大学英语自学教程电子版教材上册

大学英语自学教程上UNIT6[00:02.09]第六单元课文A[00:04.18]Diamonds[00:05.96]金刚石[00:07.73]Diamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful.[00:10.81]金刚石是稀有物质，美丽，并且有使用价值。

[00:13.90]They are the hardest substance found in nature.[00:16.27]金刚石是自然界所发现的最坚硬的物质。

[00:18.65]That means a diamond can cut any other surface.[00:21.17]这意味着金刚石能够切割其他任何物体表面。

[00:23.69]And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.[00:27.08]只有金刚石才能在金刚石上刻划很浅的痕迹。

[00:30.46]Diamonds are made from carbon.[00:32.78]金刚石的成分是碳。

[00:35.11]Carbon is found in all living things,both plant and animal.[00:38.30]碳存在于包括动物与植物在内的一切生物体中。

[00:41.48]Much of the carbon in the earth comes from things that once lived.[00:44.96]地球上的大部分碳来源于曾是有生命的物体。

[00:48.43]Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure[00:51.87]科学家认识到极高的温度和压力[00:55.30] changes carbon into diamonds.[00:57.67]使碳变成了金刚石。

大学英语自学教程（上册）课后答案及释义UNIT2Unit 2第一部分Text A【课文译文】税、税、还是税美国人常说，人的一生有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和税收。

美国人并不垄断死亡市场，但许多人却感到美国以最重的赋税领先于世界。

税指人们为支持政府而缴纳的资金。

在美国通常有三级政府：联邦政府，州政府及市政府，因此就存在三种税。

收入超过几千元的工薪人士必须向联邦政府缴纳一定比率的税金。

这一比率因人而异，取决于各人的工资数。

联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率(14%～70%)随个人收入的增加而增加，由于高额税收，人们在4月15日很不愉快，因为这一天是缴纳税款的日子。

第二种税是缴纳给州政府的，这些州包括纽约，加利福尼亚，北达科他以及其他47个州中的任何一个。

一些州的收入所得税的收取办法同联邦政府的相似，当然其税率要低一些。

一些州设有销售税，即对你在该州所购买的任何商品所收的一定比率的税金。

比如，某人想买一包25美分的烟。

如果该州收取8%的销售税，那么买这包烟要花27美分，这一钱数就包括销售税。

一些州利用收入所得税外加销售税的办法来提高税收，各州的税收法规五花八门，令人费解。

第三种税是向市政府缴纳的。

这种税有两种：一种是财产税(拥有房屋的人都必须交税)，另一种是本国消费税，即对城市汽车所征收的税金。

城市将这些资金用于教育、警察和消防部门、公共设施及市政建设。

由于美国人须付高额税金，所以他们经常感到每周有一天纯粹是在为缴税而工作。

人们总是在抱怨税收太高。

他们常常抗议政府滥用他们的税金。

他们说政府将太多的钱花在无用且不符合实际的项目上了。

尽管美国人在很多问题上有不同的看法，但他们在一个话题上的意见总是一致的：税收太高。

【课文难点注释】1．The federal government has a graduated income tax,that is,the percentage of the tax increases as a person's income increases.(Para 3)联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率随个人收入的增加而增加。

大学英语自学教程上UNIT13[00:04.60]Insurance[00:06.07]保险[00:07.55]An insurance agent called me this morning.[00:09.98]今天早上一们保险代理人给我打电话,[00:12.41]This particular agent wanted to discuss my automobile1 coverage,[00:15.58]想和我讨论给我汽车承保的问题,[00:18.76]but the next agent to call might be interested in my life insurance program[00:22.39]而下一位打电话来的保险代理人[00:26.02]my health insurance,or fire protection for my home and furniture.[00:29.81]则对我的寿险,健康险,我的住宅和家具的防火险感兴趣.[00:33.59]The American consumer often feels constantly disturbed by insurance agents[00:38.57]美国消费都时常感觉到不断受到保险代理人的打扰.[00:43.55]Many agents selling many different policies[00:46.52]很多推销各种不同保险的代理人[00:49.50]call us by phone and sometimes even come to our doors.[00:53.22]给我们打电话,有时甚至还直闯我们的家门.[00:56.95]These insurance agents are always friendiy, well dressed,[01:00.63]这些保险代理人通常都彬彬有礼,衣冠楚楚,[01:04.31]and eager to be of help.[01:06.59]一副乐于效劳的样子.[01:08.86]Yet few Americans really enjoy visiting with these eager helpful men and women.[01:13.55]然而没有几个美国人真正喜欢这些[01:18.24]We are not happy when they call us;[01:20.81]迫切要帮助我们的男男女女的拜访[01:23.38]we are on guard when they visit our homes[01:26.32]我们也怀有戒心.[01:29.26]They are never really our friends;at best, they are a necessary evil.[01:32.98]他们从来就不是我们真正的朋友,充其量也不过是我们不愿见到而又缺少不了的人.[01:36.71]Three reasons why we are unwilling2to discuss insurance can be suggested[01:40.68]我们不愿意谈论保险,有三条理由.[01:44.65]First of all, insurance is expensive.[01:47.78]首先,保险太贵.[01:50.92]A young father who purchases a fairly small life insurance policy[01:54.44]一位年青的父亲买了一分数额挺小的保单,[01:57.97]agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years-a total of $ 8,000.[02:04.04]同意40年内每年支付200美元共8000美元.[02:10.12]Many college students pay $ 800 to $1,000 per year for car insurance.[02:15.25]很多大学生每年花800美元到1000美元给汽车投保.[02:20.38]In effect,they pay as much for the insurance as they do for the car itself[02:24.61]事实上,他们买保险的钱和汽车的钱一样多.[02:28.85]Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles[02:32.23]美国人为健康保险,[02:35.61]often costs Americans as much as $2,000 everyyear.[02:39.39]每年因采用现代医学的各种特效成果而支付的健康保险也多达2000美元.[02:43.16]Adequate insurance is expensive;[02:45.80]购买足够的保险昂贵,[02:48.44]it is a major item for most families,[02:51.47]是大部分家庭的一笔主要支出.[02:54.50]Insuranee also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world[02:58.91]保险还提醒我们是生活在一个不安全的世界里.[03:03.33]We are human and we must face the possibilities of illness,injury[03:07.96]我们是人,必须面对疾病,受伤,[03:12.60]death, and financial loss.[03:15.12]死亡和经济损失的种种可能性.[03:17.64]Our rational minds recognize the many unfortunate events that can occur,[03:21.67]理智使我们认识到很多不幸事件会发生,[03:25.69]but in our hearts we hope that we might be spared.[03:29.62]但在心里我们却希望能得以幸免.[03:33.55]Serious injury or death is not a pleasant subjectto discuss or even consider.[03:38.44]严重受伤或死亡并不是我们高兴谈论或甚至愿意考虑的问题.[03:43.32]We are afraid; we would rather talk about football or the weather[03:47.89]我们觉得害怕,因此更愿意谈谈足球,天气[03:52.46]or what we had for lunch.[03:54.95]或午饭吃了什么.[03:57.43]Finally, insurance is a difficult, complex subject.[04:01.36]最后,保险是一个困难,复杂的话题.[04:05.29]No one understands it completely and only a few insurance professionals[04:09.82]没有人完全明白它,只有少数的专业保险人员[04:14.35]really feel comfortable in a discussion[04:16.99]能真正游刃有余地谈论投保汽车,[04:19.63]of automobile, life,and major medical coverages.[04:22.71]人寿和主要的医疗险别.[04:25.80]We feel inadequate3 and try to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.[04:30.77]我们感到知之不足,所以想逃避谈论保险,以掩饰我们的无知. 04:35.75]Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons:[04:40.99]然而,这三个不谈论保险的理由恰恰是[04:46.22]why we should learn more about it.[04:48.55]为什么我们应该更多地了解保险的极好理由.[04:50.87]Insurance is expensive.[04:53.41]保险很贵,[04:55.94]In a lifetime,many of us spend as much on insurance as we do on the purchase of a home.[05:00.66]我们很多人一生中花在买保险上的钱和买房的钱一样多.[05:05.37]If we are to spend our money, intelligently,[05:08.15]如果我们想花钱花得明智,[05:10.94]we need information about the products and services available.[05:14.27]就需要了解关于现有产品及服务的信息[05:17.60]We don't depend entirely4 on salespeople5 when we buy a car [05:21.18]我们并不完全依赖销售人员.[05:24.75]a house, or a suit of clothes.[05:27.59]当我们买车,购房,添置衣物时,[05:30.42]Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.[05:34.15]同样,买保险时我们也不应完全依赖代理人.[05:37.87]We need a basic knowledge of insurance coverages if we are to be intelligent consumers.[05:42.19]如果想做明智的消费者,我们就须掌握保险险别的基本知识.[05:46.51]The intelligent consumer look problems in the face.[05:50.20]聪明的顾客能正视问题.[05:53.88]Although accident, illness, and death are not pleasant subjects,[05:57.67]虽然事故,疾病和死亡不是令人愉快的事情,[06:01.46]each of us knows we face these possibilities.[06:04.70]但每个人都知道我们面临着这些可能性.[06:07.93]It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them[06:12.01]我们对联这些情形作出计划,找到应付它们的方法,[06:16.08]than to just hope that they will somehow go away.[06:19.27]这就比仅仅希望这些厄运能远离我们要好得多.[06:22.46]Although insurance can be complex,[06:25.33]虽然保险是复杂的,[06:28.21]its basic conceptsare neither difficult nor impossible to learn.[06:31.93]但其基本概念并不困难,也并非学不会.[06:35.65]Quite the opposite.[06:37.78]相反,[06:39.91]Insurance fundamentals can be understood by those willing to study them.[06:43.94]那些愿意学习的人就能理解保险的基本原理.[06:47.98]Serious study provides knowledge.[06:50.96]经过认真的学习才能得到知识.[06:53.94]The study of insurance is an effectiveproven method of dealing6 with the insurance ignorance faced [06:58.91]学习保险是解决许多美国家庭面临的保险无知的一种办法,[07:03.89]by many American families.[07:06.32]这种办法是行之有效和经过实践验证了的.[07:08.75]Text B[07:11.62]What Is Money and What Are Its Functions?[07:14.25]什么是货币及它有些什么功能[07:16.87]Money is something you've been familiar with through out your life.[07:19.41]货币是你一生都熟悉的东西.[07:21.94]In fact, you may already consider yourself an expert on the subject.[07:24.97]事实上,你也许已经认为自己是这个问题的专家了.[07:28.00]You regularly use money to measure the value of things you own.[07:30.82]你经常用货币衡量你拥有的财产.[07:33.64]You also have some of it in your pocket and in bank accounts.[07:36.37]你在口袋里,银行账户上也有一定数量的货币.[07:39.10]It might surprise you to learn[07:40.88]如果你听说经济学家[07:42.65]that there's a great deal of disagreement among economists7 about what money is and how to measure it.[07:46.43]关于什么是货币及如何衡量它有许多争议,你可能会很惊讶.[07:50.20]Money serves a number of functions,[07:52.24]货币有很多功能,[07:54.28]and any definition of money must consider all of its functions.[07:57.17]任何关于货币的定义都必须考虑它所有的功能 .[08:00.05]The four major functions of money[08:02.02]货币的四大功能是:[08:04.00]are as a medium of exchangea standard of value, [08:05.98]交换的媒介,价值的标准,[08:07.97]a standard of deferred8payment, and a store of value.[08:11.94]延期付款的标准和价值的储存手段.[08:15.91]A Medium of Exchange.[08:17.63]交换的媒介.[08:19.36]As a generally accepted medium of exchange,[08:21.64]作为一个被广泛接受的交换媒介,[08:23.93]money rules out the need for barter9,[08:25.90]货币排除了物物交换,[08:27.87]the direct exchange of one item for another.[08:30.25]即一个物品与另一个物品直接交换的必要性.[08:32.63]Barter is a very inconvenient10means of trading [08:35.11]易货是一种非常不便的贸易手段,[08:37.59]because it requires the double coincidence of wants.[08:40.08]因为它要求买卖双方的要求完全吻合.[08:42.58]A seller with a good or service to offer[08:44.94]一个卖都有某商品出售或服务提供,[08:47.31]must search for a buyerwho has exactly what the seller desires.[08:50.55]必须寻找恰好有他希望要的东西方的买者.[08:53.79]For example, if a baker11 wants meat,[08:56.07]例如,面包师想要肉,[08:58.36]he must search for a person[09:00.42]就要在以货易货制度下[09:02.48]who sells meatand wants bread under a barter system.[09:05.28]找一个卖肉眼并且需要面包的人.[09:08.08]Because money is generally accepted as payment for any purchase,[09:10.80]因为货币被广泛接受为任何买卖的支付手段,[09:13.53]a baker who sells bread for money[09:15.42]卖面包挣钱的面包师傅可以[09:17.30]can use the money to buy meator anything else he wants.[09:20.22]拿钱买肉或别的他想要的任何东西.[09:23.15]A Standard of Value.[09:24.88]价值的标准.[09:26.62]Money provides a unit of account[09:28.66]货币作为衡量价值的标准,[09:30.70]that serves as a standard to measure value[09:32.97]可作为记帐的单位.[09:35.24]The value of an item is a measure of what a person will sacrifice to obtain it[09:38.57]某一物品的价值可用一个人为获得该物品需要支付货币的多少不衡量.[09:41.90]How much is a two week vacation in Hawaii worth to you?[09:44.39]到夏威夷度假两个星期你要花费多少?[09:46.87]If you're like most people,[09:48.50]如果你和大多数人一样,[09:50.13]you'll probably respond to such a question[09:52.10]就可能这样回答问题,[09:54.08]by valuing the vacation in dollars--[09:56.36]即以货币计算这个度假的开销----[09:58.65]say $2,000--rather than in terms of other things (like your car).[10:02.28]比如说2000美元,而不是用别的东西,如你的汽车作为计算单位.[10:05.91]Whether or not you're conscious of it,[10:08.04]不管你意识到与否,[10:10.17]you're constantly valuing items in dollars.[10:12.44]你经常有货币确定物品的价值.[10:14.71]As a standard of value,[10:16.40]作为价值的标准[10:18.08]money allows the addition of values of many different itemsas automobiles12, repairs,[10:22.16]货币使我们可以累加许多不同物品,如汽车,修理,[10:26.23]and all other goods and services.[10:28.31]和所有别的物品以及服务等的价值.[10:30.39]The concept of GNP is useless[10:32.57]没有如美元这样的货币单位作为价值的标准,[10:34.75]without a standard of valuesuch as the dollar.[10:37.13]国民生产总值的概念是毫无用处的.[10:39.50]A Standard of Deferred Payment.[10:41.88]延期付款的标准.[10:44.26]Many contracts involve promises to pay sums of money in the future.[10:47.38]很多合同涉及到将来付款的承诺.[10:50.50]The unit of account for deferred payment of debts is also money.[10:53.28]延期偿清债务的结算单位也是货币.[10:56.07]If you borrow money to buy a car,[10:58.00]如果你借钱买车,[10:59.93]the loan contract specifies13 how much you must pay back every month[11:02.80]贷款协议明确规定每月你必须偿还的钱数[11:05.68]and the number of months required to satisfy your obligation.[11:08.32]以及要求你履行债务的月数.[11:10.95]However, money serves its function as a standard of deferred paymerit[11:14.04]但是,只有某货币的购买力在整个一段时间内保持相对稳定,[11:17.12]only if its purchasing power remains14fairly constant over time.[11:20.40]该货币才能起到延期付款的功能.[11:23.68]If the price level rises,[11:25.41]如果物价上涨,[11:27.15]the future purchasing power of moneyover time will go down.[11:29.93]货币的购买力在将来一段时间后就会下降.[11:32.72]Similarly,a decrease in the price level will increase the futurepurchasing power of money,[11:36.49]同样,物价下跌,未来的货币购买力就要增加.[11:40.26]A Store of Value.[11:41.84]价值的储存手段.[11:43.43]Money can also serve as a store of value[11:45.71]货币还可以作为一种价值的储存手段,[11:48.00]that can he quickly converted to goods and services.[11:50.33]它能迅速转换成商品及服务.[11:52.67]Money as the actual medium of exchange is completely liquid,[11:55.55]货币作为实际的交换媒介完全是可变的,[11:58.42]meaning it can immediately be converted to goodsand services[12:01.06]意思是它可以马上被转换为商品和服务, [12:03.70]without any inconvenience or cost.[12:05.67]没有任何不便也无须花费.[12:07.64]Other assets that serve as stores of value must first be sold[12:10.72]别的作为价值储存的资产必须先出售[12:13.81]to be converted into a generally accepted medium of exchange.[12:16.64]转换成一种能广泛接受的交换媒体.[12:19.47]There are often costs and inconvenience associatedwith liquidating15 other assets.[12:23.05]这些资产变现时总须花费,也不方便.[12:26.63]Holding money as a store of value[12:28.51]因此,持币作为价值储存手段[12:30.39]thus can reduce the transaction costsinvolved in everyday business.[12:33.62]可以减少日常商务活动中的交易成本.。

大学英语自学教程上UNIT18[00:04.88]Why Are Maps Drawn1 with North at the T op ?[00:08.15]为什么地图绘制得北方在上？[00:11.42]Now it is hard to visualize2 a map that does not feature north at the top[00:15.24]现在很难想像一幅不是北方朝上的地图，[00:19.07]but this was not always so.[00:21.25]但过去的情况并不总是这样。

[00:23.43]The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the world was drawn about 3,800 BC,[00:28.21]现在被人们认可的最古老的地图绘制于大约公元前3800年[00:32.99]and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia, Iraq.[00:37.42]图上显示幼发拉底河流经伊拉克的美索不达米亚平原北部。

[00:41.85]This,and others that followed it,[00:44.23]这幅地图以及[00:46.60]were little more than rough sketches3 of localized features;[00:49.63]后来的地图比地方地理特征略图好不了多少；[00:52.66]it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed[00:56.49]直到许多世纪之后，古希腊人[01:00.32]the science of map--making on a sound footing.[01:03.29]才把地图绘制学置于可靠的基础之上。

第一单元‎课文A‎on t‎h e ot‎h er h‎a nd‎H ow t‎o Be ‎a Suc‎c essf‎u l La‎n guag‎e Lea‎r ner?‎怎样成‎为一名成功‎的语言学习‎者"L‎e arni‎n g a ‎l angu‎a ge i‎s eas‎y.Eve‎n a c‎h ild ‎c an d‎o it!‎"“学‎好一种语言‎很容易。

连‎孩子都做得‎到！”‎M ost ‎a dult‎s who‎are ‎l earn‎i ng a‎seco‎n d la‎n guag‎e大‎多数学习第‎二语言的成‎年人w‎o uld ‎d isag‎r ee w‎i th t‎h is s‎t atem‎e nt.‎不会同意‎这一说法。

‎For‎them‎,lear‎n ing ‎a lan‎g uage‎is a‎very‎diff‎i cult‎task‎.‎对于他们来‎说，学习语‎言是一项很‎困难的任务‎。

Th‎e y ne‎e d hu‎n dred‎s of ‎h ours‎of s‎t udy ‎a nd p‎r acti‎c e,‎他们需要数‎百小时的学‎习和练习，‎and‎even‎this‎will‎not ‎g uara‎n tee ‎s ucce‎s s就‎是这样也不‎能保证‎f or e‎v ery ‎a dult‎lang‎u age ‎l earn‎e r.‎每一位成年‎语言学习者‎都能成功。

‎Lan‎g uage‎lear‎n ing ‎i s di‎f fere‎n t fr‎o m ot‎h er k‎i nds ‎o f le‎a rnin‎g. 语‎言学习不同‎于基它种类‎的学习。

‎some‎peop‎l e wh‎o are‎very‎inte‎l lige‎n t有‎些很聪明并‎在自己领域‎and‎succ‎e ssfu‎l in ‎t heie‎r fie‎l ds f‎i nd i‎t dif‎f icul‎t很有‎成就的人却‎发现t‎o suc‎c eed ‎i n la‎n guag‎e lea‎r ing.‎学好语‎言很难。

大学英语自学教程上册u n i t怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 01 怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者01-A. How to be a successful language learner?“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree withthis statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking thelanguage every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their ownway to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently,actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。

Unit 1Text A How to Be a Successful Language Learner?搭配：1.wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事/动词词组2.look for sth./sb. 寻找某人或某物/动词词组3.make a mistake 犯错误/动词词组4.be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事/形容词词组5.be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组6.do sth. with a purpose 有目的地做某事/故意做某事/动词词组7.be interested in sth./sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣/形容词词组municate with sb. 与某人交流/动词词组9.learn from sb. 想某人学习10.might do well to do sth. 最好做某事句型：1.S.+V.+it+adj.+to do sth. 形式宾语句型n.e.g. S ome people find it difficult to succeed in language learning.Some people find it difficult to succeed in other fields.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly.2.It is +adj.+for sb.+to do sth. 形式主语句型e.g. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of everyword.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn for them.语言点：1.success(n.)-successful(adj.)-succeed(v.) 成功2.hundreds of people与eight hundred people：请注意有数词存在后，表量名词的变化。

[00:00.00]Unit 15 text A[00:04.60]How TV Violence Affects Kids[00:07.38]电视暴力怎样影响孩子[00:10.16]For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing[00:13.40]在四分之一的世纪还多一些的时间里,愈来愈多的证据表明,[00:16.64]that children's exposureto violence on television[00:19.51]孩子们看电视里的暴力场面[00:22.39]has long-lasting effects on their behavior.[00:25.47]对他们的行为有着持久的影响.[00:28.55]Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week [00:33.42]在1982年到1986年期间,每周电视节目中[00:38.30]to violent programs increased significantly.[00:41.68]暴力节目的时间有很大的增长.[00:45.06]And the number of violent acts on television in the past years[00:48.78]在过去几年中,电视中的暴力行为的数量[00:52.51]has increased from about 19 to 27 per hour.[00:56.89]从每小时大约19个增加到27个.[01:01.28]Given the amount of time that children watch television,[01:04.21]假定孩子们有这么多的时间看电视,[01:07.13]it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.[01:11.31]那么暴力便成为他们想要模仿的最有影响力的榜样之一.[01:15.49]The Position Statement on Media Violence in Children's Lives,[01:19.07]全美国儿童教育协会最近就传媒暴力影响儿童生活问题[01:22.65]recently adopted by the National Associationfor the Education of Young Children,[01:26.43]发表立场声明,声明还指出学龄前儿童[01:30.20]points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the median [01:35.27]特别容易受传媒的影响,[01:40.34]because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality[01:44.76]因为这时的儿童还没有充分能力区分幻想与现实,[01:49.19]and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior[01:52.57]不能很好地理解某些行为内在的动机[01:55.96]and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed.[02:00.19]以及道貌岸然德冲突的微妙性.[02:04.42]For example, the rapid recoveries of people on TV from violent attacks[02:08.95]例如,在电视里,人们受暴力袭击后迅速恢复健康,[02:13.49]give children an unrealistic picture of the injuries that have been suffered [02:17.52]就能使孩子对人体所受伤害产生了不现实的想法[02:21.56]Effects on Play[02:23.28]对孩子游戏的影响[02:25.01]Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.[02:29.19]孩子们常常很自然地想到电视节目里展现的或者做了广告的那些玩具.[02:33.36]And with these toys, their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.[02:37.34]有了这些玩具后,他们游戏时更倾向于模仿,而不是按自己的想像进行.[02:41.31]Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program,[02:44.69]儿童单纯地模仿电视节目中看到的行为,[02:48.07]thus undermining both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play [02:52.45]这样会与暴力有关的玩具范围狭小,[02:56.82]The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television [03:01.60]这会危及游戏在帮助儿童[03:06.38]jeopardizes the role of play in helping children[03:09.91]更好地理解自己的感情[03:13.44]make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.[03:17.30]与解释周围世界中的作用.[03:21.17]Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV programs[03:26.34]有的研究甚至认为,儿童会把电视节目中[03:31.51]to their real-life situations.[03:33.79]看到的行为搬到现实生活中去.[03:36.06]Parents Can Help[03:37.84]父母能起的作用[03:39.61]It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amountas well as the kind of television their preschool child watches.[03:45.04]父母监管学龄前儿童所看电视的数量和种类,这是一个分主意.[03:50.48]If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons,[03:54.25]如果孩子似乎对打仗游戏和武器着迷时,[03:58.03]it would be a good idea to control his viewing.[04:00.86]最好要控制他观看电视.[04:03.70]Controlling viewing is easier to do during the preschool yearsthan during the school years,[04:07.38]控制学龄前儿童比控制上学后的儿童要容易.[04:11.06]so you should initiate a pattern of restricted television watching now.[04:14.79]因此从现在起应当制定一套限制看电视的办法.[04:18.51]Help your child to interpret what she sees[04:21.39]要帮助孩子理解所看的内容----[04:24.28]to think of explanationsfor the events depicted[04:27.40]想一想怎样才能解释所描述的事件,[04:30.52]and to imagine how the show is put together.[04:33.41]想像一下该戏是怎么连贯起来的.[04:36.30]Make simple critiques of a show[04:39.17]对节目作一些简单的评论,[04:42.04]without implying that her fascination with the drama and the weapons makes her guiltyby association.[04:47.22]但不要有任何暗示,使孩子联想到由于自己对剧情和武器的着迷而感到内疚. [04:52.39]Ask the teachers of your child' s preschoolabout their policy on war play and toy weapons.[04:56.57]可以请教孩子的老师有关他们对打仗游戏和玩具武器的态度.[05:00.75]Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weaponsbrought into the classroom[05:05.44]许多幼儿园的老师[05:10.13]and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.[05:13.16]不喜欢孩子把商业性的玩具武器带进教室,[05:16.19]Look for other parents who share your views.[05:19.22]他们愿意听听你们对这种事的关心.[05:22.25]Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched[05:25.97]还可以找找与你们看法一致的其父母.[05:29.69]and the number of violent toys found in the home.[05:32.56]大家共同努力控制观看暴力电视节目的数量,控制家中的暴力玩具的数目. [05:35.44]Try to arrange play dates for the children as an alternative to TV viewing [05:39.60]设法给孩子规定游戏的时间,以取代看电视.[05:43.77]Or look for videos of healthy,nonviolent programs for children,[05:47.35]或者给孩子找一些内容健康,非暴力的录相节目,鼓励他们观看,[05:50.93]and encourage their use as an attractive alternative to violent television programs.[05:55.36]以此作为更有吸引力的手段替代暴力电视节目.[05:59.78]Text B[06:02.53]Why Don't Girls Think Like Boys ?[06:04.51]女孩的思维方式为什么秘男孩不同？[06:06.50]Do you believe that only boys do well in science?[06:08.82]你是否相信只有男孩才能学好科学？[06:11.15]Does it seem to you that girls have better vocabularies than boys?[06:13.86]你是否感到女孩掌握词汇比男孩强？[06:16.58]In your opinion,are boys better at building things.[06:19.21]你的意见是不是男孩更善于制作物件？[06:21.83]If your answer to each of those questions is "Yes," you are right,[06:24.61]如果你对其中任何一个问题的回答是肯定的话，[06:27.40]according to an article in Current Science.[06:29.47]那么按照《当代科学》中的一篇文章的看法，你是正确的。

《大学英语自学教程》英语一 00012 课文电子版大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as mu ch as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language everyday. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’ttranslate-tryto think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play withthe language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to thinkin the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn fromthem. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it notonly with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes” and we moveour heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to eachother with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling inItaly. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman,who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but thatwasn’t food, of course.He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh” when we mean"keep silent.” When babies laugh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says "F-f-f” we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means "I am angry,” but he cannot say first "I” andthen "am” and then "angry.” A parrot can talk like a m an; it can repeatwhole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leadsthe world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. Thisfigure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. Forthe most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – foodand drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sundayeditions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcementthat something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usuallyonly 15,30,or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you haveto put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message totheir particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costsbefore management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discoveredby the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it isstill very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water wasbrought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 yearsto dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from theArctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. Oneof its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away fromthe earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, butits direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is sonear to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other timesonly part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon’s surface is not absolutely black;generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's light on to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be ableto see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The old moon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way,the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.”04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that doesnot make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty dayshas September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the followinglist of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them asfollows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam oftenhave this experience. In contrast[zzg1], information in shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was alight in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunterfound that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it couldnot remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast asthe deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate themfall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some ofthem are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is goodbrain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food.But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a goodidea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation haveto do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meetsin the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is truewith some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searchesfor what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and inplastering themtogether with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. Theparrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. Andso of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to knoweither without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell whatinstinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their sensesas we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, andthis is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisestof them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand, but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference betweenright and wrong.06-A. DiamondsDiamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful. They are the hardest substance found in nature. That means a diamond can cut anyother surface. And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.Diamonds are made from carbon. Carbon is found in all living things, both plant and animal. Much of the carbon in the earth comes from things that once lived.Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth. It is thoughtthat millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth’s crust. As the liquid cooled, the carbon changed into diamond crystals.There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago. In the 1600’s, travelers from Europe brought back these。

英语(一)、英语(二)——大学英语自学教程(上册)——电子版教材大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?―Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!‖Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the languageevery day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don‘t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn;play with the language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or1to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn tothink in the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn fromthem. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently,actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it notonly with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and d own when we want to say "yes‖and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling inItaly. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad.He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.2The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn‘tfood, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a largeplate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have ameaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh‖ when we mean "keep silent.‖ When babies laugh, we know they arehappy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says ―G-r-r‖ or a cat says "F-f-f‖ we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say ―G-r-r‖ when he means "I am angry,‖ but he cannot say first "I‖ and then "am‖ and then "angry.‖ A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that aparrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannotform new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leadsthe world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay3a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. Thisfigure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see andhear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they arethe kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks,4cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use nationalmagazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most . The message itself is usually short, important purpose is to catch the eyeoften no more than a slogan which the public identifies with theproduct.The same techniques have been carried over into televisionadvertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company‘s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World5from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discoveredby the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge ofthe world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it isstill very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imaginehow much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than twomiles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spotis near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor ofthe Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middleof the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there islittle wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming downfrom the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. Oneof its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near6Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away fromthe earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, butits direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other times only part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the partwhich faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon‘s surface is not absolutely black;7generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's lighton to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The oldmoon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way, the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.‖04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme―Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ‖ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following8list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in onegroup were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of thewords for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam often have this experience. In contrast, information in shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to9themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was alight in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the ratonly at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English asa second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words thatsound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with thesame meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance,weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words.Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning‘s results suggest that beginning students hold the10sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced studentshold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast asthe deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate themfall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonouswould be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than manyother kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to11do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is truewith some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searchesfor what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. Thebeavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and inplastering them12together with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. Theparrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. And so of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell whatinstinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thoughtout just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their sensesas we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, andthis is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand,but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of13anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference betweenrightand wrong.06-A. Diamonds。

《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案（珍藏版）Unit 1 (2)Text A (2)Text B (3)Grammar Exercises (4)Unit 2 (5)Text A (5)Text B (5)Grammar Exercises (6)Unit 3 (6)Text A (6)Text B (7)Grammar Exercises (7)Unit 4 (9)Text A (9)Text B (9)Grammar Exercises (10)Unit 5 (11)Text A (11)Text B (11)Grammar Exercises (12)Unit 6 (12)Text A (12)Text B (13)Grammar Exercises (13)Unit 7 (14)Text A (14)Text B (15)Grammar Exercises (16)Unit 8 (16)Text A (16)Text B (17)Grammar Exercises (18)Unit 9 (19)Text A (19)Text B (19)Grammar Exercises (20)Unit 10 (21)Text A (21)Text B (22)Grammar Exercises (22)Unit 11 (23)Text A (23)Text B (24)Grammar Exercises (24)Unit 12 (25)Text A (25)Text B (25)Grammar Exercises (26)Unit 13 (27)Text A (27)Text B (27)Grammar Exercises (28)Unit 14 (28)Text A (28)Text B (29)Grammar Exercises (30)Unit 15 (30)Text A (30)Text B (31)Grammar Exercises (32)Unit 16 (33)Text A (33)Text B (34)Grammar Exercises (34)Unit 17 (35)Text A (35)Text B (36)Grammar Exercises (37)Unit 18 (37)Text A (37)Text B (38)Grammar Exercises (39)Unit 19 (39)Text A (39)Text B (40)Grammar Exercises (41)Unit 20 (41)Text A (41)Text B (42)Grammar Exercises (43)Unit 21 (43)Text A (43)Text B (44)Unit 22 (45)Text A (45)Text B (45)Unit 23 (46)Text A (46)Text B (47)Unit 24 (48)Text A (48)Text B (49)Unit 25 (50)Text A (50)Text B (51)UnitlText AExercises for the Text1. d2.a3.c4.d5.dII.1 .task 2.intelligent 3. resear ch 4. clue 5.conclusion 6.repeat municate 8.purpose 9.probably 10.outlineIII.1 .Instead of 2.therefore 3.more...than 4.even 5.First of all 6.because 7.on the otherhand 8.finally 9.looking for 10.ConverselyIV.J1 .Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.nguage learning is active leaming.Therefore,successful learners should look for every chance to use the language.nguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful.4.Learning a language is different from learning maths.5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1. a.success b.successful c.successfully2. a.indepence b.depend c.dependent3. a.covered b.unco ver c.discovered4. a.purposeful b.purposefully c.purposeII.1 .inexact 2.technique 3.outlinedmunicate5.regularly6.clues7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similarlO.statementIII.1 .disagree 2.independent 3.incomplete4.inexact5.uncoverIV.1 .They find it hard to master a foreign language.2.The research shows that successful men are similar in many ways.3.Successful language learners do not only depend on the book or the teacher.4.We are willingto help our friends.5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully.TextBExercises for the TextI.I.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.FII.1.With the help of their fingers2."I am thirsty."3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water4.Put his hands on his stomach5.no thing but drinks6.much more exact7.meanings and can be put together into sentences8.form new sentences9.talk10.speakVocabulary ExercisesI. b 2.a 3.c 4.e 5.dII.I. B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.BGrammar Exercisesi.whether 连词towards 介词second数词hour名词repeat 动词successful 形容词not副词probably副词than连词because连词which 连词even畐U词intelligent 形容词differ 动词regular形容词some 形容词/代词/副词into介词oh感叹词seem 系动词communicate 动词II.1.Let动词round介词2.fresh形容词for介词3.leave名词call动词on介词if连词spare动词4.Even副词it代词5.Where连接副词will名词6.after介词calm名词7.seem系动词those代词makes名词8.without 介词return 名词9.strict形容词work动词10.news名词live形容词meeting名词III.（斜体为主语，带下划线的为谓语）1.Most adults would disagree with this statement.2.How much time did they allow you for doing the work.3.1 had a visit from Mary yesterday.4.China's stand on this questionis clear to all.5.Warm clothes protest against the cold of winter.6.What we need is more practice.7.There doesn't seem to be much chance of my getting job.8.In those days the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9.There are a number of people interested in the case.10.Every means has been tried but without much result.IV.1. a magazine （宾语）last night （状语）2.in need （定语）indeed （定语）3.outside your area （定语）telephoning long distance （主语补足语）4.your children （宾语）all day （状语）5 .his direction （宾语）French （宾语）6.me （宾语）plenty of exercises （不定式宾语）7.long （宾语）to London （状语）8.those （宾语）who help themselves （从句作定语）9.her （宾语）above others （宾语补足语）lO.to build a hotel in the village (定语)of the foreigners (定语)Unit 2Text AExercises for the TextI.I. a 2.c 3.a 4,a 5.cII.1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salaries paid to the goverment.2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increase.3. Property tax is that people who own a home have to pay taxes on it.4. Exercise tax is charged on cars in a city.5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.II. 「 「l. due 2.depends on 3. di verse 4.consists of 5.simila 6.tends to 7. complaining about 8.In addition to9.issue lO.agreed on iv. -1. How much do you charge for a haircut.2. We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross.3 .He has earned a good reputation for honsety.4. We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5. An open letter protests the government's foreign policy.V. 「 「1 .Every citizen is obliged to pay taxes. (It is obligatory on every citizen to pay taxes)(It is every citizen's duty to pay taxes.)2. Americans often say that there are two things they can be sure of in life.3 .There are generally three levels of government in the United States; therefore,there are three types of taxes.4.Some states charge income tax in addition to a sales tax.5 .Americans complain that taxes are too high and the government uses them in the wrong way. Vocabulary ExercisesI.1. a. percent b. percentage2. a. adds b. addition3. a. confused b. confusing4. a. complained b. complain II.1 .charge 2. departmen 3 .due 4.di verse 5. earns 6. vary 7.property 8.leading 9.funds 10. tendsIII. 「 「1 .China leads the world with silk products.2.In addition to an income tax some states charge a sales tax.3 .The sales tax varies from price to price of any item you buy.4.People often complain about the increasing price.5 .His mother says that he spends too much time on TV every day.Text BExercises for the TextI.I. F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.FII.c. percent c. additional c. confusion c. complaint1 .attracts 2.1eisure 3.available 4.limited 5.estimateIII.1 .decided on 2.approved 3.estimate4.carried over5.put up with6.characteristic ofIV.l. B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.DGrammar Exercisesi.I. SV 2.SVO 3.SVOC 4.SVC 5.SVO6.SVOC7.SVOC8.SVO9.SVOO 10.SVOCII. SVOC 12.SVC 13.SVOC 14.SVOO 15.SVCII.1 .prefer 2.insisted 3.need 4.make 5.remember6.1ook7. worked8. was9.sounds lO.gaveIII. Jl. B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.DIV.1. The two languages are different/not similar in many way.2. The deaf and dumb can neigher speak nor hear.3 .The Englishman speaks a very good Italian.4. Could you pass me a cup of coffee.5. At this time he felt thirsty and hungry.6. Yesterday evening she asked me to wait for her at the gate of the restaurant.7. When did you get up this morning.8. The story sounds interesting,but it is not true.9. The meat and macaroni cost me 25 yuan.10.She oftern teaches the children to sing English songs.Unit 3Text AExercises for the TextI.I. d2.d3.c4.b5.dII.1 .long/wide 2.across 3.deep 4.around 5.high III. - J2. The 5. /,a 8. The,the,the IV.1 .unwilling 2.avarage 3.take 4.runs 5.SupposeIV. 「 「l.On the avarage there are 1,000 vistors a day.2. The Atlantic Ocean is only as half as the Pacific,but it is moar than 4,000 miles wide.3. Last night it took him a long time to get to sleep.4. There are so many ads on TV that it is to remember how many there are.5. Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made the people in Columbus !days unwilling to sail westward.l.The,/,/ 4./ 7./10./3. the,the 6./,the 9.The,theVocabularyExercises I.l.a.sailed b.sailor c.sail(n.)2.a.willing b.unwillingly c.unwilling3.a.unusual ual ually4.a.average(n.) b.average(a.) c.averaged(v.)II.1 .peak2 .crew 3.average4.blils 5 .unusual 6.high way7. narrow 8. salty 9. spotlO.affectedIII.1. The sailors were afraid that might meet bad weather.2. The mountain is half as high as MountTai.3.On the average there are 45 students in every class of the school.4. The climate affects the growth of plants.5. My work keeps pilling up.Text BExercises for the TextI.1. T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.TII.1 .three2. the earth's gravitational pull.3.it is near4.29.55.its own/reflects6. disc7. the old moon in the new moon's arms.8.outline9. the old earth in the new earth's arms10. nightVocabulary ExercisesI.l. d 2.b 3.a 4,c 5.e11.l.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.DGrammar Exercisesexplain-explanation conclude —conclusion move —movement govern-govemment similar —aimilarity pay-payment advertise —advertisement add —addition use —usefulness mix —mixturesulless —sullessful color —colorful i.depend —dependence form —formation inform--information mean —meaning graduate-graduation confuse —confusion agree —agreement announce —announcement decide —decision attract-attractionII.science —scientificresponse —responsiblerevolution —revolutionary help —helpful meaning —meaningful use —usefulact —active independent incomplete informal uncertainimpolite1. try n.尝试；试验经过许多次尝试后，他们终于取得了成功。

大学英语自学教程上UNIT17[00:04.70]Panic and Its Effects[00:07.22]恐慌症及其影响[00:09.74]One afternoon while she was preparing dinner in her kitchen,[00:13.22]一天下午，32岁的美国家庭主妇安妮’彼得斯[00:16.69]Anne Peters,a 32-year-old American housewife,[00:19.87]正在厨房做晚饭。

[00:23.04]suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied by shortness of breath[00:27.36]突然，她感到一阵剧烈的胸痛，并伴有呼吸困难。

[00:31.69]Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack[00:34.77]安妮以为自己得了心脏病，[00:37.85]Anne screamed for help.[00:40.42]她惊恐万分，尖叫求助。

[00:43.00]Her husband immediately rushed Anne to a nearby hospital[00:46.47]她丈夫马上把她送到附近的一家医院。

[00:49.95]where her pains were diagnosed as having been caused by panic,[00:53.42]在那儿她的疼痛被诊断为是由惊慌引起的，[00:56.89]and not a heart attack.[00:59.12]而不是心脏病发作。

[01:01.34]More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks[01:05.16]现在越来越多的美国人得过和安妮[01:08.99]like the one experienced by Anne Peters.[01:11.31]一样的恐慌症发作。

大学英语自学教程上UNIT8[00:02.25]第八单元课文A[00:04.49]Telecommunication1 via Satellite[00:06.71]卫星通信[00:08.93]At the beginning of the twentieth century,[00:11.31]20世纪初[00:13.69]there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information[00:17.37]有四种强有力的手段进行远距离的信息传送和接收，[00:21.05]over long distances:[00:23.24]它们是[00:25.42]print,photography,telegraph and telephone.[00:28.85]印刷、照相、电报和电话。

[00:32.29]By the middle of the century, both radio and television[00:35.62]到20世纪中叶，无线电和电视[00:38.95]had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures.[00:42.63]都已成为公认的传送声音和/或图象的手段。

[00:46.32]In 1964, the Olympic Games in Tokyo[00:49.89]1964年在东京举行的奥运会[00:53.47]became the first program to be transmitted via satellite.[00:56.86]是第一个通过卫星传送的节目。

[01:00.24]In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite,[01:04.26]为要通过卫星传送像奥运这样的比赛项目，[01:08.28]television signals are first changed into radio waves, which are then[01:12.07]应先把电视信号变成无线电波，[01:15.86]sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.[01:18.94]然后从地球上的某个发射站把无线电波送上轨道卫星。

大学英语自学教程(上)16-A. Heart Disease: Treat or Prevent?One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Western healthcare systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques and procedures. Many opeations that were considered impossible a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has been a rapid increase in heart surgery.Although there is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery, critics of our health-care systems point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. First, it attracts interest and financial resources away from the question of prevention. Second, it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent. To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery -- even on patients for whom an operation is not at all necessary -- because the equipment and surgical expertise is available. A federal government office recently said that major heart surgery was often per-formed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery, for example, only 15 percent of patients benefited from the surgery.In the recent past, medical researchers have begun to emphasize the fact that heart disease is associated with stress, smoking and a lack of exercise, and we can often reduce the risk of heart disease by paying more attention to these factors.More and more people are realizing that there is a connection betweenheart disease and the way they live. As a result of this new awareness, attitudes toward health are changing. In the past, people tended to think that it was sufficient for good health to have a good doctor who could be relied on to know exactly what to do when they became ill. Now they are realizing that merely receiving the best treatment for illness or injury is not enough. They are learning that they must take more responsibility for their own health. Today many people are changing their dietary habits and eating food with less fat and cholesterol. Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives. The number of smokers in the United States is now far below the level of twenty years ago as many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people take it up. More and more people are aware of the benefits of regular exercise like walking, running, or swimming; some have begun to walk or ride bicycles to work instead of driving. Millions have become members of health clubs and have made health clubs one of the fastest growing businesses in the United States today. And now the beneficial effects of these changing attitudes and behaviors are beginning to appear: an encouraging decrease in deaths from heart disease.16-B. Dieting Four Way to HealthAlmost everyone considers going on a diet sometime in his or her life. All, regardless of sex and age, have something in common -- losing weight and losing it fast.Though their common aim may seem basically good, they probably do not realize that misguided dieting can do more harm than good to their health. Going on too strict a diet can destroy the balance of chemicals in the human body. This happens because when the body is suddenly given much less food than usual, it feels as though it is being attacked and tries hard to protect itself by saving energy. It does this by slowing down metabolism, the process by which the food we eat is converted into energy. As energy is supplied to the body at a slower and slower rate, dieters gradually become so weak that they can do nothing. They soon lose interest in everything going on about them, and their resistance to illness becomes so low that they are easily attacked by one illness after another.Most of those who diet know that foods like rice, bread, potatoes, cakes, sweets, fruits and some vegetables contain carbohydrates, and so can make one fat. What they do not realize, however, is that carbohydrates are our bodies’ main source of energy, and that these foods also contain components essentialfor the composition of substances that are needed to keep the body healthy. As a result, they try to avoid eating these foods, and consequently, they become weaker and less healthy. They begin to have difficulty sleeping properly and start to suffer from radical mood changes. In more serious cases, they even begin to show signs of mental illness.1t is strange enough that most strict diets recommend artificial sweeteners to take the place of sugar and other natural sweeteners. In fact, such artificial sweeteners actually increase one’s appetite and lead to one’s eating even more than usual.Of course, the fact that misguided forms of dieting result in so many problems does not mean that no dieting is safe or all dieting is harmful to the health. Proper dieting can not only help a person lose ugly excess fat, but can also help him or her to keep it off and to lead a more active, happier and healthier life.You might ask just what a proper diet is. Well, simply expressed, a proper healthy diet is one that is well-balanced, or, in other words, one that includes enough but not too many of the kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. The most important of these nutrients are the macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The body needs fairly large amounts of proteins and carbohydrates for building material and energy. Meat, fish, eggs, milk, cream, and nuts all contain proteins and foods like rice, bread, potatoes, etc. contain carbohydrates. The body needs fat to keep it from the cold and to provide a protective layer for the organs, but only in small quantities.Vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium, are another group of essential nutrients, though the body does not need as great a quantity of these as it does the macronutrients - proteins, carbohydrates and fats.There are two types of vitamins, water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B-group vitamins do not stay in the body long and so foods containing these vitamins need to be taken rather often. On the other hand, the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamins A, D, E and K stay in the body for long periods of time and so there is no need to take foods containing them so often.One way of getting enough nutrients while keeping one’s weight down is to take substitutes for foods which contain too much fat. For example, instead of regular milk, one can take skimmed milk, which contains as many proteins andminerals as regular milk but has had the fat removed. In the same way, vegetable oil can be used for cooking instead of animal oil.17-A. Panic and Its EffectsOne afternoon while she was preparing dinner in her kitchen, Anne Peters, a 32-year-old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied by shortness of breath. Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help. Her husband immediately rushed Anne to a nearby hospital where her pains were diagnosed as having been caused by panic, and not a heart attack.More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne Peters. Benjamin Crocker, a psychologist at the University of Southern California, reveal that as many as ten million adult Americans have already experienced or will experience at least one panic attack in their lifetime. Moreover, studies conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States disclose that approximately 1.2 million adult individuals are currently suffering from severe and recurrent panic attacks.These attacks may last for only a few minutes; some, however, continue for several hours. The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer shortness of breath, experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things around them are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy, A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms.There has been a lot of explanations as to the causes of panic attacks. Many claim that psychological stress could be a logical cause, but as yet, no evidence has been found to support this theory. However, studies show that more women than men experience panic attacks and people who drink a lot as well as those who use drugs are more likely to suffer attacks.It is reported that there are at least three signs that indicate a per-son issuffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack. The first is age. People between the ages of 20 and 30 are more often victims of panic attacks. The second is sex. More women suffer from recurrent panic attacks than men. The third is the multiplicity of symptoms. A panic attack victim usually suffers at least four of the previously mentioned symptoms, while a heart attack victim often experiences only pain and shortness of breath.It is generally agreed that a panic attack does not directly endanger a person's life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a person's life by making him or her so afraid of having a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society. Dr. Crocker’s advice to any person who thinks he is suffering from a panic attack is to consult a doctor for a medical examination to rule out the possibilities of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from a panic attack, the victim should seek psychological and medical help.17-B. Sleepwalking ?Fact or Fancy?There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through windows, and commit murder in their sleep.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen searched for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.An expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years has lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I’d get many takers. "Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. It is one of those strange phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. What is certain aboutsleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that sleepwalking is much more common than is generally supposed. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep? Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Dr. Zelda Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, "The sleepwalker is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area.” In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.What are the chances of a sleepwalker committing a murder or doing something else extraordinary in his sleep? Dr. Teplitz says, "Most people have such great inhibitions against murder or violence that they would awaken if someone didn't wake them up." In general, authorities on sleepwalking agree with her. They think that people will not do anything in their sleep that is against their own moral standard. As for the publicized cases, Dr. Teplitz points out, "Sleepwalking itself is dramatic... sleepwalkers can always find an audience. I think that some of their tall tales get exaggerated in the telling.” In her own records of case histories, there is not one sleepwalker who ever got beyond his own front door.To protect themselves, some sleepwalkers have been known to tie themselves in bed, lock their doors, hide the keys, bolt the window, and take all sorts of measures to wake themselves if they should get out of bed. Curiously enough, they have an unusual way of avoiding their own traps when they sleepwalk, so none of their tricks seem to work very well. Some sleepwalkers talk in their sleep loudly enough to wake someone else in the family who can then shake them back to their senses.Children who walk in their sleep usually outgrow the habit. In many adults, too, the condition is more or less temporary. If it happens often, however, the sleepwalker should seek help. Although sleepwalking itself is nothing to become alarmed about, the problems that cause the sleepwalking may be very serious.18-A. Why Are Maps Drawn with North at the Top?Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top, butthis was not always so.The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3, 800 BC, and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia, Iraq. This, and others that followed it, were little more than rough sketches of localized features; it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound footing.At the forefront of the pioneers in the field was the Greek mathematician and philosopher Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. AD 90 ?168), more popularly known to history as Ptolemy. The last great scientist of the classical period, he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge, rather than guess or imagination. Earlier, the Bahylonians had attempted to map the world, but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere, which was the form adopted by Ptolemy.Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong; for example, his estimate of China and the Atlantic Ocean was far from being accurate. Nevertheless, it was a useful effort, and the map remained a work of reference for over a thousand years. In fact, Christopher Columbus used a version of it when he set sail in search of the New World - which caused him some navigational problems, since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the Pacific Ocean existed.The really important thing about Ptolemy's map was that north was at the top. The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the V ole Star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of that era placed their trust.North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages, when the Church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science. In accordance with the orders of the Church, maps were still produced in accordance with Ptolemy's principles ?but now Jerusalem was the central feature, as it was held to be the center of the Christian faith, and east was moved to the top.These maps are often called "T" Maps because they show only three continents - Europe, Asia and Africa - separated by the "T" formed by the Mediterranean Sea and the River Nile. From a navigational point of view, they were almost useless.More accurate maps began to appear in the 14th century, with the spread oftrade and increasing reliance on the compass. Once again, north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.18-B. You Have a ChoiceTwo trains are traveling side by side and at the same speed along parallel tracks. We are seated in one of the trains, and with us we have a special speedometer that measures their relative speech. Since the trains are traveling at the same speed, their relative speed is zero; the speedometer therefore reads "0."Suddenly the other train seems to start pulling ahead of ours. The speedometer shows a reading of 10 miles per hour. The other train has apparently increased its speed. Hut can we he absolutely certain of this increase?If your answer is yes, you are wrong. You are wrong because all that we know is that the relative speed between the two trains changed from 0 mph to 10 mph. Nothing more. This change could have been brought about in one of two ways:1. The other train increased its speed.2. Our train decreased its speed.There are thus two possible explanations to account for the change in speed, but we don't know which one is right. Furthermore, regardless of which explanation we choose, the end result will he the same: the other train will arrive at the station first. So it makes no difference whether we say that the other train increased its speed or that our train decreased its speed.Since both explanations lead to the same result, you can choose either one. Whenever two things are relative, you can choose either one of them. The converse is also true: whenever you have a choice between two things that are equally possible, then the things are relative.There is no reason, except convenience, for choosing one explanation over the other. The relative speed between the trains remains the same, 10 mph; and the end result will be the same.Now let抯suppose that both trains are at the railroad station loading and unloading passengers and baggage. A half-hour passes. As we look at the other train through our window, we see that our train seems to start moving, smoothly and slowly. For a minute or so, our train seems to travel at a uniform speed. Our special speedometer shows that the relative speed between the two trains is 20mph. But as we look out our window, we suddenly see the last coach of the other train disappear from sight and notice the motionless station behind it. So we are not moving after all. The other train has been moving!This peculiar and often frustrating experience is an effect of relative motion. At the train station we cannot tell whether it was our train that changed its speed from 0 mph to 20 mph or whether it was the other train that changed its speed from 0 mph to 20 mph. Only after the other train pulled out of the station could we see that it, and not our train, was moving.Now let us again raise the question that was raised at the beginning of this article: can we be absolutely certain that the other train did indeed increase its speed, and in this case pull out of the station?If your answer is yes, then you are wrong again. All we can be certain of is that the relative speed between the two trains changed.These examples illustrate an important principle in the special theory of relativity. If A appears to be moving at a steady speed relative to B, we cannot know for sure if it is A that is really moving. Perhaps A is standing still, and B is moving. Or perhaps both are moving. According to relativity, there is no experiment that can be devised to solve the problem. As there is no way of deciding which of the two objects is moving, we can choose either one as the moving object. The reason is that their motion is relative, and relativity, as we have seen, means that we have a choice.This principle - that if two objects are in uniform motion relative to each other, it is impossible to decide which one is moving and which one is at rest - applies to all objects moving uniformly in a straight line through the universe.In relativity you’ll find that whenever you have a choice among things that are equally possible, you are dealing with relative things. For example, time, which is measured with clocks and watches, is relative because it can be shown that there is more than one system of time. All systems of time are equally possible and you can choose any system you wish.19-A. Animals at Risk: Who Cares?An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough youngin each generation to keep pace with the death-rate. We can tell from fossil evidence in rocks that many living species have become extinct over the millions of years since life began. It is a natural process and extinction is the fate of any animal that has specialized too far to change when its environment changes, or has to compete with a better-adapted and more powerful animal. Because of remarkable technical developments during the past few centuries, man has destroyed or nearly destroyed some species by killing them at such a rate that they couldn't produce enough offspring, or by completely changing their natural environment at surprising speed.A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environments are being rapidly changed - Amazonia, for instance. There is every likelihood that many species of animals will be made extinct because of these and similar clearances of natural vegetation. Large numbers of animals have been hunted and killed for food. The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting. Often the numbers are so great the hunters may not realize the danger. But even when the danger is widely publicized, the financial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species. Attitudes like this have led to hunters killing animals for furs, for ivory or merely for ornaments. A slight variation on this is when tourists hunt animals for trophies. Magnificent creatures such as lions and tigers have been hunted out of existence in some parts of the world. It is important to realise, though, that animals are sometimes killed out of fear. Big cats are killed in this way. And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive. The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose, and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.Many people are concerned about animals and wildlife conservation. One way to preserve species under threat of extinction - whatever the cause - is to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there. There is always the chance that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment - provided it still exists, and that hunters don't kill them again! Another method is to protect the animals in their natural environment by creating wildlife reserves and parks and using game wardens to look after them. But the parks are large, the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great. Early in 1980 wardens and hunters clashed in East Africa. The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people were killed.There is great pleasure in watching wildlife in natural or near-naturalenvironments, and tourism can add to the income of countries. The animals are still resources - but in a very different form.19-B. The Killer SmogsOn the night of December 1, 1930, a dense fog moved over the Meuse Valley, in Belgium. Many factories in the valley poured smoke and fumes into the foggy air. This created a dark smog of smoke and fog combined. People in the valley began to cough and strain for breath. The smog remained for four days. During that time, thou-sands of people became ill. The hospitals were filled with patients. Sixty people died. Most of them were older persons with heart and lung problems. Finally, a heavy rain washed away the smog. Scientists studied the causes of the disaster. They concluded that the illnesses and deaths were caused by chemicals in the smog.The first reported event of this kind in the United States happened in Donora, a factory town in a valley near Pittsburgh. In 1948, a killer smog made half of the population sick, there were 17 deaths. Again, older people with lung or heart diseases were hit hardest.London, England, has always been known for its "black fags." In the winter of 1952, a milky white fog rolled into the city. It soon turned into black smog as the smoke of the city poured into the air. It was so hard to see that people had to walk in front of the buses to guide them. In this way, the most serious air pollution disaster in history began. When it was over, more than 4,000 people had been killed by the thick black smog.New York City has had several London-type smogs since 1950. Each time, there were from 100 to 400 deaths caused by the smog. Although these smogs were not as deadly as London’s, New York City has the worst: air pollution problem in the United States.In all the killer smogs, factories and homes poured smoke and fumes into the air from the furnaces. The chemical fumes combined witty the water droplets in the fog to form harmful substances. These substances caused the illness of those who breathed the polluted air.Usually, such harmful fumes rise into the upper air and are blown away by the wind. Hut sometimes there is an unusual weather condition called a temperature inversion. A layer of cold air remains near the ground as smoke andfumes pour into it. This is covered by an upper layer of warm air that acts like a lid. It prevents the polluted cooler air from rising. The harmful fumes pile up and make people ill. The smog may bc so thick that airports are closed and chains of collisions occur on the highways.Another type of smog occurs in Los Angeles. Here the weather may he clear and sunny. But stinging eyes and dry coughs show that harmful chemicals fill the air. The smog is due to invisible gases, mostly from automobile exhaust. Because these chemicals are changed by the sun high up in the air, Los Angeles smog is called photochemical smog. It contains automobile exhaust fumes and nitrogen oxides changed by the sun's rays. Added to these are sulfur dioxide and other fumes from factories and oil refineries. Photochemical smog is found in many large cities all over the world.Killer smogs don't happen very often, fortunately. Hut in many large cities, a combination of automobile exhaust fumes, home furnace smoke, and factory waste gases pours into the air. This may also happen in the suburbs, or out in the country, where large factories have been built. A number of harmful substances have been found in the air there. When these substances are breathed in day after day, the health of the population is affected.20-A. You Can’t Do It Because It Hurts Nobody Who do you think breaks the law in our society? If you believe that only tough guys commit crimes, you may have to think again. Answer the following questions honestly, Has anyone you know ever driven drunk? Can you think of a friend who has used drugs? Are you aware that your parents may not always tell the truth when they go through customs? Won't some of your friends admit that they have stolen an item from a store? Have any of your friends ever copied a CD onto a tape for someone else?In case you did not know, all of these acts are against the law. Now, among the people you know, how many have never broken the law? Does that mean that most members of our society should go to jail? Unlike in the movies, we can’t divide the world into bad guys and model citizens. Real life is much more complex. In the same way that diseases range from the common cold to fatal forms of cancer, crimes vary in degree. For example, smoking in an elevator will inconvenience people, but much less than threatening them with a gun.。

[00:00.00]Unit 3 Text A[00:02.39]第三单元课文A[00:04.78]The Atlantic Ocean[00:07.01]大西洋[00:09.25]The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans[00:11.91]大西洋是分隔新大陆[00:14.58]that separate the old World from the New.[00:17.40]与旧大陆的大洋之一。

[00:20.22]For centuries it kept the Americas[00:22.65]几个世纪里，[00:25.08]from being discovered by the people of Europe.[00:27.56]它使南北美洲未被欧洲人发现。

[00:30.04]Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic[00:32.82]许多有关大西洋的错误[00:35.60]made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.[00:39.14]导致早期的海员不愿意远航驶入大西洋。

[00:42.68]One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world."[00:46.37]一个想法是，大西洋洋已远达“世界的边缘”，[00:50.05]Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.[00:53.54]海员们担心他可能会航行到地球队边上彻底掉下去；[00:57.03]Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot. [01:00.85]另一个想法是，在赤道处，大西洋的海水是滚烫的。

大学英语自学教程上UNIT14[00:05.09]The importance of Being Kind and Polite[00:08.22]友善和礼貌的重要性[00:11.34]"Frankly, I think you're boring."[00:13.86]"老实说,我觉得你很乏味."[00:16.38]Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly?[00:19.50]为什么我们很少听到人们说话如此坦城?[00:22.62]Unless you want to end a relationship,[00:25.00]除非你想结束与他或她的关系,[00:27.38]you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.[00:30.80]你当然不会像这样告诉他或她你的真实想法.[00:34.22]Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps,[00:37.55]如果一个朋友向你展示他的集邮册,你丝毫未被打动;[00:40.88]yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole,[00:44.85]如果一个高尔球手告诉你他在打第十四洞时打了如何漂亮的一杆,而你却打了个哈欠;[00:48.82]or falling asleep when friends show picturesfrom their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do.[00:55.41]或者当朋友们向你炫耀他们上次苏圣玛丽之旅的照片时,你却睡着了,这些都是有教养的人所尽力避免的行为[01:01.99]This is what manners are about:[01:04.88]这就是礼义的内容:[01:07.76]acting in a civilized1way to avoid misunderstanding friction2, and conflict.[01:12.08]以文明的方式行事,避免误解,摩擦和冲突.[01:16.41]There are no laws enforcing respect.[01:18.93]并没有法律强迫你去遵重别人.[01:21.45]Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior,[01:25.07]然而我们与别人打交道却不能没有一定的行为准则,[01:28.69]rules that are set by some form of social consensus3.[01:31.86]这些准则是由某种形式的社会公论所决定的.[01:35.03]These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable[01:38.72]这些标准代表了大多数人的意见,[01:42.40]and what they consider unacceptable.[01:44.99]认为什么可以接受,什么不可以接受.[01:47.57]Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow.[01:52.44]某些人的行为很少尊重大多数的所遵从的准则,他们就是粗鲁的人.[01:57.32]For instance, because they talk at home while the television is on[02:00.86]比如,因为人们在家看电视的时候可以谈话,[02:04.40]many people think they can talk at movies as well.[02:07.57]很多人就认为在电影院里照样可以谈话.[02:10.74]They are not even aware that this habit will botherthe other members of the audience.[02:15.01]他们甚至意识不到这个习惯会影响其他观众.[02:19.28]Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections,[02:22.52]餐馆设有烟区和非吸烟区,[02:25.76]and most smokers4 are polite enough to ask,[02:28.40]而且多数吸烟者在点烟以前总会礼貌地问一句,[02:31.04]"Do you mind if I smoke?" before lighting5 up.[02:33.86]"我吸烟您介意吗?"[02:36.68]Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellu-hr-phone sections[02:41.07]餐馆也应设移动电话或非移动电话区.[02:45.46]A new class of rude people has been born:[02:48.24]一种新的举止粗鲁的阶层正在兴起:[02:51.02]the look-at-me phone users whoee boring conversationsare just as dan-gerous to our mental health [02:56.40]就是那些"看我多神气"的打电话的人.他们乏味的电话聊天就像烟雾[03:01.79]as smoke is to our lungs.[03:04.06]有害于肺部一样危害着人们的精神健康.[03:06.33]Sometimes, it is better to remain unknown[03:09.52]有时候,与其让别人憎恨,[03:12.71]than to make people hate you.[03:14.89]还不如自己默默无闻.[03:17.07]There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is gener-ally unacceptable.[03:21.44]很多儿童和青少年的举止总的来说不可接受.[03:25.82]They swear no matter who is around them[03:28.39]不管身边有谁,他们照样骂人,[03:30.96]they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.[03:34.24]老师和他们谈话的时候,他们都照样听"随身听".[03:37.52]Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their childrenare not helping6 them.[03:41.84]满不在乎的家长拒绝用纪律约束孩子,这不是在帮自己的子女.[03:46.17]Kids who have no idea what being polite meanswillpay the price sooner or later.[03:50.90]不知礼貌为何物的孩子们迟早是要付出代价的.[03:55.62]When they join the work force,[03:58.11]当他们工作以后,[04:00.59]their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people [04:05.37]老板和同事早晚会察觉这些举止粗鲁的年轻人[04:10.15]is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.[04:13.69]更像动物而不像文明人.[04:17.23]When they lose a few contracts because they[04:19.96]当他们因谈话时满嘴食物[04:22.69]talk with their mouth full or when they say "Bob" to someone who should be "Mr.Johnson,"[04:26.92]而丢掉了几个合同,或本应称"约翰逊先生"但却叫他"鲍勃"时,[04:31.15]these grown-up kids,because of their ignorance,[04:34.02]这些长大了的孩子们,由于他们的无知,[04:36.90]will never understand why others are getting aheadand they are not[04:40.72]永远不明白为什么别人在取得成功,而自己却不能.[04:44.55]Every little bit of kindness helps.[04:47.44]每一丁点的友善都会让人受益匪浅.[04:50.32]With manners,the best rule is the one that works.[04:53.50]对于仪态来说,什么奏效,什么就是最好的准则.[04:56.67]It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people[05:00.40]当我们和颜悦色待人时,我们更容易看上去并听起来都充满魅力.[05:04.12]Being polite and showing respectcan give us an edge.[05:07.94]彬彬有礼和尊重别人[05:11.77]Why do we need an edge?[05:13.85]会使我们占有优势?[05:15.92]Success in life often starts with a job we like,[05:19.35]生活中的成功总是开始于一份我们喜欢的工作,[05:22.77]and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression,[05:26.45]而给人一个好印象是得到一份工作的关键,[05:30.14]it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.[05:33.91]所以和善待人,彬彬有礼永远不失为一个好主意.[05:37.68]Text B[05:40.56]Why We Walk in Circles[05:42.69]为什么我们走路会转圈[05:44.82]"Pin the Tail on the Donkey"[05:46.74]"给驴安尾"[05:48.66]is always funwhen you're watchlng rather than pinning.[05:51.24]的游戏就永远乐趣无穷.如果你只是旁观者而不是游戏者,[05:53.83]It is somewhat'surprising to see how the blindfolded7 performers act.[05:56.91]观看那些蒙着眼的游戏者的表现有点让人惊奇.[05:59.99]Instead of going straight,they always wander off to one side or the other[06:03.38]他们总是歪向这边或那边,而不是一直向前走.[06:06.76]The greater the distance to the donkey, the farther they go astray.[06:10.00]距离驴子越远,他们偏得越厉害.[06:13.24]Have you ever wondered why they are unable to walk straight ahead?[06:16.06]你是否会问为什么他们不能走直线行走呢?[06:18.88]It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle[06:21.41]这是一个众所周知的事实,[06:23.95]when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.[06:26.43]即当一上人不能用眼睛控制他的方向时,他会绕圈走.[06:28.91]Dark nights, dense8 fogs, blinding snowstorms,[06:32.03]黑夜,浓雾,让人盲目的暴风雪天气[06:35.15]thick forests all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going[06:38.58]以及茂密的森林－－所有这些都使旅行者看不清自己的去向．[06:42.00]Then he is unable to move in any fixed9 direction, but walks in circles.[06:45.83]于是他就不能沿着某一固定的方向行走，而是绕田圈子．[06:49.65]Animals act the same way.[06:51.53]动物也是如此．[06:53.41]You have probably heard the saying[06:55.61]你可能听说过一句谚语：[06:57.80]"running around like a chicken with its head cut off."[07:00.32]＂像被砍掉头的鸡一样绕圈．＂[07:02.84]Well, a chicken with its head cut off actually does run around in circles.[07:05.78]真的，头被砍掉的鸡还真昌绕着圈子跑．[07:08.72]Blind birds fly in circles.[07:10.99]眼瞎的鸟儿也是绕圈子飞．[07:13.27]And a blindfolded dog will swim in circles.[07:16.05]还有，被蒙胧住眼睛的狗游泳时也绕着圈游．[07:18.83]A Norwegian biologist, F.O. Guldbergdecided[07:21.91]一位挪威生物学家古尔伯格[07:25.00]that this problem of circular movementwas worth investigating.[07:28.26]认为这种转圈运动问题值得研究．[07:31.53]He collected many true stories on the subject.[07:34.16]就此课题了收集了许多真实的故事．[07:36.80]One of his stories is about people rowing on a lake [07:39.44]其中一个故事是讲在一个有雾的黑漆漆的夜里，[07:42.08]during a fog on a dark night.[07:44.05]一群人在湖上划船．[07:46.02]One group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water[07:49.05]这群划船的人想穿过3英里的水面[07:52.08]in foggy weathernever succeeded in reaching their goal. [07:54.62]却怎么也达不到他们的目标.[07:57.15]Without knowing it,they rowed in two large circles.[08:00.48]他们不知不觉地划了两个大圆圈.[08:03.81]When they finally got to the shore,[08:06.14]当他们终于靠岸时,[08:08.46]they discovered that they were at the spot they had started from.[08:11.19]发现又回到了出发的地方.[08:13.92]After studying many stories such as this,[08:16.74]研究了许多这样的故事以后,[08:19.57]Professor Guldberg wrote an article in which he discussed[08:22.54]古尔伯格教授撰文讨论了[08:25.52]Circular Motion as the Basic Motion of Animals.[08:28.30]"转圈运动是动物的基本运动方式".[08:31.09]"A simple example will help you to understand his explanation ofwhy we walk in circles.[08:35.02]一个简单的例子可以帮助你理解他对为什么我们走路会转圈这个问题做的解释.[08:38.95]Have you ever wound up a toy automobile10 and started it off across the floor?[08:42.42]你曾经给一辆玩具汽车上满发条并让它们地板上跑过吗?[08:45.90]Then you know that it will rarely travel in a straight path.[08:48.47]那么你就知道它很少能沿一条直线运动.[08:51.04]It will travel, instead, in some kind of are, or curve.[08:54.02]相反,它会跑成一条弧线或一条曲线[08:57.00]If it is to travel in a straight llne,[08:59.02]如果让它跑成直线,[09:01.05]the wheels on both sideshave to be of exactly equal size.[09:04.22]两边的轮子就要完全一样大小.[09:07.40]If they are not,[09:09.07]如果不是,[09:10.74]the little automobile turns toward the sidewith the smaller wheels.[09:13.86]小玩具汽车就会向较小的轮子那边转.[09:16.98]Circular, movement in walking is caused in much the same way.[09:20.16]行走时的转圈现象也是由十分相同的原因引起的.[09:23.33]Us-ally a manwalking will "watch his step" and "look where he is going."[09:27.25]通常一个人走路时会"注意脚下"并"看清方向".[09:31.17]He needs his senses' especially his eyesto get to the point he intends to reach.[09:35.14]他需要运用他的感觉,特别是眼睛,以到达自己要去的地方.[09:39.11]When he cannot use his eyes to guide his steps,[09:41.77]当他不能用眼睛引导脚步时,[09:44.44]he will walk straight only if he takes a stepof the same length with each foot.[09:47.47]只有两脚迈出的步伐完全一样他才能走得笔直.[09:50.50]In most people,however,muscle development is not the same in both legs[09:54.18]然而对于多数人来说,两腿的肌肉发达程度并不一样,[09:57.86]so that it is probable that the steps will be uneven11.[10:00.44]所以走起步来很可能不匀称.[10:03.01]The difference may be so small that no one is aware of it.[10:05.69]这种差异也许很小以至于没有人会注意到它.[10:08.37]But small as his, it can cause circular movement.[10:11.25]但是虽然差异很小,它却能千百万边境转圈移动.[10:14.14]Let us suppose that a man's left foot takes a step 20 inches long[10:17.67]假设一个人左脚每步走20英寸[10:21.19]and that his right foot takes a step 30 inches long.[10:24.08]而右脚每步走30英寸.[10:26.96]Now suppose he takes ten step[10:29.34]现在假设他走了10步[10:31.72]--five with his left footand five with his right.[10:34.40]----左脚5步右脚5步.[10:37.07]His left foot will travel 100 inches.[10:39.56]其左脚将走100英寸.[10:42.04]His right foot will travel 150 inches.[10:44.82]其右脚则走了150英寸.[10:47.60]This sounds impossible. One foot cannot remain 50 inches behind the other[10:51.53]这听起来不太可能.一只脚不可能落后于另一只脚50英寸.[10:55.46]What really happens?At each step the man turns a little bit to the left.[10:59.29]事实会怎样呢?每走一步,这个人就往左偏一点.[11:03.12]Sooner or later he makes a complete circle[11:05.69]迟早他就会走完整的一圈.[11:08.26]The tracks of his feet, however, make two circles, one inside the other[11:12.00]他的足迹,就这样,形成内外两个圈.[11:15.74]His left foot makes the smaller circle because it is taking smaller steps[11:19.00]他的左脚走了内圈,因为左脚步伐较小.[11:22.27]His right foot makes the larger circle because it is taking larger steps[11:25.83]他的右脚走了外圈,因为右脚步伐较大.[11:29.40]This is why a person may walk in an are when he sets out in a straight line.[11:32.88]这就是一个人往前走直线却反而走出弧线来的原因.[11:36.37]The muscles of a man's arms are no more identical than the muscles of his legs [11:40.09]一个人手臂的肌肉和他的两腿的肌肉一样不是完全相同的.[11:43.82]This explains why the rowers who set out to cross the lakeat night rowed in a circle.[11:47.70]这就解释了为什么划船的人在夜间想划过湖面反而却划成圆圈.[11:51.58]By the same rule, a bird's wings do not develop evenly[11:54.81]同样的规则 ,鸟儿的翅膀也发育不均衡,[11:58.05]and so it will fly in circles when blinded.[12:00.48]于是当蒙住鸟儿的眼睛时,它就会转圈飞.[12:02.91]Thus,dear readers,our circular mystery has a very straight answer.[12:06.39]因此,亲爱的读者,我们的圆圈奥秘却有着一个非常直截了当的答案.。