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全国 2018 年 10 月高等教育自学考试 综合英语（二 ）试题 课程代码： 00795 I .语法、词汇。
用适当的词填空。
从 A 、B 、C 、D 四个选项中，选出一个正确答案，并将 正确选项的字母写在答题纸的相应位置上。
（本大题共 25 小题，每小题 1 分，共 25 分 ） Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer. （25 points ）1. The platform would collapse if all of you ___ on it.A. standB. stoodC. would standD. had stood2. The old lady who saw the bus ______ into the river phoned the police instantly.A. plungedB. to plungeC. was plungingD. plunge3. Mary had to wait outside her house for her husband's return because she _____ her key in the office.A. has leftB. leavesC. had leftD. left4. I suggest that each of you ______ a plan for the overall revision.A. makeB. makesC. would makeD. made5. It was _____ work of art that everyone was eager to have a look at it at the exhibition.A. such a rareB. a such rareC. a so rareD. so a rare6. You may come with us to Florida for the winter _____ you don't mind the cost.A. unlessB. on conditionC. exceptD. if7. The boat drifted along on the sea for a good hour ____ it was safely anchored at the dock.A. beforeB. whenC. afterD. while8. I find _____ that with the development of science and technology the price of such gadgets ascomputers and mobile phones continues to drop.A. be reasonableB. it to be reasonableC. reasonableD. it reasonable9. There is something wrong with my watch. It______A. need repairingB. needs repairingC. need to be repairedD. needs to repair10. English is more extensively used now than any other language ______C. ever isD. has ever been 12. Some people find that after theirdieting went on a diet.A. as much asB. much thanC. as many asD. more than13. Helen was much kinder to herchildren , ______ n aturally made them jealous.A. whatB. whoA. ever wasB. had ever been11.Some companies have pressure _______ .A. than more on efficiencyC. and more than efficiency introduced flexible working hours with B. than on efficiencyD. and moreefficiency less emphasis on is over they eat twice ______ they did before they youngest child than she was to her otherC. thatD. which14. Books require hard work and practice and, like sports, they can be both a and a delight.A. encouragementB. dareC. challengeD. prodding15. The weather is something that no one can control. It world.A. effectsB. affectsC. influencesD. impacts16. The law a citizen's obligations and rights.B. designs D. determines 17. The bus driver warned passengers to pickpockets. A. fight withB. guard againstC. break downD. keep an eye on 18. Poverty children living in slums of the joys of childhood. A. deprivesB. deniesC. disposesD.dismisses 19. After the little boy recited a poem, his mother him with a kiss. A. blessedB.rewardedC. awardedD. satisfied 20. The girl did some housekeeping for Mrs. Johnson her room and board.A. for want ofB. for the sake ofC. in exchange forD. in change for21.on the sand, I watched the clouds and listened to the singing of the birds.A. LyingB. LayingC. LieD. Lay 22. The professor uses words and expressions in his lectures. A. every dayB. every day'sC. everydayD. everday ' s 23. A brother not be a friend, but a friend will always treat you like a brother. A. mustB. shouldC. mayD. would 24. We do not need many researchers today;we need are searchers. A. that B. whatC. howD. which 25. At nightfall we stopped at a village, which a small store and a few houses scattered here and there.Fill in each blank in the passage with the most likely answer. (15 points)In 1963 the leader of the Labor Party made a speech explaining plans for a “ university on the air” — an educational system which would 26 television, radio and correspondence courses ( 函授课程).Many people laughed at the 27 , but it became part of the Labor Party's program to provideeveryone in every part of the A. decidesC. definesA. made up ofC. formed byn .完形填空。
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2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二）试卷(课程代码00015）本试卷共8页。
满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。
考生答题注意事项：1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答.答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。
2。
第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。
必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑.3.第三一七部分在“非选择题答题区"作答。
必须注明大、小题号,使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。
4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效.第一部分：阅读判断(第l～l0题，每题l分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该旬提供的是错误信息,选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。
在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
第二部分:阅渎选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共l0分）阅渎下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项（A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑.第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子(第16～25题，每题l分，共10分)阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：（1）从第l6~20题后所给的6个选项中为第1～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。
绝密★启用前2015年7月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷（课程代码06422）考生注意：1.答案必须写在答卷上，写在问卷上无效；2.考试时间150分钟。
I.Blanking-filling.(20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word whose initial letter has been given.nguage is a system of a vocal symbols used for human communication.2.As a design feature of human language,d means that language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.3.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a s study.4.Chomsky defined c as the ideal user`s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.5.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds call v .6.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments called the aof the phoneme.7.The m unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.8.I morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammatical markers,signifying such concepts as tense,number,case and so on.9.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: head, specifier and c .10.The final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate t is known as surface structure.11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c in the mind.12.The sense relation between"flower" and "tulip" is called h .13.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe t of use is taken into consideration14.ISBN is an a derived from the initials of " International Standard Book Number".15.S refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class16.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r .17.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and becomepart of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d .18.Behaviorists hold that the differences between native and target languages would either leadto positive transfer or negative transfer, also known as i .19.Learning s are learners conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.20.N is the study of the relationship between brain and language linguistics.II. Multiple choice.(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21. Who among the following linguists defined the meaning of a language form as the"situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer"?A.N. ChomskyB. F de SaussureC. L. BloomfieldD. M. A K. Halliday22. Which of the following words ends with a palatal, voiceless affricate?A.bridgeB.teachC. fishD.massage23. Which of the following words contains a back vowel?A. badB. beatC. fatherD. but24. Which of the following is hot A minimal pair?A. pit, pigB. kill, pillC. leak, seekD.carp, park25. Which of the following is an open class word?A. andB. ofC. theirD. meet26. Which of the underlined morphemes below is not an inflectional morpheme?A.walksB.walkerC. walkedD. walking27. Which of the following words contains the fewest morphemes?A.understandB.uncoveredC.unhappilyD.unacceptable28. The information about a word's complement is included in the head and termedA. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. complementationD.generalization29. The pair of words“male”and“ female" belongs to.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesplementary antonymsD. stylistic antonyms30. X: John's car needs repairingY: John has a car.The sense relation between the above sentences isA. X entails YB. X presupposes Y 2k6C. X is synonymous with YD. X is in consistent with Y31. When a child uses“dady" to refer to any mei, most probably his“ daddy”" means一A.[+ HUMANIB. [+HUMAN, ADULT]C.[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+MALE] D[HUMAN,+ADULT,+ MALE, PARENT32. When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle, our language might becomeA. ungrammaticalB. ambiguousC. indirectD.offensive33. According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is an instance of representatives?A. I'm sorry for the mess I have made.B. Your money or your life!C. I fire you!D. I have never seen the man before34. The word “motel” is a(n) .A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD.acronym35. According to Halliday field of discourse refers to the communicationA. topicB.roleC. situationD.means36. According to the innatist view of language acquisition, language develops in the child just as some functions.A.physicalB. biologicalC. mechanicalD. technical37. Different styles of the same language can be characterized through differences at the following levels EXCEPT ·.A.syntactic levelB. lexical levelC. phonological levelD. reasonable level38. In the verse"My love is a red, red rose", the word rose is meant in its-meaningA. denotativeB. connotativeC.iconicD.romantic39. Which of the following errors may have resulted from cross-linguistic interference?A. rided, rised…B. Touch the societyC. The apricot is too sour to eat it.D. Jane suggested me to give up smoking40. Neurological studies show that the lower rear portion of the left frontal lobe (also known asBroca’s area) is responsible for speech .A. articulationB. comprehensionC.processingD. understandingIll. True of false judgment.(20%)Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for a true statement and F for a false one.41. According to Saussure, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i. e, to discover theregularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.42. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one43. Language is creative in the sense that there is no misunderstanding of new signals by its users.44. V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back according to the position of tongue in the mouth.45. The surface structure and the deep structure of a certain sentence may be identical when there is no need toundergo any transformations.46. Wh Movement can apply to both wh questions and relative clauses47. The sentence"Green clouds are sleeping furiously" is not acceptable because it violatescertain grammatical rules.48. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the locutionary act.49.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a language-specific culture andbecomes socialized in certain ways.50. Traditional behaviorists view language as behaviour and believe that language is a matter ofimitation and habit formation.IV. Give a short explanation to each of the following terms.(25 %)51. arbitrariness52. phoneme53. componential analysis54. pidgin55. interlanguageV. Essay question.(15%)56. Give an account of the following utterances in light of the new model of speech act theory by Austin. (Background: a little girl is lingering at a doll store with her mum)Mother--Honey, we're going to miss the train.(1)Daughter--Mummy, the doll is so cute.(2)Mother--Oh, well, let's see how much it is.(3)。
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20%)1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any _______________system of communication.A. artificialB. non-linguisticC. animalD. abstract2. If you put a finger in each e ar and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _______________.A. glottisB. windpipeC. larynxD. vocal cords3. In the word suitable, “-able” is a _______________morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. rootD. stem4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language,i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called _______________.A. selectional restrictionsB. grammatical rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. phonological rules6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ .A. clauseB. speechC. utteranceD. predication7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin.A. the British scholar Sir William JonesB. the German linguist Franz BoppC. the Danish scholar Rasmus RaskD. the German scholar Jacob Grimm8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must,in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the community.A. geographicallyB. linguisticallyC. sociallyD. psycholinguistically19. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _______.A. less than 1000 yearsB. over 2000 yearsC. less than 2000 yearsD. over 3000 years10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language.A. phonologicalB. semanticC. grammaticalD. communicativeII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language.12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called f morphemes.14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are five general types of things we do with language.17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d processes of change in language elements and language systems.18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 hemisphere of the brain.20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i on the part of adults.llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel [fi:] and little [l I t], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [l υf]. From the phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different sounds.23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.224. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary movement is what we call deep structure.25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31.duality32.producrivity33.fricative34.affix35.recursiveness36.the naming theoryplementary antonyms38.conversational implicaturenguage planning40.psycholinguisticsV.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41．Explain the Great V owel Shift in the history of English, and give at least two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.42.Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behavioristlearning model and the nativist biological model.3。
2012年10月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷（课程代码06422）I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1. Three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, a_______phonetics, and acoustic phonetics.2. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head , and the words on the right side of the heads are c____________.3. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling ,or in both.4. S__________ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.5. There are two types of a__________ dyslexia: phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia.6. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around , they think and speak differently , this is known as linguistic r_______.7. The most basic and the smallest meaningful element of meaning is traditionally called m___________.8. The i__________ view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which he develops.9. C___________ determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him10. If the linguistic study aims lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to bep___________.11. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a qual ity of speech sounds called “v___________”.12. R__________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.13. A__________ refers to a number of acquired language disorder due to the cerebral lesions caused by vascular problems, a tumor, an accident and so on.14. Minor Lexical Categories refer to D_________, Degree word, Qualifier , Auxiliary and Conjunction.15. Linguistics is a scientific study because it is based on the s_____________ investigation of linguistic data.16. Grammatical of functional words are referred to as being c_____class words .17. A p___________ is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.18. A________ are words derived from the initials of several words, such as WTO.19. I________ motivation refers to the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.20.Chomsky uses the term p________ to refer to the actual realization of the knowledge in linguistic communication.II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21. Different from contrastive analysis, _______ gave less consideration to learners’ native language.A . negative transfer B. mistake analysisC. positive analysisD. error analysis22. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the __________.A. public societyB. common groupC. speech communityD. speech group23. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _____ of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.A. forceB. positionC. mannerD. pattern24. ___________ analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.A. ComponentialB. ContrastiveC. ComparativeD. Inflection25. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. morphemesB. elementsC. segmentsD. constituents26. ____________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. PositiveB. IntegrativeC. InstrumentalD. Intrinsic27. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as _______.A. modifiersB. qualifiersC.specifiersD. determiners28.The following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT____.A.[t]B.[s]C.[p]D.[k]29. The sentence that has a NP and a PP can be shown in a ______ formula “S→NP PP”.A. hierarchicalB. tree diagramC. verticalD. linear30. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said tobe______.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic31.The relationship between “ flower “and “ rose” is _______.A.homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy32.The pair of w ords “ east ”and “ west “ is ________.A. gradable antonymsB.co-hyponymsplementary oppositeD. relational opposites33.Which of the following hypothesis is put forward by Eric Lenneberg?A. Critical Period HypothesisB. Input HypothesisC. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisD. Language Acquisition Device Hypothesis34. X: John has taken part in the London Olympic Games.Y: John is a sportsman.The sense relation between the above sentences is _____.A. X entails YB. X is inconsistent with YC. X presupposes YD. X is synonymous with Y35.The word “unreasonably” consists of ____ morphemes.A. 4B. 3C. 5D.236.____ occurs when the Cooperative Principle is violated.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Conversational implicatureD. Intralingual error37. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two sound combinations are said to form a __________.A. adjacency pairsB. minimal pairsC. complementary pairsD. similar pairs38.”Brunch” is a word formed by _____.A. clippingB. back-formationC. coinageD. blending39.Which of the underlined morphemes below is a derivational morpheme?A. startedB. jumpingC. physicianD. suffixes40.____ is concerned with the processes of language comprehension and production.A. PragmaticsB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. PsycholinguisticsIII.True of false judgement (20%)41. The brain, weighing about 1,400grams, consists of about ten billion nerve cells called neurons.42. W hat is measured in the priming experiment is the extent to which the prime influences the subject’s psychological decision performance on the target stimulus.43. According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.44. Diacritics are added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.45.Mode of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question.46.”Language is arbitrary” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds since different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.47.Derivational morphemes are the group of morphemes such as –en,-ate, and –ic etc. Because when they are conjoined to other morphemes (or words), a new word is derived of formed.48. Locutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.49.The cortex is separated by the longitudinal fissure into two parts: the left and right cerebral hemispheres.50. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by N. Chomsky in 1967.IV.Explain the following notions briefly (25%)51.behaviourist52.sense and reference53.Wh-MovementD55.Draw a tree diagram for “The girl bought the book.”V. Essay question (15%)Write a passage of 120-150words on the following topic .56. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?Illustrate your answer with concrete examples.部分参考答案（非官方答案，但大部分正确）：1.auditory2. complements3. Homonymy4. Sociolect5. acquired6. relativity7. morpheme 8. interractionist 9. Context10. Prescriptive 11. voicing 12. Reference13. Aphasia 14 . Determiner 15. systematic16. closed 17. pidgin 18. Acronyms19. Integrative 20. performance21. D 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. A26.B 27. C 28. B 29. D 30.B31.B 32.D 33. A 34.C 35.A36. C 37.B 38. D 39. C 40.D41.T 42. F 43.T 44. T 45. F 46. T 47.T 48.F 49.T 50.F51.Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believe that language learning is simplya matter of imitation and habit formation.52. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.1) Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.2) Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.53. Wh-movement---- Move a wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence.Move a wh phrase to the specifier position under CP. (Revised)54. It is the capacity to acquire one’s first language , when this capacity is pictures as a sort ofmechanism or apparatus. In the 1960s and 1970s Chomsky and others claimed that every normal human being was born with an LAD. The LAD included basic knowledge about the nature and structure of human language . The LAD was offered as an explanation of why children develop competence in their first language in a relatively short time , merely by being exposed to it.55. 略56. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone.The location of stressing English distinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress; word stress and sentence stress. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun, to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged.Tones are pitch variations, which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings。
2018年10月真题英语自考答案1. What ________ nice day! Let's go for a picnic. [单选题] *A. a(正确答案)B. anC. theD. /答案解析：句意：多么好天气啊！让我们去野餐吧。
考查冠词辨析。
a和an 是不定冠词，修饰可数名词单数形式，表示泛指一个……，a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前；an用于以元音音素开头的单词前；the是定冠词，修饰名词表示特指。
根据句子结构可知，这句话是一个感叹句，句型是What a+形容词+可数名词单数。
故选A。
2. The wild animals are in danger now. Let's protect ________. [单选题] *A. theyB. them(正确答案)C. theirD. theirs答案解析：句意：野生动物现在处于危险之中。
让我们一起保护它们吧。
考查人称代词宾格。
they它们，人称代词主格；them它们，人称代词宾格；their它们的，形容词性物主代词；theirs它们的，名词性物主代词。
根据“protect”可知，空处需要人称代词宾格作动词protect的宾语，故选B。
3. The bank is _________ the left of the supermarket. It's not far. [单选题] *A. inB. forC. on(正确答案)D. at答案解析：句意：银行在超市的左边。
距离并不远。
考查介词辨析。
in在……里；for为了；on在……上；at后接小地点。
根据the left of the supermarket，可知，此空表示“在超市的左边”，固定搭配：on the left of“在……的左边”，所以空格处填on。
故选C。
4. I don't know how to make a speech in public. Can you give me some _________? [单选题] *A. waterB. moneyC. foodD. advice(正确答案)答案解析：句意：我不知道如何在公共场所发表演讲。
2018自考英语试题及参考答案解析第一部分：阅读判断(第1～10题，每题1分，共10分)下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句信息文中没有提及，选择C。
在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
Animals in the CityRecently, there have been many reports in newspapers and on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when big animals come into our cities? Is it a good thing or is it dangerous for us and the animals?Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons(狒狒)sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people's kitchens! Baboons are strong animals and sometimes they scare children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too.Sometimes, baboons are hurt in car accidents. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors. Their job is to find baboons in the city and take them back to the countryside. The problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.In Berlin Germany, groups of wild pigs sometimes come into the city to look for food. They eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also walk in the street and cause traffic accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents. They have told people to stop giving the pigs food and have put up fences to stop the pigs from coming into the city.In Moscow, Russia, there are 35,000 wild dogs. They live in parks, empty houses, markets and train stations. Some of the dogs were pets that people did not want, so they left them on the streets. Others were born on the streets and have always lived there. A lot of people like them and are used to seeing them on the streets. They give the dogs food and water. They even build small huts for the dogs to live in during the very cold winter.1.【题干】Many news reports concern big animals in the city.【选项】A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given【答案】B【解析】原文说：Recently, there have been many reports in newspapers and on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities.报道的是大型动物进入城市这一行为，而题干为报道的是在城市中的大型动物。
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试高级英语试题课程代码：00600Ⅰ. The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (12 points, 0.5 point for each)·The fact is significant. To what is it 1 ? In part, I suppose, to a general increase in 2 . The rich have always 3 their personal appearance. The 4 of wealth —such as it is —now allows those of the 5 who are less 6 than their fathers to do the same.·The 7 of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural 8 of the life cycle, the old 9 their prescribed life spans and 10 way for the young. Much that is11 in old age in fact derives from the reality of aging and the 12 of death.·News of Harlem rioting 13 the multi-national student 14 there. The typical European15 was unlike anything I had seen before. They had no homes or businesses to worry aboutproecting. They want to know why Negroes did not riot more often. 16 the only Negro in the summer 17 I felt embarrassed for a time. I was embarrassed because I did not have any18 .·The investigation was not 19 so that veterans could 20 out their hearts or 21 their souls; it was 22 to prove that the policy of the U.S. in Indochina is tantamount 23 genocide, and that not only the soldiers are responsible 24 what is happening, but that everyone here in America is responsible.Ⅱ. There are fifteen sentences with a blank in each, followed by a list of words or1expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (15 points, 1 point for each)25. Old age is neither inherently miserable nor inherently sublime —like every stage of life ithas problems, joys, fears and ______.26. Nobody spoke but Elgie came over, his ______ eyes filled with sorrow and misery.27. Some men drew the first slip which touched their fingers; others seemed to ______ that fatewas trying to force on them a particular slip.28. Science, to my mind, is applied honesty, the one reliable means we have to ______ truth.29. Product leaders have a (n) ______ interest in protecting the entrepreneurial environment thatthey have created.30. Yet medical ______ that are hardly any better undoubtedly continue, almost as a matter ofmacabre routine, in America, Britain and many other countries.31. Taking these fables to heart, I would resolve to do likewise, and, going to bed, would ______my teeth, look as determined as possible in the darkness.32. Similarly, in any ______ regime, the holders of power become increasingly tyrannical withexperience of the delights that power can afford.33. The wealth qualification for the aspiring politicians is taken for granted; a governmentalsystem ______ the promotion of personal wealth in a few selected areas will never act for the public good.34. A curious, most unchildlike ______, a controlled impatience, made him wait.35. It’s just that Elvis managed to ______ the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950s.36. As I moved my chair a little nearer suddenly with one catlike movement both her hands______ instinctively for my eyes and she almost reached them too.37. It may be old-fashioned, but I was taught that thought is words, arranged in grammatically______ ways.38. The ______ of long-remembered lives was mirrored in his eyes, and the memory of cunningcurves executed in the moving shadows from reed to reed …was almost pictured there. 39. If a salesman’s wife dies and he is not ready to remarry, he is usually moved into a(n) ______position after several months of mourning.2Ⅲ. Each of the following sentences is given two choices of words or expressions. Choose the right one to complete the sentence and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (15 points, 1 point for each)40. If you have ______ someone who has had a misfortune, you are sorry for them, and show it inthe way you behave towards them.A. sympathy withB. sympathy for41. Get out. Stop ______ your teacher with such silly questions.A. tormentingB. abusing42. The umpire ______ a coin to decide which team should serve first.A. threwB. tossed43. ______ between companies is something good for the development of the economy.A. HostilityB. Rivalry44. It was embarrassing that my mother didn’t ______ you. It looked as though it were our fault.A. take toB. take after45. A spy should be able to ______ what he has found as quickly as possible.A. memorizeB. remember46. He was enormously ______ when my father died.A. sycophanticB. sympathetic47. He ______ left and right as the gunman opened fire.A. dodgedB. evaded48. The elderly woman was so ______ as to believe that she will die if she touches the stone.A. superstitiousB. ignorant49. The responsibility for the future of the company ______ heavily on the newly-electedpresident.A. weighsB. weights50. I don’t believe that her poems are still in ______.A. transcriptB. manuscript51. I can’t come to your wedding, but I will be with you ______; I will think about you.A. in spiritB. in spirits52. The servant was down on his knees, ______ the floor.3A. sweepingB. scrubbing53. Urgent measures must be taken now to ______ water resources.A. conserveB. preserve54. The police have ______ three suspects from their inquiry.A. eliminatedB. illuminatedRead the following passage carefully and complete the succeeding four items Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵand Ⅶ.Why Are Students Turned Off?(1)Ellen Glanz lied to her teacher about why she hadn’t done her homework ; but, of course, many students have lied to their teachers. The difference is that Ellen Glanz was a twenty –eight – year – old high school social studies teacher who was a student for six months to improve her teaching by gaining a fresh perspective of her school.(2)She found many classes boring, students doing as little as necessary to pass tests and get good grades, students using ruses (借口) to avoid assignments, and students manipulating teachers to do the work for them. She concluded that many students are turned off because they have little power and responsibility for their own education.(3)Ellen Glanz found herself doing the same things as the students. There was the day when Glanz wanted to join her husband in helping friends celebrate the purchase of a house, but she had homework for a math class. For the first time, she knew how teenagers feel when they think something is more important than homework.(4)She found a way out and confided:“I considered my options: Confess openly to the teacher, copy someone else’s sheet, or make up an excuse.”Glanz chose the third option- the one most widely used – and told the teacher that the pages needed to complete the assignment had been ripped from the book. The teacher accepted the story, never checking the book. In class, nobody else did the homework; and student after student mumbled responses when called upon.(5)“Finally,”Glanz said,“the teacher, thinking that the assignment must have been difficult, went over each question at the board while students copied the problems at their seats. The teacher had ‘covered’ the material and the students had listened to the explanation. But had anything been learned? I don’t think so.”4(6)Glanz found this kind of thing common. “In many classes,” she said, “people simply didn’t do the work assignment, but copied from someone else or nanipulated the teacher into doing the work for them.”(7)“The system encourages incredible passivity,”Glanz said.“In most classes one sits and listens.A teacher, whose role is activity, simply cannot understand the passivity of the student’s role,”she said.“When I taught,”Glanz recalled,“my mind was going constantly – figuring out how to best present an idea, thinking about whom to call on, whom to draw out, whom to shut up; how to get students involved, how to make my point clearer, how to respond; when to be funny, when serious. As a student, I experienced little of this. Everything was done to me.”(8)Class methods promote the feeling that students have little control over or responsibility for their own education because the agenda is the teacher’s, Glanz said. The teacher is convinced the subject matter is worth knowing, but the student may not agree. Many students, Glanz said, are not convinced they need to know what teachers teach; but they believe good grades are needed to get into college.(9)Students, obsessed with getting good grades to help qualify for the college of their choice , believe the primary responsibility for their achievement rests with the teacher, Glanz said. “It was his responsibility to teach well rather than their responsibility to learn carefully.”(10)Teachers were regarded by students, Glanz said, not as “people,”but as “role - players”who dispensed information needed to pass a test. “I often heard students describing teachers as drips, bores, and numerous varieties of idiots,”she said.“Yet I knew that many of the same people had traveled the world over, conducted fascinating experiments or learned three languages, or were accomplished musicians, artists, or athletes.”(11)But the sad reality, Glanz said, is the failure of teachers to recognize their tremendous communications gap with students. Some students, she explained, believe that effort has little value. Some have heard reports of unemployment among college graduates and others, and after seeing political corruption they conclude that honesty takes a back seat to getting ahead any way one can, she said.“I sometimes estimated that half to two – thirds of a class cheated on a given test,”Glanz said. “Worse, I’ve encountered students who feel no remorse(自责)about cheating but are annoyed that a teacher has confronted them on their actions.”5(12)Glanz has since returned to teaching at Lincoln – Sudbury. Before her period as a student, she would worry that perhaps she was demanding too much. “Now I know I should have demanded more,”she said. Before, she was quick to accept the excuses of students who came to class unprepared. Now she says, “You are responsible for learning it.”But a crackdown is only a small part of the solution.(13)The larger issue, Glanz said, is that educators must recognize that teachers and students, though physically in the same school, are in separate worlds and have an on –going power struggle.“A first step toward ending this battle is to convince students that what we attempt to teach them is genuinely worth knowing,”Glanz said. “We must be sure, ourselves, that what we are teaching is worth knowing.”No longer, she emphasized, do students assume that “teacher knows best.”Ⅳ. There are ten incomplete statements, followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each)55. A good alternative title for the selection would be .A. How to Get Good GradesB. Why Students Dislike SchoolC. Cheating in Our SchoolD. Students Who Manipulate Teachers56. best sums up the selection.A.“Ellen Glanz is an indifferent teacher”B.“Ellen Glanz lied to her math teacher”C.“Students need good grades to get into college”D.“Teachers and students feel differently about school”57. According to paragraph 10, teachers were regarded .A. only as those who could help students to pass a testB. as those who could offer all kinds of information neededC. as those who could help students in various waysD. as those who could play different roles to students, especially giving out information58. As a result of her experience, Glanz now .A. accepts more of her students’ excuses6B. doesn’t care about her students’ excusesC. a ccepts less of her students’ excusesD. takes her students’ excuses more seriously59. According to Glanz, it was common for students .A. to force their teacher to work for themB. to escape the most difficult work assignmentC. to get over with their work assignment with less effortD. to assign somebody to work for them60. After seeing political corruption, students concluded that .A. one can do anything in order to become successful, honesty is not importantB. as long as honesty is there, one can become successfulC. one can be successful anyway, whether one is honest or notD. honesty is more important than to become successful anyway61. The author implies that .A. few students cheat on testsB. most students enjoy schoolworkC. classroom teaching methods should he changedD. classroom teaching methods were not bad62. From the selection we know that .A. Glanz should not have become a student againB. Glanz is a better teacher than she was beforeC. Glanz later told her math teacher that she had liedD. Glanz regretted having lied to her math teacher63. The author implies that .A. most students who cheat on tests are caught by their teachersB. most teachers demand too little of their studentsC. students who get good grades in high school do so in collegeD. students never agree with what teachers say64. The writer’s purpose in writing this selection is .A. to question Ellen Glanz’s experienceB. to agree with Ellen GlanzC. to disagree with Ellen GlanzD. to report Ellen Glanz’s storyⅤ. There is one underlined part in each of the following sentences, followed by four choices7A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (10 points, 2 points for each)65. … to improve her teaching by gaining a fresh perspective of her school.A. by having another ideaB. by making one more discoveryC. by developing a deeper definitionD. by getting a new outlook66. ... or make up an excuse.A. offer an apologyB. form an explanationC. invent a reasonD. give a reason67. The teacher accepted the story, never checking the book.A. The teacher believed in what Glanz said and didn’t examine the book.B. The book was not checked because the teacher liked the good story.C. The teacher didn’t care what had happened and didn’t do anything about the book.D. Glanz made the teacher believe her and the teacher didn’t look at the story book.68. The teacher had ‘covered’ the materi al…A. had dealt with all the questionsB. had finished the assignmentC. had discussed the written workD. had delivered the information69. Students, obsessed with getting good grades to help qualify for the college of theirchoice, …A. to help satisfy their desire to go to a certain collegeB. to help meet the requirements for the college they want to attendC. to help fulfill their expectations to enter good collegesD. to help succeed in getting good qualities for their chosen collegesⅥ. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (10 points, 2 points for each)70. She found many classes boring, students doing as little as necessary to pass tests and get goodgrades, students using ruses to avoid assignments, and students manipulating teachers to do the work for them.71. Class methods promote the feeling that students have little control over or responsibility for8their own education because the agenda is the teacher’s Glanz said.72. When I taught, my mind was going constantly –figuring out how to best present an idea,thinking about whom to call on, whom to draw out, whom to shut up.73. Worse, I’ve encountered students who feel no remorse about cheating but are annoyed that ateacher has confronted them on their actions.74. The larger issue, Glanz said, is that educators must recognize that teachers and students,though physically in the same school, are in separate worlds and have an on – going power struggle.Ⅶ. Answer the following essay question in English within 80 –100 words. write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(10 points)75. What does Glanz think are the main problems in school education?Ⅷ. Translate the following sentences into English and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (18 points, 2 points each for 76 –80, 8 points for 81)76．现在，电视中的新闻报道常常是肤浅的，不充分的；画面常常凌驾于观点之上。
2018 年 10 月全国自考《语言学概论》考前试题和答案00541一、单项选择题 ( 本大题共 20 小题 , 每题 1 分 , 共 20 分 ) 在每题列出的四个备选项目中只有一个是符号题目要求的 , 请将其代码填写的括号内 . 错选、多项选择或未选均无分。
第 1 题［y］是（）A. 前高不圆唇元音B.前高圆唇元音C.后高不圆唇元音D.后高圆唇元音【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 2 题［u］是（）A. 后高不圆唇元音B.后高圆唇元音 C. 后半高圆唇元音 D. 后半高不圆唇元音【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 3 题以下词中属于纯真词的是（）A. 踌躇B. 狐疑C. 思疑D. 矛盾【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 4 题以声音的长短来差异意义的语言单位叫（）A. 重位B.时位C.调位D.音质音位【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 5 题汉语拼音方案是以（）字母为基础制定的。
A. 英语B. 法语C. 拉丁D. 希腊【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 6 题以下语言单位中属于固定词组的是（）A. 世界地图B.共产主义青年团C.迅速解冻D.黑白照片【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 7 题英语的“ good［ gu:d ］”（好，原级）→“ better ”（好，比较级）运用的语法手段是（）A.附带B.内部屈折C.异根D.重叠【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 8 题（）在语言中处于枢纽地位，一般把它作为剖析语法构造的最重要的语法单位。
A. 句子B. 词组C. 词D. 语素【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 9 题以下词组中属于介词词组的是（）A. 用钢笔（写字）B. 他的书C.D.呆了一会儿【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 10 题以下都属于汉语中借词的一组是（）A. 镭射足球沙发B. 卡车电话哈达C.纳粹吉他吉普 D.尼龙朝廷艾滋病【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 11 题以下词组属于体词性词组的是（）A. 内科医生B. 静静哭泣C. 唱山歌D.很亮堂【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 12 题以下各组句子中，拥有包含关系的一组是（）A. ( 甲) 今日中秋节—— ( 乙) 今日吃月饼B. ( 甲) 他买了一本小说—— ( 乙) 他买了一本书C. ( 甲) 他哥哥在北京上大学——( 乙) 他有哥哥D. ( 甲) 他们家的电视机坏了——( 乙) 他们家有电视机【正确答案】 B【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 13 题词根语素保持不变，用增减替代词尾或词缀来造成词形变化的方法叫（）A. 附带B.异根C.内部屈折D.语序【正确答案】 A【你的答案】此题分数 1 分A.一个B.两个C.三个D.四个【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 15 题以下词中属于派生词的是（）A. 消融B. 消化C.化学D.绿化【正确答案】 D【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 16 题英语动词“去”的原形是“ go”，过去时的形式是“ went”，这在语法手段的词形变化中叫做 ()A. 附带B. 屈折C. 异根D. 零形式【正确答案】 C【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 17 题以下成对的词语中，属于相对反义词的一组是（）A. 成功—失败B. 合法—非法C. 当地—外处D. 勤奋—懒散【正确答案】 D【你的答案】此题分数 1 分第 18 题对于元音和辅音的区其他描绘，（）是正确的。
2018 年10 月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二) 试卷(课程代码00015)本试卷共8 页。
满分l00 分，考试时间l50 分钟。
考生答题注意事项：1. 本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。
答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。
2. 第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。
必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B 铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑。
3. 第三一七部分在“非选择题答题区”作答。
必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5 毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。
4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。
第一部分：阅读判断( 第l ～l0 题，每题l 分，共10 分)下面的短文后列出了10 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该旬提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。
在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
第二部分：阅渎选择( 第 11～15 题，每题 2 分，共l0 分 )阅渎下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的 4 个选项 (A、B、C、D)中选出 1 个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
WORD格式第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子( 第 16～25 题，每题l 分，共10 分 ) 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的 2 项测试任务：(1) 从第 l6 ～20 题后所给的 6 个选项中为第1～5 段每段选择 1 个正确的小标题；(2) 从第 21～25 题后所给的 6 个选项中选择 5 个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。
请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
第四部分：填句补文( 第 26～30 题，每题 2 分，共10 分 )下面的短文有 5 处空自，短文后有 6 个句子，其中 5 个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌，请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
第五部分：填词补文( 第31～40 题，每题l.5 分，共I5 分)下面的短文有l0 处空白，短文后列出12 个词，其中10 个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌，请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
2018年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试卷一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1．语言相关论的基本观点是A．语言决定思维B．思维决定语言C．语言思维是两个系统D．语言思维与大脑相关2．下面各项中属于标准元音的是A，[e]B．(y]C．[w]D．[c]3．年凰中常常画鱼和莲花，寄寓的意思是A．喜庆有余B．年年有余C．连年有余D．岁岁有余4．正常情况下人出生时具有一定的语言能力，是因为大脑中存在A．语言记忆机制B．语言获得机制C．语言学习机制D．语言创造机制5．直接成分分析法的提出者是A．哈里斯B．王尔德C．霍凯特D．布龙菲尔德6．人的大脑左半球前部受伤，患者可能出现的语言障碍是A．听不懂人说话B．只能说长句C．基本上不能说话D．不能理解人的表情7.《论语.颜渊篇》：“政者，正也。
子帅以正，孰敢不正?”说明在古人心目中，政治家的特点是A．品行端正B．相貌端正C．出身高贵D．居所方正8．儿童最初的语言阶段叫A．非自控阶段B．咿呀学语阶段C．单词句阶段D．双词句阶段9．下面各项中，与汉语有亲属关系的是A．维吾尔语B．藏语C．满语D．蒙语10．“我妹妹爱打乒乓球”的正确组合方式是A．(((我+妹妹)+爱)+(撸乒乓球))B．((我+妹妹)+((爱+打)+乒乓球))C．((我+(妹妹+爱))+(打+乒乓球))D．((我+妹妹)+(爱+(打+乒乓球)))11．现代汉民族共同语的基础方言是A．北京方言B．北方方言C．雅言D．通语12．下面各项属于符号的是A．代表有人家的炊烟B．象征风雨将至的乌云C．月晕而风D．表示禁止通行的红灯13．一种言语社团使用两种或两种以上语言的社会现象ⅡqA．语言融合B．语言对转C．双语现象D．转用现象14．中国传统的文字学、音韵学、训诘学统称A．大学B．名学C．玄学D．小学15．机器翻译要确定“I am going to the bank”游意思是“我要去银行”而不是“我要去河边”，必须达到A．语汇平面翻译B．句法平面翻译C．语义平面酿译D．语境平面翻译16．下面各项中表达间接言语行为的是A．能把书借给我吗?B．我宣布红方获胜!C．我向你道歉。
自考英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language is known as:A. SociologyB. LinguisticsC. PsychologyD. Anthropology答案：B2. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of language?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B3. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：B4. The process of a language changing over time is called:A. Language acquisitionB. Language evolutionC. Language shiftD. Language decay答案：B5. In linguistics, what is the term for the study of the meaning of words in a sentence?A. SemanticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Pragmatics答案：A6. What is the name for the systematic use of variations in pitch, tone, and rhythm in spoken language?A. PhonologyB. IntonationC. AccentD. Dialect答案：B7. The study of language in relation to culture is known as:A. SociolinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. Cultural linguisticsD. Ethnolinguistics答案：A8. Which of the following is not a component of a phoneme?A. Voice onset timeB. Place of articulationC. Stress patternD. Manner of articulation答案：C9. The use of language in specific social situations is the focus of:A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A10. What is the term for a group of words that form acomplete thought?A. ClauseB. PhraseC. SentenceD. Lexeme答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The __________ is the systematic study of language sounds.答案：Phonetics12. In linguistics, the term __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.答案：Morpheme13. The study of language in relation to the brain and cognitive processes is known as __________.答案：Neurolinguistics14. __________ is the branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of sentences.答案：Syntax15. A language that develops among a group of people who frequently communicate is known as a __________.答案：Dialect16. The study of language change over time is known as__________.答案：Diachronic linguistics17. The __________ is the study of the way language is used by a particular community or group.答案：Sociolinguistics18. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning is called a __________.答案：Phoneme19. The study of language universals, which are features common to all human languages, is known as __________.答案：Universal grammar20. The process of a child acquiring the ability to understand and use a language is called __________.答案：Language acquisition三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language.答案：A dialect is a variety of a language that is characterized by its specific phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, and is typically associated with a particular geographical region or social group. A language, on the other hand, is a complex and distinct system of communication used by a community of people, which may include multiple dialects. While dialects are mutually intelligible to some degree within a language community, languages are often not mutually intelligible and require translation.22. Describe the concept of language death.答案：Language death occurs when a language ceases to be spoken by a community and has no fluent speakers left. This can happen for various reasons, including the displacement of a community, the assimilation into a dominant culture, or the shift to a more widely used language for economic or social reasons. Language death can lead to a loss of cultural heritage and diversity, as languages are often closely tied to the identity and traditions of the communities that speak them.23. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and what are its implications for linguistics?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the theory that the structure of a language determines the way its speakers perceive and conceptual。
【关键字】考试2018年广东学位英语考试真题及答案解析（完整版）Part I Dialogue completion (15 points)Directions: there are 15 short incomplete dialogues in this part, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D, choose the one that best completes the dialogue and mark your answer on the ANSEWR SHEET.1. Debra: Oh! What a beautiful cat! What do you think?Donald: _____ Dogs are more loyal than catsA. I think I’d rather get a dog.B. Yeah, it is beautiful!C. I have no idea.D. You have to clean after it.【答案】A【解析】由“狗比猫更忠诚”可知，Donald认为他宁愿获得一只狗。
2. Jane: My watch always gains ten minutes a day.Mary: _____ My watch always loses ten minutes a day.Jane: No kidding. It seems that both of us should throw it away and buy a new one.A. That’s ridiculous.B. That’s funnyC. That’s coolD. That’s great【答案】B【解析】简说“我的手表每天快十分钟”。
玛丽说：“真有趣，我的手表每天慢十分钟。
”3. Jennifer: It’s freezing outside! _____ I thought this cold front was supposed to pass.Gabricla: Yeah, I thought so too. That’s what I read online this morning.A. I haven’t read the weather report.B. The weather report was rightC. What happened to the weather report?D. I should have read the weather report.【答案】C【解析】“What happened to the weather report?”意思为“天气预报怎么了？”4. Tony: Welcome back, Monica. How are you?Monica: I’m OK. _____A. You are welcome!B. Fancy meeting you thereC. Aren’t you happy?D. Thank you for asking【答案】D【解析】由问句“你好吗？”，可知回答为“我很好，谢谢询问。
2018年10月自考00541语言学概论部分真题及答案一、术语解释题1、孤立语孤立语：不通过词的形态变化来表现各结构意义，而是通过虚词和词序来表达语法意义。
【考点】语言和语言学——认识人类的语言2、语言借用语言借用：一种语言用了另一种的语言的成分，另一种语言又用了这种语言的成分。
例如汉语中“沙发”从英语借入的借词。
【考点】语言的发展和演变——语言的接触和影响3、正迁移正迁移：如果母语的语言规则和第二语言规则是一致的，那么语言迁移会对第二语言迁移有积极的影响。
【考点】语言的获得和学习——语言学习的类型4、串对串对：对偶句的一种形式，前后两句意义相关联，又叫做“流水对”，如“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”。
【考点】语言与文学写作二、分析题：1、“甲：今天下午去逛街吧。
乙：今天晚上要英语考试。
”违反了会话原则的哪些【答案】(1)该会话违反了合作原则中的相关准则，相关准则要求会话要说跟话题有关的话，不说无关的话。
(2)“甲”说的是逛街，而“乙”回答的是考试，是与话题无关的话。
【考点】语用——会话准则和会话含义2、说说下面这些字声符、意符、记号箕汉鱼裁【答案】(1)箕：意符：其、⺮(2)汉：声符：氵;意符：又(3)鱼：意符(4)裁：声符： ;意符：衣【考点】文字——文字的形式和类型三、简答题：1、多义词同音词的区别【答案】(1)现时意义有联系的是多义词，现时意义没有联系的是同音词。
(2)如“花钱”中“花”表示“耗费”，“花费”中“花”表示“可供观赏的植物”，意义之间没有任何联系，它们为同音词。
“浓茶”中“浓”表示“含某种成分多”，“兴趣浓”中“浓”表示“程度深”，意义之间有联系，它们为多义词。
【考点】语义——词语的意义2、语音的物理四要素【答案】语音的物理四要素包括音高、音强、音长、音色。
(1)音高指声音的高低，取决于声波的频率(2)音强指声音的强弱，取决于声波的振幅(3)音长：声音的长短(4)音质：声音的本质和特色，音质是不同声音能够互相区别的最基本特征，任何语言都必须利用音质的特征来区别意义。
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试高级英语试题课程代码：00600PARTONEⅠ. The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (12 points,0. 5 point each)●Consider the 1 assumptions that television tends to 2 : that complexity must be3 , that visual stimulation is a4 for thought, that verbal5 is an anachronism. Itmay be old-fashioned, but I was taught that thought is words, 6 in grammatically precise ways.●She moved from that chair to this one 7 here, and just sat there with her hands 8together and looking down. I got a 9 that I ought to 10 some conversation, so I said I had come in to see if John wanted to 11 in a telephone, and 12 that she started to laugh.●At that I 13 my teeth in disgust. 14 only they wouldn't use the word ‘hurt’Imight be able to get 15 . But I did not 16 myself to be hurried or 17 but speaking quietly and slowly I 18 the child again.●Downtown, she parked her car in a 19 . Everything was getting ready for this 20 .She did not carry the flowers in her car but she carried them in her 21 . Now she was going to 22 out whether it was death or 23 . Either she could 24 .Ⅱ. There are 15 sentences from the textbooks, with a blank in each, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (15 points,1 point each)25. Operationally excellent companies ______ a combination of quality, price, and ease of purchase that no one else in their market can match.26. Students were not conscious of the ghetto as a ______phenomenon.27. It is not possible to make the very best cheese in vast quantities at a low average ______.28. I didn't mind ______ Saturdays, but until eleven, twelve Friday nights was too much.29. American individualism, on the face of it an admirable philosophy, wishes to ______ itself inindependence of the community.30. Those of us who are not old ______ ourselves from discussions of old age by declaring thesubject morbid, boring or in poor taste.31. I am speaking of the local press which in hundreds of American communities is the only newsavailable, aside from those recitals of ticker tape that ______ radio news.32. The sun was breaking through clouds, ______ a smell of earth to heaven.33. We demanded justice for the body ______ for the soul.34. When she breathed, something light and sad- no, not sad, exactly - something gentle seemed tomove in her ______.35. There was a little patch beside the rocky road, and Mrs. Flowers walked in front ______ herarms and picking her way over the stones.36. “Jagger,”he said,“grabs a half-gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform,______its contents over the first few rows of sweltering listeners…”37.I must confess that I always suspect the men who _____ that they unvaryingly fall asleep assoon as they get into bed.38. Another worry is that a legal framework for euthanasia, permitting a doctor to comply with adying man's request set in a prescribed of circumstances, might pose dangers for society by setting a ______ for killing.39. But for the poor in spirit, with low levels of both energy and pride, it may be the least ___choice available.Ⅲ. Each of the following sentences is given two choices of words or expressions. Choose the right one to complete the sentence and mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. (15 points, 1 point each)40. Jane and Tom have (［A］broken out,[B] fallen out) and do not speak to each other now.41. Although the heavy rain stopped, it was at least an hour later when the flood began to ([A]retreat, [B] recede).42. I've put on so much weight that my clothes don't([A] fit,[B] suit)me.43. We([A] replaced,[B]renewed) the stolen car when the insurance money arrived.44. Many people found([A] current,[B]contemporary)art very difficult to understand.45. Because of the heavy storm, the residents in this region were ([A] rescued,[B]evacuated) to asafe place.46. China is big and rich in minerals which have not been properly ([A] exploded, [B]exploited) .47. Modern machines will certainly increase factory ([A] output, [B] outcome) at a considerablerate.48. Mr. Brown went to the hospital for a ([A] conventional,[B]routine) physical check-up.49. Some naughty students tried to ([A]provoke,[B]stir) the new teacher into losing her temper.50. I was extremely exhausted at first, but after two hours' sleep, I felt considerably ([A]refreshed,[B]relaxed).51. Since we don't have the key, we must use([A]force,[B]strength)to open this locked door.52. She([A] attributed,[B]attached) a check to the letter and sent it out.53. You'd better put your small electrical apparatus in a place that is not ([A] available [B]accessible) to your children.54. The eloquent speaker succeeded in([A] appealing,[B]arousing) to the emotions of the audience. Read the following passage carefully and complete the succeeding four items:Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵand Ⅶ.Drivers in China1) I am in my mid-fifties, a senior citizen, living in Minnesota. Three summers ago, I left my family of three and spent six months in Shanghai, China, on a teaching tour. Like all other tourists, the experiences were new, exciting and somewhat strange to me.2) Like all other tourists I brought home many souvenirs, some warm friendship and many memories. Unlike the others, I also brought home some questions. I am still looking for answers to some of them. One of them is about Chinese driving habits.3) Chinese drivers, whether they be bus, taxi or truck drivers, have had to put up with endless traffic jams and unruly bicyclists. They also have had another chore on the unbelievably crowded streets; the scene you can only appreciate by picturing yourself amongst a crowd in a state fair. They turn the engine on and off during stops on intersections or traffic jams. They turn lights off in the night at intersections as well as on brightly lit streets. Every time I was close to a driver in a vehicle, I could not help noticing the poor driver putting the extra work to himself. It drove me so crazy that I had to find out the reasons.4) But the answers they gave me were always the same: to save gas and to avoid traffic accidents.5) Later, I was informed that several traffic accidents were caused by beaming lights that blinded the bikers and pedestrians as well as drivers from the opposite direction. I was somewhat satisfied with that answer. One question lingered however: how many accidents have been caused by invisible cars because the lights were turned off? Between the two evils which one is worse?6) I was not happy with the answer about gas saving. One day, I was traveling with my colleague Mr. Liu. I told him I never turned off my engine during short stops because restarting not only was hard on the battery but also would cause wear and tear on the starter. Cutting the engine during stops really saved very little gas. Apparently amused by my observation,Mr. Liu relayed the question to the driver.7) “To save gas. ”Click, the driver turned the engine off while answering. A few seconds later, he turned the key to start on the green light. The old engine coughed and failed to catch fire until after several attempts.8) “Professor Smith here,”Mr. Liu said to the driver,“has driven at least 20 years in America. Hetold me that to restart after a brief stop does not save much gas, and it is not good for the starter. It also wastes your battery power. ”9) “I was told to do this in my driving classes. ”10) “Your trainer could be wrong, you know,”said Mr. Liu. I guessed he was on my side because of my 20 years of driving experience.11) Why are Chinese drivers told to kill engines during short stops? What good does it do to …anything? How long have they done this? Who or what started that notion? I left China the following year puzzled.12) I had my questions partially answered in Japan, where I visited Jack, on my way back to the States.13) In the evening on the third day of my visit, he drove me back to the hotel in his Toyota(丰田车).I noticed the same curious maneuver that had bothered me in the streets of Shanghai.14)“Why do you turn the lights off every time you stop?”I decided to ask the easier question first.15)“We have strict regulations on handling vehicles in Japan. The regulation requires a driver to turn lights off at the intersections so they will not blind drivers from the other direction,”he said. “Now this practice has been accepted by the general population as a polite thing for a driver to do.A pedestrian will stop in front of your car and give you a disgusted stare if you leave lights on while stopping,”he added.16)“Why do you turn the engine off on red lights?”I continued with the second, more controversial question.17) “Well…”It took him a while to put his thoughts together and his words in proper places. “I was told that it would preserve battery power. You Americans are able to recharge batteries because you drive faster on freeways. Our driving speed hardly ever exceeds 35 miles per hour. ”18)“That might be a good reason a few years ago, but batteries are made better now. You should not have to worry about running out of power,”I argued. I didn't want to debate with him over the issue. My understanding was quite the contrary. Starting an engine requires a power surge, hence more battery power.19)Yes, this must be where the notion had come from, Japan. The Japanese have almost monopolized the entire automobile market in China. It is logic to assume that they would be the people to provide drivers' education. But where has that notion of fuel saving come from?20)“But they do it for different reasons. They told me they did it to save gas. ”21)“…I wonder where have they got that idea from? It does not make sense…”He started to ponder. “Even if it does conserve gas, the saving is so minute it is not worth the trouble. ”22)“Yes…I wonder …”I said. To this day I am still wondering.Ⅳ. There are 10 incomplete statements, followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. (10 points, 1 point each)55. The writer brought home ____.［A］a lot of gifts and memories and friendship［B］a lot of questions as well as numerous gifts, souvenirs and friendship［C］souvenirs, memories as well as some questions［D］some warm friendship, gifts and memories56. Chinese drivers have had to put up with endless traffic jams. They are _____.［A］bus-drivers, truck——drivers and car drivers［B］bus——drivers, taxi-drivers, truck—drivers but not car-drivers［C］taxi-drivers, tractor—drivers and bus—drivers［D］all drivers57. “…the scene you can appreciate by picturing yourself amongst a crowed in a state fair. ”Here“you can appreciate”means____.［A］you can understand［B］you can enjoy［C］you can entertain yourself with［D］you can recognize58. …I could not help noticing the poor driver putting the extra work to himself. This sentence shows ____.［A］he was very sympathetic with the driver［B］he didn't want to see the poor driver suffer［C］he didn't want to, yet always saw the driver putting the extra work to himself［D］he hated noticing the driver putting the extra work to himself59. Between the two evils which one is worse? In this sentence, the author thinks____.［A］one evil is not as bad as the other.［B］one evil is much worse than the other.［C］there is little difference between the two.［D］there is a little difference between the two.60. The author's 20-year driving experience convinced him that he should not turn off his engine during short stops because ____.［A］engines were expensive and broke down easily［B］it would waste battery power and to harm to the starter［C］it was very difficult to start the car again and it would give the driver a headache［D］the starter was easy to break down and you would have to replace it61. Mr. Liu relayed the author's question to the driver because ____.［A］he thought the question was ridiculous［B］he was not interested in the question［C］he was too lazy to answer the question himself［D］he might have the same question on his mind62. I had my questions partially answered in Japan. It means____.［A］most of my questions were answered in Japan［B］my questions were more or less answered in Japan［C］all my questions were answered in Japan［D］my questions were hardly answered in Japan63. A pedestrian will stop in front of your car and give you a disgusted stare if you leave lights onwhile stopping. The sentence means a pedestrian will ____.［A］give you a cold and inquiring look［B］look at you and make you hate yourself［C］look at you with fixed eyes to let you know that he doesn't like you［D］look at you with an unnatural and vague expression64. The author thought the Japanese might be those who started the practice of cutting the engineduring stops and the Chinese followed their example because ____.［A］the Japanese played a controlling role in China's automobile market［B］Japan is an advanced automobile producer in the world［C］the Japanese have good rules and regulations on how to drive［D］the Japanese are aggressive and they enforce their rules on the ChineseⅤ. There is one underlined part in each of the following sentences, followed by four choices A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest in meaning to the underlined part. (10 points, 2 points each)65. They also have had another chore on the unbelievably crowded streets.［A］impossible problem［B］difficult job［C］tedious job［D］unsolvable problem66. It drove me so crazy that I had to find out the reasons.［A］I could no longer put up with it so I had to …［B］I was so interested in it that …［C］I was so curious about it that …［D］I was so touched that …67. The old engine coughed and failed to catch fire.［A］it was ill and had a bad cold［B］it made some short and harsh noises［C］it was tired and didn't want to start［D］it made a long and loud noise68. Starting an engine requires a power surge, hence more battery power.［A］a power recharge［B］an over-loaded power［C］a wave of power jumping up and down［D］a sudden increase of power69. Even if it does conserve gas, the saving is so minute it is not worth the trouble.［A］it really does not save gas at all［B］the amount of gas it saves is extremely small［C］the gas it saves is not enough［D］the gas it saves is not noticedPART TWOⅥ. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write your translation on your answer sheet. (10 points, 2 points each)70. Later, I was informed that several traffic accidents were caused by beaming lights that blindedthe bikers and pedestrians as well as drivers from the opposite direction. ( in paragraph 5) 71. One question lingered however: how many accidents have been caused by invisible carsbecause the lights were turned off?(in paragraph 5)72. In the evening on the third day of my visit, he drove me back to the hotel in his Toyota. Inoticed the same curious maneuver that had bothered me in the streets of Shanghai. (in paragraph 13)73. “Now this practice has been accepted by the general population as a polite thing for a driver todo ……”. (in paragraph 15)74. “Well…”It took him a while to put his thoughts together and his words in proper places. “Iwas told that it would preserve battery power. You Americans are able to recharge batteries because you drive faster on freeways. ”(in paragraph 17)Ⅶ. Answer the following essay question in English within 80 - 100 words. Write your answer on your answer sheet. (10 Points)What questions did the author have about driving in China? Why?Ⅷ. Translate the following into English and write your translation on your answer sheet. (18 points, 2 points each from 75 to 79,8 points for 80)75. 她告诉我对无知绝不能宽容，但应理解未受过教育的人。
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languagessuch as .A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called .A. phase structure rulesB. syntactic rulesC. lexical rulesD. transformational rules5. The naming theory was proposed by .A. the Greek scholar PlatoB.C.K. Ogden and I.A. RichardsC. the British linguist J. FirthD. the American linguist L. Bloomfield6. Speech act theory was first proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in time,without reference to earlier or later stages.A. DiachronicB. SynchronicC. HistoricalD. Comparative8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a churchsermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registersB. stylesC. dialectsD. accents9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year1B. in the second half of the second yearC. between two and three years oldD. between four and five years oldⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for humancommunication.12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols calledd are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similarsounds.13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meaningsof its components.14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called s features.16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by thespeaker and the hearer.17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great V owel Shiftinvolves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be avoided.19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particularhemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. whenthey talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited numberof sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language. 22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to change asentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to anyCase receiving position.24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has majorand minor lexical categories of a finite set.25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary point.227. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from anotherlanguage and adds it to its lexicon.28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assumecorrect forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech getscorrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speechⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually donot change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show howthe flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).3。
