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Unit 1第一部分Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。
”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。
大学英语自学教程（上册）课后答案及释义UNIT2Unit 2第一部分Text A【课文译文】税、税、还是税美国人常说，人的一生有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和税收。
美国人并不垄断死亡市场，但许多人却感到美国以最重的赋税领先于世界。
税指人们为支持政府而缴纳的资金。
在美国通常有三级政府：联邦政府，州政府及市政府，因此就存在三种税。
收入超过几千元的工薪人士必须向联邦政府缴纳一定比率的税金。
这一比率因人而异，取决于各人的工资数。
联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率(14%～70%)随个人收入的增加而增加，由于高额税收，人们在4月15日很不愉快，因为这一天是缴纳税款的日子。
第二种税是缴纳给州政府的，这些州包括纽约，加利福尼亚，北达科他以及其他47个州中的任何一个。
一些州的收入所得税的收取办法同联邦政府的相似，当然其税率要低一些。
一些州设有销售税，即对你在该州所购买的任何商品所收的一定比率的税金。
比如，某人想买一包25美分的烟。
如果该州收取8%的销售税，那么买这包烟要花27美分，这一钱数就包括销售税。
一些州利用收入所得税外加销售税的办法来提高税收，各州的税收法规五花八门，令人费解。
第三种税是向市政府缴纳的。
这种税有两种：一种是财产税(拥有房屋的人都必须交税)，另一种是本国消费税，即对城市汽车所征收的税金。
城市将这些资金用于教育、警察和消防部门、公共设施及市政建设。
由于美国人须付高额税金，所以他们经常感到每周有一天纯粹是在为缴税而工作。
人们总是在抱怨税收太高。
他们常常抗议政府滥用他们的税金。
他们说政府将太多的钱花在无用且不符合实际的项目上了。
尽管美国人在很多问题上有不同的看法，但他们在一个话题上的意见总是一致的：税收太高。
【课文难点注释】1．The federal government has a graduated income tax,that is,the percentage of the tax increases as a person's income increases.(Para 3)联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率随个人收入的增加而增加。
《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案(珍藏版) Text AUnit 1Exercises for the TextI.1.d2.a3.c4.d5.dII.1.task2.intelligent3.research4.clue5.conclusion6.repeatmunicate8.purpose9.probably 10.outlineIII.1.Instead of2.therefore3.more...than4.even5.First of all6.because7.on the other hand8.finally9.looking for 10.ConverselyIV.1.Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.nguage learning is active learning.Therefore,successful learners should look for every chance to use the language.nguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful.4.Learning a language is different from learning maths.5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us. Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.success b.successful c.successfully2.a.indepence b.depend c.dependent3.a.covered b.uncover c.discovered4.a.purposeful b.purposefully c.purposeII.1.inexact2.technique3.outlinedmunicate5.regularly6.clues7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similar10.statementIII.1.disagree2.independent3.incomplete4.inexact5.uncoverIV.1.They find it hard to master a foreign language.2.The research shows that successful men are similar in many ways.3.Successful language learners do not only depend on the book or the teacher.4.We are willingto help our friends.5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T 10.FII.1.With the help of their fingers2."I am thirsty."3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water4.Put his hands on his stomach5.nothing but drinks6.much more exact7.meanings and can be put together into sentences8.form new sentences9.talk10.speakVocabulary ExercisesI.1.b2.a3.c4.e5.dII.1.B2.A3.B4.D5.A6.A7.C8.C9.C 10.B Grammar ExercisesI.whether 连词 towards 介词second 数词 hour 名词repeat 动词 successful 形容词not 副词 probably 副词than 连词 because 连词which 连词 even 副词intelligent 形容词 differ 动词regular 形容词 some 形容词/代词/副词into 介词 oh 感叹词seem 系动词 communicate 动词II.1.Let 动词 round 介词2.fresh 形容词 for 介词3.leave 名词 call 动词 on 介词 if 连词 spare 动词4.Even 副词 it 代词5.Where 连接副词 will 名词6.after 介词 calm 名词7.seem 系动词 those 代词 makes 名词8.without 介词 return 名词9.strict 形容词 work 动词10.news 名词 live 形容词 meeting 名词III.(斜体为主语，带下划线的为谓语）1.Most adults would disagree with this statement.2.How much time did they allow you for doing the work.3. I had a visit from Mary yesterday.4. China's stand on this questionis clear to all.5.Warm clothes protest against the cold of winter.6.What we need is more practice.7.There doesn't seem to be much chance of my getting job.8.In those days the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9.There are a number of people interested in the case.10.Every means has been tried but without much result. IV.1.a magazine (宾语）last night （状语）2.in need (定语）indeed (定语）3.outside your area (定语）telephoning long distance （主语补足语）4.your children (宾语）all day （状语）5.his direction （宾语）French （宾语）6.me (宾语）plenty of exercises (不定式宾语）7.long (宾语）to London （状语）8.those (宾语）who help themselves (从句作定语）9.her （宾语）above others （宾语补足语）10.to build a hotel in the village (定语）of the foreigners （定语）Unit 2Text AExercises for the TextI.1.a2.c3.a4.a5.cII.1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salaries paid to the goverment.2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increase.3. Property tax is that people who own a home have to pay taxes on it.4. Exercise tax is charged on cars in a city.5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.III.1.due2.depends on3.diverse4.consists of5.simila6.tends toplaining about8.In addition to9.issue 10.agreed onIV.1.How much do you charge for a haircut.2.We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross.3.He has earned a good reputation for honsety.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protests the government's foreign policy.V.1.Every citizen is obliged to pay taxes.(It is obligatory on every citizen to pay taxes)(It is every citizen's duty to pay taxes.)2.Americans often say that there are two things they can be sure of in life.3.There are generally three levels of government in the United States; therefore,there are three types of taxes.4.Some states charge income tax in addition to a sales tax.5.Americans complain that taxes are too high and the government uses them in the wrong way.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a. percent b. percentage c. percent2.a. adds b. addition c. additional3.a. confused b. confusing c. confusion4.a. complained b. complain c. complaintII.1.charge2.departmen3.due4.diverse5.earns6.vary7.property8.leading9.funds 10.tendsIII.1.China leads the world with silk products.2.In addition to an income tax some states charge a sales tax.3.The sales tax varies from price to price of any item you buy.4.People often complain about the increasing price.5.His mother says that he spends too much time on TV every day.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.FII.1.attracts2.leisure3.available4.limited5.estimateIII.1.decided on2.approved3.estimate4.carried over5.put up with6.characteristic ofIV.1.B2.C3.B4.A5.C6.DGrammar ExercisesI.1.SV2.SVO3.SVOC4.SVC5.SVO6.SVOC7.SVOC8.SVO9.SVOO 10.SVOC11.SVOC 12.SVC 13.SVOC 14.SVOO 15.SVCII.1.prefer2.insisted3.need4.make5.remember6.look7.worked8.was9.sounds 10.gaveIII.1.B2.C3.D4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A 10.DIV.1.The two languages are different/not similar in many way.2.The deaf and dumb can neigher speak nor hear.3.The Englishman speaks a very good Italian.4.Could you pass me a cup of coffee.5.At this time he felt thirsty and hungry.6.Yesterday evening she asked me to wait for her at the gate of the restaurant.7.When did you get up this morning.8.The story sounds interesting,but it is not true.9.The meat and macaroni cost me 25 yuan.10.She oftern teaches the children to sing English songs.Unit 3Text AExercises for the TextI.1.d2.d3.c4.b5.dII.1.long/wide2.across3.deep4.around5.highIII.1.The,/,/2.The3.the,the4./5./,a6./,the7./ 8.The,the,the 9.The,the10./IV.1.unwilling2.avarage3.take4.runs5.SupposeV.1.On the avarage there are 1,000 vistors a day.2.The Atlantic Ocean is only as half as the Pacific,but it is moar than 4,000 miles wide.st night it took him a long time to get to sleep.4.There are so many ads on TV that it is to remember how many there are.5.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made the people in Columbus'days unwilling to sail westward.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.sailed b.sailor c.sail(n.)2.a.willing b.unwillingly c.unwilling3.a.unusual ual ually4.a.average(n.) b.average(a.) c.averaged(v.)II.1.peak2.crew3.average4.blils5.unusual6.highway7.narrow 8.salty 9.spot10.affectedIII.1.The sailors were afraid that might meet bad weather.2.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.3.On the average there are 45 students in every class of the school.4.The climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work keeps pilling up.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.TII.1.three2.the earth's gravitational pull.3.it is near4.29.55.its own/reflects6.disc7.the old moon in the new moon's arms.8.outline9.the old earth in the new earth's arms10.nightVocabulary ExercisesI.1.d2.b3.a4.c5.eII.1.C2.C3.B4.A5.D6.C7.B8.B9.B 10.DGrammar ExercisesI.depend--dependence explain--explanationform--formation conclude--conclusioninform--information move--movementmean--meaning govern--governmentgraduate--graduation similar--aimilarityconfuse--confusion pay--paymentagree--agreement advertise--advertisementannounce--announcement add--additiondecide--decision use--usefulnessattract--attraction mix--mixtureII.science--scientific sulless--sullessfulresponse--responsible color--colorfulnation--national revolution--revolutionaryaddition--additional help--helpfulperson--personal meaning--meaningfulaccept--acceptable use--usefulwood--wooden act--activeIII.disagree eimpractical independentuncover inexact incompletedisorder unhappy informalinpossible inactive uncertaindischarge dishonest impoliteIV.1.try n. 尝试；试验经过许多次尝试后，他们终于取得了成功。
第一单元课文Aon th e oth er ha ndH ow to Be a Succ essfu l Lan guage Lear ner?怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者"Le arnin g a l angua ge is easy.Even a ch ild c an do it!"“学好一种语言很容易。
连孩子都做得到！”M ost a dults whoare l earni ng asecon d lan guage大多数学习第二语言的成年人wo uld d isagr ee wi th th is st ateme nt.不会同意这一说法。
Forthem,learn ing a lang uageis averydiffi culttask.对于他们来说，学习语言是一项很困难的任务。
The y nee d hun dreds of h oursof st udy a nd pr actic e,他们需要数百小时的学习和练习，andeventhiswillnot g uaran tee s ucces s就是这样也不能保证f or ev ery a dultlangu age l earne r.每一位成年语言学习者都能成功。
Lang uagelearn ing i s dif feren t fro m oth er ki nds o f lea rning. 语言学习不同于基它种类的学习。
somepeopl e who areveryintel ligen t有些很聪明并在自己领域andsucce ssful in t heier fiel ds fi nd it diff icult很有成就的人却发现to succ eed i n lan guage lear ing.学好语言很难。
1 / 18Text 11 successful [s?k'sesf?l] a.成功的2 adult ['?d?lt] n.成年人 a.成年的，成熟的3 disagree [dis?'gri:] vi.(with)有分歧，不同意；不一致，不符4 statement ['steitm?nt] n.声明，陈述5 guarantee [g?r?n'ti:] n./vt.保证，担保，保修6 intelligent [in'telid??nt] a.聪明的，明智的7 conversely ['k?nv?:sli] ad.相反地8 similar ['simil?, 'sim?l?] a.相似的，类似的；与…相似(to)9 independent [indi'pend?nt] a.独立的，自主的10 pattern ['p?tn] n.型，模式，样式；花样，图案11 guesser n.猜测者12 clue [klu:] n.线索，提示13 conclusion [k?n'klu:??n] n.结论，推论14 communicate [k?'mju:nikeit] vi.通讯，交流，交际vt.传达，传播15 communication [k?mju:ni'kei??n] n.通讯，交流；传达；通讯联系，交通工具16 inexact [inig'z?kt] a.不正确的，不精确的17 incomplete [ink?m'pli:t] a.不完整的18 purpose ['p?:p?s] n.目的，意图；用途19 regularly ['regjul?li] ad.整齐地，经常地，定期地20 purposefully ['p?:p?sfuli] ad.有目的地，蓄意地21 technique [tek'ni:k] n.技术；技巧，手艺22 outline ['autlain] vt.概括，提出要点n.轮廓；大纲，提纲23 disagree with 与…有分歧，不一致24 first of all 首先，第一25 depend on [di'p?nd ?n] 依赖，依靠；依…而定26 be willing to 愿意，乐意27 be interested in 对…感兴趣28 on the other hand 另一方面29 instance ['inst?ns] n.例，实例30 deaf [def] a.聋的；听力不佳的31 dumb [d?m] a.哑的；无言的32 Englishman ['i?gli?m?n] n.英国人33 Italian [i't?li?n] n.意大利人；意大利语34 waiter ['weit?] n.侍者，服务员35 beer [bi?] n.啤酒36 soda-water n.苏打水，汽水37 traveler ['tr?v?l?] n.旅客，旅游者38 macaroni [m?k?'r?uni] n.通心粉39 primitive ['primitiv] a.原始的40 exact [ig'z?kt] a.精确的，正确的41 consist [k?n'sist] vi.组成(of)42 simply ['simpli] ad.仅，只；完全地；朴素地43 parrot ['p?r?t] n.鹦鹉44 not only...but also 不但…而且45 neither...nor 既不…也不46 consist of 由…组成47 Italy ['it?li] n.意大利Text 21 tax [t?ks] n.税(款) vt.对…征税2 generally ['d?en?r?li] ad.一般地，通常，大体上3 federal ['fed?r?l] a.联邦的4 type [taip] n.类型，种类，品种vt./vi.打字5 salaried ['s?l?rid] a.拿薪水的，领工资的6 salary ['s?l?ri] n.工资vt.[常用被动语态]给…发薪7 earn [?:n] vt.挣得，赚得；获得，赢得8 percentage [p?'sentid?] n.百分比，百分率9 vary ['ve?ri] vi.变化，有不同，呈差异vt.改变，使不同10 graduated a.(税)累进的；分等级的；刻度的；毕业的11 sale [seil] n.出售，卖；廉价出售12 charge [t?ɑ:d?] vt.索价；指控n.价钱，费用；负荷13 item ['ait?m] n.条，条款，项目14 packet ['p?kit] n.小包，小盒vt.打包，装行李；包装15 cigarette [sig?'ret] n.香烟，纸烟16 figure ['fig?] n.数字；人物；外形vt.(out)演算出；想出17 addition [?'di??n] n.加，加法；附加物18 revenue ['revinju:] n.(国家的)岁入，税收；收入，收益19 diverse [dai'v?:s] a.不同的，相异的；多种多样的20 confuse [k?n'fju:z] vt.使混乱，混淆21 property ['pr?p?ti] n.财产，资产，所有物；性质，特性22 excise ['eksaiz] n.国产税；本国消费税23 fund [f?nd] n.基金，专款；储备，贮存vt.提供资金24 department [di'pɑ:tm?nt] n.部，部门，系25 municipal [mju:'nisip?l] a.市的，市政的26 complain [k?m'plein] vt./vi.抱怨(of，about)27 protest [pr?'test, 'pr?utest] vt./vi.抗议，反对28 useless ['ju:sl?s] a.无用的；无价值的；无效的29 impractical [im'pr?ktik?l] a.不切实际的，不能实行的30 program ['pr?ugr?m] n.=programme计划；程序；节目vt.编程序31 view [vju:] n.看法，见解，观点；vt.看待，考虑，估量32 issue ['i?u:, 'isju:] n.问题；(书刊的)期号vt.发行，颁布，出版33 tend [tend] vi.易于，往往会；倾向于vt.照管，护理34 be sure of 确信…；确定… 35 have a corner on 垄断(某物)=to have a(the) corner (on)36 similar to 跟…类似的，与…同样的37 in addition to 加之；又；除…之外；并且38 tend to 倾向，有…的趋势，趋于39 California [k?li'f?:nj?] 加利福尼亚(美国州名)40 North Dakota 北达科他(美国州名)41 advertise ['?dv?taiz] vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告42 attract [?'tr?kt] vt.吸引，引起…的注意43 design [di'zain] vt./vi.设计；预定，指定n.设计；图案44 mail [meil] n.邮件，邮递vt.邮寄45 constantly ['k?nst?ntli] ad.经常地；不断地；时常地46 product ['pr?d?kt] n.产品，产物47 persuade [p?'sweid] vt.说服，劝服；使相信 a.空闲的；有闲的48 leisure ['le??] n.空闲时间，空暇；悠闲，安逸49 activity [?k'tiviti] n.活动，活跃；行动50 classified ['kl?sifaid] a.分类的，被归为一类的；保密的，机密的51 edition [i'di??n] n.版，版本52 section ['sek??n] n.章节，部分；部门，科；截面，剖面53 announcement [?'naunsm?nt] n.通告，布告，告示54 available [?'veil?b?l] a.可利用的，可获得的2 / 1855 amount [?'maunt] n.数量，数额，总数vi.合计，共计56 display [di'splei] n./vt.陈列，展览；显示57 entertainment [ent?'teinm?nt] n.娱乐，游艺，技艺表演；招待，款待58 audience ['?:di?ns] n.听众，观众，读者59 limited ['limitid] a.有限的60 attractive [?'tr?ktiv] a.有吸引力的，引起注意的61 characteristic [k?rikt?'ristik] a.特有的，典型的n.特性，特征62 slogan ['sl?ug?n] n.标语，口号63 identify [ai'dentifai] vt.认出，鉴定；认为…等同于(with)64 commercial [k?'m?:??l] a.商业的，商务的n.商业广告65 department [di'pɑ:tm?nt] n.部，部门，系66 responsible [ri'sp?ns?b?l] a. 需负责的，承担责任的；责任重大的67 company ['k?mp?ni] n.公司；同伴，陪伴68 particular [p?'tikjul?] a.特定的；特殊的，特别的n.详情，细节69 estimate ['estim?t, 'estimeit] n.估计，估价；评价vt.估计，估价70 management ['m?nid?m?nt] n.管理，经营；管理部门；资方71 approve [?'pru:v] vt.赞成，同意；批准，核准72 involve [in'v?lv] vt.使卷入，使参与(in)；牵涉；包含，含有73 for the most part 在很大程度上，多半74 be characteristic of 为…所特有，是…的特征75 catch the eye 引人注目76 no more than 仅仅77 identify...with 把…和…等同起来78 carry over 继续下去，遗留下来79 as well as 除…之外(也)；和80 over and over 反复81 put up with [put '?p wie] 忍受，容忍82 be responsible for 对…负责任的；对…承担责任的83 decide on 决定，选定84 be involved in 与…有关联，参与，介入Text 31 sailor ['seil?] n.水手，海员2 unwilling [?n'wili?] a.不情愿的，不愿意的3 equator [i'kweit?] n.赤道4 km n.(=kilometer)公里；千公尺5 bulge [b?ld?] n.不规则突起；鼓起之处6 unusual [?n'ju:?u?l] a.不寻常的，与众不同的7 salty ['s?:lti, 's?lti] a.含盐的，咸的8 average ['?v?rid?] n.平均数，平均 a.平均的；平常的v.平均9 spot [sp?t] n.地点，处所；点vt.点缀；认出，准确定位10 range [reind?] n.山脉；幅度，范围vi.变化vt.排列成行11 peak [pi:k] n.山峰；顶点12 mid-Atlantic a.大西洋中部的13 eastward ['i:stw?d] a.向东的ad.向东14 vessel ['ves?l] n.船，舰；容器，器皿15 crew [kru:] n.全体船员，全体机务人员16 becalm [bi'kɑ:m] vt.因无风而停止前进；使平静，使安静17 gulf [g?lf] n.海湾18 stream [stri:m] n.小河，溪流vi.流，涌19 current ['k?r?nt] n.潮流；涌流，电流 a.当前的，通行的20 affect [?'fekt] vt.影响，打动21 climate ['klaimit] n.气候22 flow [fl?u] vi.流动n.流23 furnish ['f?:ni?] vt.供应，提供；装备，(用家具)布置24 fishing ['fi?i?] n.捕鱼，钓鱼25 region ['ri:d??n] n.地区，区域26 highway ['haiwei] n.公路；(水陆)交通干线27 iceberg ['aisb?:g] n.冰山28 float [fl?ut] vi./vt.(使)漂浮29 steamship ['sti:m?ip] n.汽船，轮船30 airplane ['e?plein] n.飞机31 separate...from 使从…分离(分开，隔开)32 on average 根据平均标准；平均而言33 pile up 累积；(指若干车辆)碰撞在一起34 Atlantic [?t'l?ntik] 大西洋(=the Atlantic Ocean)35 America [?'merik?] 美洲(前边加定冠词the)36 Pacific [p?'sifik] 太平洋(=the Pacific Ocean)37 Columbus [k?'l?mb?s] 哥伦布(意大利航海家，新大陆发现者)38 Puerto Rico ['pwert?u 'ri:k?:] 波多黎各(美国的一个自由联邦，实行自治)39 Azores [?'z?:z] 亚速尔群岛40 Florida ['fl?rid?] 佛罗里达(美国州名)41 Sargasso Sea 马尾藻海(在西印度群岛东北)42 Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾流43 Labrador ['l?br?d?:] 拉布拉多半岛(加拿大地名)44 Arctic ['ɑ:ktik] 北极(the Arctic北极北区；北冰洋)45 Grand Banks 大浅滩(纽芬兰岛东南的大西洋浅滩)46 Newfoundland [nju:f?nd'l?nd] 纽芬兰(加拿大岛或省名)47 remain [ri'mein] vi.仍然是，依旧是；剩下，余留48 observation [?bz?'vei??n] n.注意，观察；观察物49 continually [k?n'tinju?li] ad.不停地，频频地50 gravitational [gr?vi'tei??nl] a.吸引作用的，万有引力的，地心引力的51 diameter [dai'?mit?] n.直径52 disc [disk] n.圆盘；唱片，磁盘53 artist ['ɑ:tist] n.艺术家，美术家54 merely ['mi?li] ad.仅仅，只不过55 reflect [ri'flekt] vt.反射，反映vi.思考，考虑(on，upon)56 absolutely ['?bs?lu:tli] ad.完全地，绝对地；肯定地57 uncomfortably [?n'k?mft?bli] ad.不舒适地，不安地58 inhabitant [in'h?bit?nt] n.居民，住户59 earthlight n.地球光60 moonlight ['mu:nlait] n.月光61 lunar ['lu:n?] a.月亮的62 occasionally [?'kei??n?li] ad.偶尔地，间或63 sunlight ['s?nlait] n.日光，太阳光64 except for 除了…外；除去；撇开65 keep...in mind 记住66 light up 使明亮，发亮67 speak of 谈起，提到3 / 18Text 41 psychological [saik?'l?d?ik?l] a.心理(学)的2 focus ['f?uk?s] vt./vi.(使)聚焦，(使)集中n.焦点，中心3 basic ['beisik] a.基本的，基础的4 principle ['prins?pl] n.原理，原则；主义，信念5 meaningfulness n.富有意义6 organization [?:g?nai'zei??n] n.组织；团体，机构7 association [?s?usi'ei??n] n.联合，结合，交往；协会，社团8 visualization n.想像，设想9 meaningful ['mi:ni?f?l] a.富有意义的，意味深长的10 rhyme [raim] n.韵，押韵11 ability [?'biliti] n.能力，能耐12 random ['r?nd?m] a./ad.胡乱的，任意的，随便的n.无目标13 organize ['?:g?naiz] vt.组织14 jumble ['d??mb?l] vt./vi.混杂15 chunk [t???k] n.一大块，一厚块vt.分块，组块16 easily ['i:zili] ad.容易地17 categorize ['k?tig?raiz] n.分类18 following ['f?l?ui?] a.接着的，下列的19 category ['k?tig?ri] n.门类，种类；范畴；部门20 needless ['ni:dl?s] a.不需要的，不必要的21 refer [ri'f?:] vi.提到，涉及；查阅vt.把…归类于22 relate [ri'leit] vi.有关联vt.讲述；使互相关联23 accurately ['?kjuritli] ad.准确地，精确地24 memorize ['mem?raiz] vt.熟记，记住25 associate [?'s?u?ieit] vt.把…联系在一起；交往n.同事 a.副的26 improvement [im'pru:vm?nt] n.改进，增进27 visualize ['vizju?laiz] vt.想像，设想28 imagery ['imid??ri] n.写作中直喻或比喻的使用；意象29 repetition [repi'ti??n] n.重复，反复；背诵30 integrated ['intigreitid] a.成整体的，完全的，完整的31 image ['imid?] n.像，形象，映象，图像32 mental ['mentl] a.智力的，脑力的；精神的，思想上的33 preserve [pri'z?:v] vt.保护，维持；保存，保藏34 focus on 集中35 make sense 有意义36 make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用37 needless to say 不用说38 refer to [rif?: tu:] 提到，涉及；参考，查阅39 relate...to 与…有关系40 associate...with 把…联系在一起；与…常在一起，与…为友41 Mount Fuji 富士山42 Japan [d??'p?n] 日本43 short-term a.短期的44 long-term a.长期的45 recall [ri'k?:l] vt.回忆，回想；召回；撤消，收回46 contrast ['k?ntrɑ:st] n.对比，对照vi.形成对比vt.把…与…对比47 dial ['dai?l] vt./vi.拨，打电话n.表面；标度盘48 interrupt [int?'r?pt] vt.打断，打扰；阻碍vi.打断，打扰49 unable [?n'eib?l] a.[后接动词不定式]不能的，不会的50 psychologist [sai'k?l?d?ist] n.心理学家51 human ['hju:m?n] a.人的，人类的n.人52 apparatus [?p?'reit?s] n.器械，器具，设备53 rat [r?t] n.鼠54 release [ri'li:s] n./vt.释放；发布，发行；放开，松开55 reward [ri'w?:d] n./vt.酬劳，奖赏；报答56 interval ['int?v?l] n.间隔，间距；幕间(或工间)休息57 represent [repri'zent] vt.作为…代表(或代理)；表示；表现58 intermediate [int?'mi:di?t] a.中间的；中级的59 advanced [?d'vɑ:nst] a.先进的，高级的60 native-speaking a.说本族语的，讲本国话的61 recording [ri'k?:di?] n.录制(尤指广播，电视等)节目62 speaker ['spi:k?] n.说话者，演讲者；扬声器63 paragraph ['p?r?grɑ:f] n.(文章的)段落，节64 alike [?'laik] a.同样的，相像的65 wither ['wie?] vt./vi.(使)枯萎，凋谢66 method ['meθ？d] n.方法，办法67 system ['sist?m] n.系统，体系；制度，体制68 unrelated [?nri'leitid] a.无关的，不相关的69 proficiency [pr?'fi??nsi] n.[U]熟练，精通70 in contrast 成对比71 look up 在字典、参考书中查找72 be unable to 不能做某事73 turn on [t?:n ?n] 开，接通(水源，电源，煤气等)74 turn off 关，关断(水源，电源，煤气等)75 to begin 首先，开始76 Los Angeles [l?s'?nd?ili:z] 洛杉矶(美国加州西南一港市)Text 51 fallacy ['f?l?si] n.谬见，错误的信念；谬误的推理，谬论2 quality ['kw?liti] n.质量；品质，特性3 deer [di?] n.［单复同形］鹿4 savage ['s?vid?] a.野蛮的，未开化的；凶猛的，残酷的5 tribe [traib] n.种族，部落；(植物，动物)族，类6 bravery ['breiv?ri] n.[U]英勇，勇敢；勇气7 man-eating n./a.食人；食人的8 eager ['i:g?] a.热切的，渴望的9 civilized ['sivilaizd] a.文明的，开化的10 ginger ['d?ind??] n.生姜，姜11 root [ru:t] n.根(部)；根源v.(使)生根，(使)扎根12 magical ['m?d?ik?l] a.魔术的，似魔术的；不可思议的，迷人的13 poisonous ['p?iz?n?s] a.有毒的14 overseas [?uv?'si:z] ad.海外，国外 a.(在)海外的，(在)国外的15 widespread ['waidspred] a.分布(或散布)广的，普遍的16 muscle ['m?s?l] n.肌肉；力量，实力17 chew [t?u:] vt./vi.咀嚼18 helpful ['helpf?l] a.给予帮助的，肯帮助的；有益的，建设性的19 digestive [di'd?estiv] a.消化(食物)的20 juice [d?u:s] n.汁，液21 digest [di'd?est 'daid?est] vt.消化n.文摘22 foundation [faun'dei??n] n.根据；基金会；基础，地基23 mixture ['mikst??] n.混合；混合物24 belief [bi'li:f] n.相信；信念，信仰4 / 1825 acid ['?sid] n.酸，酸性物质 a.酸的26 curdle ['k?:dl] vi./vt.(使)结成凝乳；变成凝乳状27 indigestible [indi'd?est?b?l] a.难消化的；不能消化的28 digestion [di'd?est??n] n.消化；吸收29 cream [kri:m] n.奶油，奶油色30 combination [k?mbi'nei??n] n.结合，联合；化合，化合物31 protein ['pr?uti:n] n.蛋白质32 carbohydrate [kɑ:b?u'haidreit] n.碳水化合物；[pl.]淀粉质食物33 chiefly ['t?i:fli] ad.大半，主要34 contain [k?n'tein] vt.包含，容纳35 be eager to 热切想做，渴望要做36 substitute fo r …的替代物37 have...to do with 与…有关38 as a matter of fact 事实上，其实；事实恰恰相反39 think of...as 把…看成40 insect ['insekt] n.昆虫41 ant [?nt] n.蚂蚁42 hardworking ['ha:d'w?:ki?] a.努力工作43 wrestle ['res?l] vi.角力；摔交n.角力或摔交比赛44 mock [m?k] vt./vi.愚弄，嘲弄 a.假的，模拟的45 engage [in'geid?] vi.(in)从事于，参加vt.使从事于，使忙于46 sober ['s?ub?] a.冷静的，镇定的；认真的，严肃的47 frog [fr?g] n.蛙48 grave [greiv] a.严重的；严肃的，庄重的n.坟墓49 owl [aul] n.猫头鹰50 nest [nest] n.巢，窝51 beaver ['bi:v?] n.海狸52 dam [d?m] n.坝，堤53 arrange [?'reind?] vt.安排，筹划；整理，排列54 plaster ['plɑ:st?] vt.粘贴；涂灰泥于(墙等) n.灰泥，石膏55 mud [m?d] n.泥，泥浆56 spider ['spaid?] n.蜘蛛57 scarcely ['ske?sli] ad.几乎不，几乎没有58 creature ['kri:t??] n.生物，动物；人59 imitate ['imiteit] vt.模仿，仿效；仿制，仿造60 shepherd ['?ep?d] n.牧羊人61 improvement [im'pru:vm?nt] n.改进，增进62 fashion ['f???n] n.方式，样子；流行式样63 instinct ['insti?kt] n.本能，直觉；生性，天性64 hut [h?t] n.小屋，棚屋65 cage [keid?] n.笼66 variety [v?'rai?ti] n.变化，多样化；品种；多种多样67 boot [bu:t] n.靴68 etc. [et'set?r?] (=et cetera)［缩］［拉］以及其他，等等69 wit [wit] n.智力，才智70 unlike [?n'laik] prep.不像…，和…不同 a.不相似的，不同的71 a great deal 大量，许多72 be true with 对…一样，对…也是真的73 engage in 从事，忙于74 be true of 对…一样，对…也是真的75 as if 好像，似乎，仿佛76 search for 搜寻，搜查，探察77 take care of 爱护；照顾，照料；处理，对付Text 61 rare [re?] a.稀有的，难得的2 substance ['s?bst?ns] n.物质；实质，本质；主旨，大意3 slight [slait] a.轻微的，纤细的4 carbon ['kɑ:b?n] n.碳5 extreme [ik'stri:m] a.极端的；末端的n.极端6 pressure ['pre??] n.压力，压强7 liquid ['likwid] a.液体的，液态的n.液体8 molten ['m?ult?n] a.(指金属)熔化的9 crack [kr?k] n.裂缝，裂口vi.爆裂，破裂10 crust [kr?st] n.地壳；面包皮，硬外皮，外壳11 crystal ['krist?l] n.水晶；晶粒 a.清澈透明的，晶体的12 popular ['p?pjul?] a.流行的，通俗的，大众的；受欢迎的13 gem [d?em] n.宝石，珠宝14 handful [h?ndful] n.一把，一小撮15 gravel ['gr?v?l] n.碎石，砂砾16 formation [f?:'mei??n] n.[地]岩层；形成，构成17 pipe [paip] n.管子，导管；烟斗vt.用管道输送18 volcano [v?l'kein?u] n.火山19 somewhat ['s?mw?t] ad.稍微，有点20 blast [blɑ:st] n.疾风，强风；爆炸vt.炸，炸掉21 elevator ['eliveit?] n.电梯，升降机22 crush [kr??] vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压，压倒23 destroy [di'str?i] vt.破坏，毁灭；消灭24 grease [gri:s] n.油脂；滑脂25 impressive [im'presiv] a.给人印象深刻的，感人的26 greasy ['gri:si] a.涂有油脂的，油污的；油腻的，滑的27 pebble ['peb?l] n.小圆石；卵石28 experienced [ik'spi?ri?nst] a.有经验的29 miner ['main?] n.矿工30 immediately [i'mi:di?tli] ad.立即地，即刻地；直接地，紧密地31 be made of 由…构成32 be popular with 受…喜欢；受…欢迎33 run out [r?n 'aut] 用尽34 sort out 分类，整理35 stick to 附着，粘住36 India ['indi?] 印度37 Brazil [br?'zil] 巴西38 Russia ['r???] 俄罗斯39 South Africa [sauθ'?frik?] 南非40 beneath [bi'ni:θ] prep.在…下面(或底下)，低于41 haze [heiz] n.薄雾42 morning-glory n.牵牛花43 aside [?'said] ad.在旁边，到(或向)一边44 magnify ['m?gnifai] vt.放大；扩大，夸大45 puzzle ['p?zl] vt./vi.(使)迷惑，(使)为难n.谜，难题46 seed [si:d] n.种子47 observe [?b'z?:v] vt.注意到，察觉到；观察；遵守，奉行48 seaweed ['si:wi:d] n.海草；海藻49 former ['f?:m?] a.在前的，以前的n.前者50 latter ['l?t?] a.后者的；后一半的，接近终了的n.后者51 inorganic [in?:'g?nik] a.无机的5 / 1852 dwelling ['dweli?] n.住处；住宅53 fairy ['fe?ri] n.神仙，仙人54 broad [br?:d] a.宽的，阔的；广泛的55 delicious [di'li??s] a.美味的；(味觉或嗅觉)使人愉快的56 closely ['kl?usli] ad.紧密地；严密地，密切地57 suck [s?k] v.吸，吸收58 sap [s?p] n.树液；元气，精气59 dissolve [di'z?lv] vt.(使)溶解，(使)融化；解散，取消60 turn aside from 离开61 be satisfied with 对…感到心满意足62 take place 发生63 lie in 在于64 hold good for (对…）适用65 live on 靠…生活66 take in 吸收；让…进入；接纳，接受67 suck up 吸收，吸出，吸起68 take up 拿起；吸收，溶解；占去T ext 71 definition [defi'ni??n] n.定义，释义2 marriage ['m?rid?] n.结婚，婚姻3 descend [di'send] vi.传下，遗传；下来，下降4 ancestor ['?ns?st?] n.祖先，祖宗5 household ['haush?uld] n.家庭，户 a.家庭的，家常的6 grandparent ['gr?npe?r?nt] n.(外)祖父或(外)祖母7 relative ['rel?tiv] n.亲属，亲戚 a.相对的8 traditional [tr?'di??n?l] a.传统的9 security [si'kju?riti] n.安全10 basically ['beisik?li] ad.基本上，从根本上说11 nuclear ['nju:kli?] a.核子的，核能的；核心的，中心的12 extended [iks'tendid] a.展开的；延伸的，延续的；广泛的13 nucleus ['nju:kli?s] n.(原子)核；核心14 mother-in-law n.岳母；婆母15 agricultural [?gri'k?lt??r(?)l] a.农业的16 industrial [in'd?stri?l] a.工业的，产业的17 industrialize [in'd?stri?laiz] vt.(使)工业化18 post-industrial a.后工业化的19 earner ['?:n?] n.赚钱者；获得收入者20 split [split] vi.撕裂；分裂vt.劈开n.分裂，裂口21 divorce [di'v?:s] n./vi.离婚vt.与…离婚，使分裂22 social ['s?u??l] a.社会的；交际的，社交的23 remarry [ri:'m?ri] vt./vi.(使)再婚24 care for ['ke?f?:] 喜欢，对…中意；对…担心；照顾，照料25 split up [split '?p] 分裂，分开；吵架，离婚26 talk of 谈到，谈起27 structure ['str?kt??] n.结构，构造；建筑物vt.建造，建立28 generation [d?en?'rei??n] n.一代(人)；产生，发生29 customary ['k?st?m?ri] a.习惯上的，惯常的；合乎习俗的30 partner ['pɑ:tn?] n.配偶；搭档，伙伙，合伙人31 similarity [simi'l?riti] n.相似，类似32 role [r?ul] n.角色；作用33 similarly ['simil?li] ad.相似地，类似地34 physical ['fizik?l] a.身体的；物理的；物质的，有形的35 emotional [i'm?u??n?l] a.感情的，情绪的36 provider [pr?'vaid?] n.供应者；提供者；养家糊口的人37 housework ['hausw?:k] n.家务劳动；家事38 preparation [prep?'rei??n] n.准备，预备39 pregnant ['pregn?nt] a.怀孕的，妊娠的40 primary ['praim?ri] a.初级的；首要的，主要的，基本的41 preschool [pri:'sku:l] a.学龄前的，入学前的42 baby-sitter ['bebisit?] n.代人临时照看小孩的人43 dependent [di'pend?nt] a.依靠的，依赖的(on，upon)44 provide for 赡养，为…提供必需品45 in addition [in?'di??n] 另外，加之46 give up [giv '?p] 交出，让出；放弃，抛弃，辞去47 instead of [in'sted] 代替；而不是… 48 be busy doing 忙于做(某事)49 in conclusion 最后，在结束时Text81 telecommunication [telik?mju:ni'kei??n] n.电信，远距离通信2 via ['vai?] prep.经由，经过，通过3 satellite ['s?t?lait] n.卫星，人造卫星4 transmit [tr?nz'mit, tr?ns-] vt.播送，发射；传送，传递；输送5 photography [f?'t?gr?fi] n.摄影，照相；摄影术6 telegraph ['teligrɑ:f] n.电报(机) vt.用电报发送vi.打电报7 establish [i'st?bli?] vt.建立，创办，设立；确立，使确认8 signal ['sign?l] n.信号，暗号vt./vi.(向…）发信号9 orbit ['?:bit] vt./vi.绕(…的)轨道运行n.轨道10 visual ['vi?ju?l] a.视觉的，看得见的11 capable ['keip?b?l] a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的(of)12 broadcast ['br?:dkɑ:st] n./vt./vi.广播，播音13 computer [k?m'pju:t?] n.计算机，电脑14 theory ['θi?ri] n.理论，原理；学说15 access ['?kses] n.通道，入口；接近(或进入)的机会16 unlimited [?n'limitid] a.无界限的，无边际的；无限制的；无数的17 demonstrate ['dem?nstreit] vt.说明，演示；论证，证实vi.示威游行18 educational [edju'kei??n?l] a.教育的，教育方面的；有教育意义的19 remote [ri'm?ut] a.遥远的，偏僻的；(可能性)很小的20 isolate ['ais?leit] vt.使隔离，使孤立 a.孤立的21 transportation [tr?nsp?:'tei??n] n.运输；运输系统，运输工具22 instruction [in'str?k??n] n.教学，指导；命令，指示，用法说明23 conversation [k?nv?'sei??n] n.谈话，会话24 simultaneously [sim?l'teinj?sli] ad.同时发生地，同时进行地25 channel ['t??n?l] n.频道；航道；渠道vt.通过…获得，传送26 risk [risk] vt.冒…的危险n.冒险，风险27 privacy ['praiv?si, -pri] n.私事，私生活；隐私；独处28 personal ['p?:s?n?l] a.个人的，私人的；亲自的29 movie ['mu:vi] n.电影30 contact ['k?nt?kt] n.接触，联系vt.与…接触，使联系31 technology [tek'n?l?d?i] n.工艺，技术32 harm [hɑ:m] n./vt.伤害，损害，危害6 / 1833 expert ['eksp?:t] n.专家，能手 a.熟练的，内行的34 application [?pli'kei??n] n.申请，申请表；应用，实施35 be capable of (指人)有某种能力或倾向的36 have access to 可接近，可进入37 lead to 导致；通向38 Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会39 Tokyo ['t?ukj?u] 东京40 Olympics [?u'limpiks] 奥林匹克运动会比赛项目(=Olympic Games)41 obvious ['?bvi?s] a.显然的，明显的42 widely ['waidli] ad.广泛地，普遍地；广博地；大大地43 shelter ['?elt?] n.掩蔽，保护；掩蔽处vt.掩蔽，庇护44 atmosphere ['?tm?sfi?] n.大气，大气层；周围环境，气氛45 deadly ['dedli] a.致死的，致命的46 ray [rei] n.光线，射线47 atmospheric [?tm?s'ferik] a.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的48 automobile ['?:t?m?bi:l] n.汽车49 tire ['tai?] n.(=tyre)轮胎50 gas [g?s] n.气体；煤气；汽油51 per [p?:] prep.每，每一52 column ['k?l?m] n.柱，圆柱；栏，专栏(文章)53 electrical [i'lektrik?l] a.电的，电气的54 existence [ig'zist?ns] n.存在；生存，生活55 gaze [geiz] vi./n.凝视，注视56 lightning ['laitni?] n.闪电57 thorough ['θ？r?] a./ad.彻底的，完全的；周到的，精心的58 radar ['reidɑ:] n.雷达59 create [kri:'eit] vt.创造；创作；引起，产生60 hydrogen ['haidr?d??n] n.氢61 curve [k?:v] n.曲线，弯曲vt./vi.(使)弯曲，(使)成曲线62 unending [?n'endi?] a.永无止境的，不尽的；不断的，不停的63 meantime ['mi:ntaim] n.同时，其间64 element ['elim?nt] n.成分，要素；元素65 atomic [?'t?mik] a.原子能的；原子的66 explosion [ik'spl?u??n] n.爆炸，爆发67 in order to 为了68 protect...from 防御(危险；敌人等)69 rest upon 依赖，依靠70 in the meantime 在此期间，(与此)同时71 pay attention to 注意72 Sydney Chapman 西德尼?查普曼(人名)Text91 learned ['l?:nid] a.有学问的,博学的;学术上的;a.经过训练学到的2 cultivated ['k?ltiveitid] a.耕种的,耕作的;栽培的,非野生的;有修养的,文雅的3 concern [k?n's?:n] n.关心,挂念;关系,关联;vt.涉及,有关于;使关心,使挂念4 stock [st?k] n.备料,库存;股票,公债;有货;vt.储备,储存5 possession [p?'ze??n] n.所有，拥有；所有物6 relatively ['rel?tivli] ad.比较而言;相对地7 educated ['edju(:)keitid] a.受过教育的,有知识的;有教养的8 occasion [?'kei??n] n.时刻;场合,重大(或特殊)的活动;时机,机会9 acquaintance [?'kweint?ns] n.认识,了解;相识的人,熟人10 formal ['f?:m?l] a.正式的;形式的;礼仪上的11 highly ['haili] ad.高度地;极;非常12 topic ['t?pik] n.题目,话题;主题13 elevated ['eliveitid] a.提高的,升高的;高贵的,庄严的14 style [stail] n.风格;文体;式样15 importance n.重要(性)16 vivacious [vi'vei??s] a.活泼的,轻快的17 case [keis] n.情况,事实;病例;案件;箱,盒18 noun [naun] n.名词19 Latin ['l?tin] a.拉丁的,拉丁人的,拉丁语的;n.拉丁语,拉丁人20 derivative [di'riveitiv] n.派生词;派生物;a.派生的,衍生的21 adjective ['?d?iktiv] n.形容词22 grown-up [,gr?un'?p] a.成熟的,成人的;n.成年人23 apply [?'plai] vi.申请,请求(for);适用(to);vt.应用,运用(to)24 absolute ['?bs?lju:t] a.绝对的,完全的25 popularity [,p?pju'l?riti] n.普及,流行;名望,受欢迎26 classification [,kl?sifi'kei??n] n.分类;分级27 convenient [k?n'vi:nj?nt] a.方便的28 avoid [?'v?id] vt.避免,避开29 misconception ['misk?n'sep??n] n.误解,错误想法;错误印象30 presence ['prezns/ n.出席,到场;存在31 cultivation [,k?lti'vei??n] n.耕种,耕作;教养,修养32 literature ['lit?rit??] n.文学,文学作品;文献,图书资料33 make up (由部分)组成,构成(全体);弥补,补偿,赔偿(损失等);捏造,虚构34 stock in trade 库存;常用手段35 belong to 属于；是…的成员36 at large 普遍地,一般地;自由地,(未被捕)逍遥自在地37 come up 出现38 as to 至于,关于39 be due to 由于,因为40 rather than 与其…（不如)；不是…（而是)41 vocabulary [v?u'k?bjul?ri] n.词汇(量);词(汇)表42 context ['k?ntekst] n.上下文,语境43 interrupt [,int?'r?pt] vt.打断,打扰;终止,阻碍;vi.打断,打扰44 process ['pr?uses] n.过程,进程;工序,加工方法;vt.加工,处理45 productive [pr?'d?ktiv] a.生产的;多产的,富饶的;富有成效的46 swift [swift] a.快速的,敏捷的47 securely [si'kju?li] ad.安全地;牢固地,稳固地;信心十足地,有把握地48 intend [in'tend] vt.想要,打算(后接to do或doing);意指,意思是49 specific [spi'sifik] a.具体的,明确的;特定的,特有的50 preference ['pref?r?ns] n.(for, to)偏爱;优先(权)51 prefix ['pri:fiks] n.前缀52 suffix ['s?fiks] n.后缀53 insert [in's?:t, 'ins?:t] vt.(禁止),嵌入54 apparently [?'p?r?ntli] ad.显然地;表面上,似乎55 consult [k?n's?lt] vt.请教,向…咨询;查阅,查看;vi.交换意见,商议56 tentative a.试探性的;尝试性的57 spark [spa:k] n.火花,火星;vi发火花,发电花;vt.激发,引起58 personally ['p?:s?n?li] ad.亲自,当面;就个人而言;作为个人,个。
Unit 1Text A How to Be a Successful Language Learner?搭配：1.disagree with 不同意/动词词组2.guarantee sth. for sb. 保证某人某事/动词词组e.g. This will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 这样不能确保每一位学习语言的成年人都成功。
3.be different from 与什么不同/形容词词组4.succeed in sth./ doing sth. 成功做某事/动词词组5.offer advice to sb. 给某人建议/动词词组6.play with sth. 轻松学习某事物/动词词组7.in many ways 再很多方面/介词词组8.depend on sb./sth. for sth. 依靠某人或某事而获得某事/动词词组9.discover one’s own way to do sth. 发现并用自己的方法做某事/动词词组10.instead of sth./ doing sth. 想反/而没有做某事/介词词组11.wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事/动词词组12.look for sth./sb. 寻找某人或某物/动词词组13.make a mistake 犯错误/动词词组14.be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事/形容词词组15.be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组16.do sth. with a purpose 有目的地做某事/故意做某事/动词词组17.be interested in sth./sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣/形容词词组municate with sb. 与某人交流/动词词组19.learn from sb. 想某人学习20.might do well to do sth. 最好做某事句型：1.S.+V.+it+adj.+to do sth. 形式宾语句型n.e.g. S ome people find it difficult to succeed in language learning.Some people find it difficult to succeed in other fields.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly.2.It is +adj.+for sb.+to do sth. 形式主语句型e.g. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of everyword.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn for them.语言点：1.success(n.)-successful(adj.)-succeed(v.) 成功2.hundreds of people与eight hundred people：请注意有数词存在后，表量名词的变化。
a great deal大量，许多a variety of种种；若干不同的ability [ə'biliti]n.能力，能耐ability to有…的能力absolute ['æbsəlu:t] a.绝对的，完全的absolutely ['æbsəlu:tli]ad.完全地，绝对地；肯定地abstract ['æbstrækt]a.抽象的 n.摘要，梗概 vt.提取；摘录要点absurdity [əb'sə:diti]n.荒谬acceptable [ək'septəbəl] a.可以接受的access ['ækses]n.通道，入口；接近(或进入)的机会accompany [ə'kʌmpəni]vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随，一起发生；伴奏accomplishment [ə'kʌmpliʃmənt]n.完成；成就；［pl.］造诣，技能accordance [ə'kɔ:dəns]n.一致，和谐；符合according [ə'kɔ:diŋ]ad.(与to构成介词)按照，根据according to [əˌkɔ:diŋ tu:]根据…account [ə'kaunt]n.叙述，说明；帐户 vi.说明(原因等) accuracy ['ækjurəsi]n.准确(性)，精确(性)accurate ['ækjurət] a.准确的，精确的accurately ['ækjuritli]ad.准确地，精确地achieve [ə'tʃi:v]vt.完成，实现；达到，得到acid ['æsid]n.酸，酸性物质 a.酸的acquaintance [ə'kweintəns]n.认识，了解；相识的人，熟人act as (临时)担任，充当，起…作用act on遵照…行为，奉行；作用于，影响action ['ækʃən]n.行动；作用(on)activity [æk'tiviti]n.活动，活跃；行动AD ['ei'di] (或A.D.)(=Anno Domini)［拉］公元后adapt [ə'dæpt]vt.使适应，使适合；改编 vi.适应(to) adapt...to使…适应…addition [ə'diʃən]n.加，加法；附加物adequate['ædikwit] a.充足的，充分的；胜任的adjective ['ædʒiktiv]n.形容词admit [əd'mit]vt.承认，供认；准许…进入，准许…加入adolescent[ædə'lesənt]n.青少年 a.青春期的；青少年的adopt [ə'dɔpt]vt.采取，采用；正式通过；收养adult ['ædʌlt] n.成年人 a.成年的，成熟的advance [əd'vɑ:ns]vi.前进，取得进展 n.前进，进展；预付advanced [əd'vɑ:nst] a.先进的，高级的advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ]n.优点，优越；好处advertise ['ædvətaiz]vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告advertisement [əd'və:tismənt]n.(简写为ad)广告affect [ə'fekt]vt.影响，打动after all毕竟；终究agent ['eidʒənt] n.代理人，代理商；起作用的人或物aggression [ə'greʃən]n.侵犯，侵略aggressive [ə'gresiv] a.侵略的，好斗的；有进取心的aggressiveness [ə'gresivnis]n.侵犯，侵略；进取精神agricultural [ægri'kʌltʃər(ə)l] a.农业的ahead of [ə'hed əv]在…前airplane ['eəplein]n.飞机alarming [ə'la:miŋ] a.惊人的，吓人的Alaska [ə'læskə]阿拉斯加(美国州名)alert [ə'lə:t] a.警觉，警惕的(to)；活泼的，敏捷的alike [ə'laik] a.同样的，相像的all the same仍然，尽管如此allocate ['æləkeit]vt.分配，分派；把…拨给；把…划归alphabetize ['ælfəbətaiz]vt.按字母顺序排列，用字母表示alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv]n.供选择的东西；抉择 a.两者择一的Amazonia (巴西)亚马逊尼亚国家公园America [ə'merikə]美洲(前边加定冠词the)among other things除了其它方面，此外amount [ə'maunt]n.数量，数额，总数 vi.合计，共计analysis [ə'næləsis]n.(［复］analyses)分析；分解ancestor ['ænsəstə]n.祖先，祖宗ancient ['einʃənt] a.古代的，古老的and so on等等animated ['ænimeitid] a.栩栩如生的；生气勃勃的；被赋予生命的Anne Peters安妮·彼得斯(人名)announcement [ə'naunsmənt]n.通告，布告，告示anonymous [ə'nɔniməs]a.匿名的，无名的，姓氏不明的ant [ænt]n.蚂蚁anxiety[æŋ'zaiəti]n.焦虑，挂念；渴望，热望apart [ə'pɑ:t]ad.分离，分开apart from [ə'pɑ:t ˌfrɔm]除去，撇开，除…之外ape [eip]n.无尾猿，类人猿 vt.模仿，学…的样apparatus[ˌæpə'reitəs]n.器械，器具，设备apparently [ə'pærəntli]ad.显然地；表面上，似乎appearance [ə'piərəns]n.出现，露面；外观，外表appetite ['æpitait]n.食欲，胃口；欲望application[ˌæpli'keiʃən]n.申请，申请表；应用，实施apply [ə'plai]vi.申请，请求；适用 vt.应用，运用approach [ə'prəutʃ]vt.靠近，接近 n.接近；途径，方法approach to …的态度(方法等)approval [ə'pru:vəl]n.批准，通过；赞成，同意1 / 22approve [ə'pru:v] vt.赞成，同意；批准，核准approximately [ə'prɔksimətli]ad.近似地，大约地arc [ɑ:k]n.弧；弧形(物)Arctic ['ɑ:ktik]北极(the Arctic北极北区；北冰洋) Arctic Circle北极圈arise [ə'raiz]vi.出现，发生；(from)由…引起arouse [ə'rauz]vt.引起，激起；唤起，唤醒arrange [ə'reindʒ]vt.安排，筹划；整理，排列arrangement [ə'reindʒmənt]n.安排；整理，布置article ['ɑ:tikəl]n.文章，论文；条款，条文；物件；冠词artificial[ˌɑ:ti'fiʃəl] a.人工的，人造的；假的，矫揉造作的artist ['ɑ:tist]n.艺术家，美术家as a matter of fact事实上，其实；事实恰恰相反as a result (插入语)作为结果，因此as a result of作为…的结果as a whole作为一个整体；总的来说as for至于；关于as if好像，似乎，仿佛as the saying goes正如俗语所说as to关于；至于as to至于，关于as well as除…之外(也)；和as well也，又；同样地as yet到目前为止，到当时为止aside [ə'said]ad.在旁边，到(或向)一边aspect ['æspekt]n.方面；外表，面貌asset ['æset] n.资产，所有物assign [ə'sain]vt.分配；委派，指派；指定associate [ə'səuʃieit]vt.把…联系在一起；交往 n.同事 a.副的associate...with把…联系在一起；与…常在一起，与…为友association [əˌsəusi'eiʃən]n.联合，结合，交往；协会，社团assume [ə'sju:m]vt.假定，设想；承担；装出，假装assure [ə'ʃuə]vt.使确信，使放心(of)；向…保证astray [ə'strei]ad.离开正确的路；迷路at best至多，充其量at large普遍地，一般地；自由地，逍遥自在地at least至少，起码；无论如何at the rate of以…速度或比率at times有时候Atlanta [ət'læntə]亚特兰大(美国州名)Atlantic [ət'læntik]大西洋(=the Atlantic Ocean) atmosphere ['ætməsfiə]n.大气，大气层；周围环境，气氛atmospheric[ˌætməs'ferik]a.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的atomic [ə'tɔmik] a.原子能的；原子的attempt [ə'tempt]vt./n.企图，试图attitude ['ætitju:d]n.姿势，姿态；态度，看法attract [ə'trækt]vt.吸引，引起…的注意attractive [ə'træktiv] a.有吸引力的，引起注意的audience ['ɔ:diəns]n.听众，观众，读者author ['ɔ:θə]n.作者authoritative [ɔ:'θɔrətətiv] a.权威性的；官方的，当局的authority [ɔ:'θɔriti]n.官方，当局，当权者；权力，权威automobile ['ɔ:təməbi:l]n.汽车available [ə'veiləbəl] a.可利用的，可获得的average ['ævəridʒ]n.平均数，平均 a.平均的；平常的 v.平均avoid [ə'vɔid]vt.避免，避开awaken [ə'weikən]vi.醒，觉醒 vt.唤醒，使觉醒；唤起，激起aware [ə'weə] a.意识到的，知道的(of)awareness [ə'wɛənis]n.意识，觉悟；懂事，明智Azores [ə'zɔ:z]亚速尔群岛Babylonian[ˌbæbi'ləunjən]a.巴比伦城的；巴比伦人(语)的baby-sitter['bebiˌsitə]n.代人临时照看小孩的人back down放弃(要求等)；让步backache ['bækeik]n.背痛，腰痛background ['bækgraund]n.背景baggage ['bægidʒ]n.行李baker ['beikə] n.烘制面包的人，面包师傅balance ['bæləns]vt.使平衡；权衡 n.天平，秤；平衡；余额band [bænd]n.一帮，一群；带，带形物；波段bare [beə] a.赤裸的；无遮蔽的；仅仅的，勉强的bargain ['bɑ:gin]n.交易；特价商品 v.讨价还价barter ['bɑ:tə] vt.作物物交换 vi.进行易货贸易；交换basement ['beismənt]n.地下室basic ['beisik] a.基本的，基础的basically ['beisikəli]ad.基本上，从根本上说bay [bei]n.海湾，口岸，湾BC ['bi:'si:] (或B.C.)公元前(=Before Christ)be alert to对…警惕(警觉，留神，注意等)be aware of意识到；知道be bound to一定；必须be busy doing忙于做(某事)be capable of (指人)有某种能力或倾向的be certain of确信，对…有把握be characteristic of为…所特有，是…的特征2 / 22be concerned about使担忧；使烦恼；使操心be conscious of察觉，意识到be crazy about狂热于…；醉心于…be due to由于，因为be eager to热切想做，渴望要做be faced with面临，面对be familiar with熟悉…；通晓…be far from毫不；一点也不；远非be fed up with因多而厌烦；不满be interested in对…感兴趣be involved in与…有关联，参与，介入be known as以…而闻名，通常名叫be likely to要发生的；有倾向的；可能的be made of由…构成be made up of...由…组成be native to (指动植物等)原属于…的，源于…的be popular with受…喜欢；受…欢迎be reluctant to不情愿做某事be reluctant to不愿意be responsible for对…负责任的；对…承担责任的be satisfied with对…感到心满意足be sure of确信…；确定…be tolerant of对…容忍(或宽容)be true of对…一样，对…也是真的be true with对…一样，对…也是真的be unable to不能做某事be willing to愿意，乐意bear [beə]vt.忍受，容忍；承担；结(果实)，生育beaver ['bi:və]n.海狸becalm [bi'kɑ:m]vt.因无风而停止前进；使平静，使安静because of因为，由于become used to习于，惯于；适应于beer [biə] n.啤酒begin with以…开始，以…为起点behave [bi'heiv]vi.举动，举止；表现behavior[bi'heiviə]n.行为，举止；运转情况，表现情况Belgium ['beldʒəm]比利时(西欧国家)belief [bi'li:f]n.相信；信念，信仰believe in相信，信任believer [bi'li:və]n.相信者；信徒belong to [bi'lɔŋ tu]属于；是…的成员beneath[bi'ni:θ]prep.在…下面(或底下)，低于beneficial[ˌbeni'fiʃəl] a.有益的，有利的benefit ['benifit]n.益处，好处 vt.有益于 vi.得益benefit from从…中收益Benjamin Crocker本杰明·克罗克(人名) Benjamin Franklin富兰克林(美国政治家及科学家) bind [baind]vt.(bound，bound)捆绑，捆扎biological[ˌbaiə'lɔdʒikəl] a.生物学(上)的biologist [bai'ɔlədʒist]n.生物学家bite [bait]vt./vi./n.咬，叮，蜇blast [blɑ:st]n.疾风，强风；爆炸 vt.炸，炸掉bless [bles]vt.赐福；祝福blindfold['blaindfəuld]vt.蒙住…的眼睛 a.盲目的ad.盲目地Bloomfield Hills布隆菲尔德山(地名)bolt [bəult]n.螺栓；(门或窗)插销，闩 vt.闩，栓住boot [bu:t]n.靴border ['bɔ:də]n.边缘；边界 vt./vi.接壤，毗邻；接近border on接界，接壤；近似，接近boredom ['bɔ:dəm]n.厌烦，厌倦；乏味，无聊boring ['bɔ:riŋ] a.令人讨厌的，令人厌倦的；无聊的bother ['bɔðə]vt.打扰，麻烦 vi.担心，烦恼 n.烦恼，焦急bound [baund]a.一定的，必然的；受约束的，有义务的bravery ['breivəri]n.[U]英勇，勇敢；勇气Brazil [brə'zil]巴西breed [bri:d]vt.繁殖；饲养 n.品种，种类bride [braid]n.新娘brief [bri:f] a.简短的；简洁的 vt.作简要的介绍bring about导致，引起，使发生bring to教育，培养；提出(供讨论或促使注意)Britain ['britən]不列颠，英国broad [brɔ:d] a.宽的，阔的；广泛的broadcast ['brɔ:dkɑ:st]n./vt./vi.广播，播音broadcast ['brɔ:dkɑ:st]n./vt./vi.广播，播音buffalo ['bʌfələu]n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛bug [bʌg]n.臭虫，虫子build up建立，逐步树立；加强bulge [bʌldʒ]n.不规则突起；鼓起之处businessman ['biznismæn]n.商人buyer ['baiə]n.购买者；买主by-product['baiˌprɔdʌkt]n.副产品；附带产生的结果c. (=circa)［拉］大约cage [keidʒ]n.笼calcium ['kælsiəm]n.钙(化学符号Ca)calculate ['kælkjuleit]vt./vi.计算，核算；估计；计划，打算California [ˌkæli'fɔ:njə]加利福尼亚(美国州名) calory ['kæləri]n.(或calorie)卡路里，卡(热量单位) cancel ['kænsəl]vt.取消；删除，划掉cancer ['kænsə]n.癌capable ['keipəbəl]a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的(of)3 / 22capacity [kə'pæsiti]n.容量，容积；能力capacity to有…的能力carbohydrate[ˌkɑ:bəu'haidreit]n.碳水化合物；[pl.]淀粉质食物carbon ['kɑ:bən]n.碳care about对…关切，操心或忧虑care for ['keəˌfɔ:]喜欢，对…中意；对…担心；照顾，照料career [kə'riə]n.生涯，经历；职业，事业carry out ['kæri-aut]实现，进行；贯彻，执行carry out ['kæri-aut]实行；完成carry over继续下去，遗留下来case [keis]n.情况，事实；病例；案件；箱，盒castoff a.抛弃的；穿旧的 n.被抛弃的人或物casually ['kæʒjuəli]ad.偶然地，碰巧地；漫不经心地，随便地catch the eye引人注目categorize ['kætigəraiz]n.分类category ['kætigəri]n.门类，种类；范畴；部门caution ['kɔ:ʃən]n.小心，谨慎；警告 vt.告诫，警告CD [ˌsi:'di:]激光唱盘celebrate ['selibreit]v.庆祝cellular-phone n.移动电话ceremony ['seriməni]n.典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪challenge ['tʃælindʒ]n.挑战 vt.向…挑战championship ['tʃæmpiənʃip]n.冠军身份；冠军称号channel ['tʃænəl]n.频道；航道；渠道 vt.通过…获得，传送chapter ['tʃæptə]n.章，回，篇characteristic[ˌkæriktə'ristik] a.特有的，典型的 n.特性，特征charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]vt.索价；指控 n.价钱，费用；负荷Charles Erickson查理士·埃里克森(人名)chart [tʃɑ:t]n.图，图表 vt.绘图，制图cheat [tʃi:t]vt.欺骗，骗取 vi.行骗，作弊 n.欺骗；骗子check with与…相符，一致cheerful ['tʃiəful] a.快乐的，高兴的chemical ['kemikəl] a.化学的 n.化学制品，化学药品chew [tʃu:]vt./vi.咀嚼Chicago [ʃi'kɑ:gəu]芝加哥(美国城市名)chiefly ['tʃi:fli]ad.大半，主要childishness ['tʃaildiʃnis]n.幼稚cholesterol [kə'lestərɔl]n.胆固醇christian ['kristiən]n.基督徒 a.基督的；基督教的Christopher Columbus ['kristəfə kə'lʌmbəs]克里斯托弗·哥伦布(意大利航海家)chunk [tʃʌŋk]n.一大块，一厚块 vt.分块，组块cigarette[ˌsigə'ret]n.香烟，纸烟circular ['sə:kjulə] a.圆形的，环形的；循环的citizen ['sitizən]n.公民，市民，居民civilized ['sivilaizd] a.文明的，开化的claim [kleim]vt.声称，主张n.要求，主张；断言clash [klæʃ]n.冲突 vi.发生冲突classical ['klæsikəl] a.古典的，经典的classification[ˌklæsifi'keiʃən]n.分类；分级classified ['klæsifaid]a.分类的，被归为一类的；保密的，机密的Claudius Ptolemaeus克劳迪·托勒密clear...of把…从…中清除clearance ['kliərəns]n.清除，清理；余地，间隙climate ['klaimit]n.气候closely ['kləusli]ad.紧密地；严密地，密切地closeness ['klousnis]n.紧密；严密，精密club [klʌb]n.俱乐部；棍棒，球棒clue [klu:] n.线索，提示coach [kəutʃ]n.四轮马车；长途汽车；教练 vt.训练，指导coast [kəust]n.海岸，海滨(地区)cobweb ['kɔbweb]n.蜘蛛网；［复］陈腐的东西；(思想)混乱coincidence [kəu'insidəns] n.巧合；同时发生，共同存在；符合，一致collection [kə'lekʃən]n.收集，采集；收藏品collision [kə'liʒən]n.碰撞；(利益，意见等的)冲突，抵触colourful ['kʌləful] a.艳丽的；丰富多彩的，吸引人的Columbus [kə'lʌmbəs]哥伦布(意大利航海家，新大陆发现者)column ['kɔləm]n.柱，圆柱；栏，专栏(文章) combination[ˌkɔmbi'neiʃən]n.结合，联合；化合，化合物combine with与…结合(或联合，混合，组合)come across[ˌkʌm 'əkrɔs]偶然遇见，碰上come into contact with开始做某事，着手come to共计，达到；归结为；涉及，谈到come up with (针对问题，挑战等)提出，想出；提供come up出现comment ['kɔment]n.评论；评注 vi.评论；注释commentary on对…的评论commercial [kə'mə:ʃəl] a.商业的，商务的 n.商业广告commercially [kə'mə:ʃəli]ad.商业地，商务地commit [kə'mit]vt.犯(罪)，干(坏事)commitment [kə'mitmənt]n.承担的责任或义务，承诺communicate [kə'mju:nikeit]vi.通讯，交流，交际 vt.传达，传播4 / 225 / 22communication [k əˌmju:ni'kei ʃən] n.通讯，交流；传达；通讯联系，交通工具company ['k ʌmp əni] n.公司；同伴，陪伴 compare...with 与…比较compass ['k ʌmp əs] n.罗盘；［pl.］圆规compensation [ˌkɔmpen'sei ʃən] n.补偿，赔偿；补偿物，赔偿费compete [k əm'pi:t] vi.竞争，比赛complain [k əm'plein] vt./vi.抱怨(of ，about) complain of 抱怨，发牢骚，诉苦complex ['k ɔmpleks] a.复杂的，组合的 n.综合体 component [k əm'p əun ənt] n.(组)成(部)分；部件a.组成的，构成的compose [k əm'p əuz] vt.组成，构成；创作(音乐，文学作品)comprehension [ˌkɔmpri'hen ʃən] n.理解(力)，领悟 compulsively ad.强迫地computer [k əm'pju:t ə] n.计算机，电脑computerization [k əmˌpju:tərai'zei ʃən; -ri'z-] n.计算机的使用；计算机化con [k ɔn] ad.从反面 n.反对的意见；反对者 concentrate ['k ɔns əntreit] vt.集中，聚集；浓缩 vi.集中，专心concentrate on 全神贯注于…；全力以赴于… concentration [ˌkɔns ən'trei ʃən] n.专注，专心；集中；浓度 concept ['k ɔnsept] n.概念；观念concern [k ən's ə:n] n.关心，挂念；关系 vt.涉及；使关心conclude [k ən'klu:d] vt.推断出，推论出；结束vi.结束，终了conclusion [k ən'klu:ʒən] n.结论，推论condense [k ən'dens] vt.使冷凝，浓缩；缩短 vi.浓缩；凝结conduct ['k ɔnd əkt, 'k ɔnd ʌkt] vt.处理；指挥；传导 n.举止，行为confess [k ən'fes] vt./vi.承认；坦白，供认 confidence ['k ɔnfid əns] n.信任，信心confirm [k ən'f ə:m] vt.证实，肯定；批准；确认 conflict ['k ɔnflikt, k ən'flikt] n.争论，抵触，冲突 vi.冲突，抵触confuse [k ən'fju:z] vt.使混乱，混淆confusing [k ən'fju:ziŋ] a.使人困惑的，令人费解的 confusion [k ən'fju:ʒən] n.混乱，慌乱；混淆 Connecticut [k ə'netik ət]康乃狄格(美国东北部州名) connection [k ə'nek ʃən] n.连接，关系conscious ['k ɔn ʃəs] a.意识到的(of)，自觉的；神志清醒的consensus [k ən'sens əs] n.合意；(意见等的)一致 consequence ['k ɔnsikw əns] n.结果，后果consequently ['k ɔnsikw əntli] ad.所以，因此 conservation [ˌkɔns ə'vei ʃən] n.保存；保护consider [k ən'sid ə] vt.考虑，细想；认为 vi.考虑，细想considerable [k ən'sid ər əb əl] a.值得考虑的，重要的；相当大或多的consist [k ən'sist] vi.组成(of) consist of 由…组成consistent [k ən'sist ənt] a.坚持的，一贯的；与…一致，符合…constant ['k ɔnst ənt] a.不断的始终如一的 n.常数，恒量constantly ['k ɔnst əntli] ad.经常地；不断地；时常地 consult [k ən's ʌlt] vt.请教，咨询；查阅 vi.交换意见，商议consumer [k ən'sju:m ə] n.消费者；顾客，用户 contact ['k ɔntækt] n.接触，联系 vt.与…接触，使联系 contain [k ən'tein] vt.包含，容纳content ['k ɔntent] n.内容；目录 a.满意的，满足的 context ['k ɔntekst] n.上下文，语境contextual [k ɔn'tekstju əl] a.上下文的；取决于上下文的 continually [k ən'tinju əli] ad.不停地，频频地 continuous [k ən'tinju əs] a.连续不断的，不停歇的contract ['k ɔntrækt, k ən'trækt] n.合同，契约 vt./vi.订合同；收缩contrast ['k ɔntr ɑ:st] n.对比，对照 vi.形成对比 vt.把…与…对比contribute [k ən'tribju:t] vt./vi.贡献；捐献；投稿；有助于contribute to 是…的原因；有助于，有益于 control [k ən'tr əul] vt./n.控制，支配；克制，抑制 convenient [k ən'vi:ni ənt] a.方便的 conversation [ˌkɔnv ə'sei ʃən] n.谈话，会话converse ['k ɔnv ə:s] n.反面说法 a.相反的，逆的；颠倒的conversely ['k ɔnv ə:sli] ad.相反地convert [k ən'v ə:t, 'k ɔnv ə:t] vt./vi.(使)转换，(使)变化cornerstone ['k ɔ:n əst əun] n.墙角石；奠基石；基础 court [k ɔ:t] vi./vt.求爱n.庭院；法庭；王宫；求爱 coverage ['k ʌv ərid ʒ] n.覆盖，总括；承保范围；新闻报道crack [kræk] n.裂缝，裂口 vi.爆裂，破裂 crazy ['kreizi] a.发疯的，荒唐的；狂热的，着迷的 cream [kri:m] n.奶油，奶油色create [kri:'eit] vt.创造；创作；引起，产生 creature ['kri:t ʃə] n.生物，动物；人crew [kru:]n.全体船员，全体机务人员crime [kraim]n.罪，罪行，犯罪criminal ['kriminəl] a.犯罪的，违法的 n.罪犯，犯人critic ['kritik]n.批评家，评论家criticise ['kritisaiz]vt.批评，批判critique [kri'ti:k]n.评论文章；评论crush [krʌʃ]vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压，压倒crust [krʌst]n.地壳；面包皮，硬外皮，外壳crybaby n.爱哭的孩子，爱哭(或受抱怨)的人crystal ['kristəl]n.水晶；晶粒 a.清澈透明的，晶体的cue [kju:]vt.给…提示；指示 n.暗示；信号cue in给…提供消息，线索cultivated ['kʌltiveitid]a.耕种的；栽培的；有修养的，文雅的cultivation[ˌkʌlti'veiʃən]n.耕种，耕作；教养，修养cultural ['kʌltʃərəl] a.文化的，栽培的，培养的culture ['kʌltʃə]n.文化，文明；教养，修养Curdle ['kə:dl]vi./vt.(使)结成凝乳；变成凝乳状curiosity[ˌkjuəri'ɔsiti]n.好奇(心)；求知欲curiously ['kjuəriəsli]ad.好奇地current ['kʌrənt]n.潮流；涌流，电流 a.当前的，通行的curve [kə:v]n.曲线，弯曲 vt./vi.(使)弯曲，(使)成曲线curve [kə:v]n.曲线；弯曲 vt./vi.(使)弯曲，(使)成曲线custom ['kʌstəm]n.习惯，风俗，惯例；［pl.］海关，关税customary ['kʌstəməri]a.习惯上的，惯常的；合乎习俗的cycle ['saikəl]n.周期；循环dam [dæm]n.坝，堤damage ['dæmidʒ]n.损害，损失；赔偿金 vt.损伤，毁坏darkness ['dɑ:knis]n.黑暗；晦暗date back to与…接触；自…时代存在至今daylight ['deilait]n.日光；日间deadly ['dedli] a.致命的，致死的deadly ['dedli] a.致死的，致命的Deaf [def] a.聋的；听力不佳的debt [det] n.债务，欠债decade ['dekeid]n.十年，十年期decide on决定，选定decorate ['dekəreit]vt.装修，装饰decrease [di'kri:s, 'di:kri:s] vt./vi./n.减小，减少deer [diə]n.［单复同形］鹿defect [di'fekt, 'di:fekt]n.缺点，欠缺 vi.逃跑，背叛defer [di'fə:] vt.推迟，拖延 vi.推迟，拖延；延期definitely ['definitli] a.明确地，确切地definition[ˌdefi'niʃən]n.定义，释义deforestation[diˌfɔris'teiʃən]n.开伐森林，砍掉(土地)上的树林delicate ['delikət]a.细软的，纤细的；精美的；微妙的delicious [di'liʃəs] a.美味的；(味觉或嗅觉)使人愉快的deliver [di'livə]vt.投递，送交；发表；(婴儿)接生demonstrate ['demənstreit]vt.说明，演示；论证，证实 vi.示威游行denote [di'nəut]v.指示，指出；代表，为…的符号dense [dens] a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的department [di'pɑ:tmənt]n.部，部门，系department [di'pɑ:tmənt] n.部，部门，系depend on [di'pənd ˌɔn]依赖，依靠；依…而定dependence [di'pendəns]n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属dependent [di'pendənt] a.依靠的，依赖的(on，upon) depict [di'pikt]vt.描画，描绘；描写，描述depth[depθ]n.深度；深处［常pl.］；深奥，深刻derivative [di'rivətiv]n.派生词；派生物 a.派生的，衍生的derive [di'raiv]vt.由…得到 vi.起源，由…派生derive from从…得到，源出于…descend [di'send]vi.传下，遗传；下来，下降design [di'zain]vt./vi.设计；预定，指定 n.设计；图案destroy [di'strɔi]vt.破坏，毁灭；消灭determination[diˌtə:mi'neiʃən]n.决心，决定determine [di'tə:min]vt.决定；查明，确定；决心devise [di'vaiz]vt.设计，发明，想出diagnose ['daiəgnəuz]vt./vi.诊断(疾病)；判断dial ['daiəl]vt./vi.拨，打电话 n.表面；标度盘diameter [dai'æmitə]n.直径diet ['daiət]n.通常所吃的食物；(因医疗等)限食的食物dietary ['daiətəri] a.限制饮食的，节食的dieter ['daiətə]n.节食者digest [di'dʒest 'daidʒest]vt.消化 n.文摘digestion [di'dʒestʃən]n.消化；吸收digestive [di'dʒestiv] a.消化(食物)的dignified ['dignifaid] a.可敬的，高贵的dime [daim]n.10分铸币；小钱，少量的钱dioxide [dai'ɔksaid]n.二氧化物directness [di'rektnis, dai-]n.直接；直截了当，直率disadvantage[ˌdisəd'vɑ:ntidʒ]n.不利地位，不利条件disagree[ˌdisə'gri:]vi.(with)有分歧，不同意；不一致，不符6 / 22disagree with与…有分歧，不一致disagreeable[ˌdisə'gri:əbl]a.让人讨厌的，不合心意的disagreement [ˌdisə'gri:mənt] n.意见不一；不符，不一致disapprove[ˌdisə'pru:v]vt./vi.不赞成(of)disaster [di'zɑ:stə]n.灾难，大祸disc [disk]n.圆盘；唱片，磁盘discard [dis'kɑ:d]vt.丢弃，抛弃discipline['disiplin]n.纪律，训练；学科 vt.训练；惩罚disclose [dis'kləuz]vt.使显露；揭露，泄露discount ['diskaunt]vt.打折扣 n.折扣discourage [dis'kʌridʒ]vt.使泄气，使沮丧；阻拦disequilibrate['disˌi:kwi'laibreit]vt.打破…的平衡dislike [dis'laik]vt./n.不喜爱，厌恶dismount [dis'maunt]vi.下马，下车 vt.使下马；取下，卸下display [di'splei]n./vt.陈列，展览；显示dispute [di'spju:t]vt./vi.争吵，争论n.争论，争端disrupt [dis'rʌpt]vt.使破裂；使分裂；扰乱，使中断dissolve [di'zɔlv]vt.(使)溶解，(使)融化；解散，取消distant ['distənt] a.在远处的，远隔的，久远的distinguish [di'stiŋgwiʃ]vt.区别，辨别 vi.区别，辨别distinguish...from把…同…区分开distress [di'stres]n.痛苦，苦恼 vt.使痛苦，使苦恼disturb [di'stə:b] vt.打扰，使不安；弄乱；扰乱disturbance [di'stə:bəns]n.扰乱，打扰；骚乱，混乱；心神不安，烦恼disturbance [di'stə:bəns]n.骚动，动乱；打扰，干扰diverse [dai'və:s] a.不同的，相异的；多种多样的dividend ['dividənd, -dend]n.红利，股息；回报，效益divorce [di'vɔ:s]n./vi.离婚 vt.与…离婚，使分裂dominate ['dɔmineit]vt./vi.统治，支配，控制donkey ['dɔŋki]n.驴dorm [dɔ:m]n.(=dormitory)［美］［口］宿舍double ['dʌbəl] a.两倍的 ad.双重地 n.双打 vt.使加倍dowry ['dauəri]n.嫁妆drama ['drɑ:mə]n.剧本，戏剧dramatic [drə'mætik] a.戏剧性的；引人注目的，给人深刻印象的droplet ['drɔplit]n.小滴drought [draut]n.干旱季节；旱灾drug [drʌg]n.药物；麻醉药品，毒品 vt.用药麻醉drunk [drʌŋk] a.(酒)醉的dumb [dʌm] a.哑的；无言的dwelling['dweliŋ]n.住处；住宅dynamic [dai'næmik]a.动力的，动态的；有生气的，有力的eager ['i:gə] a.热切的，渴望的earn [ə:n]vt.挣得，赚得；获得，赢得earner ['ə:nə]n.赚钱者；获得收入者earthlight ['ɜ:θlait]n.地球光ease [i:z]n.容易；舒适，安逸 vt./vi.缓和，减轻easily ['i:zili]ad.容易地Easter Sunday n.(=Easter Day，Easter)复活节eastward ['i:stwəd] a.向东的 ad.向东eccentric [ik'sentrik] a.古怪的，怪癖的；异乎寻常的Eckhard Hess埃克哈特·赫斯(人名)economic[ˌi:kə'nɔmik] a.经济(上)的，经济学的economist [i'kɔnəmist] n.经济学家，经济专家；节俭的人ecosystem ['i:kəuˌsistim]n.［生］生态系统edit ['edit]vt.编辑，编选edition [i'diʃən]n.版，版本editor ['editə]n.编辑，编者editorial[ˌedi'tɔ:riəl]n.社论 a.编辑的，主笔的educated ['edjukeitid] a.受过教育的，有知识的；有教养的educational[ˌedju'keiʃənəl] a.教育的，教育方面的；有教育意义的effective [i'fektiv] a.有效果的，有成效的effectively [i'fektivli]ad.有效(果)地，有成效地effectiveness [i'fektivnis]n.效果，有效性electrical [i'lektrikəl] a.电的，电气的element ['elimənt]n.成分，要素；元素elementary[ˌeli'mentəri] a.基本的；初级的，基础的elevated ['eliveitid] a.提高的，升高的；高贵的，庄严的elevator ['eliveitə]n.电梯，升降机embarrass [im'bærəs]vt.使窘迫，使为难 vi.窘迫，不安embarrassment [im'bærəsmənt]n.窘迫；使人为难的事emerge [i'mə:dʒ]vi.出现，涌现emotion [i'məuʃən]n.激动；情感，情绪emotional [i'məuʃənəl] a.感情的，情绪的emphasis ['emfəsis]n.强调(on)，重点emphasize ['emfəsaiz]vt.强调employer [im'plɔiə]n.雇佣者，雇主enable [i'neibəl]vt.使能够，使可能(宾语后接不定式) end up with以…结束；以…告终endanger [in'deindʒə]vt.危及，使遭危险；危害endless ['endlis] a.无止境的，没完没了的energetic[ˌenə'dʒetik] a.有力的，精力旺盛的7 / 22enforce [in'fɔ:s]vt.实施，执行；强制，强迫engage [in'geidʒ]vi.(in)从事于，参加 vt.使从事于，使忙于engage in从事，忙于engine ['endʒin]n.发动机，引擎；机车，火车头engineering[ˌendʒi'niəriŋ]n.工程，工程学；操纵，管理England['iŋglənd]英格兰Englishman['iŋgliʃmən] n.英国人enjoyment [in'dʒɔimənt]n.享受enrich [in'ritʃ]vt.使富裕；使丰富；装饰，增美enterprise ['entəpraiz]n.事业，计划；事(企)业单位；事业心entertainment[ˌentə'teinmənt]n.娱乐，游艺，技艺表演；招待，款待enthusiasm[in'θju:ziæzəm]n.热情，热心entirely [in'taiəli]ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地environment [in'vaiərənmənt]n.环境，周围状况，自然环境equally ['i:kwəli]ad.相等地，平等地；同样地equator [i'kweitə]n.赤道equilibrium[ˌi:kwi'libriəm]n.平衡，均势equipment [i'kwipmənt]n.装备，设备，器材era ['iərə]n.时代，纪元erosion [i'rəuʒən]n.腐蚀，侵蚀，侵害erroneous [i'rəuniəs] a.错误的，不正确的Erving Goffman欧文·高夫曼(人名)essential [i'senʃəl]a.必要的，必不可少的 n.本质，要点establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt.建立，创办，设立；确立，使确认estimate ['estimət, 'estimeit]n.估计，估价；评价 vt.估计，估价etc. [et'setərə] (=et cetera)［缩］［拉］以及其他，等等Euphrates [ju:'freiti:z]幼发拉底河(流经土耳其、叙利亚和伊拉克)European [juərə'pi:ən] a.欧洲的；欧洲人的 n.欧洲人evenly ['i:vənli]ad.均匀地；均衡地eventually [i'ventʃuəli]ad.终于，最终ever-increasing ['evəin'kri:siŋ] a.不断增长的，持续增长的evidence ['evidəns]n.根据，证据evil ['i:vəl] n.邪恶，罪恶 a.邪恶的，坏的exact [ig'zækt] a.精确的，正确的exaggerate [ig'zædʒəreit]vt.夸大，夸张except for除了…外；除去；撇开exception [ik'sepʃən]n.除外，例外excess ['ekses]n.超越，超过；过度 a.过量的，过分的exchange [iks'tʃeindʒ] vt./n.交换，调换；交流Excise ['eksaiz]n.国产税；本国消费税excited [ik'saitid] a.激动的，兴奋的excusable [iks'kjuzəb(ə)l] a.可原谅的，可辩解的exhaust [ig'zɔ:st]vt.使精疲力尽；耗尽n.排气装置；废气existence [ig'zistəns]n.存在；生存，生活expand [ik'spænd]vt./vi.扩大，膨胀，扩张experienced [ik'spiəriənst] a.有经验的experimentation[eksˌperimen'teiʃən]n.实验，试验expert ['ekspə:t]n.专家，能手 a.熟练的，内行的expertise[ˌekspə:'ti:z]n.专门知识(技能等)；专家鉴定，评价explore [ik'splɔ:]vt./vi.探险，勘探；探索，探究explorer [ik'splɔ:rə]n.探索者，考察者explosion [ik'spləuʒən]n.爆炸，爆发export [ik'spɔ:t]vt.输出，出口 n.输出品，输出，出口exposure [ik'spəuʒə]n.暴露，揭露；曝光expressive [ik'spresiv]a.表达的；富于表情的，富于表现力的extended [iks'tendid] a.展开的；延伸的，延续的；广泛的extinct[ik'stiŋkt]a.熄灭了的；消亡了的；灭绝的，绝种的extinction[ik'stiŋkʃən]n.熄灭；消亡，消灭；灭绝，绝种extra ['ekstrə] a.额外的 ad.特别地 n.额外的事物extraordinary [ik'strɔ:dinəri] a.非同寻常的，特别的extreme [ik'stri:m] a.极端的；末端的 n.极端fabulous ['fæbjuləs]a.神话式的；惊人的，难以置信的facial ['feiʃəl] a.面部的facility [fə'siliti]n.［常pl.］设备，设施；便利，容易factor ['fæktə]n.因素，要素failure ['feiljə]n.失败；故障；没做到，不履行fairy ['feəri]n.神仙，仙人Fallacy ['fæləsi]n.谬见，错误的信念；谬误的推理，谬论false [fɔ:ls] a.假的，伪造的；不真实的，错误的fancy ['fænsi]n.幻想；爱好，迷恋 a.别致的 vt.幻想fantastic [fæn'tæstik]a.异想天开的，不现实的；难以相信的fantasy ['fæntəsi]n.想像，幻想fascinating ['fæsineitiŋ] a.迷人的，销魂夺魄的fascination[ˌfæsi'neiʃən]n.令人着迷的事物，魅力；迷恋8 / 22fashion ['fæʃən]n.方式，样子；流行式样fatal ['feitl] a.致命的，毁灭性的fate [feit]n.命运feature ['fi:tʃə]n.特征；相貌 vt.以…为特色 vi.起重要作用federal ['fedərəl] a.联邦的feel like ['fi:l-ˌlaik]想(做某事)，愿意female ['fi:meil] a.雌的，女(性)的 n.女子；雌性动物feminine ['feminin] a.女性的，似女性的；［语法］阴性的fiddle ['fidl]n.小提琴 vi.拉提琴；不停拨弄，乱动fiddle with摆弄，玩弄；弄虚作假figure ['figə]n.数字；人物；外形vt.(out)演算出；想出financial[fi'nænʃəl] a.财政的，金融的finding['faindiŋ]n.发现(物)；［常pl.］(调查或研究)结果first of all首先，第一fishing ['fiʃiŋ]n.捕鱼，钓鱼fitness [fitnis]n.适合，恰当，合理；健康flatten ['flætn]vt.把…弄平 vi.变平flavor ['fleivə]n.味，味道；风味，特色 vt.给…调味float [fləut]vi./vt.(使)漂浮Florida ['flɔridə]佛罗里达(美国州名)flow [fləu]vi.流动 n.流focus ['fəukəs]vt./vi.(使)聚焦，(使)集中 n.焦点，中心focus on集中fog [fɔg]n.雾foggy ['fɔgi] a.雾的，有雾的，多雾的following ['fɔləuiŋ] a.接着的，下列的footing['futiŋ]n.立足处；稳固的地位，基础for instance例如，比如for short简称，缩写for the most part在很大程度上，多半Ford [fɔ:d] (美国)福特汽车公司；福特牌汽车forefront ['fɔ:frʌnt]n.最前线，最前列；最主要的位置forestland ['fɔristlænd]n.林地formal ['fɔ:məl] a.正式的；形式的；礼仪上的formation [fɔ:'meiʃən]n.[地]岩层；形成，构成former ['fɔ:mə] a.在前的，以前的 n.前者formula ['fɔ:mjulə]n.(formulas或formulae)公式fortunately ['fɔ:tʃənətli]ad.幸运地，幸亏fossil ['fɔsəl]n.化石 a.化石的foundation [faun'deiʃən]n.根据；基金会；基础，地基frankly['fræŋkli]ad.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说fraud [frɔ:d]n.欺骗(行为)；骗局，诡计frequently ['fri:kwəntli]ad.经常地，频繁地friction ['frikʃən]n.摩擦(力)；不和，倾轧friendliness ['frendlis]n.友好frog [frɔg]n.蛙frown [fraun]vi.皱眉，不满，用皱眉对…表示不满(at) frustrate [frʌ'streit]vt.挫败；阻挠…的成功；使受挫折fulfill [ful'fil]vt.履行，完成fully ['fuli]ad.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地fume [fju:m]n.烟，气；有害悬浮微粒 vi.冒烟；发怒function['fʌŋkʃən] n.功能；职责；函数 vi.运行，起作用fund [fʌnd]n.基金，专款；储备，贮存 vt.提供资金fundamental [ˌfʌndə'mentl] a.基本的，根本的 n.基本原则，基本原理fur [fə:]n.软毛；毛皮；毛皮衣物furnace ['fə:nis]n.熔炉，火炉furnish ['fə:niʃ]vt.供应，提供；装备，(用家具)布置furthermore[ˌfə:ðə'mɔ:]ad.而且，此外Galileo[ˌgæli'leiəu]伽利略(意大利物理学家及天文学家)garage ['gærɑ:ʒ]n.车库；加油站garbage ['gɑ:bidʒ]n.废料，垃圾，污物gas [gæs]n.气体；煤气；汽油gaze [geiz]vi./n.凝视，注视gem [dʒem]n.宝石，珠宝generalize ['dʒenərəlaiz]vt.归纳，概括出，从…引出一般结论；推广generally ['dʒenərəli]ad.一般地，通常，大体上generation[ˌdʒenə'reiʃən]n.一代(人)；产生，发生genuine ['dʒenjuin] a.真正的，名副其实的；真诚的，坦率的Georgia ['dʒɔ:dʒjə]乔治亚(美国州名)gesture ['dʒestʃə]n.姿势，手势；(外交等方面的)姿态，表示get into进入，陷入；染上(习惯)get rid of摆脱，解脱，除去ginger ['dʒindʒə]n.生姜，姜give up[ˌgiv 'ʌp]交出，让出；放弃，抛弃，辞去give up[ˌgiv 'ʌp]放弃；交出，让出given ['giv(ə)n]prep.考虑到global ['gləubəl] a.球形的，球面的；世界的；普遍的GNP[dʒi:en'pi:](=gross national product)国民生产总值go on a diet节食go wrong走错路；失败，出毛病golfer ['gɔlfə(r),'gɔf-]n.高尔夫球运动员gradually ['grædjuəli]ad.逐渐地，逐步地9 / 2210 / 22graduated ['grædjueitid] a.(税)累进的；分等级的；刻度的；毕业的grammarian [gr ə'me əri ən] n.语法学家Grand Banks 大浅滩(纽芬兰岛东南的大西洋浅滩) grandparent ['grænˌpeər ənt] n.(外)祖父或(外)祖母 graph [græf] n.图表，曲线图grave [greiv] a.严重的；严肃的，庄重的 n.坟墓 gravel ['græv əl] n.碎石，砂砾gravitational [grævi'tei ʃənl] a.吸引作用的，万有引力的，地心引力的graze [greiz] vi./vt.喂草；放牧；(牲畜)吃草 grease [gri:s] n.油脂；滑脂greasy ['gri:si] a.涂有油脂的，油污的；油腻的，滑的 Greek [gri:k] a.希腊的；希腊人(语)的 n.希腊语(人) greenhouse ['gri:nhaus] n.玻璃暖房，温室 groom [gru:m] n.新郎grown-up ['gr əun-ʌp] a.成熟的，成人的 n.成年人 growth [gr əuθ] n.增长，增加；生长，发展 guarantee [ˌgærən'ti:] n./vt.保证，担保，保修 guesser n.猜测者guideline ['gaidlain] n.指导方针，指导原则，准则，标准guilty ['gilti] a.内疚的；有罪的 gulf [g ʌlf] n.海湾 Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾流 guy [gai] n.家伙，青年；人halfway [ˌhɑ:f'wei] a.中途的，不彻底的 ad.至半途，中途地Halloween [ˌhæləu'i:n] n.万圣节前夕 handful [hændful] n.一把，一小撮 hang on to 紧紧握住；依靠，求助于 happiness ['hæpinis] n.幸福；愉快 hard-and-fast a.明确的，不容改变的 ad.坚定地，不变动地 hardworking ['ha:d'w ə:kiŋ] a.努力工作 harm [h ɑ:m] n./vt.伤害，损害，危害 harmful ['h ɑ:mful] a.(对…)有害的(to)harsh [h ɑ:ʃ] a.粗糙的；(声音)刺耳的；严厉的，苛刻的 Harvard University (美国)哈佛大学 haste [heist] n.急速，急忙have a corner on 垄断(某物)=to have a(the) corner (on)have access to 可接近，可进入 have effect on 对…有影响 have...in common 与…一样有… have...to do with 与…有关Hawaii [h ɑ:'waii:] 夏威夷(美国州名) haze [heiz] n.薄雾 heading ['hediŋ] n.标题headline ['hedlain] n.大字标题；［pl.］新闻提要 health-care n.卫生保健heartbeat ['h ɑ:tbi:t] n.心搏；心跳(声) heck [hek] int.［口］［hell 的委婉语］见鬼 heighten ['haitn] vt.加高，提高，增高；增加，增大，加强helpful ['helpf əl] a.给予帮助的，肯帮助的；有益的，建设性的hence [hens] ad.因此，由此 herd [h ə:d] n.兽群；牧群 vt.放牧 highly ['haili] ad.高度地；极；非常 highway ['haiwei] n.公路；(水陆)交通干线 historical [his't ɔrik əl] a.历史的 hobby ['h ɔbi] n.业余爱好 hold good for (对…)适用homely ['h əumli] a.家庭的；简单的，平常的homemade [ˌhəum'meid] a.家里做的；自制的；本国制造的homeostasis [ˌhəumi əu'steisis] n.[生］体内平衡；(社会)自动平衡homeostatic [ˌhəu mi əu 'stætik] a.[生］体内平衡的；(社会)自动平衡的honestly ['ɔnistli] ad.诚实地；正直地；的确，实在 honesty ['ɔnisti] n.诚实，正直；坦率，真诚 hood [hud] n.风帽，头巾；(汽车的)发动机罩 horizon [h ə'raiz ən] n.地平线；(喻)眼界，见识 hormone ['h ɔ:m əun] n.激素，荷尔蒙hostile ['h ɔstail] a.敌对的；不友善的，敌意的 hostility [h ɔ'stiliti] n.敌意，敌视household ['haush əuld] n.家庭，户 a.家庭的，家常的 housewife ['hauswaif] n.家庭主妇 housework ['hausw ə:k] n.家务劳动；家事 Houston ['hju:st ən]休斯敦(美国德克萨斯州东南部港市)human ['hju:m ən] a.人的，人类的 n.人hunt [h ʌnt] vt.追猎；搜索 vi.打猎；搜寻 n.打猎 hunter ['h ʌnt ə] n.猎人，狩猎者；搜寻者 hut [h ʌt] n.小屋，棚屋 hydrogen ['haidr əd ʒən] n.氢hypothesis [hai'p ɔθisis] n.假说，假设；(无根据的)猜测，揣测iceberg ['aisb ə:g] n.冰山identical [ai'dentik əl] a.同一的；完全相同的，相等的 identify [ai'dentifai] vt.认出，鉴定；认为…等同于(with)identify...with 把…和…等同起来ignorance ['ign ər əns] n.无知，愚昧；不知 ignore [ig'n ɔ:] vt.不顾，不理，忽视illustrate ['il əstreit] vt.说明，阐明；给…作插图说明。
英语(一)、英语(二)——大学英语自学教程(上册)——电子版教材大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?―Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!‖Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the languageevery day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don‘t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn;play with the language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or1to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn tothink in the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn fromthem. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently,actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it notonly with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and d own when we want to say "yes‖and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling inItaly. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad.He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.2The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn‘tfood, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a largeplate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have ameaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh‖ when we mean "keep silent.‖ When babies laugh, we know they arehappy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says ―G-r-r‖ or a cat says "F-f-f‖ we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say ―G-r-r‖ when he means "I am angry,‖ but he cannot say first "I‖ and then "am‖ and then "angry.‖ A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that aparrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannotform new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leadsthe world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay3a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. Thisfigure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see andhear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they arethe kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks,4cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use nationalmagazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most . The message itself is usually short, important purpose is to catch the eyeoften no more than a slogan which the public identifies with theproduct.The same techniques have been carried over into televisionadvertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company‘s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World5from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discoveredby the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge ofthe world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it isstill very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imaginehow much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than twomiles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spotis near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor ofthe Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middleof the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there islittle wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming downfrom the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. Oneof its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near6Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away fromthe earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, butits direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other times only part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the partwhich faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon‘s surface is not absolutely black;7generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's lighton to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The oldmoon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way, the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.‖04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme―Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ‖ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following8list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in onegroup were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of thewords for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam often have this experience. In contrast, information in shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to9themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was alight in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the ratonly at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English asa second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words thatsound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with thesame meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance,weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words.Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning‘s results suggest that beginning students hold the10sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced studentshold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast asthe deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate themfall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonouswould be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than manyother kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to11do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is truewith some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searchesfor what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. Thebeavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and inplastering them12together with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. Theparrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. And so of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell whatinstinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thoughtout just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their sensesas we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, andthis is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand,but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of13anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference betweenrightand wrong.06-A. Diamonds。
《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案Text AUnit 1Exercises for the TextI.1.d2.a3.c4.d5.dII.1.task2.intelligent3.research4.clue5.conclusion6.repeatmunicate8.purpose9.probably 10.o utlineIII.1.Instead of2.therefore3.more...than4.even5.First of all6.because7.on the otherhand 8.finally 9.looking for 10.ConverselyIV.1.Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.nguage learning is active learning.Therefore,successful learners should look for every chance to use the language.nguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful.4.Learning a language is different from learning maths.5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.success b.successful c.successfully2.a.indepence b.depend c.dependent3.a.covered b.uncover c.discovered4.a.purposeful b.purposefully c.purposeII.1.inexact2.technique3.outlinedmunicate5.regularly6.clues7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similar10.statementIII.1.disagree2.independent3.incomplete4.inexact5.uncoverIV.1.They find it hard to master a foreign language.2.The research shows that successful men are similar in many ways.3.Successful language learners do not only depend on the book or the teacher.4.We are willingto help our friends.5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T 10.FII.1.With the help of their fingers2."I am thirsty."3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water4.Put his hands on his stomach5.nothing but drinks6.much more exact7.meanings and can be put together into sentences8.form new sentences9.talk10.speakVocabulary ExercisesI.1.b2.a3.c4.e5.dII.1.B2.A3.B4.D5.A6.A7.C8.C9.C 10.BGrammar ExercisesI.whether 连词 towards 介词second 数词 hour 名词repeat 动词 successful 形容词not 副词 probably 副词than 连词 because 连词which 连词 even 副词intelligent 形容词 differ 动词regular 形容词 some 形容词/代词/副词into 介词 oh 感叹词seem 系动词 communicate 动词II.1.Let 动词 round 介词2.fresh 形容词 for 介词3.leave 名词 call 动词 on 介词 if 连词 spare 动词4.Even 副词 it 代词5.Where 连接副词 will 名词6.after 介词 calm 名词7.seem 系动词 those 代词 makes 名词8.without 介词 return 名词9.strict 形容词 work 动词10.news 名词 live 形容词 meeting 名词III.(斜体为主语，带下划线的为谓语）1.Most adults would disagree with this statement.2.How much time did they allow you for doing the work.3. I had a visit from Mary yesterday.4. China's stand on this questionis clear to all.5.Warm clothes protest against the cold of winter.6.What we need is more practice.7.There doesn't seem to be much chance of my getting job.8.In those days the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9.There are a number of people interested in the case.10.Every means has been tried but without much result.IV.1.a magazine (宾语）last night （状语）2.in need (定语）indeed (定语）3.outside your area (定语）telephoning long distance （主语补足语）4.your children (宾语）all day （状语）5.his direction （宾语）French （宾语）6.me (宾语）plenty of exercises (不定式宾语）7.long (宾语）to London （状语）8.those (宾语）who help themselves (从句作定语）9.her （宾语）above others （宾语补足语）10.to build a hotel in the village (定语）of the foreigners （定语）Unit 2Text AExercises for the TextI.1.a2.c3.a4.a5.cII.1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salaries paid to the goverment.2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increase.3. Property tax is that people who own a home have to pay taxes on it.4. Exercise tax is charged on cars in a city.5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.III.1.due2.depends on3.diverse4.consists of5.simila6.tends toplaining about8.In additionto 9.issue 10.agreed onIV.1.How much do you charge for a haircut.2.We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross.3.He has earned a good reputation for honsety.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protests the government's foreign policy.V.1.Every citizen is obliged to pay taxes.(It is obligatory on every citizen to pay taxes)(It is every citizen's duty to pay taxes.)2.Americans often say that there are two things they can be sure of in life.3.There are generally three levels of government in the United States; therefore,there are three types of taxes.4.Some states charge income tax in addition to a sales tax.5.Americans complain that taxes are too high and the government uses them in the wrong way.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a. percent b. percentage c. percent2.a. adds b. addition c. additional3.a. confused b. confusing c. confusion4.a. complained b. complain c. complaintII.1.charge2.departmen3.due4.diverse5.earns6.vary7.property8.leading9.funds 10.tendsIII.1.China leads the world with silk products.2.In addition to an income tax some states charge a sales tax.3.The sales tax varies from price to price of any item you buy.4.People often complain about the increasing price.5.His mother says that he spends too much time on TV every day.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.FII.1.attracts2.leisure3.available4.limited5.estimateIII.1.decided on2.approved3.estimate4.carried over5.put up with6.characteristic ofIV.1.B2.C3.B4.A5.C6.DGrammar ExercisesI.1.SV2.SVO3.SVOC4.SVC5.SVO6.SVOC7.SVOC8.SVO9.SVOO 10.SVOC11.SVOC 12.SVC 13.SVOC 14.SVOO 15.SVCII.1.prefer2.insisted3.need4.make5.remember6.look7.worked8.was9.sounds 10.gaveIII.1.B2.C3.D4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A 10.DIV.1.The two languages are different/not similar in many way.2.The deaf and dumb can neigher speak nor hear.3.The Englishman speaks a very good Italian.4.Could you pass me a cup of coffee.5.At this time he felt thirsty and hungry.6.Yesterday evening she asked me to wait for her at the gate of the restaurant.7.When did you get up this morning.8.The story sounds interesting,but it is not true.9.The meat and macaroni cost me 25 yuan.10.She oftern teaches the children to sing English songs.Unit 3Text AExercises for the TextI.1.d2.d3.c4.b5.dII.1.long/wide2.across3.deep4.around5.highIII.1.The,/,/2.The3.the,the4./5./,a6./,the7./ 8.The,the,the 9.The,the10./IV.1.unwilling2.avarage3.take4.runs5.SupposeV.1.On the avarage there are 1,000 vistors a day.2.The Atlantic Ocean is only as half as the Pacific,but it is moar than 4,000 miles wide.st night it took him a long time to get to sleep.4.There are so many ads on TV that it is to remember how many there are.5.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made the people in Columbus'days unwilling to sail westward. Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.sailed b.sailor c.sail(n.)2.a.willing b.unwillingly c.unwilling3.a.unusual ual ually4.a.average(n.) b.average(a.) c.averaged(v.)II.1.peak2.crew3.average4.blils5.unusual6.highway7.narrow 8.salty 9.spot10.affectedIII.1.The sailors were afraid that might meet bad weather.2.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.3.On the average there are 45 students in every class of the school.4.The climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work keeps pilling up.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.TII.1.three2.the earth's gravitational pull.3.it is near4.29.55.its own/reflects6.disc7.the old moon in the new moon's arms.8.outline9.the old earth in the new earth's arms10.nightVocabulary ExercisesI.1.d2.b3.a4.c5.eII.1.C2.C3.B4.A5.D6.C7.B8.B9.B 10.DGrammar ExercisesI.depend--dependence explain--explanationform--formation conclude--conclusioninform--information move--movementmean--meaning govern--governmentgraduate--graduation similar--aimilarityconfuse--confusion pay--paymentagree--agreement advertise--advertisementannounce--announcement add--additiondecide--decision use--usefulnessattract--attraction mix--mixtureII.science--scientific sulless--sullessfulresponse--responsible color--colorfulnation--national revolution--revolutionaryaddition--additional help--helpfulperson--personal meaning--meaningfulaccept--acceptable use--usefulwood--wooden act--activeIII.disagree eimpractical independentuncover inexact incompletedisorder unhappy informalinpossible inactive uncertaindischarge dishonest impoliteIV.1.try n. 尝试；试验经过许多次尝试后，他们终于取得了成功。
大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 23 非言语交际23-A. Non-verbal CommunicationIf anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn’t a catch question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. Speakers and listeners-oral communication, and writers and readers-written communication. And you’d be quite right. There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. Non-verbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short.When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. I referred a moment ago to "the average European”, because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed.Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorized into five kinds: 1.body and facial gestures; 2.eye contact;3.body contact or "proximity";4.clothing and physical appearance; and5.the quality of speech. I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity." This simply means "closeness". In some cultures-and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one-it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker (like a professor, for example) is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that I’m boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals-and it might be fun if you did.All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous, but a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence. Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone else’s eyes for very long. If you try it, you’ll find they will soon away, probably in embarrassment.I’ve already mentioned proximity, so just a brief word now about our last two categories, which concern the way people dress and the way they speak. These are both pretty obvious signals. People may dress casually and speak casually, which signals that they are relaxed. Or they can dress formally and speak formally, showing their tenseness. In fact, non-verbal communication can, as the saying goes, speak volumes.【课文译文】非言语交际如果有人问你人与人之间最主要的交际手段是什么，你会怎么说?这倒不是一个难以回答的问题。
答案简单明了。
几乎可以肯定地说，它指的是运用语言进行交际。
说话者和听话者之间是口头交际，作者和读者之间是书面交际。
你的回答已经相当正确。
但是，还有另一种交际手段，这一手段我们多数时间在使用，却又常常忽视。
它有时被叫作体势语。
更专业些的名字是非言语交际。
之所以称之为非言语交际，是因为它不涉及言词。
非言语交际的缩略语为NVC。
一般的欧洲人，在听别人说他赞同的事情时，会微笑并点头表示赞许。
如果不同意别人的话，他会皱眉、摇头。
用这种方式无需言词就可以把自己的态度传达给说话者。
笔者刚才提到“一般的欧洲人”，是因为体势语与文化密切相关。
为了不误解别人，也不被人误解，了解这一点非常必要。
例如，中国人的微笑可能是表示某种不安而不是赞许。
关于NVC这个课题，现在正进行着大量的研究工作。
这些研究工作显然很重要。
比如，对管理者来说，他们每天与员工打交道，为了创造良好的工作环境，他们必须了解员工们的感觉。
人们有时把体势语或称NVC信号分为五种：1.身体姿势和面部表情；2.目光接触；3.身体接触或“亲近程度”；4.着装与外貌；5.语言特点。
笔者认为大家明白上述除“亲近程度”以外的各条。
“亲近程度”简单来说就是“亲密程度”。
在有些文化中——笔者非常肯定，“亲近程度”是一种文化特征而非个体特征——人们站得很近是很正常的；同样，人们在谈话时不时地把脸凑近你的脸，也是正常的。
但在另一些文化中，上面这些行为就不受欢迎。
比如，美国人会说这侵犯了他们的个人空间。
