山东科技大学电子技术2017—2019年考研真题

Part I LinguisticsI. Give the definitions of the following terms. (20 scores)1. code-switching2. arbitrariness3. morpheme4. parole5. assimilation6. concord7. register8. inflection9. deep structure10. indirect speech actⅡ. Choose the correct answers. (20 scores)1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as_____linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic2. Which of the following sounds is a low front lax spread vowel?A. [a]B. [æ]C. [i]D. [e]3. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ________ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday4. The word “globalization” is created by the _____ process.A. inventionB. blendingC. derivationD. compound5. The semantic components of the word “girl” can be expressed as _________.A.＋human,＋male,－adultB.＋human,－male,－adultC.＋human,＋male,＋adultD.＋human,－male,－adult6. In “Please pass me the salt”, the predicate is a ______predicate.A. One-placeB. Two-placeC. Three-placeD. No-place7. Which of the following take the social context into consideration?A. Universal grammar.B. performanceC. functional grammarD. Nativist theory8. What kind of function does the sentence “Nice to meet you” have?A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative9. In “老师是园丁，桃李满天下”，there are_______conceptual metaphor(s).A. 1B. 2C. noneD.310.--Do you like cheese?-- Of course, and the cat likes carrot.The answer violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. mannerIII. True or False questions. (10 scores)1. Allophones in complementary distribution are free allophones .2. Every speaker has his own preferred expressions and special ways of expressing hisideas in language. This variety of individual users is called social dialect.3. Animals cannot talk about the things except those about food, danger, enemy, etc.because the communicative signals of animals do not have the property ofdisplacement.4. Connotative meaning of the same word may vary from individual to individual.5. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.6. “He broke the window” entails “the window was damaged”.7. Pidgin is a kind of interlanguage.8. “Under the table" is a subordinate endocentric construction.9. The smallest free unit in English is morpheme .10. According to IC analysis, single words and complete sentences are constituents.IV. Answer the following questions. (30 scores)1. Why is there no direct relations between signifier and signified in the semantictriangle? (6 scores)2. Is it justified to say that the meaning of a sentence is composed only of word senseand grammatical sense? (6 scores)3. Explain with examples the different types of antonyms in English. (6 scores)4. Explain the difference between homograph and polysemy with examples. (6 scores)5. Analyze the following sentences with IC analysis (6 scores)The hunters shot the rabbit with guns.The boy might lose his way.The dog went down the stairs and out of the door.V. Discussion. (10 scores)Illustrate the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis with examples.Part Two LiteratureI. Matching (16 scores)Section A Match the authors in Column I with the works in Column II.(8 scores) Column I Column II1. Theodore Dreiser A. The Scarlet Letter2. Eugene O’Neill B. Sister Carrie3. Herman Melville C. Women in Love4. William Faulkner D. Light in August5. Virginia Woolf E. The Hairy Ape6. G. B. Shaw F. Tom Jones7. Joseph Heller G. Moby Dick8. D. H. Laurence H. To the LighthouseI. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionJ. Catch-22Section B Identify the works from which the quotations are from. (8 scores)Column I Column II9. It is a truth universally acknowledged that A. The Portrait of a Ladya single man in possession of good fortunemust be in want of a wife. B. Hamlet10. A man is not made for defeat. A man can bedestroyed but not defeated. C. A Tale of Two Cities11. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,and sorry I could not travel both. D. “The Road Not Taken” 12. I was on his grave, my friends, that I resolved,before God, that I would never own another E. “Stopping by Woods on a slave, while it is possible to free him; that Snowy Evening”nobody, through me, should ever run the riskof being parted from home and friends, and F. “Ode to the West Wind”dying on a lonely plantation, as he died.13. If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind. G. “Of Studies”14. Reading maketh a full man; conference a readyman; and writing an exact man. H. Uncle Tom’s Cabin15.To be, or not to be—that is the question.16. It was the best of times, it was the worst I. Pride and Prejudiceof times; it was an age of wisdom, it wasthe age of foolishness; it was the epoch of J. Tom Sawyerbelief, it was the epoch of incredulity. . .II. Explain the following literary terms. (20 scores)17. Expressionism18. The Beat Generation19. The Graveyard School20. Heroic Couplet21. Black HumorIII. Read the quoted passages and answer the questions following them. (24 scores)Passage 1Do you think I will stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton? A machine without feelings? And can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lip, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I’m soulless and heartless? You think wrong!I have as much soul as you, and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I’m not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionality, nor even of mortal flesh; it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at the God’s feet, equal, as we are!Questions: From which work is the passage selected? And who is the author of this work? What are the names of the hero and heroine? What point of view is adopted in this novel? Please comment on the image of the heroine or the theme of the novel with feminism.Passage 2When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomerby Walt WhitmanWhen I heard the learn’d astronomer,When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me,When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them,When I sitting heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause inthe lecture-room,How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick,Till rising and gliding out I wander’d off by myself，In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time，Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars.Questions: Manifest details of the astronomer’s lecture and the poet’s response to it. How is the poet’s view on stars different from that of the astronomer? Present various meanings they have about universe because of their different perspectives.Part I LinguisticsI.Give the definitions of the following terms(20points)nguage2.Cultural transmission3.Pidgin4.Phoneme5.Agreement6.Consonant7.Deep structurenguage transfer9.Indirect speech acts10.SemanticsII.Choose the correct answer(20points)1.The sense relation between the two words“died”and“killed”is__.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.hyponymyD.co-hyponymy2.The distinction between“langue”and“parole”was introduced by_____.A.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday3.Which of the following is not a correct description of[f]?A.voicelessB.fricativeC.palatalbiodental4.The word“e-mail”is a________in terms of word-formation.poundB.borrowingC.inventionD.blending5.Every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language.This variety of individual users is called______.A.social dialectB.regional dialectC.temporal dialectD.ethnic dialect6.Utterances often influence the feelings or actions of the audience,which Austin calls the performance of a/an_________________.A.locutionary actB.perlocutionary actC.illocutionary actD.performative act7.What kind of function does the sentence“Stand up”have?A.directiveB.phaticrmativeD.evocative8.The underlined part in the word“submit”is a_____________.A.bound rootB.free morphemeC.suffixD.stem9.In“He has become a man”,what is communicated in the second“man”is called___________.A.connotative meaningB.social meaningC.affective meaningD.conceptual meaning10.The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics.A.appliedB.diachronicparativeD.synchronicIII.True or false Questions(10points)1.In English,long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.2.The smallest meaningful unit of language is morpheme.3.Metaphor and metonymy are two major ways for semantic broadening.4.There is no such a thing as category of aspect in Chinese.5.British English is standard dialect while American English is one regional dialect.6.“His daughter is a teacher”entails“He has a daughter”.7.“Kicking the ball”is an endocentric construction with“kicking”as its head.8.In English,we have five long vowels.9.Tenor is about the relations between the participants in the communication.10.Age,personality,motivation and attitude are all considered variables influencingSLA.IV.Answer the following questions briefly.(20points)1.Try to explain the semantic triangle.(5points)2.Explain with examples the various types of antonyms in English.(5points)3.Which version of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis do you agree with?Why?(5points)4.Analyze the following sentences with IC analysis.(5scores)The boy might take my advice.(2)The professor taught linguistics at this university.(3)V.Discussion(20points)1.Primates like Chimpanzees have been trained to communicate with human withbody gestures.What do you think are the differences between this kind of“language”and our language.(10)2.Analyze B’s answer in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle.(10)A:Tehran is in Turkey,isn’t it,teacher?B:Yes,dear.And London is in American,I suppose.Part Two LiteratureI.Matching(16points)Section A Match the authors in Column I with the works in Column II.(8points) Column I Column II1.Arthur Miller A.Lord Jim2.Henry James B.The School for Scandal3.James Fennimore Cooper C.Ivanhoe4.Richard Brinsley Sheridan D.Death of a Salesmanwrence E.The Wings of the Dove6.George Eliot F.Vanity Fair7.Joseph Conrad G.The Last of the Mohicans8.Jack London H.The Call of the Wilddy Chatterlay’s LoverJ.The Mill on the FlossSection B Identify the works from which the quotations are from.(8points)Column I Column II9.The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The plowman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me. B.Moby Dick10.As I walked through the wilderness of thisworld,I lighted on a certain place wherewas a den,and I laid me down in that place C.“A Valediction:to sleep;and,as I slept,I dreamed a dream.Forbidding Mourning”11.If they be two,they are two soAs stiff twin compasses are two;Thy soul,the fixed foot,makes no show D.“Elegy Written in aTo move,but doth,of th’other do.Country Churchyard”12.The artist is the creator of beautiful things.To reveal art and conceal the artist is art’s aim.13.We hold these truths to be self-evident, E.“Stopping by Woods onthat all men are created equal,that a Snowy Evening”they are endowed by their Creator withcertain unalienable Rights,that amongthese are Life,Liberty and the pursuit F.“The Road Not Taken”of Happiness.14.They were careless people,Tom andDaisy---they smashed up things andcreatures and then retreated back G.Uncle Tom’s Cabininto their money or their vast carelessnessor whatever it was that kept them together,and let other people clean up the H.“Declaration ofmess they had made.Independence”15.Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village,though;He will not see me stopping here I.The Picture of Dorian Gray To watch his woods fill up with snow.16.Call me Ishmael.Some years ago--never mind how long precisely--J.The Great Gatsbyhaving little or no money in my purse,and nothing particular to interest me on shore,I thought I would sail about a little and seethe watery part of the world.II.Explain the following literary terms.(20points)17.Blank verse18.Neoclassicism19.The Lost Generation20.Local Colorism21.SoliloquyIII.Read the quoted passages and answer the questions following them.(24points)Passage1Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm’d;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.Questions:Who is the author of this poem?What are the features of this kind of poem? Analyze its rhyme scheme and comment on its theme.(12points)Passage2It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood,this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families,that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.”Questions:What is the title of the novel?Who is the author?Summarize the story of the novel in brief language and comment the artistic features of this author.(12points)Part A LinguisticsI.Give the definitions of the following terms.(10points)1.Displacementpetence3.Minimal pairs4.Concord5.Diachronic linguisticsII.Choose the correct answers.(20points）1.Which of the following is a study of morphology?A.assimilationB.homonymyC.motivationD.inflection2.Which of the following is an initialism?A.UNESCOB.WI-FIC.APECD.VIP3.The function of the sentence“Nasty weather,isn’t it?”is______A.DirectiveB.PhaticrmativeD.interrogative4.Which of the following expressions is not derived from LOVE IS A WAR?A.情敌B.白头偕老C.赢得芳心D.你伤害了我，却一笑而过5.Which of the following sounds is a voiceless labio-dental fricative?A.[p]B.[k]C.[f]D.[v]6.Which design feature means language is learnt instead of being encoded in ourgenes?A.productionB.interchangeabilityC.cultural transmissionD.arbitrariness7．The difference between“老伙计”and“老朋友”lies in________.A.originB.collocationC.styleD.degree8.A female teacher speaks in different ways to her daughter and to her students.Thiscan be explained by___________.A.code-switchingB.registerC.bilingualismD.motivation9.“壁咚”is created from_________.A.blendingB.acronymC.borrowingD.Invention10.The relationship between the two words“residence”and“apartment”is_____.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.hyponymyD.co-hyponymyIII.True or False(10points)1.The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed assynchronic linguistics.2.Pragmatics is the application of linguistic theories to language teaching and learning.3.The root of unhappiness is happy.4.There are five long vowels in Englsh.5.“上级”and“下级”are complementary antonymy.6.The smallest unit in English is morpheme.7.Adjectives and complete sentences are all constituents.8.“I chased the dog”and“I am chasing the dog”are derived form the same deepstructure.9.“He is dead”presupposes“He was murdered”.10.Derivational morphemes are all bound morphemes.IV.Answer the following questions.(40points)1.Explain with examples the classification of antonyms in English.2.What is the problem with the referential theory?.3.Analyze the implicature in the following dialogue in terms of Grice’s CooperativePrinciple.Father:What are you eating?Mother(with the3-year-old daughter around):An I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.4.What is the relationship between language and culture?5.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentence with IC analysis.The Seniors were told to stop demonstrating on campus.V.Discussion(10points)Is sign language(手语)a language?Part B LiteratureI.Matching(16points)Section A Match the authors in Column I with the works in Column II.(8points) Column I Column II1.Daniel Defoe A.Middlemarch:A Study of Provincial Life2.Oliver Goldsmith B.A Passage to India3.Oscar Wilde C.Invisible Man4.E.M.Forster D.Moll Flanders5.Henry James E.Emma6.Joseph Rudyard Kipling F.The Importance of Being Earnest7.Ralph Ellison G.Jude the Obscure8.Thomas Hardy H.The Golden BowlI.The Vicar of WakefieldJ.The Jungle BookSection B Identify the works from which the quotations are from.(8points)Column I Column II9.Can storied urn or animated bustBack to its mansion call the fleeting breath? A.The Great Gatsby Can Honour’s voice provoke the silent dustOr Flattert soothe the dull cold ear of Death?10.It beareth the name of Vanity Fair because the B.“My Last Duchess”town where it is kept is lighter than vanity;and also because all that there is sold,or thatcometh thither,is vanity.As is the saying of C.“Elegy Written in a the wise,“All that cometh is vanity.”Country Churchyard”11.My first quarter at Lowood seemed an age;andnot the golden age either;it composed an irksomestruggle with difficulties in habituating myself tonew rules and unwonted tasks. D.Jane Eyre12.I shall ever bear about me a memory of the manysolemn hours I thus spent alone with the master ofthe House of Usher.Yet I should fail in any attemptto convey an idea of the exact character of the E.Great Expectations studies or of the occupations,in which he involved meor led me the way.13.But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential.I found myself on Gatsby’s side,and alone.From F.Mrs Warren’s Professionthe moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe toWest Egg village,every surmise about him,and everypractical question,was referred to me.14.Oh sir,she smiled,no doubt,Whene’er I passed her;but who passed without G.“The Fall of the Much the same smile?This grew;I gave commands;House of Usher”Then all smiles stopped together.15.Most mighty Emperor of Liliput,delight and terror H.Robinson Crusoeof the universe,whose dominions extend fivethousand blustrugs(about twelve miles in circumference)to the extremities of the globe;Monarch of all Monarchs;taller than the sons of men;whose feet press down tothe center,and whose head strikes against the sun;at I.The Pilgrim’s Progress whose nod the princes of the earth shake their knees;pleasant as spring,comfortable as summer,fruitful asautumn,dreadful as winter.16.Then where are our relatives?My father?Our family friends?You claim the rights of a mother;the right to call me fooland child;to speak to me as no woman in authority over J.Gulliver’s Travels me at college dare speak to me;to dictate my way of life;and to force on me the acquaintance of a brute whom anyonecan see to be the most vicious sort of London man about town.II.Explain the following literary terms.(20points)17.Puritanism18.Theatre of the Absurd19.Metaphysical Conceit20.Romanticism21.Local ColorismIII.Read the quoted passages and answer the questions following them.(24points)Passage1Some say the world will end in fireSome say in ice.From what I’ve tasted of desire,I hold with those who favor fire,But if it had to be perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also great,And would suffice.22.Questions:What type of poem does this poem belong to?What is the symbolic meaning of the fire and ice?What is the possible way to solve the problem?Passage2I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts,which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious,nourishing,and wholesome food,whether stewed,roasted,baked,or boiled;and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand children,already computed,twenty thousand may be reserved for breed,whereof only one fourth part to be males,which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle,or swine;and my reason is that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage,a circumstance not much regarded by our savages,therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females.That the remaining hundred thousand may at a year old be offered in sale to the person of quality and fortune through the kingdom,always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month,so as to render them plump and fat for a good table.A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends，and when the family dines alone,the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish;and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day,especially in winter.23.Questions:What is the author’s proposal?What do you think is his real idea behind it?What kind of tone is shown in the passage?Explain it with specific quotations from the passage.。

一、填空(每题2分，共8分，答案请写在答题纸上)1. 如图所示理想电路，R = 1Ω，I =1A ，Us =5V ，Uab = ①Uab2. 在三相四线制供电的照明配电系统中，三相电流的相位对称，三相电流有效值分别为1A ，1A ，2A 。

系统中性线上的电流有效值为 ②3. 星形连接的三相电源，相电压为U ，其线电压为 ③4. 在放大电路中，若测得某NPN 型三极管的三个引脚的电位分别为9V , 2.5V , 3.2V , 则这三个极分别为 ④二、判断题(每题2分，共8分，对应题号答案请写在答题纸上，打√或×)5. 三相异步电动机的磁场是静止的（⑤）6. 正常运行中的单相电力变压器，输入电压不变输出功率增加时，铁芯内的磁通量不会发生明显变化（⑥ ）7. 阻容性负载的交流电路中，电流的相位滞后于电压（⑦） 8. 异步电动机内同步磁场的转速与电机的极对数无关（⑧）三、计算(每题12分，共96分)9. 放大电路的空载电压放大倍数A 100O =，输入电阻i 9r K =Ω，输出电阻O 1r K =Ω，试问：（1）输入端接到S U 10mV =，1S R K =Ω的信号源上，开路电压OC U 应等于多少？（2）输出端再接上9L R K =Ω的负载电阻时，负载上的电压OL U 应等于多少？这时的电压放大倍数u A 是多少？10. 如图所示电路中，已知V U S 121=，V U S 122=，Ω=11R ，Ω=22R ，Ω=23R ，Ω=44R ，求各支路电流。

11. 如图所示的交流电路中，已知1Ω2Ω，L Ω，X C =124Ω，试求：(1)并联等效阻抗Ｚ，(2)电路总电流I ，(3)支路电流1I 和2I12. 用叠加定理求图中的电流I 。

13. 下图是两级集成运算放大器组成的电路。

（1）按图中参数求u o。

（2）图中R7和R8换作20KΩ，求u o。

uu14. 下图所示的分压式偏置放大电路中，已知U CC = 12V, R C = 2KΩ，R E = 2KΩ，R B1 = 20KΩ，R B2 =10KΩ，R L = 6KΩ，晶体管的 =37.5。

一、 选择题（每题2分，共10分）1、A 点的高斯坐标为=112240m ，=19343800m ，则A 点所在6°带的带号及中央子午线的经度分别为( )A x A y A. 19带，111 B. 19带，117 C . 11带，63 D. 11带，662、测量值的中误差越小，表明（ ）。

A ．测量精度越低 B. 其对应的权越小 C. 与测量精度无关 D. 以上说法都不对3、测量了两段距离及其中误差分别为：d1=136.46m±0.015m ，d2=960.76m±0.025m ，比较它们测距精度的结果为( )。

A. d1精度高B. 精度相同C. d2精度高D. 无法比较4、用经纬仪测水平角和竖直角，一般采用正倒镜方法，下面哪个仪器误差不能用正倒镜法消除（ ）。

A. 视准轴不垂直于横轴B. 竖盘指标差C. 横轴不水平D. 竖轴不竖直5、解算一条导线至少须有的已知数据是（ ）。

A. 两条边的坐标方位角，一个点的坐标B. 一条边的坐标方位角，一个点的坐标C. 两条边的坐标方位角，两个点的坐标D. 一条边的坐标方位角，两个点的坐标二、 填空题（每空1分，共15分）1、地形图的分幅方法有 和 两种。

2、衡量测量精度的指标有 、 和 。

3、测量外业依据的基准线是_____，基准面是______；测量内业计算的基准面是________，基准线是_____。

4、竖直角观测中，盘左、盘右的竖盘读数分别为94°24′30″和265°35′54″（竖盘按顺时针标注），则最终竖直角为 ，竖盘指标差为 。

5、某平面三角形中，观测了α、β两个内角，其测角中误差均为±4″，则就此推算三角形第三个内角γ的中误差为 。

6、GPS的误差按来源可分为 、 和 三类。

三、 简答题（每题7分，共70分）1、测绘学研究的对象和任务是什么？2、误差产生的原因主要有哪些？误差包括哪些种类？偶然误差具有哪些特性？3、角度测量中为何要用正、倒镜观测？水准测量时，为何要使用前后视距尽量相等？为何采用后－前－前－后的观测顺序？为何要使一测段中的测站数为偶数？4、高斯投影有哪些特点？如何建立高斯平面直角坐标系？5、什么是数字高程模型？它有何特点？它有哪些用途？6、等高线有哪些种类？等高线有何特性？7、大比例尺地面数字测图软件具有哪些功能？8、何为三联脚架法？它有何优点？简述其外业工作的作业程序。

2017年研究生入学考试
安全系统工程试题
一、问答题(第1-4小题各10分，第5小题15分，共55分)
1．说明PHA的概念，写出PHA的分析表格式。

2．指数法的安全评价方法中，如何计算总评价分数？
3．在最简单安全检查表的基础上，为提高其应用效果，可以做哪些改进？
4．鱼刺图可以应用于哪几种情况？其主要作用是什么？
5．化工企业六阶段安全评价法中，如何进行定量评价（第三阶段），并划分危险等级？
二、计算题(25分)
某事故树如图所示，请采用直接分步算法，计算顶上事件的发生概率。

各基本事件的发生概率分别是：
q1=0.01, q2=0.8, q3=1.0, q4=0.5, q5=0.05, q6=0. 05,
q7=0.01
三、应用题(每小题15分，共45分)
1．行人欲过马路。

就某一段马路而言，可能有车来往，也可能无车通行。

当无车时过马路，当然会顺利通过；若有车，则看行人是在
车前通过还是在车后通过。

若在车后过，当然也会顺利通过；若
在车前过，则看行人是否有充足的时间。

如果有，则不会出现车
祸，但却很冒险；如果没有，则看司机是否采取紧急制动措施或
避让措施。

若未采取措施必然会发生撞人事故，导致人员伤亡；
若采取措施，则取决于制动或退让是否凑效。

凑效，则人幸免于
难；失败，则必造成人员伤亡。

试用事件树分析这一事故。

2．某国某年人口为2亿，该年度汽车交通事故死亡5万人。

设每人每。

1.名词解释（共5个名词，每个6分，共30分）（1）信息（2）信源（3）自信息量（4）后验概率（5）信宿2.选择题(共9题，每题2分，共18分)(1) 信息的基本特征表明( )A.信息既来源于物质世界又来源于精神世界B.信息不是知识，所以信息没有知识的本性C.信息是一种抽象的概念，它不能像物质、能量那样被感知D.信息量在传递、加工过程中实现增值(2) “给定系统中发生的信息传播是不可逆过程”表示( )A.信息熵是不能减少或增加的B.信息接收方不能再把信息传播给信息发送方C.信息只能在给定系统内部传播D.接收者获得信息消除掉的某种不确定性不可能再回到原先的不确定状态(3) 系统的整体性原理表明( )A.系统的总体功能总是大于各元素独立作用之和B.系统的总体功能一定不会小于各元素独立作用之和C.系统的整体性原理仅表明了系统存在的意义，但实际系统的总体功能并不一定D.超过各元素独立作用之和“一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃”违背了系统整体性原理。

(4) 抽样样本数目( )A.与总体中的个体数N成正比B.与总体中的个体差异成正比C.是抽样误差的单调递增函数D.是抽样误差的单调递减函数(5) 在离散无记忆平稳信道中通信，( )A.码字个数M越大，通信的可靠性越没有保障B.码字的长度N越大，通信的可靠性越没有保障C.信道容量C越大，通信的可靠性越没有保障D.通信的可靠性只与信道容量有关，而与编码无关(6) 设码C=(0000,0011,1000,1100)，在二元对称传送中，检错码是( )位。

A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3(7) 某条信息告诉你，韦小宝的骰子做了手脚，1和6出现的概率为1/4，5和4出现的概率是1/6，而2和3出现的概率是1/12，则该信息提供的信息量是( )A. 2.585bitB. 2.459bitC. 0.126bitD. 5.044bit(8) 设码C=(0000,0011,1000,1100)，在二元对称传送中，如果收到A=0111，根据极大似然译码法，A应译为( )A. 0000B. 0011C. 1000D. 1100(9)信息传输至少包括下列一些事物、环节和过程( )A. 信源、载体、变换、信道、信宿B. 信源、载体、信号、信道、信宿C. 信源、信号、变换、信道、信宿D. 信号、载体、变换、信道3.填空题（12空，每个空1分，共12分）1.信息的基本特征有：（1）______________，有来源于精神世界；（2）______________；（3）______________，并且可以被人所感知、获取和识别，也可以被传输、存储、变换、处理、显示、检和利用；（4）______________。