2010考研英语一真题与参考答案解析

2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题答案详解2010-1-9 22:54考研教育网论坛1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”；B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”；C项extract 意思是“提取，榨出”；D项restore是“恢复，重建”。

这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A.2.B解析：本题考查了固定短语end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故选B.3.C解析：本句的大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念-“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。

所以这里应选择C.4.B解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。

四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B.5.C解析：本句的含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人的时产量就会提高。

四个选项中有描述含义的是C项accounts.6.B解析：这句话的意思是：实验中做什么并不重要。

Do not matter 固定表达，故选B.7.D解析：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升。

8.A解析：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。

所以选A.9.C解析：见第8题解析。

10.D解析：见第8题解析。

11.C解析：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致…，为固定短语。

12.A解析：contrary to表示“与…相反”。

根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味的链接词。

13.A解析：只有evidence一词可与found呼应，表示“发现或找到证据”。

2010年考研英语（一）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 【B1】workers’productivity. Instead, the studies ended 【B2】giving their name to the “ Hawthorne effect, “the extremely influential idea that the very 【B3】of being experimented upon changed subjects’behavior. The idea arose because of the 【B4】behavior of the women in the plant. According to 【B5】of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 【B6】what was done in the experiment; 【B7】something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 【B8】that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 【B9】to alter workers’ behavior 【B10】itself. After several decades, the same data were 【B11】to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 【B12】the descriptions on record, no systematic 【B13】was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 【B14】interpretations of what happened. 【B15】, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 【B16】rose compared with the previous Saturday and 【B17】to rise for the next couple of days. 【B18】, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 【B19】to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 【B20】a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1．【B1】A．affectedB．achievedC．extractedD．restored正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词。

2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）历年真题包含了考研经常的考的考点，摸透真题就能了解出题的整个脉络和方向，所以在考研的艰辛路上，真题绝对是您制胜的武器，考研频道为收集到了各个公共课和专业课的历年真题，欢迎收藏(CTRL+D)。

2010年考研英语(一)试题Section I Use of English In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving the ir name to the―Hawhthome effect‖the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that they were bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uself After several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，no systematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect―is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2 [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3 [A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7[A]as faras[B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with[D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable[D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the ex tremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changes subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.W e are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of W orld War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur traditionin music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that ________.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before W orld W ar II were characterized by ________.[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days.[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers.[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism.[D] Prominent Critics in Memory.T ext 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals thatmight beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some W all Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal C ircuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court”, says Harold C. W egner, a patent attorney and professor at George W ashington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of ________.[A] their limited value to businesses[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over their authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means ________.[A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude [D] enhancement of dignity29. W e learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents ________.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.T ext 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, whoare unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey —whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence —even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks —is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to ________.[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” ________.[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that ________.[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined p hrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who ________.[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted.[B] The impulse to influence others.[C] The readiness to be influenced.[D] The inclination to rely on others.Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forc ed them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by managemen t.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real wor l d” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s newplan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to ________.[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] re-evaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in ________.[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to ________.[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-setting[D] take gradual measures in reform39. Th e author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they ________.[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of ________.[A] satisfaction [B] skepticism [C] objectiveness [D] sympathyPart BDirections: For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined —France, Germany, Italy, and Spain —are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Ove rall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000 — more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → E → 45.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. W e have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.Some species of tree have been “read out of the party”by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the P ostgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead. (10 points)52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2010年真题答案速查Section ⅠUse of English (10 points)1-5 ABCBC 6-10 BDACD11-15 CAADB 16-20 ADCBDSection ⅡReading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Text 1 21-25 BADABText 2 26-30 CDCBAText 3 31-35 BDACCText 4 36-40 ADCBDPart B (10 points)41-45 BFDGAPart C (10 points)46. 科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。

2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and nark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. ②It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. ③Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.①The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. ②According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. ③It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. ④A (n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.①After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. ②The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.①It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. ② 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. ③When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. ④ 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. ⑤Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. ⑥This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D]h i t t i n gSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel atthe fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.①Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote. ③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2①Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. ② received one for its “one-click” online payment system. ③Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. ④One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.①Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. ②In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. ③In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. ④It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”①Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. ②That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. ③Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move againstrivals that might beat them to the punch. ④In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. ⑤Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.①The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. ②The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.①The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. ②Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. ③The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to businesses.[B] their connection with asset allocation.[C] the possible restriction on their granting.[D] the controversy over their authorization.27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Para. 3) most probably means[A] loss of goodwill.[B] increase of hostility.[C] change of attitude.[D] enhancement of dignity.29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges.[B] are often unnecessarily issued.[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.[D] increase the incidence of risks.30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.Text 3①In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. ②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication” : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. ②Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ②In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.①The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. ②Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. ③For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. ④If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.①Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. ②They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas.[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics.[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.[C] has won support from influentials.[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions.[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public.[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence.[B] have little contact with the source of influence.[C] are influenced and then influence others.[D] are influenced by the initial influential.35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted.[B] The impulse to influence others.[C] The readiness to be influenced.[D] The inclination to rely on others.Text 4①Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. ②Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. ③Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. ④These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.①Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. ②The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. ③And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. ④After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. ⑤These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. ⑥Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who question our motives. ⑦Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls the use of judgment by management.①European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. ②The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. ③Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real world and the Europe could yet develop different rules.①It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.②Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. ③The truth will not be known for years.④But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical.⑤And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.①To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. ②America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. ③Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. ④The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests. ⑤But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.[B] collect payments from third parties.[C] cooperate with the price managers.[D] re-evaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management.[B] the revival of the banking system.[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses.[D] the weakening of its independence.38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators.[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness.[D] sympathy.Part BDirections:For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; theconsumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep atighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving Europeangrocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply theirgigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy,Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from thefood service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some largefood producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41. →42. →43. →44. →E →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, somehave been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association”instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年英语（一）试题参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. affected2. B. up3. C. act4. B. perplexing5. C. accounts6. B. matter7. D. so long as8. A. awareness9. C. enough10. D. by11. C. subjected12. A. Contrary to13. A. evidence14. D. misleading15. B. For example16. A. duly17. D. continued18. C. However19. B. tended20. D. hittingSection Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part AText121. B. English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.22. A. free themes.23. D. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. A. His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.25. B. The Lost Horizon in NewspapersText226. C. the possible restriction on their granting.27. D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. C. change of attitude.29. B. are often unnecessarily issued.30. A. A looming threat to business-method patents.Text331. B. discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas.32. D. requires solid evidence for its validity.33. A. the power of influence goes with social interactions.34. C. are influenced and then influence others.35. C. The readiness to be influenced.Text436. A. follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.37. D. the weakening of its independence.38. C. act on their own in rule-setting.39. B. exaggerated the real value of their assets.40. D. sympathy.Part B41. B. Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.42. F. For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extr emely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted t o define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题精解S e c t i o n I U s e o fE n g l i s h总体分析来源:T h e E c o n o m i s t‘经济学人“2009.06.04㊂文章主要介绍了社会学㊁管理学领域的经典理论 霍桑效应 的产生及其遭到的质疑㊂试题精解1.[A]影响[B]获得,达到[C]提取;获得[D]恢复,修复[解析]本句介绍1924年霍桑工厂实验的目的㊂空格下文③句t h ev e r y...o fb e i n g...c h a n g e d s u b j e c t s b e h a v i o r表明实验内容涉及 什么因素会改变工人(受试者)的行为 ,因此判断空格所在部分表达 照明如何造成工人生产效率的变化 之意,[A]a f f e c t(对 产生影响或造成变化)正确㊂2.[A]在 结束[B]最终成为;最终处于[C]以 结束[D]结束,中止[解析]上文以I t h o p e d t h e y w o u l d...引出研究目的;空格句中I n s t e a d说明实验的结论与预期不同;e n du p d o i n g s t h强调结果出人意料,[B]u p正确㊂[C](e n d e d)w i t h表明 某事结束前最后一部分的内容 ,而 冠以名字 并非研究的收场内容,无法体现 结果与预期的不同 ;且其接s t h,而非d o i n g s t h㊂3.[A]真相,事实[B]景象;看见[C]行为,举动[D]证明,证据[解析]空格所在部分o f表明 b e i n g e x p e r i m e n t e d(受试) 是对 空格词 的具体说明,即改变受试者行为的,正是 受试的 ㊂能够被 受试 修饰,同时可发出 改变受试者行为 动作的只有[C]a c t㊂4.[A]有争议的[B]令人费解的[C]调皮的;恶意的[D]模棱两可的;不明确的[解析]空格句下文介绍女工行为:无论照明变强还是变弱,只要光照有变化,效率就会提高㊂而已知实验预期是了解 照明如何影响生产效率 ,故对于研究者而言,女工表现令人不解,[B]p e r p l e x i n g正确㊂[D]a m b i g u o u s表示 有多种解释或不明确 ,女工的行为(产出增加)很明确,也不涉及多种解释㊂5.[A]所需的东西;要求[B]解释,说明[C]描述,说明[D]评估,评价[解析]A c c o r d i n g t o表明 o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t 是主干内容的依据, 无论变亮还是变暗,效率都增加 是对实验现象的客观说明,[C]a c c o u n t s正确㊂文中不涉及 实验原因的说明 ,排除[B]㊂6.[A]得出结论;推断[B]事关紧要;重要[C]显示,表明[D]有效,起作用[解析]空格句中p r o d u c t i v i t y r o s e是对上句的总结,故两句语义一致,均是对实验结果的说明,即表示 不管照明如何改变,生产率都提高 ,因此空格部分应表示 实验做了什么不重要,关键是情况有所变化 ,[B]m a t t e r常用于i t d o e s n tm a t t e r...结构中,表示 不重要 ,符合文意㊂7.[A]就 而言[B]以免,唯恐[C]以防万一;如果[D]只要[解析]上题已推出③句大致内容:实验中做什么不重要,重要的是有变化;即只要某些事物改变,生产效率就会提高,即 某事有变化 是 生产效率提高 的充分条件,[D]s o l o n g a s正确㊂8.[A]认识,意识[B]预期;期望[C]情绪;观点[D]幻想;错觉[解析]由上段末 t h e v e r y a c t...c h a n g e d...b e h a v i o r 可知,此处重申 霍桑效应 ,故应表达类似含义;选项都涉及 主观思维 ,可反向推知 被试本身改变受试者行为是通过影响其思维实现的 ,再结合上文 照明无论如何变,效率都提高 可判定:因为知道正在受试,故工人行为改变,[A]a w a r e n e s s正确㊂9.[A]适合的,合适的[B]过多的[C]足够的,充分的[D]丰富的,充裕的[解析]由上文可知,实验中只要有因素改变,生产率就会提高,故空格处也应体现该充分条件关系,e n o u g h t od o表示 (程度)足以 的 ,[C]e n o u g h正确㊂10.[A]关于[B]为了[C]关于,涉及[D]凭借1[解析]反身代词i t s e l f指代主语a w a r e n e s s㊂由上题分析可知,意识到被当作实验对象这一点就足以改变工人行为㊂b y i t s e l f为固定搭配,强调 仅仅这一意识,不需要其他条件 ,[D]b y正确㊂11.[A]被比较,比作[B]被展示给[C]经受;经历,遭受[D]被运送,传递到[解析]空格处需填入被动态动词,呈现d a t a与a n a l y s i s的被动关系;而 数据 是 分析 的对象,s u b j e c t s b/s t h t o s t h可表示 让某人/事经受特定的行为 ,文中表示 这些数据被用于分析检验 ,[C]正确㊂12.[A]与 相反[B]与 一致[C]与 平行的;与 类似[D]特有的[解析]上文霍桑效应最初结论 只要光照改变,生产率就提高 与本句t h a t从句吻合,n o...w a sf o u n d对其否定,可知 之前实验描述 与 新分析结果 相反,[A]C o n t r a r y t o正确㊂13.[A]根据,证据[B]引导,指导[C]含意;暗指[D]来源;根源[解析]t h a t从句解释空格处:生产率与照明变化相关㊂上题分析已知新分析结果与之前实验结论相反,故空格部分含义应是:新实验未发现 两者间存在关联 的证据,[A]e v i d e n c e正确㊂14.[A]有争议的[B]有启发性的[C]可靠的[D]误导的,使人误信的[解析]上段末指出,无系统证据表明生产率和照明变化有关,即 之前实验结论也许有误 ;空格句解释 有误 原因,故空格词应表示 有误 ,[D]m i s l e a d i n g正确㊂空格词修饰i n t e r p r e t a t i o n so fw h a th a p p e n e d,即 初次实验结果的解释 ,该解释当时被认为正确,不存在争议,排除[A]d i s p u t a b l e㊂15.[A]与 相反,相比之下[B]例如[C]因此[D]照旧,像往常一样[解析]从①句t h e p e c u l i a rw a y o f c o n d u c t i n g t h ee x p e r i m e n t s到②句l i g h t i n g w a s a l w a y s c h a n g e d o naS u n d a y明显是 概括(总体)ң具体(典型) 的关系,能反映这一关系的只有[B]F o r e x a m p l e㊂16.[A]如期地;适时地;按时地[B]偶然地[C]不可预测地[D]突然地[解析]上文②句 照明总在周日改变 是 常态变化 ㊂由第二段②③句实验描述 照明条件改变,产出增加 可知, 周一产量增加 也应和 周日照明改变 一样,是在预期中的常态,[A]d u l y正确㊂17.[A]未能[B]停止[C]开始[D]继续[解析]⑤句表明,工人产出在前几天都 比较高 ,因此可推知在接下来的两三天应该 保持或继续上升 ;空格后f o r t h en e x t c o u p l e o f d a y s为一段时间,故空格处为延续性动词,[D]c o n t i n u e d正确㊂18.[A]因此,所以[B]此外,而且[C]然而[D]同时;另一方面[解析]由空格上文和空格句可知,无论做不做实验,工人产出情况都一样;而已知首次实验结论是 做实验导致工人行为变化 ,本次实验结果无疑令人意外,能体现这一逻辑的只有[C]H o w e v e r㊂19.[A]尝试,试图[B]往往会,常常就[C]选择;情愿[D]打算;意欲[解析]i na n y c a s e强调这是工人的规律性行为,不因是否进行实验而改变,故空格句是对上文规律性现象的总结,[B]t e n d e d(t o)符合文意㊂其他三项均表示工人的主观行为,与 客观规律性 不符㊂20.[A]打破,突破[B]攀登,攀爬[C]超过,超越[D]达到,到达[解析]空格句中f o r t h e f i r s t f e wd a y s㊁b e f o r e㊁a n d t h e n串联起工人的一周工作状态:勤奋ң稳定状态懒散下来,故空格部分应表示 到达稳定高点 ,[D]h i t t i n g(a p l a t e a u)(达到稳定阶段)正确㊂全文翻译年,美国国家研究委员会派出两名工程师到芝加哥附近一家名为霍桑工厂的电话配件厂指导一系列实验研究㊂该委员会希望能弄清楚车间照明是如何影响工人的生产效率的㊂然而,这些研究最终被命名为 霍桑效应 ,这一极具影响力的观点就是,正是受试这一行为改变了实验对象的行为方式㊂该观点的形成源于工厂女工令人费解的行为㊂根据实验的描述,照明强度增加时,女工每小时的产出增加,照明强度减少时,亦是如此㊂实验中做什么无关紧要;只要发生了某种变化,生产效率就会提高㊂仅仅是意识到自己正被当作实验对象似乎就足以改变工人的行为㊂2几十年后,研究者对同一实验数据进行了计量经济分析㊂霍桑实验有了另外一个令人吃惊的结果㊂与所记录的描述相反,没有发现系统的证据表明生产效率的水平与照明变化之间存在关联㊂结果表明,进行实验的特殊方式可能导致了对所发生情况的误导性解释㊂例如,照明条件总是在周日改变㊂当周一重新开工时,工人的产出与上周六相比如期上升了,并在接下来的两三天持续上升㊂然而,与未进行实验的几周的数据对比显示,周一工人的产出总是会上升㊂无论什么情况,工人在一周的前几天往往都会勤奋工作,直至达到一个稳定状态,然后懒散下来㊂这表明,所谓的 霍桑效应 是很难解释清楚的㊂S e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1总体分析来源:C o m m e n t a r y‘评论“2007.11㊂文章作者抚今追昔,对英语报刊艺术评论不可遏止的衰落趋势表达了遗憾之情㊂全文脉络:引出全文所要论述的现象(第一段) 追溯报纸艺术评论曾经的辉煌,并初步探寻如今报纸艺术评论持续衰落的原因(第二㊁三段) 以卡达斯为例直叙报纸艺术评论如今的衰落之势,并进一步明确原因(第四㊁五段)㊂试题精解21.第一㊁二段表明㊂[A]艺术评论已经从大城市报纸上消失了[B]英文报纸过去常刊载更多的艺术评论[C]高品质的报纸留住大批读者[D]年轻读者怀疑评论文章是否适合刊登在日报上[锁定答案]首段指出英语报纸中艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可遏止的衰落趋势㊂第二段指出,过去在大多数都市报纸上都能够读到高品质的艺术评论;20世纪出版的重要艺术评论文集里报纸评论占据大半㊂可见英文报纸过去常刊载更多的艺术评论,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将第二段①句 如今读者很难想象昔日报刊评论之盛况 篡改为 艺术评论已经从大城市报纸上消失 ,且艺术评论只是衰落而非消亡㊂[C]糅杂首两段信息和惯有认知(报纸品质高则读者多),错误推出 高质量报纸留住了大部分读者 ,且文章聚焦的是新闻评论的质量,而非报纸的质量㊂[D]将第二段③句人们对(昔日)将高质量评论发表在日报上表示赞叹改为与之完全相悖的表示怀疑㊂[提炼思路]本题考查归纳概括细节信息的能力,此类题目正确项多为对原文信息的概括总结或同义改写,干扰项常在原文信息的基础上强加关联或篡改语义,本题正确项[B]准确概括第二段主旨㊂22.二战前英国报纸评论的特点是㊂[A]主题自由[B]风格随意[C]布局精心[D]观点激进[锁定答案]由题干定位到第三段首句,本句承上段指出,与现在截然不同的是,二战前报纸评论涵盖的内容非常广泛,包罗万象,[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]源自段中s t y l i s h,但该词指评论的文体讲究㊁华丽,并非 随意 ㊂且T h e i r sw a sa s e r i o u s b u s i n e s s也表明评论家们写作态度严肃认真,而非选项中 随意的 ㊂[C]e l a b o r a t e虽涵盖②句i n d e t a i l a n d a t l e n g t h之意,但 布局 偏离文段关注焦点 艺术评论的内容和风格 ㊂[D]将s e r i o u sb u s i-n e s s误解为 评论家的观点激进 ,但s e r i o u s指 工作态度 问题,与其所持观点无关㊂[提炼思路]正确项所言特点在文中要有所凭据,该特点所修饰的对象也应符合原文㊂本题中干扰项[B]c a s u a l与s e r i o u s相悖;[D]r a d i c a l v i e w p o i n t对s e r i o u s n e s s推导过度;[C]e l a b o r a t e虽然符合文意,但其所修饰的l a y o u t却与原文不符㊂323.萧伯纳和纽曼最可能同意以下哪种说法?[A]实现新闻工作的目标是作家的职责㊂[B]作家们不屑去做新闻工作者㊂[C]作家很可能受到吸引从事新闻写作㊂[D]并不是所有作家都能胜任新闻写作㊂[锁定答案]根据题干定位至第三段㊂该段⑤句指出,N e w m a n认为 能拥有足够的智慧和文学天赋从事新闻写作的作家寥寥无几 ,又由③④句可知S h a w和N e w m a n被当作那个时代评论家的典型代表一并提及,可知二人观点接近,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]利用④句 ...b e l i e v e d i n j o u r n a l i s ma s a c a l l i n g 干扰,将主观意愿(b e l i e v e i n)偷换成客观要求(d u t y)㊂[B]对末句d e f i n e j o u r n a l i s m a s a t e r mo f c o n t e m p t... 断章取义,此处是平庸作家对新闻写作者的嘲讽,而非纽曼的观点㊂[C]用t e m p t e d干扰,实际上N e w m a n认为新闻写作门槛极高,能够胜任之人很少,因此很多作家实际非但不会被这一职业吸引,反而可能望而却步㊂[提炼思路]确定人物观点时需注意,直接引语及诸如t h i n k,b e l i e v e,c o n t e n d等转述标识词是传达人物观点的重要标志㊂本文中第三段③句开始引入S h a w和N e w m a n,但④⑤句才将二者作为主语,且带有b e l i e v e d i n,w r o t e这样的观点标识词,应成为分析重点㊂24.从最后两段,我们可以获知有关卡达斯的什么信息?[A]他的音乐评论对当今读者可能已没什么吸引力了㊂[B]他作为音乐评论家享有的声誉长久以来饱受争议㊂[C]他的风格主要迎合现代专业人士㊂[D]他写作的文章未能遵循业余传统㊂[锁定答案]第四段指出:作为英国最重要的音乐评论家之一,卡达斯大量作品除专业人士外,现在已无人知晓㊂第五段③句进而明确指出,后现代的读者不再需要卡达斯所擅长的华丽散文了,[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]将四段首两句强调卡达斯作为严肃音乐评论家的声誉 已被遗忘 误解为其 饱受争议 (i nd i s p u t e)㊂[C]将四段⑤句指出的 卡达斯音乐评论除专业人士外鲜有人知 的客观情况篡改为卡达斯主观上 迎合专业人士 ㊂[D]与事实相反,由第五段末句指出的音乐评论业余传统迅速衰落(乃卡达斯式音乐评论难以复兴的另一原因)可知,卡达斯式音乐评论是遵循着业余传统的㊂[提炼思路]题干给出的信息不多时,需要直接以选项为线索从两方面着手:①以C a r d u s本人为中心,从选项所切入的角度(中心词m u s i c c r i t i c i s m㊁r e p u t a t i o n㊁s t y l e㊁w r i t i n g s)出发,寻找原文以该角度阐述的内容;②以选项提及的其他对象为中心(即r e a d e r s t o d a y㊁m o d e r ns p e c i a l i s t s㊁a m a t e u r t r a d i t i o n),分析原文中其与C a r d u s的真正关联㊂25.本文最好的题目是什么?[A]报纸令人追忆的美好时代[B]报纸上消失的视域[C]新闻业令人悲哀的衰落[D]记忆中杰出的评论家[锁定答案]本文开篇直陈主旨:英文报纸艺术报道已不可遏止地衰落;第二㊁三段追述往昔艺术评论曾盛极一时的情况;末两段以一位辉煌时期代表评论家例证这一趋势,明确复兴前景渺茫的事实㊂通篇都在传达一个信息:艺术评论正逐渐从报纸上消失,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]中t h eG o o dO l dD a y s源自第二㊁三段对过去辉煌的追溯,但未涉及文章着意凸显的 衰微现状 ;且原文论述的中心在于 艺术评论 而非 报纸 ㊂[C]将全文主题词 艺术评论 偷换成更大范围的 新闻业 ㊂[D]源自最后两段对C a r d u s的追忆,但对其音乐评论的遗忘只是论证艺术评论衰落的论据,并非全文主旨㊂[提炼思路]解答标题形式的主旨题时,要回顾各段主要内容后概括提炼整篇主题㊂标题必须包含文章的论述对象及其发生了什么;以偏概全和扩大外延是常用干扰手段㊂如本题,正确项包含本文论述主题 艺术评论 和其 衰落之势 ,干扰项或扩大论述对象的外延([A][C]),或以偏概全([D])㊂4全文翻译英文报纸过去25年间发生的所有变化中,影响最为深远的或许就是其艺术报道范围和严肃性已呈不可遏止的衰落之势㊂对于40岁以下的普通读者而言,他们难以,甚至根本无法想象一个能在大多数大都市报纸上读到高质量艺术评论的时代㊂然而20世纪出版的相当多的最具重要影响的评论文集大部分由报纸评论组成㊂若今日再来阅读这些文集,会惊叹于这样一个事实:里面这些广博精深的内容曾被认为适合刊登在面向大众发行的日报上㊂我们与20世纪初至二战前夕英国的杂感式报纸评论就更是无缘了,当时,新闻用纸价廉如土,风格独特的艺术评论被看作是对刊登它的出版物的一种装饰㊂在那个遥远的年代,各大报纸的评论家们会对所报道的事件撰写详尽入微的评论,这被视作理所当然㊂他们从事的是严肃的工作,人们信任,即便是那些以轻松活泼的方式展现自己学问的评论家,如萧伯纳和欧内斯特㊃纽曼,也都清楚自己在做什么㊂这些人相信新闻写作是他们的天职,并为自己的文章能发表在日报上而感到自豪㊂ 能够拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋能尽职尽责做好新闻写作工作本分的作家是如此之少 ,纽曼写道, 以至于我不禁想把 新闻写作 定义成为 没读者的作家对有读者作家的蔑称 ㊂遗憾的是,这些评论家几乎被完全遗忘了㊂内维尔㊃卡达斯从1917年到1975年去世前不久,一直在为‘曼彻斯特卫报“撰写评论文章,可现在仅以板球比赛短评撰写人为人所知㊂但是,在他的一生之中,他也是英国最优秀的古典音乐评论家之一,他同时还是一位文体家,如此之广受赞誉,以致于其‘自传“(1947年出版)成为一本畅销书㊂1967年,他受封为爵士,是第一位享有如此殊荣的音乐评论家㊂然而现如今,他的著作中只有一本仍在印行,他大量的乐评作品除了专业人士之外,无人知晓㊂卡达斯的评论还有再度盛行的可能吗?前景似乎非常渺茫㊂早在他去世前的很长一段时间,新闻业的品味就已经改变㊂后现代的读者们几乎不再喜欢他所专长的极其华丽的维多利亚 爱德华时期风格的散文㊂更何况,音乐评论的业余传统已经迅速走向衰落㊂T e x t2总体分析来源:B u s i n e s s w e e k‘商业周刊“2008.02.21㊂文章主要分析了美国专利法庭 过去十年大量颁发商业方法专利,如今则准备大幅缩减该类专利规模 的巨大转变㊂全文脉络:介绍现象(第一㊁二段) 评论现象(第三㊁四段) 分析现象发生的背景(第五段)㊂试题精解26.商业方法专利最近引起关注是因为㊂[A]它们对企业的价值有限[B]它们与资产配置相关[C]它们的授予可能受到限制[D]它们的获批引起争议[锁定答案]根据题干定位至第二段首两句,此两句指出知识产权律师议论纷纷的原因是:最高专利法庭将广泛复审商业方法专利,并已准备好削减此类专利数量㊂由此可见,[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]由 首段暗含的作者对商业方法专利授予过多的不认同态度(w h a t a r e c a l l e d...) 和 第二段权威当局拟对这类专利进行限制 过度推断出 所有的商业方法专利价值有限 ㊂[B]由首段③句中a s s e t a l l o c a t i o n而来,但该句仅为 过去10年来无数商业方法专利被授予 的例子,不涉及 新近商业方法专利何以引争议 ㊂[D]将第二段①句中时间10y e a r s a g o偷换成r e c e n t l y,将多年以来存在的争议说成 新近引发关注 ㊂[提炼思路]以 今昔对比 开篇的文章,命题人或聚焦过去,或直接考查当前情况㊂应仔细审题,首先从宏观上判断考点聚焦的是过去还是当前,排除题干聚焦之外的内容,再对剩余选项进行细节过滤㊂本题题干r e c e n t l y表明考查点落于 今 ,先排除与过去情况相关的[B]和[D];再确定[A]和[C]何者为5题干 商业方法专利引发关注 的 因 ㊂27.有关比尔斯基案,以下哪项是正确的?[A]对它的裁决符合法庭的决议㊂[B]它涉及一项非常大的商业交易㊂[C]它已被联邦巡回法庭驳回㊂[D]它可能会改变美国的法律实践㊂[锁定答案]第二段④句指出比尔斯基案可能导致一整类专利的撤销㊂换言之,该案可能会改变美国现有的法律实践,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]杂糅文中信息编造选项,根据第四段②句中w o u l d b e h e a r d可推知比尔斯基案尚未做出终审判决㊂[B]将第二段③句中a v e r y b i g d e a l(非常重要的事)错误理解为 非常大的商业交易 ㊂[C] 已经被驳回 与第四段②句中w o u l db eh e a r d(即将听审)表明尚未做出判决相矛盾㊂[提炼思路]本题为细节推理题的典型提问方式,选项含有m a y或其他表示可能性的副词,且同时内容涉及 较大的影响力 ,为正确项的概率较大,应首先仔细确认该项与主题是否契合㊂解答本题时,先由t h eB i l s k i c a s e迅速定位至第二段③④句;然后通过选项措辞及内容,判断[D]可能正确;再根据文章主题:现在美国专利法庭意欲缩减商业方法专利数量,今昔变化凸显美国专利相关法律实践或遭改变,最终确定选项㊂28.第三段第一行中 a b o u t-f a c e 一词的含义最可能是㊂[A]善意的缺失[B]敌意的增加[C]态度的转变[D]尊严的提升[锁定答案]被考词所在句实为因果句:1998年引入商业方法专利并使之合法化的是联邦巡回法院,而现在要控制此类专利的也是联邦巡回法院,所以法院此举预示其在专利态度上的巨大转变,[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]l o s s o f g o o d w i l l实与[B]i n c r e a s eo fh o s t i l i t y语义重复,均因a b o u t-f a c e字面含义 翻脸 而来,不可能同时正确,所以都排除㊂[D]d i g n i t y利用a b o u t-f a c e中f a c e 脸面 设置干扰,但文中a b o u t-f a c e与 脸面,尊严 毫无关系㊂[提炼思路]词汇题破解关键隐藏在上下文中,考查词汇或短语附近往往有一些提示词,通常会以同义词或者反义词的形式出现㊂本题中a b o u t-f a c e之前是c u r b 控制 ,之后是i n t r o d u c e d 引入 和a p-p r o v i n g 赞同 ,由此可知两者是对立关系,只有[C]能体现对立关系㊂29.我们可以从最后两段了解到商业方法专利㊂[A]不受法律质疑的影响[B]其授予常常很不必要[C]削弱对专利持有者的敬重[D]增加风险的发生率[锁定答案]第五段②句明确指出:最高法院大法官们认为过多无新意的 发明 被授予了专利㊂换言之,作者想借最高法院法官们之言来说明太多商业方法专利的颁发实无必要㊂[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]与第二段④句h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l t oe l i m i n a t e a ne n t i r e c l a s so f p a t e n t s㊁第三段①句C u r b s o nb u s i n e s s-m e t h o d c l a i m e㊁第五段③句t h e a n t i-p a t e n t t r e n d a t t h eS u p r e m eC o u r t深层暗示的 商业方法专利已经受到法律质疑,将面临严重的法律威胁 相悖㊂[C]由第五段②句 太多专利被授予无新意的发明 过度推出 商业专利拉低了专利持有者本应得到的敬重 ㊂[D]将第四段①句中 规避风险 偷换成 增加风险发生率 ㊂[提炼思路]解答 针对末段考查的细节题,题干不涉及任何具体信息或仅给出全文聚焦对象 的题目时,必须胸怀大局,切忌被旁枝末节牵绊㊂由作者首段便暗示此类专利有滥发之嫌㊁随后介绍专利法庭的新近举措及法庭 引入者ң制约者 态度逆转可知,作者认同 如此多的商业方法专利中许多都名不副实 ,符合这一内容的是[B]㊂30.以下哪项是本文的主题?[A]商业方法专利的一个潜在威胁㊂[B]对商业方法专利持有人的保护㊂[C]有关商业方法专利的一项法律案例㊂[D]一种不利于商业方法专利的普遍趋势㊂[锁定答案]首两段引出现象(即全文主题) 最高专利法庭意欲减少商业方法专利的授予 ;第三㊁四段评价现象 这是专利法庭的180度态度大逆转 ;第五段分析现象原因 应最高法院反(商业方法)专利6趋势而为 ㊂由此可见,全文围绕 法庭准备对商业方法专利做出限制 展开论述,[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]将全文主题 限制对商业方法专利持有人的保护 篡改为 保护 本身㊂[C]错将细节当作主题,且文中讨论了两个法律案例(而非一个),对它们的论述都是为了证明商业方法专利面临威胁㊂[D]将商业方法专利受到的威胁是 逼近的㊁潜在的(p o t e n t i a l) 偷换为 普遍的,盛行的(p r e v a i l i n g) ㊂[提炼思路]主旨题的解题技巧在于仔细辨别选项信息,尤其是选项与原文相关句的结构和词汇相似时,更要注意是否有关键词汇被偷换㊂如本题,若不细读,很容易误选[D]项㊂但文中法院还未对相关案件做出明确裁决,因此商业方法专利受到的威胁和反对尚未 普遍㊁盛行 ㊂全文翻译过去十年间,成千上万项专利被授给了所谓的 商业方法 ㊂亚马逊公司因其 一键式 在线支付系统获得了一项专利㊂美林集团因其某种资产配置策略获得了法律保护㊂某发明者取得了一种提箱技术的专利㊂现在国家最高专利法庭似乎完全准备好缩减商业方法专利的数量,这类专利自十年前首次获批以来就一直备受争议㊂在一次令知识产权律师们议论纷纷的举措中,美国联邦巡回上诉法院宣称,它将利用一起特殊案件对商业方法专利开展广泛复审㊂这个被熟知为比尔斯基案的案件 事关重大 ,密苏里大学法学院的丹尼斯㊃D㊃克劳奇说,它 有撤销一整类专利的潜力 ㊂对商业方法专利申请的限制也许是一次戏剧性的180度逆转,因为正是联邦巡回法院自己在1998年被称为 道富银行案 的裁决中引入了此类专利,批准了一项共同基金资产筹集方法的专利㊂那项裁决导致了商业方法专利申请卷宗的激增,起初是新兴网络公司试图对特定类型的在线交易占得专有权㊂后来,更多的老牌公司竞相将此类专利归入其卷宗,哪怕只是作为一项防御性措施以防范可能先发制人的竞争对手㊂2005年,I B M在一份法院案卷中注意到自己被授予了300多项商业方法专利,尽管它质疑授予这些专利的法律依据㊂无独有偶,一些华尔街投资公司也都以金融产品专利来武装自己,即使它们在法庭案例中表示反对这一做法㊂比尔斯基案涉及一项规避能源市场风险方法的专利申请㊂联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的指令,宣称此案将由该法院全体12名法官听审,而不是典型的三人组听审,并且宣称法院想要评估一个问题,即,是否需要 重新审议 对道富银行案的裁决㊂联邦巡回法院的(上述)行动紧随最高法院近期一连串缩小专利持有人受保护范围的决议之后㊂比如,去年4月,法官们表示太多的专利授给了平淡无奇的 发明 ㊂联邦巡回法院的法官们正在 对最高法院的反专利趋势作出反应 ,身兼专利律师和乔治华盛顿大学法学院教授的哈拉尔德㊃C㊃韦格纳说㊂T e x t3总体分析来源:H a r v a r dB u s i n e s sR e v i e w‘哈佛商业评论“㊂本文属于典型的观点论证型文章,在批驳 社会流行潮主要由少数有影响力人士推动 观点(即:两级流动理论)的同时提出社会流行潮形成的真正关键是 易受影响的大众 (即:实为多级流动)㊂试题精解31.通过引用‘引爆点“一书,作者意在㊂[A]分析社会流行潮的后果[B]探讨有影响力人士在传播观点中的作用[C]例证人们对社会流行潮的直觉反应[D]描述有影响力人士的基本特征[锁定答案]首段先介绍‘引爆点“观点 社会流行潮由极少数有影响力人士推动 ,随后予以否定㊂可知作者引用‘引爆点“意在引发对 有影响力人士在观念实际传播过程中的作用 的深入探讨,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将①句关注点由社会流行潮的 推动力量 偷换成 造成后果 ㊂[C]将②句作者认7。

2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）历年真题包含了考研经常的考的考点，摸透真题就能了解出题的整个脉络和方向，所以在考研的艰辛路上，真题绝对是您制胜的武器，考研频道为收集到了各个公共课和专业课的历年真题，欢迎收藏(CTRL+D)。

2010年考研英语(一)试题Section I Use of English In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the―Hawhthome effect‖the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that they were bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uself After several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，no systematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect―is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2 [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3 [A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7[A]as faras[B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with[D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable[D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]。

2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that hard work is the key to success is nothing new.1,_____new research from psychologist Anders Ericsson and 2_____ colleagues suggests that practice is the magic number of greatness.Ericsson studies thousands of chess players, musicians, athletes and others. He 3_____ out the average number of training hours per week the people he studied 4_____ in _____ to reach world-class levels of performance. Across the board, 5_____ to the 10 years or 10,000 hours were required. 6_____, more recent research_____ out that the amount of practice time needed may vary in fields that____ many social or physical activities. 7_____, deliberate practice is the key ingredient for achieving______ results in any field.Deliberate practice is not just mindless repetition. It is a purposeful and thoughtful 8_____ that requires intense focus. 9_____have discovered that top performers spend less time in _____ practice compared to average performers, but their practice is so much more productive. They grow_____, receive constant feedback and continually 10_____ their performance.Achieving world-class performance, according to Ericsson, is not about talent or innate ability; it is all about deliberate practice.1. [A] But[B] Or [C] So [D] Yet2. [A] their[B] his [C] other [D] the3. [A] found [B] turned[C] checked[D] carried4. [A] took part [B] trained [C] relied [D] engaged5. [A] up to [B] for [C] in addition [D] by far6. [A] Consequently [B] Importantly[C] Additionally[D] Meanwhile7. [A] Although [B] Besides[C] However[D] Therefore8. [A] future[B] experience [C] exercise [D] performance9. [A] Workers [B] Researchers [C] Engineers [D] Scientists10. [A] evaluate[B] develop [C] explain [D] demonstrate解析：1. [A] But 是转折连词，与"hard work is the key to success"对立，而下文要说明practice才是成功的关键，所以应该选[A] But。