A micro-machined approach to optical interconnect

光学显微镜英语作文Title: The Marvels of the Optical Microscope。

The optical microscope, a marvel of scientific ingenuity, has revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world. Its development, spanning centuries, represents a fusion of optical principles, engineering prowess, and scientific curiosity. In this essay, we delve into the intricate workings of the optical microscope, its historical significance, contemporary applications, and the profound impact it has had on various fields of study.Historical Evolution:The origins of the optical microscope can be traced back to the late 16th century, with the pioneering work of Dutch spectacle makers such as Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias. Their invention of the compound microscope laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in microscopy. However, it was Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesmanand amateur scientist, who made significant strides in improving the design and magnification capabilities of the microscope. His observations of microorganisms through simple microscopes opened new frontiers in biology and medicine.Throughout the following centuries, the optical microscope underwent numerous refinements and enhancements, propelled by the contributions of notable scientists and inventors. The development of achromatic lenses in the 18th century by John Dollond mitigated color aberrations, vastly improving image clarity. In the 19th century, the introduction of the condenser and objective lenses with higher numerical apertures further enhanced resolution and contrast, enabling the visualization of finer details.Working Principles:At its core, the optical microscope operates on the principles of optics and magnification. Light from a source, typically an adjustable condenser, passes through the specimen mounted on a slide. The objective lens, positionedbeneath the specimen, magnifies the image formed by the transmitted light. This magnified image is then further enlarged by the eyepiece, allowing for visual observationor photographic documentation.Key factors influencing the performance of an optical microscope include magnification, resolution, and contrast. Magnification refers to the degree of enlargement of the specimen, while resolution determines the level of detail that can be discerned. Contrast, on the other hand, influences the clarity and visibility of structures within the specimen. By optimizing these parameters, researchers can obtain clear and detailed images for analysis.Contemporary Applications:The optical microscope remains an indispensable tool in various scientific disciplines, including biology, medicine, materials science, and forensics. In biology, itfacilitates the study of cellular structures, tissues, and microorganisms, elucidating fundamental processes of life. Medical professionals rely on microscopes for the diagnosisof diseases, analysis of blood samples, and examination of pathological tissues.In materials science, optical microscopy enables the characterization of materials at the microstructural level, aiding in the development of new materials and quality control processes. Forensic scientists utilize microscopes to examine trace evidence such as fibers, hairs, and fingerprints, assisting in criminal investigations andlegal proceedings.Impact and Future Prospects:The impact of the optical microscope on scientific advancement cannot be overstated. It has played a pivotal role in unraveling the mysteries of the microscopic realm, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and technological innovations. From the elucidation of cell biology to the development of life-saving medical treatments, its contributions are immeasurable.Looking ahead, advancements in microscopy technologycontinue to push the boundaries of what is possible. Emerging techniques such as confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy offer unprecedented capabilities for imaging and analysis at the nanoscale. These advancements hold promise for further insights into complex biological processes, the development of novel therapeutics, and the exploration of new frontiers in science and technology.In conclusion, the optical microscope stands as a testament to human curiosity, ingenuity, and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. From its humble beginnings to its contemporary applications, it remains a cornerstone of scientific inquiry and discovery. As we venture into the future, the optical microscope will undoubtedly remain an indispensable tool in our quest to unlock the mysteries of the microscopic world.。

考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(3)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。

因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。

小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(3)，请参考!Alloy Holds Out Promise of Speedier Memory ChipScientists at IBM and two partner companies have developed a promising material that they believe will lead to a new kind of computer memory chip able to meet the growing appetite for storing digital music, pictures and video.The advance will be described in a technical paper to be presented Monday at the International Electron Devices Meeting in San Francisco by researchers from IBM and two computer memory manufactures, Qimonda and Macronix. The scientists have designed a new semiconductor alloy derived from materials currently used in optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs.This team is not the only entrant in the race to find alternatives to flash memory, the prevailing form of nonvolatile storage--so called because it can retain information without power. Intel and STMicroelectronics have formed a partnership to pursue the technology, and, separately, Samsung has made announcements in the field.Intel has shown 128-megabit prototype chips and said it planned to introduce products in 2007. Samsung has described a 512-megabit prototype that it expects to market in 2008.IBM scientists say their announcement is significant because the company s new material has performance advantages over alloys now in use in prototypes made by others in the industryIf the technology proves cheap enough to manufacture, it will create a new competitor in the $18.6 billion market for the inexpensive erasable memory chips that have proliferated in mobile phones, music players and other consumer gadgets in recent years.Moreover, although IBM has withdrawn from the memory chip business, the company said it was intensely interested in the technology for corporate computing applications like transaction processing. Faster nonvolatile memory could change the design of the microprocessors that IBM makes, speeding up a variety of basic operations.The new memory technology could potentially be added to a future generation of the IBM Power PC microprocessor, according to Spike Narayan, a senior manager at the company s Almaden Research Center here.Over two and a half yeas, in a trial-and-error process, scientists here explored a class of materials that can be switched from an amorphous state to a crystalline one and then back again by repeated heating. The compounds, known as GST, or germanium-antimony-tellurium phase change materials, are routinely used today to make inexpensive optical disks that are read from and written to with laser beams.The IBM led team has proved that the same effect can be realized by using a small electrical current. That has made it possible to build tiny memory cells that can store digital 1 s and 0 s by means of electricity rather than light. IBM scientists say the new material is an alloy composed of just germanium and antimony, and is referred to as GS. The scientists do not describe the material in detail in the paper.The advantage of the new material, according to the scientists, is that it can be used to create switches more than 500 times as fast as today s flash chips. Moreover, the prototype switch developed by the scientists is just 3 nanometers high by 20 nanometers wide, offering the promise that the technology can be shrunk to smaller dimensions than could be attained by flash manufacturers.The current generation of flash memory chips store as much as 32 billion bits on a chip .But that technology is likely to become increasingly problematic as chip makers struggle to reach ever finer dimensions.Reached for comment later last week, Vivek Subramanian, an associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, who has read the technical paper describing the project, said, Everybody recognizes that scaling flash is going to be a problem in the long run. This looks like a really attractive technology that is both scaleable and consumes little power.Industry executives said that the new materials might bolster the computer and consumer electronics industries just when it appeared they were nearing fundamental engineering limits.This is a Christmas present for the industry because it shatters so many things at once, saidRichard Doherty, president of Envisioneering, a computer industry consulting firm in Seaford, N.Y.，who has been briefed on the technical paper. This could change the basic equation between processors, local storage and communications.Today s flash memories are largely divided into two distinct types called NOR and NAND, with different performance characteristics. The principal disadvantage of the flash design is that data cannot be addressed one bit at a time but only in larger blocks of data.In contrast, phase change memories will be addressable at the bit level. Such a capability means that the new memories will be more flexible than flash memory and can be used in a wider variety of applications and computer designs.词汇注解重点单词promising / prɔmisiŋ/【文中释义】adj.有希望的【大纲全义】adj有希望的，有前途的chip /tʃip/【文中释义】n.薄片，芯片【大纲全义】n.切屑，碎片;(土豆等的)薄片;集成电路块appetite / pitait/【文中释义】n.欲望【大纲全义】n.食欲，胃口;欲望，性欲;爱好，趣味video / vidiəu/【文中释义】n.录像(机)【大纲全义】n.电视，视须;录像(机)adj电视的，视须的;录像的、制作的录像manufacture /,m nju f ktʃə/【文中释义】n.制造业【大纲全义】v.(大量)制造，加工n.(大量)制造，制造业;产品，制造业semiconductor / semikən dɔktə/【文中释义】n.半导体【大纲全义】n.半导体optical / ɔptikəl/【文中释义】adj.视觉的【大纲全义】adj.眼的，视力的;光学的，视觉的alloy / lɔi/【文中释义】n.合金【大纲全义】n.合金v.将......铸成合金prototype/ prəutətaip/【文中释义】n.原型【大纲全义】n.原型;典型，范例intensely / in tensli/【文中释义】adj.强烈的【大纲全义】adj.强烈的，剧烈的variety /və raiəti/【文中释义】n.多样【大纲全义】n.种种，多种多样;种类，品种routinely/ru: ti:nli/【文中释义】adv.通常【大纲全义】adv.常规的，例行的超纲单词entrant n.参赛者一卜megabit n.兆位erasable adj.可消除的，可抹去的proliferate v.扩散gadget n.小机件nonvolatile adj.永久的amorphous adj.非晶体的germanium n.锗重点段落译文IBM及其两个合作公司的科学家们研制出了一种很有前景的材料，他们相信这种材将会开发出一种新的计算机存储芯片能够满足人们对存储数码音乐、图片以及视频日益增长的需求。

研磨加工基本知识讲义一、镜片加工流程及基本知识1、镜片加工流程：切削→研削→研磨→洗净2、切削的基本知识：切削：国内叫“粗磨”，国外叫NCG，为英文“球面创成”之缩写。

切削目的：去除材料硝材表面层，深度为0.5~0.6mm.。

由于硝材压型时精度不高，不加大加工余量就不能达到镜片所需尺寸（包括曲率、肉厚等）。

3、研削的基本知识：研削（也称精磨或砂挂），是镜片研磨前的极为重要的工序，研削加工的主要目的为：①加工出研磨工序所需要的表面精细度。

研削分为两道工序：A、第一道工序称S1，用1200#~1500#的钻石粒。

B、第二道工序称S2，用1500#~2000#的树指进行加工。

②加工出研磨工序所需要的球面精度。

③满足镜片中心肉厚要求，在规定的尺寸公差之内。

④研削品质的好坏对研磨后镜片的品质影响极大。

如研磨不良伤痕（キ）、砂目（ス）、肉厚、面不等不良均与研削有直接关系，研削品质的好坏决定研磨品质的优劣。

二、研磨加工基本知识：硝材在经过切削及研削，其基本尺寸及表面光洁度已经形成，但仍不能满足客户光学上的要求，必须进行研磨工序，研磨是获得光学表面的最主要的工序：1、研磨加工的目的：①去除精度的破坏层，达到规定的外观限度要求。

②精修面形，达到图面规置之不理的曲率半径R值，满足面本数NR要求及光圈局部允差（亚斯）的要求。

2、研磨的机理：①机械研削理论。

②化学学说。

③表面流动理论。

3、光圈的识别与度量（我们通常说的面即光圈）①什么是光圈？被检查镜片表面面形与标准曲率半径的原器面形有偏差时，它们之间含形成对称的契形空气间隙，从而形成等厚干涉条纹，有日光照射下可见到彩色光环（此时空气隙，呈环形对称），这种彩色的光环称为光圈，我们通常观察光圈数（即面本数）以红色光带为准。

这是因为红色光带较宽（波长范围为0.62um~0.78um），看起来清晰明亮。

②面本数的识别与度量有原器检查镜片时，如果二者是边缘接触（中间有空气层），从正方稍加压力P，干涉条纹从外向中心部移动即向内缩，称为低光圈或负光圈（图A），如果二者是从中间开始接触（边缘有空气隙），从正上方稍加压力P，干涉条纹从中心向边缘移动（或向外扩散）称为高光圈或正光圈（图B）③亚斯的识别与度量目前公司将面精度的中高、中低、垂边、分散或边等统称为亚斯，亚斯一定要满足作业标准的要求，超过标准含影响镜头的解像，所以亚斯是一个非常重要的指标，And grinding Basic knowledge handoutsLens processing processes and basic knowledge1, lens processing process:Wash cutting →grinding →grinding →2, the cutting of the basics:Cutting: Domestic called "coarse", abroad called the NCG, English spherical Creation "abbreviation.Cutting Objective: To remove the material the surface of the glass material layer and a depth of 0.5 to 0.6mm.Due to the type of glass material pressure accuracy is not high, do not increase the allowance can not be required to reach the lens size (including curvature, flesh, etc.).3, the grinding of the basics:Grinding (also known as grinding or sand hanging) is an extremely important step in front of the lens grinding Grinding main purpose:①machined surface fineness of the grinding step.Grinding is divided into two processes:A first process known as S1, 1200 # to 1500 # diamond particles.B, the second process known as S2, 1500 # ~ # 2000 resin processing.②processing spherical precision polishing step.(3) to meet the center of the lens flesh requirements within the specified dimensional tolerances.(4) grinding quality is good or bad quality of the lens grinding a great impact.Such as grinding bad scars (Cash), graining (su), flesh, ranging from bad to have a direct relationship with the grinding surface, the pros and cons of grinding quality determines the quality of the grinding quality.Grinding Basics:Nitrate material in its basic dimensions and surface finish has been formed after cutting and grinding, but it still can not meet the requirements of the customer optical polishing step mustbe carried out, is the most important step to obtain the optical surface polishing:1, the purpose of grinding:(1) removal of the accuracy of the destruction layer, to achieve the required appearance limit requirements.②the fine shave shaped to drawing requirements ignore the radius of curvature R, meet the requirements of the surface number NR requirements and aperture local tolerance (Elias).2, the grinding mechanism:①mechanical RESEARCH cut theory.(2) chemical theory.(3) surface flow theory.3, identification and measurement of the aperture (we usually say that the surface of the iris)①What is Aperture?Check the surface shape of the lens surface with the standard radius of curvature of the original surface shape deviation between them containing a symmetrical wedge-shaped air gap is formed, thereby forming fringes of equal thickness, the color can be seen under the sunlight halo (air gap annular symmetry), this halo of color called the iris aperture surface (the number), we usually observe the red band of light.This is because the red wide band of light (wavelength range 0.62um ~ 0.78um), looks clear and bright.②face identification and measurement of the number ofOriginal check lenses, if both the edge of the contact (the air layer in the middle), a little from the affirmative pressure P, interference fringes i.e. inwardly retracted portion moving from the center outward, as low the aperture or negative aperture (A) , if both are from the middle into contact with the air gap (edge), a little from the top of the positive pressure P, the interference fringes move from the center to the edge (or outward diffusion) called high aperture or positive aperture (Figure B)Determine the number of its surface is the red band of light as a standard vertical observation of several rings with that surface of the number of the Figure A Figure B is NR = -3, for NR = +3 this.(3) Elias identification and measurementSurface accuracy high, low, slouch, dispersed or side collectively referred to as Aspen, Aspen must meet the standard requirements of the job, more than the standard containing the impact of the resolution of the lens, so Aspen is a very important indicators。

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振 动 与 冲 击第27卷第2期J OURNAL OF V IBRAT I ON AND SHOCKVo.l 27No .22008用于地震勘探的新型高精度地震检波器研究基金项目:石油天然气装备教育部重点实验室资助项目:2006STS04收稿日期:2007-04-13 修改稿收到日期:2007-06-04第一作者唐东林男,博士,副教授,1970年11月生唐东林, 梁 政, 陈 浩(西南石油大学机电工程学院,成都 610500)摘 要:论述了一种新型适合高分辨率地震勘探的高灵敏度、低失真度的高精度地震检波器。

为使检波器获得高灵敏度、低失真度,对检波器内的电磁场进行了系统的研究。

研究表明:要获得高灵敏度、低失真度的高精度检波器,检波器必须具有磁感应强度高而均匀的气隙磁场。

采用辐向磁场磁路设计和检波器结构优化设计。

设计中采用辐向冲磁的F eCo 基磁钢和专业的磁路设计软件。

所设计的检波器获得了理想的气隙磁场,气隙磁场中均匀场的宽为13mm,磁感应强度为560mT.所设计的检波器特性参数为:频率:f =10H z ?2.5%灵敏度:S =280mV /c m /s ?2.5%阻尼:b =0.7失真度:d <0.05%。

关键词:检波器;磁场;灵敏度;失真度中图分类号:T P212.12 文献标识码:A高精度,高分辨率的精细石油地震勘探,要求采集的数据必须能达到高分辨能力、高信噪比、高保真度、高清晰度、高精确度和高可信度(六高)。

只有采集到的数据达到/六高0的要求,才能实现真正的高分辨率数据处理,用地震勘探技术解决复杂地质目标的能力才能得到加强[1,2],而作为地震数据采集的地震检波器,就必须具有高灵敏度,高分辨率,低失真度的性能。

尽管利用ME M S 技术进行了微机电(ME M S )检波器[3,4]和微光机电(MO M ES)检波器[5,6]的实验研究,但由于电磁式检波器具有性能稳定、生产工艺成熟等很多优势,在今后相当长的时间范围内,电磁式检波器仍将是地震勘探中的主要采集仪器,仍将被广泛研究、使用,其研究目标是如何进一步提高检波器灵敏度、降低失真度以满足高分辨率的精细石油勘探。

11.M: I don’t know what to do. I have to drive to Chicago next Friday for my cousin’s wedding, but I have got a Psychology test to prepare for.W: Why don’t you record your notes so you can study on the way?Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?【答案】A）Listen to the recorded notes while driving.12.M: Professor Wright, you may have to find another student to play this role, the lines are so long and I simply can’t remember them all.W: Look, Tony. It is still a long time before th e first show. I don’t expect you to know all the lines yet. Just keep practicing.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?【答案】C）The man lacks confidence in playing the part.13.M: Hello, this is Dr. Martin from the Emergency Department. I have a male patient with a fractured ankle.W: Oh, we have one bed available in ward 3, send him here and I will take care of him.Q: What are the speakers talking about?【答案】A）Arranging a bed for a patient.14.W: Since Simon will graduate this May, the school paper needs a new editor. So if you are interested, I will be happy to nominate you.M: Thanks for considering me. But the baseball team is starting up a new season. And I’m afraid I have a lot on my hands.Q: What does the man mean?【答案】A）He is too busy to accept more responsibility.15. W: Have you heard the news that Jame Smeil has resigned his post as prime minister?M: Well, I got it from the headlines this morning. It’s reported that he made public at this decision at the last cabinet meeting.Q: what do we learn about Jame Smeil?【答案】C) He has left his position in the government.16. W: The morning paper says the space shuttle is taking off at 10 a.m. tomorrow.M: Yeah, it’s just another one of this year’s routine missions. The first mission was undertaken a decade ago and broadcast live then worldwide.Q: what can we infer from this conversation?【答案】D) The man is well informed about the space shuttle missions.17. M: We do a lot of camping in the mountains. What would you recommend for two people?W: You’d probably be better off with the four reel drive vehicle. We have several off-road trucks in stock, both new and used.Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?【答案】A) At a car renting company18. W: I hear you did some serious shopping this past weekend.M: Yeah, the speakers of my old stereo finally gave out and there was no way to repair them.Q: What did the man do over the weekend?【答案】更新中……Conversation OneW: Now, could you tell me where the idea for the business first came from?M: Well, the original shop was opened by a retired printer by the name of Gruby. Mr Gruby being left-handed himself, thought of the idea to try to promote a few products for left-handers.W: And how did he then go about actually setting up the business?M: Well, he looked for any left-handed products that might already be on the market which were very few. And then contacted the manufactures with the idea of having products produced for him, mainly in the scissors range to start with.W: Right. So you do commission some part of your stock.M: Yes, very much so. About 75 percent of our stock is specially made for us.W: And the rest of it?M: Hmm, the rest of it now, some 25, 30 years after Mr. Gruby’s initial efforts, there are more left-handed product actually on the market. Manufactures are now beginning to see that there is a market for left-handed products.W: And what’s the range of your stock?M: The range consists of a variety of scissors from children scissors to scissors for tailors, hairdressers etc. We also have a large range of kitchen ware.W: What’s the competition like? Do you have quite a lot of competition?M: There are other people in the business now in specialists, but only as mail-order outlets. But we have a shop here in central London plus a mail-order outlet. And we are without any doubt the largest supplier of the left-handed items.【材料评析】这是一篇采访一名专为左撇子们提供产品的供应商的文章。

摘要非球面因其具有更高的自由度，有利于简化结构、减小像差等球面无法比拟的优势，越来越广泛地应用于光学设计中，但国内高精度非接触式非球面检测系统研制一直比较落后，国外检测设备也非常昂贵，限制了非球面技术在中小型企业及院校的进一步推广。

为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种基于激光扫描技术的非球面测量方法，利用细激光束扫描非球面的轮廓面得到非球面的面形曲线，论文完成的工作和创新点主要包括以下几个方面：1、分析现有的各种非球面测量系统的优缺点，考虑操作环境、实际需求等因素选择激光扫描式测量方案。

分析以往激光扫描式测量方案的结构形式，提出一种在光路中加入反射镜的方案，用直线和旋转扫描机构带动反射镜进行扫描，增大了系统的测量范围并减小系统的复杂程度。

2、以往的激光扫描方案，通过测量反射光束在CCD上的位置进行测角，CCD的大小和精度限制了测量精度的提高，本课题首次提出通过PSD寻找光斑中心实现改进型自准直测量的方式来进行角度测量，提高了系统的测量精度。

3、针对提出的方案设计完整光路，选型合适的光电器件。

在LightTools中对完整光路进行建模，确定光路中各个光学元件的位置和参数以及扫描机构的量程及精度。

分析模拟数据发现需要在光路中加入缩束镜，根据LightTools中模拟数据设置参数，在CODEV中进行优化设计。

4、设计缩束镜和反射镜固定组件的机械结构，在系统各部分光机器件加工完成后进行装配和调试，并选择合适的非球面进行系统测试，采集直线位移、旋转角度以及PSD探测的数据。

5、利用迭代算法处理收集到的数据，重现待测非球面的面形，并与理论面形作比对，分析测量精度和产生误差的原因。

关键词：非球面，激光扫描，高精度，非接触式，光线对中ABSTRACTBecause of some incomparable features of the aspheric surface such as greater design freedom, the convenience of reducing the system structure and the ability of reducing the aberration, the aspheric surface is more widely used in the optical design. However in our country, the development of high precision and non-contact aspheric testing system is relatively backward, which limits the further popularization and application in minor enterprise and colleges.In order to solve this problem, this paper presents a new method based on laser scanning for measuring the aspheric surface. Scanning the outline of aspheric surface by thin laser beam to obtain aspherical surface shape curve. The work and innovation of the paper mainly include the following aspects:1、Analyzing the merits and drawbacks of various kinds of aspheric measurement system, and considering the operational environment, the actual demand and other factors , choosing a laser scanning measurement scheme at last. The paper analyzes the structure of laser scanning measurement scheme in the past, and proposes a scheme which can increase the measuring range of the system and reduce the complexity of the system by adding a mirror in the optical path and being driven by a straight line and a scanning mechanism.2、In the previous laser scanning, angle measurement is performed by measuring the position of the reflected light beam on the CCD. The size and precision of CCD limits the accuracy of the measurement. In this paper, making the light beam in the center of PSD to measure the angle is put forward for the first time, which improves the measurement accuracy of the system.3、Designing the optical path and selecting suitable optical devices based on the proposed scheme. In LightTools, the modeling of optical path is finished, which is in order to ensure the positions, parameters of each optical elements in the optical path and the range and precision of the scanning mechanism. By analyzing the simulation data, we find that a shrinking beam lens is needed to join the optical path. Parameters of the lens is set according to the simulated data in LightTools. And the shrinking beam lens is optimized in CODEV.4、The mechanical structure of shrinking beam lens and fixed components of reflector is designed. The paper has assembled and debugged the each part of the optical devices after they are machined, chosen suitable aspheric surface to carry out system test, and collected the data of the linear displacement, rotation angle and PSD detection.5、To process the collected data, using iterative algorithm to reproduce the shape of the aspheric surface which is measured. The results are compared with the theoretical results to analyze the measurement accuracy and the causes of error.KEY WORDS：Aspheric surface,Laser scan,High precision,Non-contact measurement,Laser shaft alignment目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 课题背景 (1)1.2研究意义 (2)1.3 国内外研究现状 (2)1.3.1 国外研究现状 (2)1.3.2 国内研究现状 (4)1.4 课题主要内容 (5)第2章系统测量原理和方案 (6)2.1非球面测量系统工作原理 (6)2.1.1光学非球面 (6)2.1.2现有测量方案结构分析 (6)2.2系统测量方案 (10)2.2.1激光扫描式系统方案 (10)2.2.2激光扫描式测量系统结构 (12)2.3本章小结 (12)第3章系统的光路设计与模型搭建 (14)3.1系统总体光路布局与分析 (14)3.1.1系统测量光路布局 (14)3.1.2系统光路分析 (15)3.2光器件选型 (16)3.2.1 激光器 (16)3.2.2PSD位敏探测器 (17)3.3系统光路设计 (18)3.3.1设计工具简介 (18)3.3.2系统光路搭建 (20)3.3.3扫描机构精度分析 (23)3.3.4缩束镜设计 (25)3.3.5 光学元件选型 (31)3.4 本章小结 (33)第4章系统的结构设计与调试 (34)4.1 机械结构设计 (34)4.1.1 缩束镜机械设计 (34)4.1.2扫描机构机械设计 (36)4.1.3反射镜机械固定件设计 (37)4.2系统光机器件装配 (39)4.2.1缩束镜的装配 (39)4.2.2反射镜安装 (40)4.2.3 扫描机构安装 (41)4.3 待测样品介绍 (41)4.3.1 紫外照明球面 (42)4.3.2 照明均匀非球面 (42)4.3.3 激光扩角缩束非球面 (43)4.4 系统调试 (44)4.4.1 激光光束的水平调整 (44)4.4.2 反射镜的位置和姿态调整 (44)4.4.3 光学元件共轴性调整 (44)4.4.4PSD位置和姿态调整 (45)4.4.5 安装待测非球面 (45)4.5本章小结 (45)第5章数据采集与处理 (47)5.1数据采集 (47)5.1.1数据采集系统介绍 (47)5.1.2测量数据采集 (48)5.2数据处理 (49)5.2.1 迭代算法 (49)5.2.2面形曲线分析与拟合 (51)5.2.3 系统误差分析 (54)5.3本章小结 (54)第6章总结与展望 (56)6.1全文总结 (56)6.2课题展望 (57)参考文献 (58)附录 (62)发表论文和参加科研情况说明 (68)致谢 (69)第1章绪论1.1 课题背景随着光学精密加工工艺的发展，非球面光学元件以其简化系统结构和尺寸、校正多种像差、明显改善成像质量[1][2]、增加系统设计自由度等优势，在国防航空航天系统[3][4]、红外探测技术、医用内窥镜、民用照明工程[5]、空间遥感技术[6]等领域中得到越来越广泛的应用。