(Working out an outline)

以读促写教学模式探究及案例分析【摘要】阅读是语言输入的重要途径,写作则是语言输出的重要方式, 但因种种原因，长期以来，写作一直是困扰初中学生的一大难题。

本文结合教学案例，阐述了读写结合的方法以及“读”促写对学生“写”及综合语言运用能力的促进。

【关键词】以读促写；读写结合《义务教育英语课程标准（2011年版）》第三部分分级标准中对九年级学生在英语写作方面有明确的要求：能根据写作要求收集、准备素材，能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进行修改；能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系；能简单描述人物或事件；能根据图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。

从教学中或在阅卷中不难发现，学生在写作时常常出现以下问题：学生的审题能力差；文章语言素材不丰富，英语句子基本结构意识弱；表达不得体，结构单一，缺少连贯性，篇章意识差等。

可以说，长期以来，写作一直是困扰初中学生的一大难题。

阅读是语言输入的主要途径,也是写作的基础。

阅读能给学生提供大量的写作素材。

学生可以通过有指导的、科学的阅读积累词汇,储存句法和语篇知识,学习遣词造句和布局谋篇。

以读促写是近年来英语课堂教学中的热门话题。

英语教学中的阅读和写作都属于书面语,存在一定的知识共享,它们之间的迁移是基于两者共享知识的迁移。

在读和写的知识与技能迁移过程中,加大阅读量和提升阅读技能,有助于丰富写作内容和积累写作语言,发展写作技能,反之亦然。

可见,以写作为目的的阅读课堂可以为写作提供素材,创设情境,丰富写作语料,明确写作的目的性和中心话题。

我们在教学实践中可以尝试通过以读促写的教学形式,以教材中的阅读文章为文本基础,通过设计科学、合理地培养学生思维品质的教学环节,引导学生挖掘话题,吸收语言,整合结构,为后续的写作做好铺垫。

以读促写的阅读教学实例将以读促写的阅读课与培养学生的思维品质巧妙结合起来,对提升初中英语课堂教学的有效性和发展学生的英语学科核心素养具有重要的意义。

教学实例1：下面以8下第二单元Travelling Reading版块的课文A tripto Hong Kong为例,探讨如何通过设计有梯度、多样化的语言活动,实践以写作为目的的有效阅读教学。

现代大学英语（第二版）基础写作（上）教师用书Unit 3Task One: Summary WritingActivity 1Summarizing a story section by sectionSummarize “The Midnight Visitor,” using the above guidelines just given and those stated in the previous units. Here are some questions for you to think about while reading the text.1.Ausable, an American secret agent. A summary should focus on him because thestory portrays the main character rather than narrates an incident he is involved in.2.Max, the German spy. He is important and shouldn’t be left out because theconflict is the struggle between him and Ausable.3.Fowler, the young American writer. He has no part in the conflict. In the story hisfunction is to heighten a professional secret agent’s presence of mind against an inexperienced young writer’s fright in a dangerous situation.Section 1 (Paras. 1 – 4)Study the three summaries that describe the main character. Explain which of them is the best, and what is wrong with the other two.Summary 1 is the best of the three. It is objective, complete, and balanced. Second, the length is just right, about one-fourth of the original.Summary 2 focuses on a minor character although the length is all right.Summary 3 includes an unimportant detail in the last but one sentence. The second half is a repetition of what is stated in the opening sentence. And an important detail—Fowler’s presence and his impression of Ausable—is left out.Section 2 (Paras. 5 – 13)Summarize this section orally, making your summary one-third to one-fourth the length of the original. Before you summarize the passage answer these questions and list the important points you think should be included in the summary.1.He told Fowler that he would soon witness something exciting—animportant paper was to be delivered to him.2.It was a German secret agent, Ausable’s old opponent.3.He had come to get the report that was on its way to Ausable’s place.4.He remained calm. He behaved as if he had seen an old friend.5. A balcony outside the window of his room. He said he believed it was wherehis enemy had got into the room.Now list the facts you think should be included in the summary.1.Ausable told Fowler an important paper would soon be delivered to him.2.He found in his room a man with a pistol.3.The man was Max, a German spy, an old opponent.4.He wanted to get the paper Ausable mentioned.5.Ausable remained calm.6.He spoke as if he thought Max had entered his room through a balcony andtalked at length about it.Work out an outline based on the list.Thesis: Ausable worked out a plan to deal with his opponent.Outline:-Ausable told Fowler an important paper was to be delivered to him soon.-In his room, Ausable found his old opponent who had come for the same paper.-He had a plan to deal with the situation and made the man believe there was a balcony outside the window.Section 3 (Paras. 14-16)Summarize this passage orally.Ausable told the young writer that a very important paper was to be delivered to him that night. When they entered his room, Ausable found an old opponent of his threatening them with a pistol. The man had come for the very same paper. Looking angry, Ausable started complaining about a balcony outside the window of his room. He spoke as if he believed that his enemy had got in through the balcony, but the man said he had used a passkey.Section 4 (Paras. 17-28)Now list the facts you think should be included in the summary.-They heard a knock at the door.-Ausable said that he had sent for the police for protection.-Max moved to the window, intending to hide on the balcony.-The doorknob turned and Max dropped to what he thought was the balcony.- A waiter walked in with the drink Ausable had ordered.-Ausable told Fowler there was no police and Max would not return.Work out an outline based on the list.Thesis: Ausable defeated his opponent. / Ausable’s plan worked.Outline:-When someone knocked at the door, Ausable made the man believe it was the police.-The man moved to the window and was ready to hide on the balcony.-When the doorknob turned, the man dropped to his death as there was no balconySummarize the passage orally.Then they heard a knock at the door. Ausable said it was the police he had sent for to protect the paper. Max became nervous. He moved to the window, intending to hide on the balcony, and he told Ausable to send the police away. When the doorknob turned, he dropped out of the window. A waiter entered with the drink Ausable hadordered. Ausable then told Fowler that he had not asked the police for protection and said the man with the gun would not return.Activity 2: Summarizing a story in chronological orderRead the following narrative essay entitled “A Home of a Different Sort” section by section, summarize each section in one sentence and write the sentence in the space below.Section 1 (Paras. 1-2)1.Jeff decided to work with a ski patrol while his father demanded he went tocollege, and said he would disown/reject him if he didn’t.2.Father and son had become estranged since then.Main idea:Jeff was estranged from his father after a bitter argument about his future when he graduated from high school.Section 2 (Paras. 3-12)1.He was now doing is for himself, not for his father, after working as a planner fora big company.2.It was a trick Jeff’s sister planned and played for the estranged father and son tohave a “chance” meeting.Main idea: Years later, Jeff was attending college and kept it a secret from his father until the day of his graduation ceremony.Section 3 (Paras. 13-16)1.The father must have had mixed feelings. On the one hand he must have felt proudof his son and was anxious to welcome him back. On the other hand, he might have felt sorry for those harsh words he said to his son.The son was moved by the change in his formerly cold and stern father and was anxious to go home.Main idea:the estranged father and son were reconciled.✍Writing Assignment OneAnswers may vary.Task Two: Paragraph WritingActivity 3 Learning to create a dominant impressionRead the following paragraph from “Silk Parachute” by John McPhee and respond to the questions that follow it.1. A2.The narrator uses action verbs to create a dominant impression of his mother.Read the following paragraph from “The Men We Carry in Our Minds” by Scott Russell Sanders and respond to the questions that follow it.1.Men in some occupations labored hard in horrible conditions.2.The narrator uses action verbs and adjectives to create such a dominant impressionin the first paragraph.3.In the second paragraph, the narrator uses many specific words and figurativelanguage to visualize the horrible working conditions and the living standards the men endured.Activity 4 Reading on the topicSilk Parachute1.Strict and protective.2.Staying up all night playing poker; using four-letter words at the age of 5;burying the sandwich in a snow bank.3.To achieve humor.Mr. Jones1.He was black-haired and had a pale, lean face with high cheekbones, wearinggold-rimmed glasses with pitch-black lenses.2.He was blind and crippled.3.The man had a lean distinctive face with a red star-shaped birthmark on his leftcheek.Hearts and Hands1.It is the story of a marshal who kindly saves the prisoner in his charge fromembarrassment.2.When he was taking a criminal handcuffed with him to prison, they sat opposite aformer girl friend of the criminal. To save the prisoner from embarrassment, he pretended to be the prisoner.3.The passenger judged people by their appearance. The prisoner was handsome andwell-dressed while the marshal was glum-faced and roughly dressed.4.By using dialogue and descriptive words like "The glum-faced man had beenwatching the girl’s countenance with veiled glances from his keen, shrewd eyes."Activity 5 Reading from your peers1.The first passage highlights the main character's messy hair, rough face, frowningbrows and cold eyes. The second passage focuses on comparing the two men's dress. The third passage uses "plain and ordinary" to describe the main character's look and dress.2.The thesis in the first two is that judging a person by his appearance often leadspeople to wrong conclusions. The thesis of the third is contained in the topic sentence: success, ability, confidence and kindness all could not be seen in one’s appearance.3.Answers vary.✍Writing Assignment Two Answers may vary.。

Part 11. Our host entertained us with many interesting stories of adventure, he had been a member of an exploration team working in the Arctic.Our host entertained us with many interesting stories of adventure, who had been a member of an exploration team working in the Arctic.2. When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed, I had not heard him when he came back. Because I had been sleeping soundly.When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed, I did not hear him when he came back. Because I had been sleeping soundly.3. Liu always did his work a little better than his fellow workers, that was why he got higher pay than others.Liu always did his work a little better than his fellow workers, which was why he got higher pay than others.4. No student could answer that question, even Xiao Yao, who was usually quick in answering questions, was silent.No student could answer that question, even Xiao Yao who was usually quick in answering questions was silent.5. Lin looks like Li, however, they are not related.Lin looks like Li, but they are not related.6. The old man hunched forward. His head tilted at an angle. His eyes half closed, looking very sleepy.The old man hunched forward. His head tilted at an angle. His eyes half closed, looks very sleepy.7. The work was well planned, everybody worked with great enthusiasm, thus, they over fulfilled their quota.The work was well planned, everybody worked with great enthusiasm, so they over fulfilled their quota.8. Mark Twain, a well-known American writer, whose experience as a pilot on a steamboat was no doubt an important factor that helped him to become a famous writer.Mark Twain is a well-known American writer, whose experience as a pilot on a steamboat was no doubt an important factor that helped him to become a famous writer.Part21. Xu comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall.Xu who comes from a working-class family enrolled in college last fall.2. The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open on weekends.The dean issued a bulletinwhich said the library would remain open on weekends.3. Last night was a windy night. The thunder roared. The wind blew a gale. The rain fell in torrents.Last night was a windy night, the thunder roaring, the wind blowing a gale. the rain falling in torrents.4. There are icicles on the trees. The temperature must have fallen considerably during the night. The temperature must have fallen considerably during the night for there are icicles on the trees.5. He returned to his hometown. He had been away for twelve years. He looked in vain for thefamiliar landmarks.After he had been away for twelve years, he returned to his hometown, looking in vain for the familiar landmarks.6. We have made some progress. We still have a long way to go.Although we have made some progress, we still have a long way to go.7. The sky was cloudless. The sun was shining brightly.The sky was cloudless and the sun was shining brightly.8. There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of them were foreigners.There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane, about one third of whom were foreigners.9. The girl began to learn to play the piano when she was a child. Her mother was a famous pianist.The girl whose mother was a famous pianist began to learn to play the piano when she was a child.10. Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had just been acquired by France. Napoleon was born in 1769 when Corsica had just been acquired by France.11. She appeared on the stage. A stormy applause broke forth.When she appeared on the stage, a stormy applause broke forth.12. The gypsies are really a nomadic people from India. They migrated into Europe. Once they were thought to be Egyptians.The gypsies once who were thought to be Egyptians are really a nomadic people from India. They migrated into Europe. .13. The new workers are young and inexperienced. They are eager to learn from the veteran workers.The new workers are young and inexperienced so they are eager to learn from the veteran workers.14. It was a poor quarter. There were a lot of small huts. They had mud walls and straw roofs. They dotted a hillside.It was a poor quarter. There were a lot of small huts which had mud walls and straw roofs, dotting a hillside.15. He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him. He went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket.He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him so he went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket.Part31. She began to speak very fast at the meeting at ten o’clock.She spoke very fast at the 10 o’clock meeting.2. Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known playwrights.… of Britain in the 19-20th centuries.3. The houses were mere shanties, and rags were stuffed in the cracks and holes.… were mere shanties, with rags stuffed in the cracks and holes.4. I read the novel on the train, which did not interest me at all.On the train I read the novel which did not interest me at all.5. A Well-dressed man admitted us to the house, and we later learned that he was a thief.We were admitted to the house by a well-dressed man, who was a thief as we learned later.6. I lost some important documents and found them three days later. The police had helped me. … and/but found them three days later with the help of the police.7. We entered the shop, and a saleswoman greeted us, and all kinds of shoes were on the shelves, and the prices were quite reasonable, and a lot of customers were buying them.A saleswoman greeted us as we entered the shop. On the shelves were all kinds of shoes at quite reasonable prices, attracting a lot of customers/buyers.8. Tell Helen, if she is at home, I will come to see her.Tell Helen I will come to see her when she is in.9. Listening attentively, a faulty sound was heard.Listening attentively, I heard a faulty sound.10. On entering the room, no one was seen.On entering the room, I saw no one.11. Fred is energetic, capable, and a man you can rely on.Fred is energetic, capable, and reliable.12. The children promised to be careful and that they would return home early.…promised they would be careful and return home early.13. Dickens’s novels offer no solution to the social injustices he ex poses in them.Dickens offers no solution to the social injustices in his novels.14. My watch is either fast or yours is slow.Either my watch is fast or yours is slow.15. Glancing out of the window, a beautiful view attracted my attention.…, I was attr acted by a beautiful view.16. He nearly finished reading ten books during the vacation.He finished reading nearly 10 books in the vacation.17. If interested in painting, a course can be taken at the evening school.…, you can take…18. She said that she would come if she could, but not to wait for her.…, but we need not wait for her.19. To tell my friend the good news the letter was posted at once.… the good news I posted the letter at once.20. I will go to the lecture, for I like his poems.…, for I like the poems by the speaker.Part41. In the year 1840 the Opium War broke out.In 1840 the Opium War broke out.2. There are more books in their library than in our library.Their library has moor books than ours.3. He returned back home after he graduated from college.He returned home after graduation from college.4. We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.We planned to meet just before sunrise.5. The cause of the flood was due to the heavy rain in late spring.The cause of the flood was the heavy rain in later spring.6. He was asked to repeat the sentence again.He was asked to repeat the sentence.7. I play badminton equally as well as my brother.I play badminton as well as my brother.8. It seemed to his friends that his attitude was of a puzzling nature.… that his attitude was puzzling.9. These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.… are large and sweet.10. He did not tell the truth with an honest attitude.He did not tell the truth.11. There are a number of students who want to join the drama club.A number of students want to join the drama club.12. He was kind enough to let me share the same umbrella with him.He was so kind as to let me share his umbrella.13. Zhao was the person who was elected the representative of the class by the whole class.Zhao was elected the representative of the class.14. At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a course in geography too.At present I am taking the course of World History and a course in geography.15. The plane circled around the airport for about ten minutes or so and then disappeared and could no longer be seen.After circling the airport for about 10 minutes, the plane disappeared.16. What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he has not done his work very well and it needs improving.What I am trying to say is that he has not done his work well.17. I would like you to consider the question of whether or not you will let our journal publish your recent article on women scientists in China.I would like you to consider whether our journal could publish you article on women scientists in China.18. Owing to the fact that he had missed many lectures, he was aware that it would be possible for him to fail the exam.Sin ce he had …, he was ware of the possibility of his failing the exam.19. You must first work out an outline for your paper, and then after you have done that, you need to collect all kinds of material to support your point of view.You must work out an outline first, then collect enough materials to support your point.20. In that country violent death has become a commonplace thing, a thing that occurs every day. In that country violent death has become a commonplace thing.21. He is not only a good pianist, but also a good singer as well.He is not only a good pianist, but also a good singer.22. This pretty actress keeps appearing in TV serials repeatedly.This pretty actress keeps appearing in TV serials.23. As a rule, students are usually not allowed to take books out of this reading room.Students are usually not allowed to take the books out of this reading room.24. According to the speaker, it is obvious that the responsibility system has helped to increase production and he has no doubt about it.According to the speaker, it is obvious that the responsibility system has helped to increase production.25. One reason why people are well informed in this country is because of the fact that there are many newspapers which can easily be bought or subscribed to.One of the reasons why people in this county are well informed is that there are many newspapers easily available.26. Statistics show that in the decade from 1980 to 1990 enrollments at this school doubled: in 1990 there were twice as many students as in 1980.Statistics show that from 1980 to 1990 enrollments at this school doubled.27. There are so many inexperienced unskilled workers without training in a particular job that production of the factory has been affected.So many workers are unskilled that the production has been affected.28. There are about 50 patients or so in this ward, among whom many are being given acupuncture treatment.Many of the 50 patients in this ward are treated by acupuncture / are taking acupuncture treatment.29. His name is called James Williams.His name is … / He is … / This is …30. Whatever he does, he works seriously with great care, and does his best so as to do it well. Whatever he does, he does his best.第一题改错五个句子（发给你的文档里的句子挑五个，你到时候用WORD文档查找功能帮我找下，文档里每个题号上下俩句子，上边是错的我的题，下边是改了的答案，你给我念答案就行）第二题同义词选择填空十个词给一个词然后出俩选项看哪个意思和它一样到时候题干里的生词我觉得可能得联系上下文理解，应该不单单只是词义，不过不管了，到时候我把题干和AB俩选项的词告诉你，你查完告诉我A还是B就行第三题第四题第五题我自己搞定但是有可能会有不会的词，发下卷来我先把不会的词都标出来，你帮我查一下，拜托啦魁姐第六题是写作两个段落给俩时事热点围绕热点写一段话，不用写作文，一段话就行。

Developing an OutlineAn outline is:∙ A logical, general description∙ A schematic summary∙An organizational pattern∙ A visual and conceptual design of your writingAn outline reflects logical thinking and clear classification. PurposeGeneral:∙Aids in the process of writingSpecific:∙Helps you organize your ideas∙Presents your material in a logical form∙Shows the relationships among ideas in your writing∙Constructs an ordered overview of your writing∙Defines boundaries and groupsProcessBefore you begin:∙Determine the purpose of your paper.∙Determine the audience you are writing for.∙Develop the thesis of your paper.Then:∙Brainstorm: List all the ideas that you want to include in your paper.∙Organize: Group related ideas together.∙Order: Arrange material in subsections from general to specific or from abstract to concrete.∙Label: Create main and sub headings.TheoryAn outline has a balanced structure based on the following principles: ∙Parallelism∙Coordination∙Subordination∙DivisionParallelismWhenever possible, in writing an outline, coordinate headsshould be expressed in parallel form. That is, nouns should be made parallel with nouns, verb forms with verb forms,adjectives with adjectives, and so on (Example: Nouns:computers, programs, users; Verbs: to compute, to program,to use; Adjectives: home computers, new programs,experienced users). Although parallel structure is desired,logical and clear writing should not be sacrificed simply tomaintain parallelism. (For example, there are times when nouns and gerunds at the same level of an outline are acceptable.)Reasonableness and flexibility of form is preferred to rigidity.CoordinationIn outlining, those items which are of equal significance havecomparable numeral or letter designations: an A is equal to a B,a 1 to a 2, an a to a b, etc. Coordinates should be seen as havingthe same value. Coordination is a principle that enables a writer to maintain a coherent and consistent document.Correct coordinationA. Word processing programsB. Database programsC. Spreadsheet programsFaulty coordinationo A. Word processing programsB. Microsoft WordC. Page MakerExplanation: Word is a type of word processing program and should be treated as a subdivision. Page Maker is a type of desktop publishing program. One way to correct coordination would be:A. Types of programs1. Word processing2. Desktop publishingB. Evaluation of programs1. Word processinga. Wordb. Word Perfect2. Desktop Publishinga. Page Makerb. Quark ExpressSubordinationIn order to indicate levels of significance, an outline uses major and minor headings. Thus in ordering ideas, you should organize it from general to specific or from abstract to concrete- the more general or abstract the term, the higher the level or rank in the outline. This principle allows your material to be ordered in terms of logic and requires a clear articulation of the relationship between component parts used in the outline. Subdivisions of each higher division should always have the same relationship to the whole.Correct subordinationA. Word processing programs1. Microsoft Word2. Word PerfectB. Desktop publishing programs1. PageMaker2. Quark ExpressFaulty subordinationA. Word processing programs1. Word2. Useful3. ObsoleteExplanation: There is an A without a B. Also 1, 2, and 3 are not equal; Word is a type of word processing program, and usefuland obsolete are qualities. One way to correct this faultysubordination is:A. Word1. Positive features2. Negative featuresB. Word Perfect1. Positive features2. Negative featuresDivisionTo divide you always need at least two parts; therefore, there can never be an A without a B, a 1 without a 2, an a without a b, etc. Usually there is more than one way to divide parts;however, when dividing use only one basis of division at eachrank, and make the basis of division as sharp as possible.Correct divisionA. Personal computers: hardware1. Types2. Cost3. MaintenanceB. Personal computers: softwareFaulty divisionA. Computers1. Mainframe2. Microa. Floppy diskb. Hard diskB. Computer uses1. Institutional2. PersonalFormThe most important rule for outlining form is to be consistent!An outline can use topic or sentence structure.A topic outline uses words or phrases for all entries and uses no punctuation after entries.Advantages: presents a brief overview of work and is generally easier and faster to write than a sentence outline.A sentence outline uses complete sentences for all entries and uses correct punctuation.Advantages: presents a more detailed overview of work including possible topic sentences and is easier and faster for writing the final paper.An outline can use Roman numerals/letters or decimal form. Roman NumeralI.A.B.1.2.a.b.Decimal1.1.11.21.2.11.2.21.2.2.11.2.2.2Sample：Purpose: To show how programs written for microcomputers relate to the process of writing.Thesis: Microcomputer programs can have a positive effect on students' writing if both the potentials and limitations of the programs are understood.Audience: Current college and university students.Microcomputer Programs and the Process of WritingI. Major Steps in the Writing ProcessA. OrganizingB. Writing the first draftC. EvaluatingD. RevisingII. Writing Programs for the MicrocomputerA. Types of Programs and Their Relationship to the Writing Process1. Thoughta. Use in organizingb. Use in revising2. Word Processorsa. Use in writing the first draftb. Use in revising3. Analytical programs: grammar, style, spellinga. Use in evaluatingb. Use in revisingB. Positive and Negative Aspects of Computer Writing Programs1. Positive featuresa. Less time spent on repetitive or mechanicalwriting tasksb. Greater flexibility and versatility in writing processc. Increased revision strategiesd. Specific learning possibilities2. Negative featuresa. The increased time spent on learning software programs and computersb. The availability of hardware and softwarec. The unrealistic expectations of users1) A cure-all for writing problems2) A way to avoid learning correct grammar/syntax/spelling3) A method to reduce time spent on writing proficiently4) A simple process to learn and executeC. Future Possibilities of Computer Programs for Writing1. Rapid change2. Improved programs3. Increased use and availability4. More realistic assessment of value - critical work。