for proper purpose.12 American government paid vast ___to farmers to supplement their agricultural activities.13 ____on an island, this group of lions should have died out. Instead, in an evolutionary twist, they’ve learned to swim.14 Tobacco industry gives___support to anti-smoking laws.15___is a particular attitude to the social world, characterized by a distrust of other people.16 China unveiled its plan to double, by 2020, the___income of the 750mpeople in the countryside.17 People weep for him and___him that goes away, for he shall return no more, nor see his native country.18 The more she ___my love, the more it grows.19 They just talked about common practice and the toughest issues were___.20 During the run of TV show Friends, the___of characters all achieved household name celebrity status.Part two Cloze(10分)There are several things about motorcycling that the average citizen dislikes. A cyclist’s__1__has something to do with this dislike. Motorcyclists frequently took dirty ; in fact, they are dirty. On the road there is little to __2__ them from mud, crushed insects, and bird droppings. For practical reasons they often __3__in old clothing which looks much less __4__than the clothing of people who ride in cars. For the same reason motorcyclists usually wear __5__colors. Perhaps this helps to explain why they are sometimes__6__of having evil natures. In old__7__of long ago, evil characters usually wore black. In __8__movies the “bad guys” usually wear black hats,__9__the good guys wear lighter colors.And the machine itself also produces anger and fear. Motorcycles are noisier, though some trucks are even noisier. But trucks are big and carry heavy__10__.1 A behaviour B appearance C manner D attitude2 A protect B prevent C keep D restrain3 A clad B put on C wear D dress4 A respected B respective C respectable D respectful5 A black B dark C light D dull6 A thought B aware C suspected D capable7 A plays B stories C times D sayings8 A comic B light C horror D cowboy9 A as B when C though D while10 A goods B weights loads D dutiesPart three Reading Comprehension (50分)Question 1-7 are based on the following passageThe first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunter and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginning near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D.400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the European began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Instead, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun—the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves “children of the Sun” and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippian lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.1 What does the passage mainly discuss?A The development of agricultureB the locations of towns and villagesC The early people and cultures of the United StatesD The construction of burial mounds2 Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern Unites States?A The development of trade in North AmericaB The establishment of permanent settlementsC Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.3 The word “bartering” in paragraph1 is closest in meaning toA producingB exchangingC transportingD loading4 The word “supplanted” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA conqueredB precededC replacedD imitated5 According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of foodB The Mississippians sold their food to other groupsC The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climatesD The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.6 Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves “children of the Sun”(paragraph 2)A To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefsB To argue about the importance of religion in their cultureC To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D To provide an example of their religious rituals.7 The phrase “charged with ” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA passed onB experienced atC interested inD assigned toQuestion 8-15 are based on the following passageThe cities in the United States have been the most visible sponsors and beneficiaries of projects that place art in public places. They have shown exceptional imagination in applying the diverse forms of contemporary art to a wide variety of purposes. The activities observed in a number of “pioneer’ cities sponsoring art in pubic places----a broadening exploration of public sites, an increasing awareness among both sponsors and the public of the varieties of contemporary artistic practice, and a growing public enthusiasm----are increasingly characteristic of cites across the country. With many cites now undergoing renewed development, opportunities are continuously emerging for the inclusion or art in new or renewed public environments, including building, plazas, parks, and transportation facilities. The result of these activities is a group of artwork that reflect the diversity of contemporary art and the varying character and goals of the sponsoring communities.In sculpture, the projects range from a cartoon-like Mermaid in Miami Beach by Roy Lichtenstein to a small forest planted in New York City by Alan Sonfist. The use of mutals followed quickly upon the use of sculpture and has brought to public sites the work of artists as different as the realist Thomas Hart Benton and the Pop artist Robert Rauschenberg. The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places: in Memphis, sculptor Richard Hunt has created a monument to Martin Luther King, Jr., who was slain there, in New York, Dan flavin and Bill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass transit facilities. And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the commitment to revitalize urban areas.By continuing to sponsor projects involving a growing body of art in public places, cities will certainly enlarge the situation in which the public encounters and grows familiar with the various forms of contemporary art. Indeed, cities are providing artists with an opportunity to communicate with a new and broader audience. Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions. They are working in new, often more durable media, and on an unaccustomed scale.8 What is the passage mainly about?A The influence of art on urban architecture in United States cities.B The growth of public art in United States cities.C The increase in public appreciation of art in the United StatesD The differences between public art in Europe and the United States9 All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as results of the trend toward installing contemporary art in public places in the United States EXCEPTA the transfer of artwork from private to public sitesB artworks that represent a city’s special characterC greater interest in art by the American publicD a broader understanding of the varieties of contemporary art10 According to the passage, new settings for public art are appearing as a result ofA communities that are building more art museumsB artists who are moving to urban areasC urban development and renewalD an increase in the number of artists in the Unites States11 The author mentions Roy Lichtenstein and Alan Sonfist in Paragraph 2 in order toA show that certain artist are famous mostly for their public artB introduce the subject of unusual works of artC demonstrate the diversity of artworks displayed in publicD contrast the cities of Miami Beach and New York12 It can be inferred from the passage that the city of Memphis sponsored a work by Richard Hunt because the city authorities believed thatA the sculpture would symbolize the urban renewal of Memphis.B Memphis was an appropriate place for a memorial to Martin Luther King, JrC the artwork would promote Memphis as a center for the artsD the sculpture would provide a positive example to other artists13 The word “revitalize” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA show the importance ofB promise to enlargeC bring new life toD provide artworks for14 The word “executing” in line paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA judgingB sellingC explainingD producing15 According to paragraph 3, artists who work on public art projects are doing all of the following EXCEPTA creating artworks that are unusual in sizeB raising funds to sponsor various public projectsC exposing a large number of people to works of art.D using new materials that are long-lastingQuestion 16-20 are based on the following passageTaking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems: to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more education merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is “intelligent”. Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A true indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of everyday.If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it’s worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N.B.D-Nervous Break Down.“Intelligent” people do not have N.B.D.’s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N.B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare.16 According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured in terms of one’s ability to read, write and compute____A is a widely held but wrong conceptB will help eliminate intellectual prejudiceC is the root of all mental distressD will contribute to all mental distress17 It is implied in the passage that holding a university degreeA may result in one’s inability to solve complex real-life problemsB does not indicate one’s ability to write properly worded documentsC may make one mentally sick and physically weakD does not mean that one is highly intelligent18 The author thinks that an intelligent person knowsA how to put up with some very prevalent mythsB how to find the best way to achieve success in lifeC how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhileD how to persuade others to compromise19 In the last paragraph, the author tells us thatA difficulties are but part of everyone’s lifeB depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in lifeC everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstancesD good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence20 According to the passage, what kinds of people are rare?A Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happinessB Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappinessC Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer form N.B.D.’s.D Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.Part four Translation(50分)1 Translate the following passage into Chinese (20分)A：All humans face a serious social and political challenge in the modern world: Living in two different worlds of exchange at once, the worlds of personal and impersonal exchange. It is impossible to understand how these two worlds relate, and to discuss human and resource diversity play such a huge role in the extend order of impersonal cooperation through markets. Commodity and service markets are the foundation of wealth recreation. Stock markets serve by supplying capital for new consumer products explains why they are inherently uncertain, unpredictable, volatile, and, given investor behaviour, why they tend to bubble and crash. World stock markets must anticipate innovations----the new commodities and services of the future.B:Public awareness of the environment has created a surge of interest in home gardening and urban horticultures and has led to the increased use of landscaping to modify the functional and aesthetic aspects of the surroundings. People in every walk of life are becoming more interested in plants, in the environment, and in quality food for better health. Whether it be for homes, business, or recreational facilities, this awareness has created a demand for homes, business, or recreational facilities, this awareness has created a demand for horticultural products that make a more natural, pleasing, and functional environment. Almost every home or business has potted plants, shrubs, and trees in the landscape, and sometime fruit and vegetable gardens. The horticulture industry and related industries play an important role in preserving and enhancing the beauty and productivity of the environment. Gardening ---whether backyard or balcony----fills a heretofore unmeet need. The growing of, plants is both therapeuticand recreational in nature.2 Translate the following passages into English. (30分)A:天津是我国北方重要经济中心，现代化港口大都市。

目　录2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2005年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2006年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2007年南开大学外国语学院专业英语真题及详解2008年南开大学外国语学院857语言学基础真题及详解2009年南开大学外国语学院857语言学基础真题及详解2010年南开大学外国语学院904语言学基础真题及详解2011年南开大学外国语学院866语言学基础真题及详解2012年南开大学外国语学院883语言学基础真题及详解2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解考试科目：应用语言学I. Illustrate each of the following terms briefly. (45 points)1． prescriptive linguistics【答案】Prescriptive linguistics: the linguistics that tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviors. It seeks to tell people how language ought to be used by those who wish to use it.2． Displacement【答案】Displacement: Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.3．IPA【答案】IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.4．suprasegmental【答案】Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle Suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.5．blendings【答案】Blending is a process in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or byjoining the initial parts of the two words. For example, the word “smog” is blended from “smoke” and “fog”.6．denotation【答案】Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.7．hyponymy【答案】Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example, the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.8．stem【答案】A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. For example, “friend-” in friends, and “friendship-” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.9．inflectional morpheme【答案】Inflectional morpheme: It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.10．back-formation【答案】It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, from “editor” the word “edit” was generated.11．c-command【答案】C-command: A c-commands B if and only if: 1) A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A; 2) The first branching dominating A also dominates B.12．Sapir-Whorf hypothesis【答案】Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.13．context of situation【答案】Context of situation: It refers to the linguistic and situational environment in which a word, utterance or text occurs. The meaning of utterances, etc., is determined not only by the literal meaning of the words used but also by the context or situation in which they occur.14．corpus linguistics【答案】Corpus linguistics: an approach to investigating language structure and use through the analysis of large databases to real language examples stored on computer. Issues amenable to corpus linguistics include the meanings of words across registers, the distribution and function of grammatical forms and categories, the investigation of lexico-grammatical associations, and issues in language acquisition and development. 15．CALL【答案】CALL: It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.II. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (10 points)1．[]【答案】voiceless postalveolar fricative2．[j]【答案】palatal approximant3．【答案】glottal plosive4．[w]【答案】bilabial approximant5．[x]【答案】voiceless velar fricative6．[υ]【答案】high back lax rounded vowel7．[æ]【答案】low front lax unrounded vowel8．[p]【答案】voiceless bilabial plosive9．【答案】voiceless aspirated affricate10．[d]【答案】voiced post-alveolar affricateIII. Read each of the following statements carefully and decide whether it is true or false. (10 points)1．Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.【答案】T【解析】本题考查语义三角理论。

2010年南开大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingV ocabulary1．Many Americans think a national committee should be formed to discuss ______ to existing mass transit system.A．alterationsB．alternationsC．attendantsD．alternatives正确答案：A解析：alterations变更，修改。

alternations间隔；轮流，交替。

attendants出席者；随从。

alternatives选择；供选择的东西。

2．Thank you for applying for a position with our firm. We do not have any openings at this time, but we shall keep your application on ______ for two months.A．pileB．segmentC．sequenceD．file正确答案：D解析：file文件；档案。

on file存档，记录下来备查。

pile大量；一堆。

segment 部分；切片；部门；线段。

sequence序列；顺序。

3．The oxygen equipment made it possible for the climbers to rest and sleep at very high ______.A．latitudeB．altitudeC．levelD．hemisphere正确答案：B解析：altitude高度；高处；海拔。

latitude纬度，纬度地区。

level水平；标准。

hemisphere半球。

[考研类试卷]2010年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 historical linguistics2 coarticulation3 complementary distribution4 inflectional affix5 semantic broadening6 logical form7 psycholinguistics8 syllabus9 performative act10 interlanguage二、音标题11 The typical format of a phonological rule is given asA→B/X______YYou are required to write out the structural description(SD)and the structuralchange(SC)of the rule.12 Linking-r in British RPThe phenomenon of linking-r in British RP is illustrated by the data given below:You are required to develop an analysis into the phenomenon of linking-r, based on the data given above. Illustrate your analysis with the words bar and barring.(Hint: underlying representation and phonological rules are relevant to your analysis.)13 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process in English:You are required to name the type of morphological process at work in Column 1, Column 2, Column 3 and Column 4, respectively.14 State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English. Compounds Verb Phrasesfoot-warmers [I]warmed my feetman-eating [She]eats an applebrainwash [He was]washing disheshaircut [The boy]cuts a piece of paper三、简答题15 The following phrases include a head, a complement and(in some cases)a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase.(1)[into the house]PP(3)[perhaps earned the money]VP (2)[full of mistakes]AP(4)[that argument with Owen]NP16 Give the deep structure of the sentence What can the boy sit on?, and transform the deep structure of the sentence into its surface structure, using two diagrams to demonstrate the process of transformation.17 The following sentences are semantically ambiguous:(A)Peter saw the lady when she was near the bank.(B)The captain met wealthy men and women.You are required to point out the source of semantic ambiguity for each sentence.18 If you ask somebody "Can you open the door?" and he answers "Yes" but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of Speech Act Theory.19 How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?20 In what ways can linguistics contribute to language learning research?21 In your understanding what roles do corpus data play in language studies? Part V22 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words).The main features of generative linguistics.23 Linguistics ideas of special importance developed in the Prague School.。

南开大学考博英语真题2010年(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part Ⅱ V ocabularyDirections:Choose the one word or phrase which you think closest in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence in its context and mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.1. With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ______ high-tech industries.A. given upB. stepped asideC. stood alongD. yielded to2. Economic activity has been organized on the ______ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century.A. gistB. notionC. rationaleD. premise3. Owing to a/an ______ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.A. acuteB. stressfulC. demandingD. urgent4. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed ______ two hundred years ago.A. originalB. eccentricC. terrificD. splendid5. The policy ______ it necessary for the town"s safety to arrest most speeders.A. narratedB. elaboratedC. deemedD. commended6. If you do something on ______, you do it because you suddenly want to, although you haven"t planned to.A. impulseB. pulseC. impromptuD. imminence7. We had no computer back-up and had to rely on old paper files to ______ the records we lost.A. remedyB. reconditionC. reconstructD. register8. A ______ is an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest.A. conventionB. congressC. symposiumD. conference9. In some cases nowadays concerning job hunting, one had to ______ 1,000 competitors to get a position.A. stand outB. edge outC. squeeze inD. jostle against10. A(An) ______ is a person who knows a great deal about a particular subject and whose advice on it may be taken by others.A. consulB. mentorC. eliteD. pundit11. Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ______ investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. perspectiveC. visionD. horizon12. There was not ______ of evidence to suggest that he committed the crimes, so the case was dismissed in the court.A. scrapB. screwC. scratchD. scrape13. The basic ______ of their philosophy is that everyone should be free to do as they please, as long as they do not harm others.A. requisiteB. conceptionC. premiseD. opinion14. The spring of last year witnessed the ______ of the strange weather.A. adaptationB. shiftC. vicissitudeD. kaleidoscope15. Countless billions of ______ sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.A. secondB. minuteC. hourD. dayPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this section, there are five passages. Read the passages and questions carefully and make your choices that you think would **plete the statements or best answer the questions by marking them on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneNo matter what you think about testing rends, one thing is clear: as long as there is teaching and learning, there will be testing. But how much credit do those charts and numbers deserve?When you review a school"s test scores at a school board meeting, always look beyond the basic numbers. The scores for a single school in a single year have limited value for judging school performance. Equally important is "trend data" —test scores from several years that show you how a school"s performance has changed over time. Additionally, comparing a school to otherschools with similar demographics may give your perspective on where the school stands relative to other schools like it. You can also learn a lot from data that is broken down by ethnic group and socioeconomic level. A school is only truly successful when it achieves high performance with students across all ethnic and social groups.On the other hand, the next time you hear somebody say, "That school is the best in the district because it has the highest test scores," make a point to respond: "I"d love to know more about what"s happening at the school that accounts for those scores, but I can"t assume that it"s the best school just based on one piece of evidence. What you know about the school"s teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?" Take time to investigate these other measures of school quality before making judgments about a school.To communicate with your child certainly is the final way. Raise your hand if you"ve heard some stories about students begging to stay home on test day. Is this level of anxiety appropriate? The correct answer is no! When your child"s class is preparing for its annual standardized testing marathon, let your child know that while you hope she does her best on the test, it"s not a competition. Explain that the results may help her and her teacher understand the areas where she might be especially strong or where she may need to focus more.1. The second paragraph implies that when you review a school"s test scores ______.A. you should give priority to the stores for this yearB. you should take into an account the performance of the students across all ethnic and social groupsC. you needn"t refer to the test scores in the past several yearsD. you don"t need to compare a school with others since you are only concerned about your children"s scores2. According to the author, when we evaluate the quality of a school, the following factors should be involved EXCEPT ______.A. teaching methodsB. leadership of the principalC. relationship with other schoolsD. safety3. In the last paragraph of this passage, the word "anxiety" in the sentence "Is this level of anxiety appropriate?" implies the child"s serious concern about ______.A. strict teachersB. competitive examC. unsafe conditions of the schoolD. no care from the parents4. What is the most proper title for this passage?A. Get Smart about School Test ScoresB. Don"t Look up to the Test ScoresC. The Scores Matter a LotD. Deal Better with the Child and ScoresPassage TwoThere are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from **petition through **petition and oligopoly (商品应垄断) to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, **petition results when **pany has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in **petition. In **petition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.In contrast, in **petition **panies **pete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of **petition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.Oligopoly occurs when a **panies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly, **petition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for **pany in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather **petition, that protects and influences sales.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. MonopoliesB. The Commodity MarketC. The Competition ContinuumD. The Best Type of Competition2. An example of a product in **petition is ______.A. cornB. electricityC. airline ticketsD. coffee3. What does the author mean by the statement "Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously also usual"?A. It is not unusual for **panies to increase prices at the same timeB. It is common **panies to compete for customers by lowering pricesC. Customers may lose money **panies have price warsD. Prices are lower during price wars, but they are usually higher afterward4. The word "it" in Paragraph 3 refers to ______.A. a product or serviceB. competitionC. revenueD. oligopolyPassage ThreeIn August 2004, Duke University provided free iPods to its entire freshman class. The next month, a Korean education firm offered free downloadable college entrance exam lectures to students who purchased an iRiver personal multimedia player. That October, a financial trading firm in Chicago was reportedly assessing the hand-eye coordination of traders" using GameBoys. Yetwhile such innovative applications abound, the use of technology in education and training is far from new, a fact as true in language classrooms as it is in medical schools.Practically since their availability, a succession of audiovisual recording devices ( e. g. , reel-to- reel, VCRs, PCs) has been used to capture language samples, and myriad playback and broadcast devices (e. g. , phonographs, radios, televisions) have provided access to authentic speech samples. The espousal of audiolingual theory in the 1950s brought the widespread use of the language laboratory in educational settings. Influenced by behaviorism, the lab was progressively replaced in the 1960s by drill-**puter-assisted instruction, which decades later was itself surpassed by a more intelligent, interactive and **puter-assisted language learning. The popular acceptance of the Internet in the 1990s advanced the development of computer-**munications.As technologies continue to evolve, so does their propensity to shrink in size. "Other technologies that hold the capacity for language learning include PDAs, multimedia cellular phones, MP3 players, DVD players, and digital dictionaries. " Such portable media—referred to in popular and scholarly literature as mobile, wireless, handheld or nomadic—are now social staples. Mobile learning, or m-learning, is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement, further evidenced by European initiatives such as m-learning and Mobilearn. In this paper, applied fusions of m-learning and language learning follow, after which their benefits and challenges are reviewed.1. What is the article introduction specifically deals with?A. Language learningB. Emerging technologyC. Mobile assisted language learningD. Wired learning2. The word "espousal" in paragraph two can be best replaced by ______.A. advocateB. supportC. ideaD. perception3. Mobile learning is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement in the sense that you can study without ______.A. iPhoneB. laptopC. PDAD. **puter4. Behaviorism language learning strategy does not include ______.A. pattern drillsB. learner autonomyC. rote memorizationD. repetitionPassage FourMost Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greats happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our cultures. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing "organization man" with an independent individual. Modem industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the "alienated" man. He is alienated in the sense that his actions, and his own forces have become estranged from him; theystand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him. His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols. They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits. Alienated man bows down before the works of his own hands. He experiences himself not as the active bearer of his own forces and riches but as an impoverished "thing", dependent on other things outside of himself. He is the prisoner of the very economic and political circumstances which he has created. Since our economic organizations is based on continuous and ever-increasing consumption (think of the threat to our economy if people did not buy a new car until their old one was really obsolete), contemporary industrial man is encouraged to be consumption-crazy. Without any real enjoyment, he "takes in" drink, food, cigarettes, sights, lectures, books, movies, television, any new kind of gadget. The world has become one great maternal breast, and man has become the eternal suckling, forever expectant, forever disappointed.In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucracy in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, fringe benefits, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue—and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.1. Modern industrialized society needs men who are ______.A. individualistic in their tastesB. capable of commanding the social machineC. obedient and submissiveD. free and independent2. An alienated man is one who is ______.A. in control of economic and political circumstancesB. ruled by the things he createsC. worshipped as an idolD. more interested in women than in sports cars3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern industrial society?A. Ever increasing consumptionB. BureaucracyC. Ever-increasing power of manD. Automated machines4. The word "prisoner" in the last sentence of Paragraph 2 closely means ______.A. the person who is detained by policeB. the person who is being put behind barC. the person who is confined to his circumstancesD. the person who is being kept away from the normal lifePassage FiveThere is a confusion about two distinct questions: (a) **puters made books obsolete? and (b)**puters make written and printed material obsolete?Let us suppose **puters will make books disappear (I do not think this will happen and I shall elaborate later on this point, but let us suppose so for the sake of the argument). Still, this would not entail the disappearance of printed material. We have seen that it was wishful thinking to hope **puters, and particularly word processors, would have helped to save trees. Computers encourage the production of printed material. We can imagine a culture in which there will be no books, and yet where people go around with tons and tons of unbound sheets of paper. This will be quite unwieldy, and will pose a new problem for libraries.Debray has observed that the fact that Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book is not independent of the fact that it was a nomadic civilization. I think that this remark is very important. Egyptians could carve their records on stone obelisks, Moses could not. If you want to cross the Red Sea, a book is a more practical instrument for recording wisdom. By the way, another nomadic civilization, the Arabic one, was based upon a book, and privileged writing upon images.But books also have an advantage with respect to computers. Even if printed on acid paper, which lasts only seventy years or so, they are more durable than magnetic supports. Moreover, they do not suffer power shortages and blackouts, and are more resistant to shocks. As Bolter remarked, "it is unwise to try to predict technological change more than few years in advance," but it is certain that, up to now at least, books still represent the most economical, flexible, wash-and-wear way to transport information at a very low cost.**munication travels ahead of you, books, travel with you and at your speed, but if you are shipwrecked on a desert island, a book can be useful, while a computer cannot—as Landow remarks, electronic texts need a reading station and a decoding device. Books are still the **panions for a shipwreck, or for the Day After.I am pretty sure that new technologies will render obsolete many kinds of books, like encyclopedias and manuals. Take for example the Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited. When finished it will probably contain more information than the Encyclopedia Britannica (or Treccani or Larousse), with the advantage that it permits cross-references and nonlinear retrieval of information. The whole of **pact disks, plus **puter, will occupy one-fifth of the space occupied by an encyclopedia. The encyclopedia cannot be transported as the CD-ROM can, and cannot be easily updated; it does not have the practical advantages of a normal book, therefore it can be replaced by a CD-ROM, just a phone book can. The shelves today occupied, at my home as well as in public libraries, by meters and meters of encyclopedia volumes could be eliminated in the next age, and there will be no reason to lament their disappearance. For the same reason today I no longer need a heavy portrait painted by an indifferent artist, for I can send my sweetheart a glossy and faithful photograph. Such a change in the social functions of painting has not made painting obsolete, not even the realistic paintings of Annigoni, which do not fulfill the function of portraying a person, but of celebrating an important person, so that **missioning, the purchasing, and the exhibition of such portraits acquire aristocratic connotations.Books will remain indispensable not only for literature, but for any circumstance in which one needs to read carefully, not only to receive information but also to speculate and to reflect about it. To read a computer screen is not the same as to read a book. Think of the process of learning how to use a piece of software. Usually the system is able to display on the screen all the instructionsyou need. But the users who want to learn the program generally either print the instructions and read them as if they were in book form, or they buy a printed manual (let me skip over the fact that currently all the manuals **e with a computer, on-line or off-line, are obviously written by irresponsible and tautological idiots, **mercial handbooks are written by intelligent people). It is possible to conceive of a visual program that explains very well how to print and bind a book, but in order to get instructions on how to write such a computer program, we need a printed manual. After having spent no more than twelve hours at a computer console, my eyes are like two tennis balls, and I feel the need to **fortably down in an armchair and read a newspaper, or maybe a good poem. It seems to me **puters are diffusing a new form of literacy but are incapable of satisfying all the intellectual needs they are stimulating. In my periods of optimism I dream of a computer generation which, compelled to read a computer screen, gets acquainted with reading from a screen, but at a certain moment feels unsatisfied and looks for a different, more relaxed, and **mitting form of reading.1. "Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book" indicates that printed books will be ______.A. preserved permanentlyB. perused widelyC. repaired when damagedD. transcribed as heritage2. The advantages of the printed books include all of the following except ______.A. being less durable than magnetic supportsB. not suffering power shortages and blackoutsC. being more resistant to shocksD. transporting information at a very low cost3. The example of Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited shows that ______.A. CD-ROM can store more informationB. the space is left on shelvesC. the e-encyclopedia is more superiorD. the disappearance of normal print is a grief4. By comparison, the author likes to do reading ______.A. onlineB. off lineC. at leisureD. during the adventurePart Ⅳ ClozeDirections:Read the article below and fill in each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase by marking your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.The marvel of the machine age, the **puter has been 1 only since 1946. It can do **putations—add, subtract, multiply and divide— 2 lighting speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 1-digit number in 1/1,1000 seconds, a problem that would 3 an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. **puters can work 500,000 times faster than 4 . Once it is given a "program"—that is, a 5 set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language—a computer can gather 6 information for many purposes. For example, itcan 7 bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, **puter will find out 8 route to take. Not only can **puter gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can 9 whenever they are needed. 10 gathering and storing information, **puter can also **plicated problems that once took months for people to do.For example, 11 sixteen hours an electronic brain solved a difficult design problem. First, it was 12 all the information necessary for designing a chemical plant. After running through 16,000 possible designs, it 13 the plan for the plant that would produce the most chemical at the lowest cost. Then it issued a printed set of exact 14 . Before it solved this problem, a team of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs, 15 of which was as efficient as **puter"s.1.A. usingB. in useC. being usedD. used2.A. atB. withC. inD. of3.A. useB. spendC. takeD. demand4.A. can any personB. any person canC. any personD. any person do5.A. carefully worked outB. worked out carefullyC. carefully works outD. works out carefully6.A. manyB. all kinds ofC. a great number ofD. a wide range of7.A. takeB. keepC. bringD. get8.A. thatB. howC. anyD. what9.A. pour them outB. drive them outC. stamp them outD. get rid of them10.A. ExceptB. Except forC. BesidesD. In spite of11.A. forB. withinC. onD. beyond12.A. inputB. fedC. sentD. planted13.A. picked outB. formedC. hadD. worked14.A. numbersB. figuresC. detailsD. specifications15.A. noneB. oneC. anyD. allPart Ⅴ Writing1. Directions: Write an essay (200-300 words) according to the topic given: Some people say that social change occurs more quickly in heterogeneous societies (where there is a mixture of different kinds of people) than in homogeneous ones ( where people are similar in many ways). Write an **paring the two kinds of societies and explain in which you think social changes is most likely to occur.。

南开大学865专业英语2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题南开大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题学院：100外国语学院考试科目：865专业英语专业：英语语言文学注意：请将所有答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效！语言学（50分）Ⅰ. Define the following terms with examples where necessary:（每小题2分，共10分）dualityassimilationdiglossiadisplacementregisterⅡ. Work out the distinctive features of the sounds given blow:（每小题1分，共5分）1. [m]2. [f]3. [h]4. [e]5. [u]Ⅲ. Identify the meaning relations of the following pairs: (每小题1分，共5分) parent/childfar/neardead/alivepolitician/statesmanlion/cubⅣ. Answer the following questions: (每题10分，共30分)In English, the phoneme /p/ is pronounced differently in words such as pat, spat, or tap. Can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?In the following three sentences, the particle “up” stays in different p ositions, i.e. immediately after the verb in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence.Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?She stood up the man who offered her a diamond.She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.3. What kind of implicature do the following exchanges of conversation possibly make?A: The skirt she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it?B: Oh, the pattern is nice.(The conversation is made when Speaker B knows for sure the obvious beauty ofthe skirt.)英美文学（50分）Ⅴ. Define briefly the following terms. （本题共20分，每小题4分）Walt Whitman and Leaves of GrassOld English, middle English and modern EnglishRealismSonnetAlliterationⅥ. Reading and Interpreting.（本题共30分，每小题3分）Questions 1 to 6 are based on the following poem by Sir Philip Sidney.Sonnet 31With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb’st the skies!How silently, and with how wan a face!What, may it be that even in heavenly placeThat busy archer his sharp arrows tries?Sure, if that long with love-acquainted eyesCan judge of love, thou feel’st a lover’s case;I read it in thy looks; thy languisht graceTo me that feel the like, thy state descries.Then, even of fellowship, O Moon, tell me,Is constant love deemed there but want of wit?Are beauties there as proud as here they be?Do they above love to be loved, and yetThose lovers scorn whom that love doth possess?Do they call virtue there ungratefulness?What question does the poet speaker ask in lines3-4?According to lines 5-9, what do the speaker and the moon have in common?In your own words, tell what the speaker asks in lines 10-14.What does the description of the moon in lines 1-8 suggest about the speaker’s emotion when he is in love?What do the questions that conclude the poem imply about the object of the speaker’s love?What is the rhyme scheme of this poem?Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following passage from Catch-22 by Joseph Heller.“Sure there’s a catch,” Doc Daneeka replied. “Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn’t really crazy.”There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one’s own safely in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more m issions and sane if he didn’t, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn’t have to; butif he didn’t want to he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle.“That’s some catch, that Catch-22,” he observed.“It’s the best there is,” Doc Daneeka agreed.Yossarian saw it clearly in all its spinning reasonableness. There was an elliptical precision about its perfect paris of parts that was graceful and shocking, like good modern art, and at times Yossarian wasn’t quite sure that he saw it at all, just the way he was never quite sure about good modern art or about the flies Orr saw in Appleby’s eyes. He had Orr’s word to take for the flies in Appleby’s eyes.“Oh, they’re there, all right,” Orr had assured him about the flies in Appleby’s eyes after Yossarian’s fist fight with Appleby in the officers’ club, “although he probably doesn’t even know it. That’s why he can’t see things as they really are.”“How come he doesn’t know it?” inquired Yossarian.“Because he’s got flies in his eyes,” Orr explained with exaggerated patience. “How can he see he’s got flies in his eyes if he’s got flies in his eyes?”It made as much sense as anything else, and Yossarian was willing to give Orr the benefit of the doubt because Orr was from the wilderness outside New York City and knew so much more about wildlife that Yossarian did, and because Orr, unlike Yossarian’s mother, father, sister, brother, aunt, uncle, in-law, teacher, spiritual leader, legislator, neighbour and newspaper, had never lied to him about anything crucial before. Yossarian had mulled his newfound knowledge about Appleby over in private for a day or two and then decided, as a good deed, to pass the word along to Appleby himself.“Appleby, you’re got flies in your eyes,” he whispered helpfully as they passed by each other in the doorway of the parachute tent on the day of the weekly milk run to Parma.“What?” Appleby responded sharply, thrown into confusion by the fact that Yossarian had spoken to him at all.“You’ve got flies in your eyes,” Yossarian repeated.“That’s probably why you can’t see them.”7. What is catch-22 described in the passage?8. Why is the description of catch-22 (paragraph 2) followed by the story of Appleby having flies in his eyes?9. According to Joseph Heller, “The only freedom we really have is the freedom to say no.” Do you agree or disagree with him? Support your opinion with examples from historical or personal experience.10. Is catch-22 relevant to the societies? Support your opinion with examples from historical or personal experience.翻译（50分）Ⅶ英译汉：Translate the following passage into Chinese. (15分)America is needed to lead. The global trading system has many enemies, but in recent times the man in the White House could be counted as its main champion33. As the driver of the world’s great opening, America has gained hugely in terms of power and prestige, but the extraordinary burst of growth that globalization hastriggered has also lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty over the past few decades and brought lower prices to consumers everywhere. The global recession threatens to undo some of that, as country after country is tempted to subsidize here and protect there. World trade is likely to slump by 10% in 2009, and a report from the Geneva-based World Trade Alliance claimed this week that, on average, a G20 member has broken the no-protectionism pledge once every three days since it was made. For Mr. Obama now to take up 34the no-protection cause at the G20’s forthcoming meeting in Pittsburgh would, alas, be laughable. But if America does not set an example, no one else is likely to.Ⅷ. 汉译英：Translate the following passage into English (15分)教育的功用就在顺应人类求知、想好、爱美的天性，使一个人在这三方面得到最大限度的调和的发展，以达到完美的生活。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题附答案详解(试题一)20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthor ne effect “ is hard topin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosi ng [A], [B], [C]or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers duri ng the pastquarter-century, perhaps the m ost far-reaching has been the ine xorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the a ge of forty toimagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found i n most big-city newspapers. Yeta considerable number of the most significa nt c ollections of criticism published in the 20thcentury consisted in large part of new spaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact thattheir learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther rem oved from the unfocused newspaper review spublis hed in Englandbetween the turn of t he 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprintwas dirt-c heap and stylish arts crit icism was consi dered an ornament to the publicat ions inwhich it appe ared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted tha t the cri tics of majorpapers woul dwri te in detail and at length about the even ts they covered. Theirs was a seriousbusiness, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bern ard Shawand Ernest Newman, co uld be trus ted to know what they were a bout. These men believed injournal ism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors havebrains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define…journalism' as …a term of cont empt appl ied by writers who are notread to writers who are'. ”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the ManchesterGuardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer ofessays ont he game of cricket. During his l i fetime, though, he was also one of England'sforemost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that hisAutobiography（1947）became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic tobe so ho nored. Yet on ly one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writi ngs onmusic is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revi val? The prospect seems remote.Jour nalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and po stmodern reader shave little usefor the ric hly upholstered Vicwardian pros e in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before world warⅡwere characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on ？[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days.[B] The lost Horizon in Newspapers.[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism.[D] Prominent Critics in Memory.Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called businessmethods. received one for its “one-click” online p ayment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation str ategy. One inventor patented a technique for liftinga box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-methodpatents, which have been controversial ever since they we re first authorized 10 years ago. Ina move that has intellectual-property la wyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federalcircuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-methodpatents. In r e Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis'D. Crouch of theUniversity of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class ofpatents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because i t was the federalcircuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decisi on in the so-called state StreetBank case, approving a patent on a way of po oling mutual-fund assets. That ruling producedan explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companiestrying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move es tablished companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defe nsive moveagainst rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM n oted in a court filing that ithad been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questionedthe legal basis for granting them. S imilarly, some Wall Street investment films armedthemselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the pr actice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the c ase would be heard by all 12 ofthe court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should”recon sider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for examplethe justices signaled that too many patents w ere being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says H arole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorgeWashington Univ ersity Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who areunusually informed, persuasive, or well-co nnected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but itdoesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding b ut largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Inf ormation flows from themedia to the influentials and from them to everyone e lse. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if th ey can just find and influence the influentials, thoseselected people will do mo st of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the suddenand une xpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many su ch cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people w as wearing, promoting, ordeveloping whatever it is before anyone else paid at tention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fitsnicely with the idea that only cert ain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the findi ng that influentialshave far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seemto be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influe nce, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even t he most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, accordin g to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemicsby influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however,each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquai ntances, who must in turninfluence theirs, and so on; and just how many oth ers pay attention to each of these peoplehas little to do with the initial influe ntial. If people in the network just two degrees removedfrom the initial infl uential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resis tant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers stud ied the dynamicsof populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating anumber of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to beinfluenced. Our work shows that th e principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”-the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a fewinfl uentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of w hom adopts, say,a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase“these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones w ho[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind th e scenes, theyhave been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standar d-setters. Their rules, moan thebanks, have forced them to report enormou s losses, and it's just not fair. These rules saythey must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers andregulators woul d like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, butthe independence of standard-setters, essential to the pro per functioning of capital markets,is being compromised. And, unless banks c arry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system wil l be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Sta ndards Board(FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more fre edom to use models to valueilliquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who “question ourmotives.” Yet bank share s rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls“the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Sta ndards Board(IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act withou t overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruc tion of rules later this year is strong. CharlieMcCreevy, a European commissio ner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the re al word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overv alued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, becausethey largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely exten t of bad debts. The truth will not be knownfor years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead ma rkets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets forfear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. A merica's new planto buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark ass ets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require indepe ndent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example, ag ainst hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are i nviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks' long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them intothe numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E h as been correctly placed. There isone paragraph which dose not fit in with th e text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for e ating out; theconsumption of food and drink in places other than homes has ri sen from about 32 percent oftotal consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by2005. This development is boosti ng wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Me anwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They t end to keep atighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realis tic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standsti ll, leavingEuropean grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most le ading retailers have alreadytried e-commerce, with limited success, and ex pansion abroad. But almost all have ignoredthe big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade,which appears to b e just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the f ood and drinkmarket? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based o n flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to t he buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what tobuy .At any rate, this chang e will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domesti c and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could pro fitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the manag ement of product ranges, logistics,and marketing intelligence. Retailers tha t master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe maywell expect to rake in su bstantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole.Closer ins pection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, e speciallyin their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics ofindividual food and drink categories. Big retailers mu st understand these differences beforethey can identify the segments of Eu ropean wholesaling in which their particular abilities mightunseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models arenee ded too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of the same building blocks. Demandcomes mainly from two sources: independen t mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to cons umers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these b usinesses areknown in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesalemarket for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but thefigures, when added together, m ask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in Franc e, Germany, Italy,Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 perc ent of retail sales. Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesal e than in retail; wholesale demand from the foodservice sector is growing qui ckly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for whole salersto consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and e ven some largegood producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their ha nd, for those that master theintricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to rea p considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefullyand then translate the underlined segments i nto Chinese. Yourtranslation should bewritten clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on econom ic motives is thatmost members of the land community have no economic valu e. Yet these creatures aremembers of the biotic community and, if its stabil ity depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen t o love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds weresupposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists ju m ped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that ins ects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be e conomic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but wehave at least drawn nearer the point of adm itting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absen ce of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating bi rds.(48) Timewas when biologists som ewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve thehealth of game by killing the physically weak, or tha t they prey only on “worthless”species.Here again, the evidence had to b e economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years thatwe hear the mor e honest argumentthat predators are members of the community, and that nospecial interest has the right to exte rminate the m f or the sake of a benef it, real or fancied, toitself.Some species of tree have been“read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters becausethey grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(49) In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognizedas members of native forest c ommunity, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover,some have be en found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interd ependence of the forest and its constit uent tree species, ground flora, and fauna istaken for granted.To sum up: a systemof conservation based solely on economic self-interest i s hopelesslylopsided.(50) It tends to ignore , and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements i n theland community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Itassumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the bioti c clock will function without theuneconomic parts.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates' Associ ation a notice to recr uit volunteers foran international c onference on globalization. The notice sho uld include the basic qualificationsofapplicants and other information which yo u think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own nam e at the end of the notice. Use "postgraduates' Ass ociation" instead. （10 points）Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your ess ay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. A2. B3. C4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. C10. D11. C12. A13. A14. D15. B16. A17. D18. C19. B20. DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)21. B22. A23. D24. A25. B26. C27. D28. C29. B30. A31. B32. D33. A34. C35. C36. A37. D38. C39. B40. DPart B (10 points)41. B42. F43. D44. G45. APart C (10 points)46 . 科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据来补救，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫数量的话，昆虫就会把我们吃光。

2010年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、英汉词组互译（30分）1. EU【答案】欧盟2. FAO【答案】联合国粮农组织3. L/C【答案】信用证4. OECD【答案】经济合作与发展组织5. POD【答案】货到付款6. WTO【答案】世界贸易组织7. NASA【答案】美国航空航天局8. OPEC【答案】石油输出国组织9. UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织10. account balance【答案】账户平衡11. automated teller machine 【答案】自动柜员机12. checks and balances【答案】制衡13. installment plan【答案】分期付款14. most-favored nation treatment 【答案】最惠国待遇15. bonded goods【答案】保税货物16. 报关【答案】custom clearance17. 恶性循环【答案】vicious cycle18. 节能【答案】energy-saving19. 贸易顺差【答案】trade surplus20. 优惠关税【答案】preferential duty21. 购货合同【答案】contract on purchase loans22. 安检【答案】security check23. 战略伙伴关系【答案】strategic partnership relationship24. 安理会常任理事国【答案】permanent member of the UN security council25. 关贸总协定【答案】general agreement tariff trade26. 自负盈亏【答案】be responsible for one’s own losses and profits27. 政企分开【答案】separation of enterprise management from government functions28. 液晶显示器【答案】LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)29. 载人航天计划【答案】manned space program30. 外向型经济【答案】export-oriented economy二、将下列段落译成汉语（60分）There are roughly three New Yorks. There is, first, the New York of the man or woman who was born here, who takes the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable. Second, there is the New York of the commuter - the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. Third, there is the New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something, the city that is a goal. It is this third city that accounts for New York's high-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements. Commuters give the city its tidal restlessness; naives give it solidity and continuity; but the settlers give it passion. And whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small grocery store in a slum, or a young girl arriving from a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignity of being observed by her neighbors, or a boy arriving from the Corn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in his heart, it makes no difference; each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love, each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company. The commuter is the queerest bird of all.The suburb he inhabits has no essential vitality of its own and is mere roost where he comes at day's end to go to sleep.(280 words)【参考译文】纽约人大体上有三类。

Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For eachsentence there are four choices Marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. Sometimes the single building is not particularly historic, butin with other buildings it takes on meaning.A. distinctionB. correlationC. designD. conjunction2. The interior of the concert hall is a feast, with a modemstateliness of line and color reigning throughout.A. remarkableB. visualC. glowingD. delicious3. The accelerated growth of public employment the dramatic expansion of budgets and programs.A. parallelsB. containsC. revolvesD. escapes4. The board of the company has decided to its operation to includeall aspects of the clothing business.A. extendB. enlargeC. expandD. amplify5.1 would scribble nil over this book than I would write on a valuable painting.A. rather notB. no moreC. neverD. not6. She will see to it that every Party member ___________ a copy ofthis document.A. will getB. get C: would get D. gets7. Is it true that those old houses are being pulled down new officeblocks?A. to accommodateB. to provide forC. to increaseD. to make roomfor8. X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make d etails that are otherwise impossible to observe.A. it visibleB. visiblyC. visibleD. they are visible。

2010年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题AGENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORGRADUATE STUDENTS(GETJUN2710)PAPER ONEPART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He has better hearing than others.B. He doesn't care what the woman may say.C. He is eager to know the news.D. He doesn't believe what the woman said.2. A. She thinks the camera is the latest style.B. She thinks the camera is multi-functional.C. She thinks the camera is small and fashionable.D. She doesn't think there's anything new with the camera.3. A. She asks the man to postpone the invitation.B. She tells the man to take a raincoat with him.C. She refuses the invitation because it is raining hard.D. She wants the man to pay the dinner check.4. A. The manager will report to the company.B. The manager will make trouble for the man.C. The manager will get into trouble.D. The manager will fire the man.5. A. She's not courageous enough.B. She didn't have enough time.C. She was afraid of the monster.D. She didn't like the game.6. A. He's broke. B. He's sick.C. He's very tired.D. He has something to do at home.7. A. Stock trading is not profitable.B. The stock market is always unstable.C. Stock trading is easier than the man said.D. Stock trading is not as easy as the man thinks.8. A. James is warm-hearted.B. James is a car technician.C. James knows the woman's car very well.D. James is very skillful in car repairing.9. A. Jake would do stupid things like this.B. The man's conclusion is not based on facts.C. The man shouldn't be on a date with another girl.D. Jake didn't tell the man's girlfriend about his date.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A. In 1984. B. In 1986. C. In 1992. D. In 1996.11. A. Almost 25 billion dollars. B. Almost 2.5 billion dollars.C. Almost 25 million dollars.D. Almost 2.5 million dollars.12. A. Her family. B. Her mother. C. Her father. D. Herself.Mini-talk Two13. A. It covers an area of more than 430 hectares.B. It took more than 16 years to complete.C. The lakes and woodlands were all built by human labor.D. The two designers of the park were from Britain.14. A. 7 kilometers. B. 9 kilometers.C. 39 kilometers.D. 93 kilometers.15. A. Baseball, football and volleyball.B. Basketball, baseball and football.C. Basketball, football and hockey.D. Chess, baseball and table tennis.Section CDirections: In this section you will bear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.16. The new exhibit is called " ______ ."17. The Family of Man show was designed to express the connections that ______.18. The new exhibit was held at ______.19. The new exhibit is divided into several parts:"Children of Man,""Family of Man,""Cities of Man,""Faith of Man", and"______"20. The theme that comes out is really the unity of mankind that ______.PART ⅡVOCABULARYSection ADirections: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. If a country turned inward and insulated itself, the result would be a diminished standard of living.A. worshipedB. splitC. innovatedD. isolated22. The values and beliefs will dictate the direction of your pursuit as well as your life.A. ruleB. shapeC. alterD. complicate23. Studies have proved that smart people tend to be smart across different kinds of realms.A. realitiesB. fieldsC. occupationsD. courses24. Humans are beginning to realize that raising food animals contributes substantially to climate change.A. physicallyB. materiallyC. considerablyD. favorably25. This peer-reviewed journal has a specific emphasis on effective treatment of acute pain.A. urgentB. severeC. sternD. sensitive26. One way to maintain social stability is to crack down on crime while creating more jobs.A. clamp down onB. settle down toC. look down uponD. boil down to27. The city council decided to set up a school devoted exclusively to the needs of problem children.A. forcefullyB. externallyC. reluctantlyD. entirely28. City residents have a hard time trying to avoid contact with hazardous chemicals in daily life.A. dangerousB. prevalentC. novelD. invasive29. The most important aspect of maintaining a healthy diet is whether you can stick to it.A. insist onB. dwell onC. coincide withD. adhere to30. I tried to talk my daughter into dining out in a nearby restaurant that evening, but in vain.A. to my surpriseB. on her ownC. to no effectD. to some extentSection BDirections: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.31. We won't have safe neighborhoods unless we're always ______ on drug criminals.A. toughB. roughC. thoroughD. enough32. The challenge for us is to ______ these new states in building a more prosperous future.A. participateB. engageC. commitD. contribute33. Forty-five years of conflict and ______ between East and West are now a thing of the past.A. convictionB. compatibilityC. collaborationD. confrontation34. Few people know the shape of the next century, for the genius of a free people______ prediction.A. deniesB. defiesC. repliesD. relies35. These countries are ______ concluding a free trade agreement to propel regional development.A. on the verge ofB. in the interest ofC. on the side ofD. at the expense of36. We'll continue along the road ______ by our presidents more than seventy years ago.A. given outB. made outC. wiped outD. mapped out37. When you win, your errors are ______; when you lose, your errors are magnified.A. expandedB. obscuredC. cultivatedD. exaggerated38. Although in her teens, the eldest daughter had to quit school to help ______ the family.A. provide forB. head forC. fall forD. go for39. Carbon ______ refers to the total set of greenhouse gases emissions caused by an organization.A. fingerprintB. footstepC. footprintD. blueprint40. There is no question that ours is a just cause and that good will ______.A. vanishB. wanderC. witherD. prevailPART ⅢCLOZE TESTDirections: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.When people search online, they leave a trail that remains stored on the central computers of firms such as Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. Analyzing what we're looking for on the Web can offer a remarkable (41) into our anxieties and enthusiasms. UK writer and Internet expert John Battelle wrote on his blog, "This can tell us (42) things about who we are and what we want as a (43) ." Google's experimental service Google Trends, for example, compares the numbers of people searching for different words and phrases from 2004 to the present. According to these graphs, sometimes people's interests are obviously (44) the news agenda: when the Spice Girls announce a reunion, there's an immediate (45) to find out more about them. Other results are strikingly seasonal: people go shopping online for coats in winter and short pants in summer.The most fascinating possibility is that search data might help (46) people's behavior. When we search online for a certain brand of stereo system, we are surely indicating we're more (47) to buy that brand.Perhaps we search for a political candidate's name when we are thinking about (48) him or her. Maybe we even search for "stock market crash" or "recession" just before we start (49) our investments. This information could clearly be useful to a smart marketer--it's already how Google decides which (50) to show on its search results pages--or to a political campaign manager.41. A. investigation B. insight C. consideration D. prospect42. A. extraordinary B. obvious C. mysterious D. sensitive43. A. culture B. nation C. person D. mass44. A. reduced to B. resulting in C. backed up by D. driven by45. A. rush B. push C. charge D. dash46. A. presume B. preoccupy C. predict D. preserve47. A. liking B. alike C. like D. likely48. A. fighting against B. voting forC. believing inD. running for49. A. withdrawing from B. depositing inC. turning downD. adding to50. A. notices B. papersC. advertisementsD. statementsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSIONDirections: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneNew York's WCBS puts it in a way that just can't be better expressed: "It was an accident waiting to happen."15-year-old Alexa Longueira was wandering along the street in Staten Island, obliviously tapping text messages into her phone as she walked. Distracted by her phone, she failed to notice the open manhole (下水道窨井) in her path, and plunged into it, taking an unprepared bath of raw sewage along with receiving moderate injuries. Longueira called the dive "really gross, shocking and scary."It's not all Longueira's fault. The manhole shouldn't have been left unco vered and unattended, and no warning signs or hazard cones had been set up near the work site.A worker with New York's Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), who was preparing to flush the sewage, helped her out, and the department later issued a formal apology for the incident.Nonetheless, observers are harshly divided over who is to blame here. The DEP is certainly at fault for failing to secure the manhole, but to what extent should the girl be held accountable for failure to be aware of her surroundings? If she had stepped into traffic and been hit by a car, would her reaction (that is: anger and a potential lawsuit) be any different?Detachment from one's environment due to electronic gadgets is a growing problem--and a hazardous one. The government is even trying to get involved, with multiple laws on the books across the country outlawing cell phone use and text messaging while operating a motor vehicle in the wake of serious accidents involving distracted drivers. New York Senator Kruger even tried to criminalize the use of handheld devices (including phones, music players, and game players) by pedestrians while they are crossing streets in major New York cities, due to concerns over the number of auto vs. pedestrian accidents.Following a substantial outcry, that legislation appears never to have been formally introduced. But did Kruger have a point?What interested me, at least, is the end of the stow above that Longueira lost a shoe in the sewage. But since other things are not reported as lost, I'm guessing she appears to have managed to keep her grip on her phone during the accident.51. By "It was an accident waiting to happen" , New York's WCBS meant that______.A. the accident should have been avoidableB. this kind of accidents happen frequentlyC. somebody was glad to see what would happenD. an open manhole is sure a trap for careless pedestrians52. When the girl fell into the open manhole, she ______.A. was seriously hurtB. was frightenedC. took a bath in the raw sewageD. cried help to the DEP worker53. According to the author, who was to blame for the accident?A. The girl herself.B. The DEP worker.C. Both of them.D. Nobody.54. According to the passage, which of the following is illegal in the U.S.?A. Talking on a cell phone while driving.B. Text messaging while walking across a street.C. Operating music players while driving.D. Operating game players while walking across a street.55. The phrase "in the wake of"(Para.5) is closest in meaning to "______".A. in view ofB. on condition ofC. as far asD. with regard to56. The author found it funny that the girl had ______.A. lost a shoe in the sewage in the accidentB. reported nothing lost after the accidentC. got a firm hold of her phone during the accidentD. managed to keep herself upright in the manholePassage TwoAccording to a study, intellectual activities make people eat more than when just resting. This has shed new light on brain food. This finding might also help explain the obesity epidemic of a society in which people often sit.Researchers split 14 university student volunteers into three groups for a 45-minute session of either relaxing in a sitting position, reading and summarizing a text, or completing a series of memory, attention, and alert tests on the computer. After the sessions, the participants were invited to eat as much as they pleased.Though the study involved a very small number of participants, the results were stark. The students who had done the computer tests downed 253 more calories or 29.4 percent more than the couch potatoes. Those who had summarized a text consumed 203 more calories than the resting group.Blood samples taken before, during, and after revealed that intellectual work causes much bigger fluctuations in glucose(葡萄糖) levels than rest periods, perhaps owing to the stress of thinking.The researchers figure the body reacts to these fluctuations by demanding food to restore glucose--the brain's fuel. Glucose is converted by the body from carbohydrates (碳水化合物) and is supplied to the brain via the bloodstream. The brain cannot make glucose and so needs a constant supply. Brain cells need twice as much energy as other cells in the body.Without exercise to balance the added intake, however, such "brain food" is probably not smart. Various studies in animals have shown that consuming fewer calories overall leads to sharper brains and longer life, and most researchers agree that the findings apply, in general, to humans.And, of course, eating more can make you fat."Caloric overcompensation following intellectual work, combined with the fact that we are less physically active when doing intellectual tasks, could contribute to the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized countries," said lead researcher Jean-Philippe Chaput at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada. "This is a factor that should not be ignored, considering that more and more people hold jobs of an intellectual nature," the researcher concluded.57. The passage mainly tells us that ______.A. consuming fewer calories can lead to sharper brainsB. thinking consumed more calories than restingC. resting more can make people fatD. brain cells need more energy than other cells in the body58. It is implied that to avoid obesity, people who have to sit long should ______.A. think more and eat lessB. increase the intake of vitaminsC. skip some mealsD. eat less potatoes59. The word "stark" in the 3rd paragraph is closest in meaning to "______".A. negativeB. obscureC. absoluteD. ambiguous60. According to the research, which of the following activities consumed the most calories?A. Relaxing in a sitting position.B. Reading professional books.C. Summarizing a text.D. Completing tests on the computer.61. According to the passage, eating less may make people ______.A. smarterB. less intelligentC. more emotionalD. live a shorter life62. One of the reasons for the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized countries is that in these countries ______.A. people take different exercisesB. fewer people watch their weightC. fewer people hold physical jobsD. foods are much cheaperPassage ThreeOne of the simple pleasures of a lazy summer day is to be able to enjoy a refreshing slice of watermelon either at the beach, at a picnic, or fresh from the farmer's market. Delicious and nutritious, watermelon is one of those guilt-free foods we can all enjoy: one cup of watermelon packs only about 50 calories! Watermelons are not only cooling treats for when the mercury starts to rise; they are also loaded with healthy nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, lycopene (番茄红素 ), and etc. Vitamins A and C and lycopene are antioxidants, which are substances that work to help get rid of the harmful effects of substances.Research has suggested that a diet high in fruits and vegetables that have plenty of antioxidants can reduce the risk of heart disease, some cancers, and some other dangerous diseases. A cup of watermelon provides 25% of the recommended daily value of vitamin C and 6% of the recommended daily value of vitamin A. Additionally, researchers have found that lycopene, a nutrient most traditionally associated with tomatoes, is found in equal or greater quantities in watermelon. Watermelons also provide significant amounts of vitamin B6 and vitamin B1, both of which are necessary for energy production. In combination with the minerals and vitamins already described, these B vitamins add to the high nutrient richness of watermelon. Due to its high water content (watermelon is 92% water by weight) and low calorie count, watermelon is a good choice to satisfy your hunger while you try to eat a healthy diet. Think of them as nature's answer to the heavily marketed "vitamin water" craze.Besides the textured, watery flesh of the fruit, watermelon seeds are also widely eaten as a snack. They are rich in iron and protein and are often pressed for oil or roasted and seasoned.So if you are planning on dining outdoor this summer, or simply looking for a quick and convenient refreshment to serve to unexpected company or reckless children, reach for watermelon. The kids will enjoy its crisp taste and messy juices, the adults will enjoy its refreshing flavors, and everyone will benefit from its nutritious value.63. We don't feel guilt even if we eat more watermelon because ______.A. it is deliciousB. it is nutritiousC. it contains low caloriesD. it contains antioxidants64. The phrase "when the mercury starts to rise" (Para. 1) probably means "______".A. in summer eveningsB. on sunny daysC. when people are thirstyD. when it is getting hot65. How many cups of watermelon can satisfy the daily need for vitamin C?A. 1.B. 2.C. 3.D. 4.66. By saying "Think of them as nature's answer to the heavily marketed" vitamin water "craze", the author means ______.A. watermelon can take the place of vitaminsB. with watermelon, people don't have to buy vitamin waterC. natural foods are much better than the manufactured onesD. the vitamin water has been over-advertised67. Watermelon seeds are often ______.A. fried in oilB. stored for seasonsC. prepared with spiceD. pressed before being cooked68. The best title of the passage is ______.A. Watermelon--the Most Enjoyable RefreshmentB. The Wonders of WatermelonC. The Nutrients in WatermelonD. Watermelon--the Best Summer Food for ChildrenPassage FourInitial voyages into space introduced questions scientists had never before considered. Could an astronaut swallow food in zero gravity? To keep things simple, astronauts on the Project Mercury ate foods squeezed out of tubes. It was like serving them baby food in a toothpaste container.But these early tube meals were flavorless, and astronauts dropped too many pounds. "We know that astronauts have lost weight in every American and Russian manned flight," wrote NASA scientists Malcolm Smith in 1969. "We don't know why." Feeding people in space was not as easy as it looked.Floating around in space isn't as relaxing as it might sound. Astronauts expend a lot of energy and endure extreme stresses on their bodies. Their dietary requirements are therefore different from those of their gravity-bound counterparts on Earth. For example, they need extra calcium to compensate for bone loss. 'A low-salt diet helps slow the process, but there are no refrigerators in space, and salt is often used to help preserve foods," says Vickie Kloeris of NASA. "We have to be very careful of that." By the Apollo missions, NASA had developed a nutritionally balanced menu with a wide variety of options. Of course, all the items were freeze-dried or heat- treated to kill bacteria, and they didn't look like regular food.Today, the most elaborate outer-space meals are consumed in the International Space Station (ISS), where astronauts enjoy everything from steak to chocolate cake. The ISS is a joint venture between the U.S. and Russia, and diplomatic guidelines dictate the percentage of food an astronaut must eat from each country. NASA's food laboratory has 185 different menu items, Russia offers around 100, and when Japan sent up its first crew member in 2008, about 30 dishes came with him. Due to dietary restrictions and storage issues, astronauts still can't eat whatever they want whenever they feel like it.In 2008, NASA astronaut and ISS crew member Sandra Magnus became the first person to try to cook a meal in space. It took her over an hour to cook onions and garlic in the space station's food warmer, but she managed to create a truly delicious dish: grilled tuna (金枪鱼) in a lemon-garlic-ginger sauce---eaten from a bag, of course.69. Which of the following is true about the early space meals?A. They had to be eaten from a bag.B. They tasted better than they looked.C. They could not make eating as easy as possible.D. They were not nutritious enough for astronauts.70. It seems that astronauts' weight loss ______.A. was an unusual problem among astronautsB. was what puzzled the early scientistsC. caused new problems in space flightsD. drew the attention of the general public71. According to Vickie Kloeris, serving a low-salt diet in space ______.A. is easier said than doneB. is not absolutely necessaryC. has worked as expectedD. will be the future trend72. In the International Space Station,______.A. there is enough space to store enough foods for astronautsB. there is a selection of flavored foods from a dozen countriesC. astronauts in general prefer foods from their own countriesD. astronauts' need to eat their favorite foods can't always be met73. It can be learned that Sandra Magnus' cooking in space ______.A. left much to be desiredB. wasn't worth the effortC. was quite satisfactoryD. has inspired the others74. The passage mainly introduces ______.A. the variety of food options in spaceB. the dietary need of astronauts in spaceC. the problems of living in the space stationD. the improvement of food offered in spacePassage FiveIs it possible to be both fat and fit--not just fit enough to exercise, but fit enough to live as long as someone a lot lighter? Not according to a 2004 study from the Harvard School of Public Health which looked at 115,000 nurses aged between 30 and 55. Compared with women who were both thin and active, obese (overweight) but active women had a mortality rate that was 91% higher. Though far better than the inactive obese (142% higher), they were still worse off than the inactive lean (5% higher). A similar picture emerged in 2008 after researchers examined 39,000 women with an average age of 54. Compared with active women of normal weight, the active but overweight were 54% more likely to develop heart disease.That's settled, then. Or is it? Steven Blair, a professor of exercise science at the University of South Carolina, describes the official focus on obesity as an "obsession ... and it's not grounded in solid data".Blair's most fascinating study, in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2007, took 2,600 people aged 60 and above, of various degrees of fatness, and tested their fitness on the exercise device, rather than asking them to quantify it themselves. This is an unusually rigorous approach, he claims, since many rival surveys ask participants to assess their own fitness, or ignore it as a factor altogether."There is an 'association' between obesity and fitness," he agrees, "but it is not perfect. As you progress towards overweight, the percentage of individuals who are fit does go down. But here's a shock: among class Ⅱ obese individuals [with a body mass index between 35 and 39.9], about 40% or 45% are still fit. You simply cannot tell by looking whether someone is fit or not. When we look at these mortality rates in fatpeople who are fit, we see that the harmful effect of fat just disappears: their death rate during the next decade is half that of the normal weight people who are unfit." One day--probably about a hundred years from now--this fat-but-fit question will be answered without the shadow of a doubt. In the meantime, is there anything that all the experts agree on? Oh yes: however much your body weighs, you'll live longer if you move it around a bit.75. It can be learned that the 2008 research ______.A. posed a challenge to the 2004 studyB. confirmed the findings of the 2004 studyC. solved the problems left behind by the 2004 studyD. had a different way of thinking from the 2004 study76. Steven Blair probably describes the previous studies as ______.A. unreliableB. uncreativeC. unrealisticD. untraditional77. The major difference between Blair's study and the previous research is that______.A. Blair excluded the participants' fitness as a factorB. Blair guessed the participants' fitness after weighing themC. Blair required the participants to assess their own fitnessD. Blair evaluated the participants' fitness through physical tests78. Blair's study proves that ______.A. the weight problem should be taken seriouslyB. weight and fitness are strongly connectedC. it is possible to be both fat and fitD. fat people have a higher death rate79. It can be seen from the description of these studies that the author ______.A. shows no preference for any researcherB. finds no agreement between the researchersC. obviously favors the Blair studyD. obviously favors the Harvard study80. The purpose of writing this passage is to ______.A. call on people to pay attention to weight problemB. present the different findings of various weight studiesC. compare the strength and weakness of different studiesD. offer suggestions on how to remain fit and live longerPAPER TWOPART ⅤTRANSLATIONSection ADirections: Put the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The reason for not classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutant is that it is a natural component of the atmosphere and needed by plants to carry out biological synthesis. No one would argue that carbon dioxide is a necessary component of the atmosphere any more than one would argue the fact that Vitamin D is necessary in the human diet. However, excess intake of Vitamin D can be extremely toxic. Living systems, be they an ecosystem or an organism, require that a delicate balance be maintained between certain compounds in order for the system to function normally. When the excess presence of one substance threatens the wellbeing of an ecosystem, it becomes toxic despite the fact that it is required in small quantities.Section B。

2010年南开大学MTI硕士考研英汉互译真题汇编各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

第2卷：英汉互译Part 1: 词汇翻译（30 POINTS）EUFAOL/COECDPODWTONASAOPECUNESCOaccount balanceautomated teller machinechecks and balancesmost-favored nation treatmentinstallment planbonded good 报关恶性循环节能贸易顺差优惠关税购货合同安检战略伙伴关系安理会常任理事国关贸总协定自负盈亏政企分开液晶显示器载人航天计划外向型经济Part 2: 篇章翻译（120 POINTS）Text AThere are roughly three New Yorks. There is, first, the New York of the man or woman who was born here, who takes the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable. Second, there is the New York of the commuter—the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. Third, there is the New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something. Of these three trembling cities the greatest is the last—the city of final destinations, the city that is a goal. It is this third city that accounts for New York’s high-string disposition, its poetical deportment, and its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements. Commuters give the city its tidal restlessness; natives give it solidity and continuity; but the settlers give it passion. And whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small grocery store in a slum, or a young girl arriving from a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignity of being observed by her neighbors, or a boy arriving from the Corn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in his heart, it makes no difference: each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love, each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company. The commuter is the queerest bird of all. The suburb be inhabits has no essential vitality of its own and is mere roost-where he comes at day’s end to go to sleep.Text B中国是一个人口众多、历史悠久的国家。

南开大学2010年博士研究生入学考试试题I Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)（略）Part II. Vocabulary (15 questions, 15 points, 1 point each)Directions: Choose the one word or phrase which you think closest in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence in its context and mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21 With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ____ high-tech industries.A. given upB. stepped asideC. stood alongD. yielded to22 Economic activity has been organized on the ____ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century.A.gistB. notionC. rationale D premise23. Owing to a/an____ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.A. acuteB. stressfulC. demandingD. urgent24 The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed_____two hundred years ago.A. originalB. eccentricC. terrificD. splendid25 The policy ________ it necessary for the town's safety to arrest most speeders.A. narratedB. elaboratedC. deemedD. commended26 If you do something on______, you do it because you suddenly want to，although you haven't planned to.A. impulseB. pulseC. impromptuD. Imminence27 We had no computer back-up and had to rely on old paper files to_____the records we lost.A. remedyB. reconditionC. reconstructD. register28 A ____is an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest.A. conventionB. congressC. symposiumD. conference29 In some cases nowadays concerning job hunting, one had to _____1,000 competitors to get a position.A. stand outB. edge outC. squeeze inD. jostle against30 A ____is a person who knows a great deal about a particular subject and whose advice on it may be taken by others.A. consulB. mentorC. eliteD. pundit31 Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into____，investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. perspectiveC. vision D horizon32 There was not________of evidence to suggest that he committed the crimes, so the case was dismissed in the court.A. scrapB. screwC. scratchD. scrape33 The basic_____ of their philosophy is that everyone should be free to do as they please, so long as they do not harm others.A. requisiteB. conceptionC. premiseD. opinion34 The spring of last year witnessed the ____________of the strange weather.A. adaptationB. shiftC. vicissitudeD. kaleidoscope35 Countless billions of____sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.A. secondB. minuteC. hourD. dayPart Three Reading Comprehension (20 questions, 40 points, 2 points each) Directions: In this section, there are five passages. Read/he passages and questions carefully and make your choices that you think would best complete the statements or best answer the questions by marking them on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1.No matter what you think about testing rends, one thing is clear: as long as there is teaching and learning, there will be testing. But how much credit do those charts and numbers deserve?When you review a school's test scores at a school board meeting, always look beyond the basic numbers. The scores for a single school in a single year have limited value for judging school performance. Equally important is “trend data”一test scores from several years that show you how a school's performance has changed over time. Additionally, comparing a school to other schools with similar demographics may give your perspective on where the school stands relative to other schools like it. You can also learn a lot from data that is broken down by ethnic group and socioeconomic level. A school is only truly successful when it achieves high performance with students across all ethnic and social groups.On the other hand, the next time you hear somebody say.” T hat school is the best in the district because it has the highest test scores,” make a point to respond: “I’d love to know moreIabout what’s happening at the school that accounts for those scores, but I can’t assume that it’s the best school just based on one piece of evidence. What you know about the school's teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?” Take time to investigate these other measures of school quality before making judgments about a school. To communicate with your child certainly is the final way. Raise your hand if you've heard some stories about students begging to stay home on test day. Is this level of anxiety appropriate? The correct answer is no! When your child’s class is preparing for its annual standardized testing marathon, let your child know that while you hope she does her best on the test, it's not a competition. Explain that the results may help her and her teacher understand the areas where she might be especially strong or where she may need to focus more.36 The second paragraph implies that when you review a school's test scores. .A. you should give priority to the stores for this yearB. you should take into an account the performance of the students across all ethnic and social groupsC. you needn't refer to the test scores in the past several yearsD. you don ’t need to compare a school with others since you are only concerned about your children's scores37 According to the author, when we evaluate the quality of a school, the fo llowing factors should be involved EXCEPT .A. teaching methodsB. leadership of the principalC. relationship with other schoolsD. safely38 In the last paragraph of this passage, the word “anxiety” in the sentence “I s this level of anxiety appropriate?” implies the child's serious concern about.A. strict teachersB. competitive examC. unsafe conditions of the schoolD. no care from the parents 39 What is the most proper title for this passage ?A. Get Smart about School Test ScoresB. Don't Look up lo the Test ScoresC. The Scores Matter a LotD. Deal Better with the Child and ScoresPassage TwoThere are four basic types of competition in business that form. a continuum from pure competition through monopolistic competition and oligopoly (商品供应垄断) to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, pure competition results when every company has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in pure competition. In pure competition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.In contrast, in monopolistic competition several companies may compete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of monopolistic competition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.Oligopoly occurs when a few companies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly, serious competition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for every company in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather than competition, that protects and influences sales.40 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Monopolies：B. The Commodity MarketC. The Competition ContinuumD. The Best Type of Competition41 An example of a product in monopolistic competition is .A. cornB. electricityC. airline ticketsD. coffee42 What does the author mean by the statement "Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously also usual"?A. It is not unusual for all companies to increase prices at the same time.IB. It is common for companies to compete for customers by lowering prices.C. Customers may lose money when companies have price wars.D. Prices are lower during price wars, but they are usually higher afterward.43 The word "it" in paragraph 3 refers toA. a product or serviceB. competitionC. revenueD. oligopolyPassage ThreeIn August 2004, Duke University provided free iPods to its entire freshman class. The next month, a Korean education firm offered free downloadable college entrance exam lectures to students who purchased an iRiver personal multimedia player. That October, a financial trading firm in Chicago was reportedly assessing the hand-eye coordination of traders’ using GameBoys. Yet while such innovative applications abound, the use of technology in education and training is far from new, a fact as true in language classrooms as it is in medical schools.Practically since their availability, a succession of audiovisual recording devices (e.g., reel-to-reel, VCRs, PCs) has been used to capture language samples, and myriad playback and broadcast devices (e.g., phonographs, radios, televisions) have provided access to authentic speech samples. The espousal of audiolingual theory in the 1950s brought the widespread use of the language laboratory in educational settings. Influenced by behaviorism, the lab was progressively replaced in the 1960s by drill-based computer-assisted instruction, which decades later was itself surpassed by a more intelligent, interactive and multimedia computer-assisted language learning. The popular acceptance of the Internet in the 1990s advanced the development of computer-mediated communications.As technologies continue to evolve, so does their propensity to shrink in size. "Other technologies that hold the capacity for language learning include PDAs, multimedia cellular phones, MP3 players, DVD players, and digital dictionaries". Such portable media —referred to in popular and scholarly literature as mobile, wireless, handheld or nomadic —are now social staples. Mobile learning, or m-learning, is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement, further evidenced by European initiatives such as m-learning and Mobilearn. In this paper, applied fusions of m-learning and language learning follow, after which their benefits and challenges are reviewed.44 What is the article introduction specifically deals with?A. language learningB. Emerging technologyC. Mobile assisted language learningD. Wired learning45 The word " espousal ",in paragraph two can be best replaced byA. advocateB. supportC. ideaD. perception46 Mobile learning is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement in the sense that you can study withoutA. iPhoneB. laptopC. PDAD. desktop computer47 Behaviorism language learning strategy does not include:,A. pattern drillsB. learner autonomyC. rote memorizationD. repetitionPassage FourMost Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greats happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our cultures. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing "organization man" with an independent individual.Modern industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the "alienated" man. He is alienated in the sense that his actions, and his own forces have become estranged form him; they stand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him. His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols. They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits. Alienated man bows down before the works of his own hands. He experiences himself not as the active bearer of his own forces and riches but as an impoverished "thing", dependent on other things outside of himself. He is the prisoner of the very econo mic and political circumstances which he has created.Since our economic organizations is based on continuous and ever-increasing consumption (think of the threat to our economy if people did not buy a new car until their old one was really obsolete), contemporary industrial man is encouraged to be consumption-crazy, Without any real enjoyment, he "takes in" drink, food, cigarettes, sights, lectures, books, movies, television, any new kind of gadget. The world has become one great maternal breast, and man has become the eternal suckling, forever expectant, forever disappointed.In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucracy in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higherIwages, fringe benefits, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.48 Modem industrialized society needs men who are. A. individualistic in their tastesB. capable of commanding the social machineC. obedient and submissiveD. free and independent49 An alienated man is one who is . A. in control of economic and political circumstances B. ruled by the things he createsC. worshipped as an idolD. more interested in women than in sports cars50 Which of the following is Not a characteristic of modem industrial society?A. Ever increasing consumptionB. BureaucracyC. Ever-increasing power of manD. Automated machines51 The word "prisoner"，in the last sentence of paragraph 2 closely mean'sA. the person who is detained by policeB. the person who is being put behind barC. the person who is confined to his circumstancesD. the person who is being kept away from the normal lifePassage FiveThere is a confusion about two distinct questions: (a) will computers made books obsolete? and (b) will computers make written and printed material obsolete?Let us suppose that computers will make books disappear (I do not think this will happen and I shall elaborate later on this point, but let us suppose so for the sake of the argument). Still, this would not entail the disappearance of printed material. We have seen that it was wishful thinking to hope that computers, and particularly word processors, would have helped to save trees. Computers encourage the production of printed material. We can imagine a culture in which there will be no books, and yet where people go around with tons and tons of unbound sheets of paper. This will be quite unwieldy, and will pose a new problem for libraries.Debray has observed that the fact that Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book is not independent of the fact that it was a nomadic civilization. I think that this remark is very important. Egyptians could carve their records on stone obelisks, Moses could not. If you want to cross the Red Sea, a book is a more practical instrument for recording wisdom. By the way, another nomadic civilization, the Arabic one, was based upon a book, and privileged writing upon images.But books also have an advantage with respect to computers. Even if printed on acid paper, which lasts only seventy years or so, they are more durable than magnetic supports. Moreover, they do not suffer power shortages and blackouts, and are more resistant to shocks. As Bolter remarked, "it is unwise to try to predict technological change more than few years in advance," but it is certain that, up to now at least, books still represent the most economical, flexible, wash-and-wear way to transport information at a very low cost.Electronic communication travels ahead of you, books travel with you and at your speed, but if you are shipwrecked on a desert island, a book can be useful, while a computer cannot -- as Landow remarks, electronic texts need a reading station and a decoding device. Books are still the best companions for a shipwreck, or for the Day After.I am pretty sure that new technologies will render obsolete many kinds of books, like encyclopedias and manuals. Take for example the Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited. When finished it will probably contain more information than the Encyclopedia Britannica (or Treccani or Larousse), with the advantage that it permits cross-references and nonlinear retrieval of information. The whole of the compact disks, plus the computer, will occupy one-fifth of the space occupied by an encyclopedia. The encyclopedia cannot be transported as the CD-ROM can, and cannot be easily updated; it does not have the practical advantages of a normal book, therefore it can be replaced by a CD-ROM, just a phone book can. The shelves today occupied, at my home as well as in public libraries, by meters and meters of encyclopedia volumes could be eliminated in the next age, and there will be no reason to lament their disappearance. For the same reason today I no longer need a heavy portrait painted by an indifferent artist, for I can send my sweetheart a glossy and faithful photograph. Such a change in the social functions of painting has not made painting obsolete, not even the realistic paintings of Annigoni, which do not fulfill the function of portraying a person, but of celebrating an important person, so that the commissioning, the purchasing, and the exhibition of such portraits acquire aristocratic connotations.Books will remain indispensable not only for literature, but for any circumstance in which one needs to read carefully, not only to receive information but also to speculate and to reflect about it.ITo read a computer screen is not the same as to read a book. Think of the process of learning how to use a piece of software. Usually the system is able to display on the screen all the instructions you need. But the users who want to learn the program generally either print the instructions and read them as if they were in book form, or they buy a printed manual (let me skip over the fact that currently all the manuals that come with a computer, on-line or off-line, are obviously written by irresponsible and tautological idiots, while commercial handbooks are written by intelligent people). It is possible to conceive of a visual program that explains very well how to print and bind a book, but in order to get instructions on how to write such a computer program, we need a printed manual.After having spent no more than twelve hours at a computer console, my eyes are like two tennis balls, and I feel the need to sit comfortably down in an armchair and read a newspaper, or maybe a good poem. It seems to me that computers are/diffusing a new form of literacy but are incapable of satisfying all the intellectual needs they are stimulating. In my periods of optimism I dream of a computer generation which, compelled to read a computer screen, gets acquainted with reading from a screen, but at a certain moment feels unsatisfied and looks for a different, more relaxed, and differently-committing form of reading.52 “Hebrew civilization was a civili zat ion based upon a book” indicates that printed books will beA. preserved permanentlyB. perused widelyC. repaired when damagedD. transcribed as heritage.53 The advantages of the printed books include all of the following exceptA. being less durable than magnetic supports.B. not suffering power shortages and blackoutsC. being more resistant to shocksD. transporting information at a very low cost.54 The example of Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited shows thatA. CD-Rom can store more informationB. The space is left on shelvesC. the e-encyclopedia is more superiorD. The disappearance of normal print is a grief.55 By comparison ，The author likes to do readingA. onlineB. off lineC. at leisureD. during the adventurePart Four Close (15 questions, 15 points, 1 point each)Directions: Read the article below andftli in each of (he blanks with one suitable word or phrase by marking your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.For example, 66 sixteen hours an electronic brain solved a difficult design problem. First, it was _67_ all the information necessary for designing a chemical plant. After running through 16. 000 possible designs, it 68 the plan for the plant that would produce the most chemical at the lowest cost. Then it issued a printed set of exact 69 . Before it solved this problem, a team of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs.70 of which was as efficient as the computer’s.56 A. using B. in use C. being used D. used57 A. at B. with C. in D. of58 A. use B. spend C take D. demand59 A. can any person B. any person can C. any person D. any person do60 A. carefully worked out B. worked out carefullyC. carefully works out D works out carefully61 A. Many B. all kinds of C. a great number of D. a wide range of62 A. take B. keep C. bring D. get63 A. that B. how C. any D. what64 A. pour them out B. drive them out C. stamp them out D. get rid of them65 A. Except B. Except for C. Besides D. In spite of66 A. for B. within C. on D. beyondI67 A. input B. fed C. sent D. planted68 A. picked out B. formed C. had D. worked69 A. numbers B. figures C. details D. specifications 70 A. none B. one C. any D. allPart Five Writing (I question. 15 points)Direction ： Write an essay (200-300 words, according to the topic givenSome people say that social change occurs more quickly in heterogeneous societies (where there is a mixture of different kinds of people) than in homogeneous ones (where people are similar in many ways).Write an essay comparing the two kinds of societies and explain in which you think social changes is most likely to occur.。

南开大学基础英语考研真题南开大学基础英语考研复习都是有依据可循的,考研学子关注事项流程为：考研报录比-大纲-参考书-资料-真题-复习经验-辅导-复试-导师，缺一不可。

作为一枚参加过去年南开大学基础英语科目研究生入学考试的考生一枚，基础英语是外国语言学及应用语言学专业的独有考试科目，在说这一科目的考研真题信息之前，笔者想先分享一下备考用的参考书教材。

这是因为，南开大学自2014年开始不再提供参考书目，转为提供考试大纲，而很多同学在辅导资料和参考教材的选择上拿不定主意。

学长我就把自己去年用的书目列在下面给大家参考参考吧（需要的同学赶紧记下来吧）：（1）语言学基础《语言导论》（第七版）；（2）An introduction to Language(7th edn.)V.Fromkin,R.Rodman,N.Hyams 北京大学出版社，2004；（3）《语言学教程》胡壮麟北京大学出版社，2001；（4）《南开大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研红宝书（基础英语+语言学基础）》，由天津考研网主编。

接下来就是真题内容了，在天津考研网主编的这本《南开大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研红宝书（基础英语+语言学基础）》资料中，具体包含的真题内容有：南开大学基础英语1999-2016年考研真题；南开大学基础英语2004-2012年考研试题参考答案；南开大学基础英语2007-2012年考研真题解析，“南开大学基础英语考研真题解析（答案+讲解视频）”，可直接搜索；南开大学语言学基础2004-2012、2015、2016年考研真题；南开大学语言学基础2004-2006、2008-2012年考研试题参考答案；南开大学二外日语、二外德语、二外法语、二外俄语2005-2012年试题（任选其一，其中二外日语包含2013年原版真题和2005-2010年详细参考答案）。

我建议大家第一遍做真题的时候不限时但是要计时，并做好记录；而且，每套题要一气呵成，不要间断，做完再统一对答案。

[考研类试卷]2010年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 historical linguistics2 coarticulation3 complementary distribution4 inflectional affix5 semantic broadening6 logical form7 psycholinguistics8 syllabus9 performative act10 interlanguage二、音标题11 The typical format of a phonological rule is given asA→B/X______YYou are required to write out the structural description(SD)and the structuralchange(SC)of the rule.12 Linking-r in British RPThe phenomenon of linking-r in British RP is illustrated by the data given below:You are required to develop an analysis into the phenomenon of linking-r, based on the data given above. Illustrate your analysis with the words bar and barring.(Hint: underlying representation and phonological rules are relevant to your analysis.)13 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process in English:You are required to name the type of morphological process at work in Column 1, Column 2, Column 3 and Column 4, respectively.14 State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English. Compounds Verb Phrasesfoot-warmers [I]warmed my feetman-eating [She]eats an applebrainwash [He was]washing disheshaircut [The boy]cuts a piece of paper三、简答题15 The following phrases include a head, a complement and(in some cases)a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase.(1)[into the house]PP(3)[perhaps earned the money]VP (2)[full of mistakes]AP(4)[that argument with Owen]NP16 Give the deep structure of the sentence What can the boy sit on?, and transform the deep structure of the sentence into its surface structure, using two diagrams to demonstrate the process of transformation.17 The following sentences are semantically ambiguous:(A)Peter saw the lady when she was near the bank.(B)The captain met wealthy men and women.You are required to point out the source of semantic ambiguity for each sentence.18 If you ask somebody "Can you open the door?" and he answers "Yes" but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of Speech Act Theory.19 How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?20 In what ways can linguistics contribute to language learning research?21 In your understanding what roles do corpus data play in language studies? Part V22 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words).The main features of generative linguistics.23 Linguistics ideas of special importance developed in the Prague School.。