商务英语语言学王立非

Unit 2Part OneI. Topic-related WordsSuggested answervegetable: bean cauliflower lettuce spinach peastarchy food: cereal pasta spaghetti bread pastryseasoning: pepper lemon onionways of preparing/cooking: mince scram poach fry bake deep fry grill boil stewconcerns for nutrition/healthy diet: antioxidant carbohydrate fat protein vitamins veggieeffect of food when served: delectable edible bland unappealing grease palatable aromaIII. Listen, Watch and DiscussKey1.the right food2.boiled potatoes, chips, semi-skimmed milk, whole milk3.water, felt stronger and didn’t get sick so often4.rice, fish, vegetables5.contradictory, the list of ingredients on the chocolate bar wrapper, need6.the benefits of each dish and drinkTranscriptWhen I was at school, our teacher told the class “You are what you eat.” My friends and I would laugh and call each other “hamburger” and “biscuits.” Our teacher was trying to show us the importance of eating the right food to stay healthy.This was a few decades ago when there were big campaigns to make British people healthier. We decided to throw out our chip pan which we had used until then to make chips every day for dinner. We replaced our chips with boiled potatoes. We also started using semiskimmed milk instead of whole milk in our cups of tea and bowls of cornflakes. At first I felt like I was eating my cornflakes in water and my potatoes had no taste at all. But after a while I started to prefer healthier food because I felt stronger and I didn’t get sick so often.Japanese people are reputed to be the healthiest in the world because of the food they eat. The healthiest Japanese people eat rice and fish and vegetables every day. They drink green tea or wat er when they’re thirsty, and snack on dried fish, fruit or gingko nuts. The traditional Japanese diet is famous for helping you to live a longer and healthier life.So we have proof that you become what you eat. Can you tell what your friends eat just by looking at them? When you know the effects of different types of food, you can use your knowledge well and eat what you want to become.Food has an impact on our physical and emotional health. Have you ever heard any of the following advice?Lettuce or milk can make you sleepy.To stop feeling sleepy you should eat peanuts or dried fish.To keep your teeth clean you should eat apples often.Garlic helps you not to catch a cold.Everyone has their own advice to give, which they have read about or have been told by older relatives. Some of these pieces of advice seem to contradict each other.Eating chocolate makes you fat and gives you spots.Chocolate contains the essential minerals iron and magnesium.What we need to figure out is what type of chocolate to eat to get the benefits and how much of it to eat. We can do this by reading the list of ingredients on the chocolate bar wrapper. Exactly how much real chocolate is in there? And how much of that do we need to eat to get the benefits of the minerals it contains?Future restaurants might be named after the physical or emotional state they hope to create. Their menus will list the benefits of each dish and drink. Some restaurants have already started this concept, and list the nutritional content of their dishes on the menus.Part TwoText IComprehension CheckI. Reading for general ideas1. Fill in the blanks to complete the outline of the text.KeyThesis statement: The value of food is closely associated with the circumstances, the sentiment of the people and their perception of the world around them, which in turn has impact on their faith, ritual, language, philosophy and so on.Heading for Paragraph 1: Identity derived from eating habitsHeading for Paragraph 2: Food as symbols in rituals and religionHeading for Paragraph 3: The symbolic value vs. nutritious valueHeading for Paragraph 4: Milk and honey in cultural circumstancesHeading for Paragraph 5: Figurative meaning of food vocabularyHeading for Paragraph 6: Antagonism and balance in food as in the worldHeading for Paragraph 7: Duality of yin and yang in Chinese cultureHeading for Paragraph 8: The hierarchy of foodHeading for Paragraph 9: Food as indicators of social relationship2. Read the text through quickly and answer the following questions.Suggested answer1)The author uses examples to show that food metaphor existed long time ago and someconcepts are shared by different cultures.2)The evidences come from a wide range of sources: customs, language, and religious writingssuch as the Bible.3)The aim of the text is to show that the use of metaphor in food is very common throughout theworld.4)The metaphors reflect the lifestyles, beliefs, and philosophy of the people who use them. Theyalso show how they are perceived by others.5)Most paragraphs start with a generalization, serving as introduction of the topic or topicsentence, after which an example is given to support the statement.II. Reading for specific informationKey1. F2. F3. T4. F5. TIII. Reading and making interpretationsSuggested answer1.The tribes use the diet differences to tease each other, for example, the rotted meat. One tribenot only eats it, but also considers it special and thus appropriate for their rituals.2.When a food is endowed with a certain symbolic meaning, it enjoys a higher status thanbefore while the nutrition it contains is of less significance.3.Food, when connected with the culture it exists in, functions more than a source ofnourishment. This can be illustrated by the widespread beli ef of “milk tie,” a life-long social connection not only between the nurse and the children who have been nursed, but also among the biologically unconnected children who have been nursed by the same woman.4.North Americans and Europeans also follow the yin-yang approach to food and they judge thevalue of food not by their nutrition; the food served in an elaborate dinner values more than that in leftovers.5.When such values are taken into consideration, an invitation to a meal and one to a snack havesubtle difference in social implications.Part ThreeText IIComprehension CheckI. Reading for specific informationKey1.While organic foods do you no harm, they may not turn out to be as beneficial as you think.2.To date most studies have either shown no difference between organic and conventionalproduce or found very small pluses in the organic column, such as slightly higher levels of vitamin C or other antioxidants.3.The research done by Alyson Mitchell and her team from UC Davis found that tomatoesgrown in organic fields yielded significantly higher amounts of quercetin and kaempferol (an average of 79% and 97%, respectively) than their conventional counterparts. They also found that the greater the number of seasons tomatoes are grown in organic fields, the higher the soil quality becomes and the higher the level of the flavonoids climbs.4.Firstly, the study was conducted in a highly controlled setting, so it’s not clear we’d get thesame results in the real world of organic farming, where conditions vary. Secondly, Mitchell points out that tomatoes are what is known as a botanical fruit, something that isn’t necessarily comparable to leafy greens.5.First, if you’re going to eat the peel of a fruit or vegetable, consider buying organic. Second,don’t buy organic produce shipped from overseas. Finally, don’t be seduced by organic produce included in processed foods like frozen meals and spaghetti sauce.II. Reading and making interpretationsSuggested answer1.As demand for pesticide- and chemical-free foods has grown, the product that used to betargeting at a small group of consumers now finds itself in common markets.2.Meanwhile, scientists are not able to prove modern pesticides have a definite, long-termnegative effect on our bodies. This means that while organic foods are not harmful, they may not eventually appear as beneficial as you think.3.(Following the negative sense of the previous sentence) Not to mention the idea that organicfoods are full of vitamins that modern farming techniques have totally destroyed. These ideas all lack sufficient proof and are equally dubious.4.Although these findings are awesome, they themselves may not be impactful enough topersuade people to spend more money or drive a few miles farther to buy organic food.5.You should also pay attention to the origin of the food, because if it is shipped from overseas,some nutrition may have lost after the long journey, e.g. vitamin C is destructible and is lost over time. In that case, you may not enjoy much benefit from the organic food; instead you may benefit more from the local conventional food.Part FourText IIISuggested translation of some popular Chinese dishes:宫保鸡丁Kung Pao Chicken鱼香肉丝Shredded Pork with Garlic Sauce夫妻肺片Pork Lungs in Chili Sauce蜜汁叉烧Honey-Stewed BBQ Pork脆皮春卷Crispy Spring Rolls麻婆豆腐Ma Po Tofu蚝油生菜Sautéed Lettuce with Oyster Sauce地三鲜Sautéed Potato with Green Pepper and Eggplant八宝饭Eight Delicacies Rice卤肉饭Steamed Rice with Red-Cooked PorkQuestions for group discussionSuggested answer1.Generally British food does not enjoy a good reputation, and the French often make fun ofBritish cuisine. A typical British way of cooking is stewing any food into something grey and unappealing. As long as it is accompanied with a few potatoes on top, it is fine for them. The national dish is fish and chips.2.It began with a typical English breakfast in a bed & breakfast near Bath. Most of it wasacceptable to the author, such as poached or scrambled eggs, lean bacon, fried mushrooms, boiled cauliflower, two sausages and slightly grilled tomato slices with black pepper. But the black pudding tasted terrible.3.She thought that they should have used some Chinese cooking wine. British cooking is dull,but they have passion for potatoes. She uses the word s like “rustic” and “plain.” some foods they would love and hate.Part FiveLanguage FocusI. Word familyFill in the blanks with the words above.1. reference 4. unprecedented 7. comparatively 10. unpopular2. extension 5. symbolically 8. contradict3. exceeded 6. beneficial 9. popularizeII. Idioms, phrasal verbs and fixed expressions1. in 4. on/at 7. over 10. in2. to 5. out 8. to, to3. to 6. from 9. inIII. Collocations1. staple 3. cut back on 5. scraps2. chain 4. ran out of 6. processedIV. Complete the following sentences with the words and phrases given in the box.1. traced back to 5. complement 9. niche 13. impulse2. endowed with 6. entail 10. turned out to be 14. dubious3. preceded by 7. Virtue 11. make sense 15. typical4. continuum 8. counterparts 12. renowned forComprehensive PracticeI. Translate the following into English, using the words and phrases from the texts. Suggested answer1.There is an excess of theories in today’s society which claim to be authoritative but turn out tobe self-contradictory. We should think independently before making any judgment.2.Because of his profound insight into the shock of cultural diversity on human mind, he wasnominate d as candidate for this year’s Nobel Prize in Literature. Meanwhile he has played an important role in the protection of intangible cultural heritage around the world.3.Since family bonds are weakened by busy lifestyles, and families are no longer in closeproximity to each other, they can stay connected only by being intentional about maintaining important rituals and traditions.4.The concept of natural equilibrium has long been ruling ecological research and management,so the conservationists were never dubious about the idea that human intervention in it destroys the equilibrium.5.Honey contains a concentrated dose of vitamins, minerals and nutrients that nourish andrevitalize your body.II. Translate the following into Chinese.Suggested answer多样化的地理、气候、风俗和物产促成了大家所说的“四大风味”和“八大菜系”的发展演变，而由于餐饮是一门活生生的艺术，其种类还在继续增多。

在商务英语教学中突出跨文化交际能力的培养摘要：商务英语专业主要是为培养国际复合型人才，如何将跨文化交际能力的培养落到实处，满足社会对商务英语复合型人才的需求，是我们要重点解决的问题。

文章主要从跨文化交际能力的重要性及其和商务英语教学的关系出发，提出几点建议，以期促进商务英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养。

关键词：跨文化交际能力商务英语教学培养方法一、引言由高等教育出版社出版的高等学校商务英语专业本科教学要求（试行）指出商务英语专业旨在培养具有扎实的英语基本功、宽阔的国际视野、专门的国际商务知识与技能，掌握经济学、管理学和法学等相关学科的基本知识和理论，具备较强的跨文化交际能力与较高的人文素养，能在国际环境中熟练使用英语的复合应用型商务英语专业人才。

我认为要提高我国商务英语人才的能力，需要在注重语言技能和专业知识培养的同时，强调跨文化交际能力的培养，这与经济全球化和文化多元化对人才需求的提高是密切相关的。

可见，跨文化交际能力已经成为商务英语教学的重要任务之一，但是目前跨文化交际能力的培养并没有在教学活动中很好地体现出来，导致商务英语专业的毕业生在现实商务交际活动中缺乏跨文化敏感性。

本文首先介绍了跨文化交际及其与商务英语教学的关系，然后提出了几点建议。

二、跨文化交际能力与商务英语教学对于跨文化交际者而言，交际言语适切性的能力尤其重要。

半个多世纪以来，从跨文化交际（lado，1957）这一名词的出现，到“跨文化交际能力”（hall，1959）的提出，人们逐渐开始关注跨文化交际能力问题。

诸多学者将跨文化交际能力等同于跨文化能力。

byram （1997）提出跨文化能力，他认为跨文化能力指人们在国际交往中对文化差异的敏感性，对异族文化的了解程度，以及在跨文化交流中求大同存小异的能力问题。

这一观点认为跨文化能力是辩证看待文化差异的一种能力，在文化多元化背景下对自我文化认知的同时对多样性的他文化进行欣赏和分析，最终能让跨文化者在全球化背景下具有多重视角和换位思考的能力。

Unit 4Part OneI. Topic-related WordsSuggested answerEcotourism: biodiversity ecological reserve habitat sustainabilityHeritage tourism: ruins relics mosquesNatural scenery: mountain desert national park landscapeCultural tourism: food custom architectureTravel mode: package tour individual tripIII. Listen, Watch and DiscussKey1. principal2. engage3. performing4. rituals5. prompts6. fosters7. heritage8. poverty9. nurture 10. preserving 11. revenue 12. survival 13. must be thoughtfully managed if it is to flourish14. Only true partnerships between communities and the tourism15. genuine appreciation for the aspirations and values of all partiesTranscriptThe global wealth of traditions is one of the principal motivations for travel, with tourists seeking to engage with new cultures and to experience the global variety of performing arts, handicrafts, rituals and cuisines. The cultural interaction spurred by such encounters prompts dialogue, builds understanding, and fosters tolerance and peace.Fostering the responsible use of this living heritage for tourism purposes can generate employment, alleviate poverty, curb rural flight migration, and nurture a sense of pride among communities.Tourism offers a powerful incentive for preserving and enhancing intangible cultural heritage, since the revenue it generates can be channeled back into initiatives to aid its long-term survival. Intangible cultural heritage must be thoughtfully managed if it is to flourish in an increasingly globalized world.Only true partnerships between communities and the tourism and heritage sectors, built on a genuine appreciation for the aspirations and values of all parties, can ensure its survival.Part TwoWarm-up ActivitiesSuggested answer1. Information about TurkeyGeography: located at the northeast end of the Mediterranean Sea in southeast Europe and southwest Asia.History: Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age by various ancient Anatolian civilizations, such as Aeolian, Dorian and Ionian Greeks, Thracians, Armenians, and Assyrians.The Persian Empire occupied the area in the 6th century B.C., giving way to the Roman Empire, then later the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Turks first appeared in the early 13th century, and gradually spread through the Near East and Balkans, capturing Constantinople in 1453. After the reign of Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent (1494—1566), the Ottoman Empire began to decline. In the nineteenth century, Turkey was occupied by Russia, but the Turkish War of Independence (1919—1922) resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923.Politics: Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy.Economy: Turkey has the world’s 17th largest GDP by PPP and 18th largest nominal GDP. The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. Religion: Islam is the dominant religion of Turkey with 99.8 percent of the population being registered as Muslim.2. Ancient civilizationsRoman civilization began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC and shifted from a monarchy to a republic and then to an empire. As a highly developed civilization, Ancient Roman has contributed a lot to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language and society.Persian civilization is a series of imperial dynasties centered in Persia (Iran), the first of which was established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, with the Persian conquest of Media, Lydia and Babylonia.Byzantine civilization is the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, originally founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe.Modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterized by Orthodox Christianity.The Ottoman Empire, which is also known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. With conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to caliphate. The Ottomans overthrew the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) by Mehmed the Conqueror.The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 609 BC. Following the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BC, Assyria emerged as the most powerful state of the Ancient Near East, eclipsing Babylonia and Egypt. The Neo-Assyrian Empire succeeded the Middle Assyrian period of the Late Bronze Age. During this period, Aramaic was also made an official language of the empire, alongside the Akkadian language.Text IComprehension CheckI. Reading for general ideas1. Fill in the blanks to complete the outline of the text.KeyMain Idea: The threat to an ancient town with a long history and many treasures, and local people’s attitudes towards it.Heading for Part I (Paragraph 1): Arrival in town and encounter with ShepherdsHeading for Part II (Paragraphs 2 to 3): The history of and treasures in HasankeyfHeading for Part III (Paragraphs 4 to 5): The threat posed by development and concerns Heading for Part IV (Paragraphs 6 to 12): Local dwellers’ hospitality and their attitudes towards the Dam ProjectHeading for Part V (Paragraphs 13—15): The nostalgia, and possible way out for the local people in face of change2. Read the text through quickly and answer the following questions.Key1.Hasankeyf is a small town located in the Batman province of southeast Turkey, not far fromthe border with Syria and, further down, Iraq. It is famous for its long history, more than 300 historical monuments and thousands of ancient human-made caves.2.The treasures in Hasankeyf are facing the threat that by the end of 2015, the massive135m-high and 1,820m-wide Ilisu Dam is projected to force many of Hasankeyf’s sites under water, including the Great Palace and the caves.3.The government has plans to create an archaeological park by relocating some of themonuments to higher ground. The ones that cannot be moved will become an underwater diving park.4.No, not for everyone. Even with these plans, many historians, scientists and archaeologists areconcerned that another Troy or Mycenae may remain lost forever since much of the area has yet to be excavated.5.Some of the local dwellers, such as the patriarch and his family, are strongly against it. Theyhave lived here for f ive generations and they are happy here. They don’t want to leave this place.II. Reading for specific informationKey1. F2. F3. F4. T5. F6. TIII. Reading and making interpretationsSuggested answer1.Even though the government has made plans to save the historical monuments, manyhistorians, scientists and archeologists still feel worried because there are many places which have not been dug yet and maybe there are some important ancient relics which have not been found yet underground. If this happens, it means some important relics as ancient as Troy or Mycenae will be lost forever.2.When I was together with the cave-dwellers, I asked permission to milk their sheep, butwithout success, and they laughed at my failure. When their laughter was not so loud, we changed our topic and began to talk about the dam.3.The shepherds’ truck was in very poor condition and I rode in it with the crowd, crossed ariver which was not deep and arrived at the shepherd’s home. We called it cave, but I did not think cave was the proper word for it.4.The cave was two storeys high, very spacious, with beautiful decoration and running water,electricity and even a glass pane window. It was a place I would like to have. The floor in the living room was covered by thick carpets, which was lined with comfortable cushions.5. A lot of things happened here: wars, earthquakes and conquests. Some of them brought gloryto this place and some brought decline. But no matter what happened, these ancient monuments still stand here and the people still live around them. They have lived longer than those historical events.Part ThreeText IIComprehension CheckI. Reading for specific information1. Fill in the blanks to complete the outline of the text.1.Over the last 30 years international tourism to developing countries has increased enormouslyand one in five international flights now goes to a developing country.2.The park systems in most developing countries are failing to invest at anywhere near thenecessary levels to build capacity for managing the growth in park visits. As a result, tourism is now a threat to biodiversity rather than a benefit. The over-crowdedness of international nature tourism destinations will not only lead to a decline in the quality of the visitor experience, but also have a great impact on the fauna and flora in the destinations.3.On one hand, the destinations should focus on developing financial opportunities and boostingrevenues; on the other hand, the revenues must be reinvested appropriately at the specific sites that generate them, at least at a level adequate to prevent loss of natural capital.4.On one hand, the park systems should get more from the tourism income. On the other hand,they can raise the tickets prices.5.It starts a virtuous cycle: protected areas are more clearly perceived as assets for economicdevelopment, and investments are made in improved tourism management, which in turn leads to more visits and less poverty.II. Reading and making interpretationsSuggested answer1.Now there is a huge gap between the current estimate of spending on protected area indeveloping countries and the lowest expenditure needed to provide effective conservation and management of their resources. If there is proper policy to control the development of nature tourism and ecotourism, it could help greatly in reducing the wide gap.2.Judging by appearance, tourism should be good business to developing countries in all aspects,because it can make tourists happy, bring more revenues to the park systems and increase investment in conservation.3.If investment remains inadequate, tourism will probably cease to prosper soon and becomedifficult to develop.4.On one hand, the conservationists need to deal with the environmental threats caused bytourism development; on the other hand, they should also concentrate on developing tourism in order to bring more economical development.5.According to the financial estimate, if investment is increased, there will be greater demand intourism. The Ecuadorian tourism industry has shown that they are ready to support such initiatives after analyzing the financial estimate.Part FourText IIIQuestions for group discussionSuggested answer1.The text is taken from a travel book. It may also appear as a travelogue, part of a traveljournal or in a travel magazine.2.It gives an account of an American’s experience in the UK: his amusement, bitterness,surprise, and confusion.3.For example, the inn keeper and the man walking a dog.4.The tone of the article is humorous with slight satire. For example, the reality that he couldnot find accommodation must be very annoying to him, but he only refers it as “the only mildly dismaying thing”. Before he approached the guesthouse, he imagined a cheery conversation but was rudely refused in the first place, no chance to offer his humble apology at all. When he had nowhere to go and finally decided to sleep on the street, he referred it as “a shelter open to the elements but roofed” and “decided that this was as good as I was going to get.”Part FiveLanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words above.1. grace 4. civilize 7. gracefully 10. hospitality2. controversy 5. controversial 8. civilized3. sustainability 6. hospitable 9. sustainableII. Idioms, phrasal verbs and fixed expressions1. in 4. of 7. with 10. about2. out 5. in 8. down3. into 6. to 9. offIII. Collocations1. meant/wished2. doing/inflicting/causing3. potential/serious/untold/irreparable/lasting/permanent4. economically/financially/physically; mentally/spiritually5. from6. through7. manage/struggle/are able/are luckyIV. Complete the following sentences with the words and phrases given in the box.1. fetching 5. contribute to 9. trudge(d) 13. bathed in2. grazing 6. mighty 10. crouch 14. sumptuous3. meager 7. status quo 11. harness 15. abundance4. yawning 8. concession 12. weather-beatenComprehensive PracticeI. Translate the following into English, using the words and phrases from the texts. Suggested answer1.As a result of deregulation and the danger to travelers it has brought about, I make up mymind that I will not make that country my travel destination in recent two years.2.We joined the tour-bus crowds in Petra to visit the ancient capital of the Nabateans and foundthat no words could do justice to the beauty and grandeur of the rose-red city of the desert. 3.Judging by the response to the upcoming trailers, this movie is bound to be another success ofthis young and promising director.4.The old man with a weather-beaten face told us: “We’re thrifty. We can live off our interest,save the principal and let the kids go off and have a hoot.”5.She wrote some controversial poems, which brought her instant fame, but the publicity soondied down over time.II. Translate the following into Chinese.Suggested answer不管度假采取何种形式，我们还是乐此不疲。

语言研究新视野*版权所有 文责自负*应用语言学研究的多模态分析方法王立非1,文 艳2(1.对外经济贸易大学外国语学院,北京 100029;2.北京外国语大学,北京 100089)摘 要:计算机辅助的语言研究方法是21世纪的一个发展趋势,本文介绍多模态话语分析的理论与方法,主要介绍多模态分析软件ELAN 以及该软件的主要功能,并举例说明如何利用ELAN 开展应用语言学研究,并指出多模态研究方法应用的价值和重要意义。

关键词:多模态分析;ELAN;应用语言学研究中图分类号:H 319.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1001 5795(2008)05 0008 0005 近年来,多模态话语分析技术发展迅速,多模态分析已广泛运用到符号学、哲学、社会学、人类学、政治学、新闻学、心理学、法学、美学和医学等各领域,研究对象也从语言文字扩展到音乐、图片、影像、网页设计等多种社会符号系统(朱永生,2007:82)。

所谓多模态分析指用计算机程序对装载了多模态活动的、经过数字化的含音频的视频流进行分析的技术或方法(顾曰国,2007:4),但采用多模态的技术方法开展外语教学研究还不多见,本文探讨如何将多模态分析软件ELAN 运用到应用语言学研究中,并呼吁将多模态分析技术应用到第二语言研究中。

1 多模态分析的理论与方法1.1 多模态分析的理论话语的模态形式有多种,只使用一种模态传播的话语叫做 单模态话语 (m ono m odal discourse ),如收听广播或阅读小说;同时使用两种模态的话语叫做 双模态话语 (bi m oda l d iscourse),如使用可视电话进行交际;使用两种以上模态的话语叫做 多模态话语 (m u lti m oda l d i s course),如使用手机交流时,用耳朵听,用嘴讲,用笔写信息,用手发信息。

用电脑上网也是如此。

多模态话语分析的理论基础是系统功能语言学,韩礼德认为,语言是社会符号和意义潜势,语言以外的其他符号系统也具有表达意义的功能(朱永生,2007:83),如沉默虽然无声,但却传达某种意义。

Unit1BY淘宝店铺：HS的英语学科中心Part OneIII.Listen,Watch and DiscussSuggested answer1.While Andrea works for a fashion magazine,she doesn’t have a strong sense of fashion andwears wrong clothes.2.No.She thinks it is pointless to change herself just because of a job.3.Yes.When Miranda is choosing a belt,Andrea laughs and refers to fashion as“stuff.”4.Miranda criticizes Andrea’s clothes by illustrating the application of the cerulean color in thefashion world.Miranda is a professional woman with a great influence in the fashion world, but she is fastidious about her subordinates.5.Here are some suggestions for a newcomer:•Get familiar with the job and working process;•Learn from other excellent colleagues;•Try his or her best to meet bosses’high requirement;•Do more and talk less.TranscriptAndrea:Miranda?Miranda:Are you there?Andrea:I’m about to walk in.I’ll call you as soon as…Hello?Emily:While you’re out...Andrea:Hi.Emily:Miranda needs you to go to Hermes to pick up25scarves we ordered for her.... Andrea:Okay.Emily:Cassidy forgot her homework at Dalton.Pick that up.Miranda went out to meet with Meisel,and she will want more Starbucks when she gets back.Hot Starbucks. Andrea:Can you just repeat that first...Hello?Emily:Oh,my God.What took you so long?I have to pee!Andrea:What?You haven’t peed since I left?Emily:No,I haven’t.I’ve been manning the desk,haven’t I?I’m bursting.Andrea:Oh,hi.Emily:You do coat.Do the coat!Andrea:Okay.Emily:Now,be prepared.The runthrough is at12:30.People are panicking,so the phone is going to be ringing off the hook.Andrea:The ru...The run-through.Right.Emily:Yes.Editors bring in options for the shoot,and Miranda chooses.She chooses every single thing in every single issue.Run-throughs are a huge deal.I don’tknow why you don’t know that,Andrea.Serena:Okay.Are you ready?Emily:Oh,hi,hi.Right.Well,after the loo,Serena and I are going to lunch.This is her...the new me.Andrea:Hi.Emily:Told you.Serena:I thought you were kidding.Emily:No,quite serious,yeah.I get20minutes for lunch,and you get15.When I come back,you can go.Andrea:Okay.Serena:What exactly is she wearing?Emily:Her grandmother’s skirt.Nigel:Hmm.Corn chowder.That’s an interesting choice.You do know that cellulite is one of the main ingredients in corn chowder.Andrea:So none of the girls here eat anything?Nigel:Not since two became the new four and zero became the new two.Andrea:Well,I’m a six.Nigel:Which is the new14.Andrea:Oh.Shoot.Nigel:Oh,never mind.I’m sure you have plenty more polyblend where that came from. Andrea:Okay.You think my clothes are hideous.I get it.But,you know,I’m not going to be in fashion forever...so I don’t see the point of changing everything about myselfjust because I have this job.Nigel:Yes,that’s true.That’s really what this multibillion-dollar industry is all about anyway,isn’t it?Inner e on.Miranda’s pushed therunthrough up a half an hour.Andrea:Mmm!Nigel:She’s always15minutes early.Andrea:Which means?Nigel:You’re already e.Andrea:Shoot!Nigel:Excuse me.Mr.Ravitz.Ravitz:Nigel.Issue going well?Nigel:Oh,yes.Our best September ever.Ravitz:Great.Heard Miranda killed autumn jackets and pulled up the Sedona shoot.What’s that costing me?Nigel:About300,000.Ravitz:Must have been some lousy jackets.Irv Ravitz.Nigel:Oh,I’m sorry.This is Andrea Sachs,Miranda’s new assistant.Ravitz:Congratulations,young lady.A million girls would kill for that job.Nigel:Bye-bye.Andrea:Hmm?Nigel:Chairman of Elias-Clarke,Irv Ravitz.You know what they say?Tiny man,huge ego.Miranda:No.And I’ve seen all this before.Woman:Theyskens is trying to reinvent the drop waist,so actually it’s...Miranda:Where are all the other dresses?Woman:We have some right here.Nigel:Stand,watch and listen.Woman:And I think it can be very interesting...Miranda:No,no,I just...It’s just baffling to me.Why is it so impossible to put together a decent run-through?You people have had hours and hours to prepare.It’s just soconfusing to me.Where are the advertisers?Woman:Oh,we have some pieces from Banana Republic.Miranda:No,we need more,don’t we?Oh.This is...This might be...What do you think of...Nigel:Yeah.Well,you know me.Give me a full ballerina skirt and a hint of saloon and I’m on board.Miranda:Hmm.But do you think it’s too much like...Nigel:Like the Lacroix from July?I thought that,but no,not with the right accessories.It should work.Miranda:Where are the belts for this dre...Why is no one ready?Woman:Here.It’s a tough call.They’re so different.Miranda:Hmm.Something funny?Andrea:No.No,no,no.Nothing’s...You know,it’s just that both those belts look exactly the same to me.You know,I’m still learning about this stuff and,uh... Miranda:This...stuff?Oh.Okay.I see.You think this has nothing to do with you.You go to your closet and you select...I don’t know...that lumpy blue sweater,for instance,because you’re trying to tell the world that you take yourself too seriously to careabout what you put on your back.But what you don’t know is that that sweater isnot just blue.It’s not turquoise.It’s not lapis.It’s actually cerulean.And you’realso blithely unaware of the fact...that in2002,Oscar de la Renta did a collectionof cerulean gowns.And then I think it was Yves Saint Laurent wasn’t it...whoshowed cerulean military jackets?I think we need a jacket here.Nigel:Mmm.Miranda:And then cerulean quickly showed up in the collections of eight different designers.And then it,uh,filtered down through the department stores and then trickled ondown into some tragic Casual Corner where you,no doubt,fished it out of someclearance bin.However,that blue represents millions of dollars and countless jobs...and it’s sort of comical how you think you’ve made a choice that exempts youfrom the fashion industry when,in fact,you’re wearing a sweater that was selectedfor you by the people in this room...from a pile of stuff.Part TwoWarm-up Activities1.What do you know about Hillary Clinton?Early life and education:Born on October26,1947in Chicago,Illinois.She graduated from Wellesley College in May1969and earn her J.D.from Yale Law School in1973.Marriage and family:Moved to Arkansas,marrying Bill Clinton in1975.In February1980,she gave birth to their daughter Chelsea.Political orientation:Republican before1968.Democratic from1968.Roles in politics:First Lady of Arkansas(January11,1983—December12,1992),First Lady of the United States(January20,1993—January20,2001),United States Senator from New York (January3,2001—January21,2009),67th United States Secretary of State(January21, 2009—February1,2013).Electoral history:Running in the2008Democratic presidential primaries,Hillary Clinton won far more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history,but narrowly lost the nomination to Obama.On April12,2015,Clinton formally announced her presidential candidacy via email.However,she was defeated by Donald Trump in the November8, 2016presidential election.e one sentence to explain the following terms.Secretary of State:The Secretary of State,appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate,is the President’s chief foreign affairs adviser.The Senate:The U.S.Senate is the upper legislative chamber in the federal government,with just 100members,two senators from each state.The House of Representatives:One of Congress’s two chambers,proportionally representing the population of the50states,to pass federal laws by introducing bills and resolutions,offering amendments and so on.PR:Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.Text IComprehension CheckI.Reading for general ideas1.Fill in the blanks to complete the outline of the text.Thesis statement:The negative and unfair commentary on Hillary’s dressing style results from the huge disparity between how men and women are judged according to how they dress. Heading for Part I(Paragraphs1to2):Introduction of the topic:the commentary on Hillary’s wardrobe.Heading for Part II(Paragraphs3to6):Different views towards men and women’s dressing,and power dressing.Heading for Part III(Paragraphs7to8):Conclusion:the root cause of dress prejudice against women.2.Read the text through quickly and answer the following questions.1)The author uses cause-and-effect method focusing on the causal analysis of causes or reasons.2)The author uses the method of contrast to present different views towards men and women toexplain the political fashion.3)The author is opposed to the commentary that Hillary wears more power suits and is lessfeminine.4)The author wants to illustrate popular criticisms against Hillary’s wardrobe.5)If a female politician doesn’t know how to dress like a lady,she’s lampooned,shamed,andher ideas are ignored.However,if she wears“distracting clothing”or spends too much money,she’s seen as silly.II.Reading for specific informationKey1.F2.F3.T4.F5.TIII.Reading and making interpretationsSuggested answer1.People usually don’t talk about dress fashion of male politicians although they outnumbertheir female counterparts,except once when Obama showed up in light yellowish-brown in a news conference.2.People seldom focus their attention on male politicians’dressing since they usually wear theformal suit,symbolizing power and advantage in politics,which help their thoughts receive more attention and thus be likely to be more acceptable.However,the first ladies’trivial matters such as dressing will draw much attention because they don’t need to deal with important issues like their husbands.3.Although the first ladies are expected to be in fashion clothes,they had better not go shoppingby themselves,which is believed improper for their status.4.However,male politicians only need to wear the suit in order to display the power given bythe society.5.Different criteria for evaluating male and female politicians’dress represent a type of genderdiscrimination against women,which is firmly established in our society.Part ThreeText IIComprehension CheckI.Reading for specific informationKey1.It is difficult to specify clear business casual standard to enforce professionalism withouthurting productivity.2.In part business casual causes confusing attire standard.Also the situation gets out of controlwhen business casual is allowed and the quality of work is not as good as expected.3.They trust employees to use good judgment,inspire them to think more openly,andencourage camaraderie.4.The author presents different attitudes towards business casual by contrasting some strict ruleswith some more lenient ones.5.Dress policies may provoke racial and gender discrimination.6.The dress style may lead to stereotypes.Impression management is important in companies. II.Reading and making interpretationsKey1.When it is hotter and hotter in the summer,employees’attire is more and more casual.Employers are striving to set a standard of dress which can ensure that employees work athigh efficiency,and that they display professional qualities.2.It is more likely that the younger employees,mostly millennials,violate the attire rules,whichwould offend the older traditionalists who grew up during WW II.The latter always wear formal attire with ties and skirts in companies.3.Because different companies have different dress codes,a considerable amount ofinappropriateness and embarrassment in dressing style will occur in social situations.4.Job interviewees will be more and more perplexed by the uncertainty about the dress code.They find that they seem to be more serious and boring if they attend an interview in a more casual workplace,wearing the traditional suit.Part FourText IIIQuestions for group discussionSuggested answer1.Culture and fashion have a strong connection and both keep influencing each other.Theauthor uses some examples in Chinese history to explain it.For example,during the Song and Ming dynasties because of the intensity of the feudal ideology,the patterns of dress and adornment gradually became conservative whereas by influence from western cultures,the designs were more fitting and practical from late Ming.2.One of the Chinese dresses getting attention from the fashion community is the cheongsam.3.More information can be found below from People’s Daily Online.How Should Chinese Culture“Go Out”?Chinese culture’s“going out”has become an important national cultural strategy.However, according to Annual Report of China’s Foreign Trade in Culture2012,export of Chinese cultural products only accounts for30percent of the import of cultural products.How should Chinese culture go out?NPC deputies and CPPCC members gave their answers.What is the core competitiveness of Chinese cultural products?Chen Zhilin,a deputy to the National People’s Congress,President of Sichuan Dramatists Association,talked about his experience:“Two years ago,I led my art troupe to visit Europe.We had more than70stages in four months.Chinese culture is welcomed and loved by local people not by chance.It is the uniqueness and connotation of Chinese culture that wins respect from foreigners.Performance that embodies our values and cultural system is of top priority.”Prof.Liu Yuening,a member of the CPPCC,vice-chairman of Overseas Returned Scholars Association,and a noted Dulcimer player with Central Conservatory of Music,shared his ideas as to what cultural products China needs.First of all,they ought to show the spirit of the Chinese people and connotation of Chinese culture vividly.Secondly,the products need to conform to human values and universal aesthetic standards.It would be better if the products cater for foreign viewers’habit and taste.“We have been in the new era when the need for systematic research of our own culture is pressing,”said NPC deputy Ling Jiefang,“In addition,we would borrow ideas from the West,which helps promote our own culture.”Dilemma:tradition and modernityMany Chinese and foreign polls have shown that elements of traditional Chinese culture,for example Confucius,Kung Fu and porcelain are regarded as symbols of Chinese culture for quite a long time.How to let the world know more about Chinese culture in modern times has become a dilemma of the current Chinese culture’s going out.Liu Yuening said:“The understanding and exchange of any form of culture is not done overnight.A long-term mechanism for disseminating Chinese culture is needed,at the same time innovation with a modern perspective is encouraged as well.Chinese culture is a treasure rather than a burden to Chinese people in modern times.”The TV drama Legend of Zhenhuan’s landing on the U.S.sparked heated debate.“The exploration needs a period of time,during which all kinds of culture products can express freely,”said Ling Jiefang,“No cultural brand is established yet for Chinese culture’s going out.An overall and systematic research is urgently needed.”People-to-people exchange boostsInnovation is mentioned by almost every NPC deputy and CPPCC member when talking about Chinese culture’s going out.Liu Yuening has just finished her Chinese Spring Festival Concert held in Switzerland.She said,“The concert was a commercial operation that won positive good response.Tickets were sold to local people who are interested in Chinese music.”She appeals to set up a fund aiming to support those musicians going out and people-to-people cultural exchanges.Chen Zhilin believes that with the help of local directors,local scene designers and local service departments,traditional Chinese stories and traditional opera would be better understood by local people.The way of blending the West and East helps improve the effect of Chinese culture’s going out.(source:/pc/12_1/2013—03/13/content_1782175.htm)Part FiveLanguage FocusI.Word familyNoun Verb Adjective Adverb identity/identification identify identifiable/ access/accessibility access accessible accessibly Conception conceive conceivable conceivably Discrimination discriminate discriminatory/Coordination coordinate coordinated/Fill in the blanks with the words above.1.conceived 4.access7.accessible10.coordinated2.identifiable 5.discrimination8.inconceivable3.coordination 6.identification9.discriminateII.Idioms,phrasal verbs and fixed expressions1.for 4.out7.in10.out2.for 5.off8.with3.to 6.down9.throughIII.Collocations1.introduced 3.rules 5.enforce2.concrete/solid; 4.ensure 6.evidenceaboutplete the following sentences with the words and phrases given in the box.1.embarked 5.when it comes to9.overall13.motif2.look the part es to mind10.rendered14.wrestling3.chill prises11.push the envelope15.requisite4.permeated8.encompasses12.run the gamutComprehensive PracticeI.Translate the following into English,using the words and phrases from the texts. Suggested answer1.Friends,family and neighbors are often baffled about who to call for help in the event of suchan emergency.2.The Republican and Democratic parties have the same objectives in anti-terrorist issues,butreached by different pathways.Great odds are that they have become two sides of the same coin,opposing and compromising with each other.3.The ratings of occupations are based,in part,on levels of education.Therefore,it is likely theconnection between educational difficulties experienced by adolescents with disabilities and occupational aspirations play an important role in understanding the research results.4.It is no secret that financial crises in Asia undercut demand for oil so rapidly that pricesplunged for a time below$10a barrel,prompting production cuts and the cancellation of several exploration projects.5.Following some early negative media coverage and social media backlash,Zara’s parentcompany Inditex—the ninth largest retailer in the world,and the biggest apparel company, issued an apology.II.Translate the following into Chinese.Suggested answer约翰·莫利在著作《穿出成功》中没有断言何为穿着品位的优劣。

商务英语综合教程第二版王立非课后答案unit7一、Listen to a conversation and choose the best answers.1、Neil asks Tina a question from _________（）. [单选题] *A、a market researchB、 an investment projectC、a sales report(正确答案)2、Neil doesn’t understand _____. （）. [单选题] *A、the meaning of B2B(正确答案)B、an Internet jargonC、an abbreviation on page 163、Tina tells Neil _____. （）. [单选题] *A、how to speak business abbreviationsB、where he can find the answer(正确答案)C、how to use the Internet4. “Netlingo” is a ______. （）. [单选题] *A、 website(正确答案)B、 jargonC、 dictionary二、Listen to a conversation and choose the best answers.5、The products at the factory in Munich are made from ___________.（）. [单选题] *A、aluminum(正确答案)B、 steelC、iron6、Their supplier is an importer in ____________.（）. [单选题] *A、Hamburg(正确答案)B、UKC、China7、The steel comes from _____________.（）. [单选题] *A、HamburgB、GermanyC、China(正确答案)8、They have customers in __________. （）. [单选题] *A、GermanyB、 15 countriesC、22 countries(正确答案)9、Besides Germany, ___________of their products are sold in other countries .（）. [单选题] *A、13 percentB、15 percent(正确答案)C、85 percent三、Listen and decide whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F)?10、People in Spain have dinner late. They eat at about 9 am to 10 am. (B). [单选题] *A、True(正确答案)B、False11、 People in the UK have a light breakfast, with bacon and eggs.（）. [单选题] *A、TrueB、False(正确答案)12、French workers have lunch for 1-2 hours, and they have a long lunch break. （）. [单选题] *A、True(正确答案)B、False13、 In the USA, people have half an hour for lunch, and eat a pizza in the office. （）. [单选题] *A、TrueB、False(正确答案)14、 In Switzerland, people start work at 7.00 am and have breakfast in the office. （）. [单选题] *A、TrueB、False(正确答案)15、 In Japan, a lot of managers go back to work after having lunch.（）. [单选题] *A、TrueB、False(正确答案)四、阅读Multi millionaire Goran Tatic is just 36 years old. He comes from Split in Croatia, but today he lives in Victoria, Australia, and has Australian nationality. Mr Tatic owns half of the Orion Group. His colleague, James Bernard, owns the other 50%. Orion companies have total sales of about $3 billion a year, and about 50,000 people work for the group. Orion Group companies buy steel from suppliers in Russia, Eastern Europe and Korea and sell it all over the world. They buy and sell 2.5 million tonnes a year. They also make steel in a number of factories in Russian.16. Goran becomes an Australian after living in Victoria. [单选题] *True(正确答案)False17、 Goran owns 50% of the Group and his colleague Bernard owns the other half..（）. [单选题] *A、True(正确答案)B、False18、Orion Group has about 3 billion employees. （）. [单选题] *A、TrueB、False(正确答案)19、They sell and buy 2.5 million tonnes of steel all over the world. （）. [单选题] *A、TrueB、False(正确答案)20. The steel products they make are from the Korean factories. （）. [单选题] *A、TrueB、False(正确答案)五、完成对话1. A: ____________________________, Tina ? B: Yes, please. I would like a bottle of mineral water. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Would you like a drink|Would you like some drinks|Would you like something to drink)2、A: __________________________?B: There are flights to Guangzhou at 8:45 am, 9:45 am, and 10:45am. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Could you tell me the times of the flights to Guangzhou|Could you tell me the times of the planes to Guangzhou|What time are the flights to Guangzhou)3、 A: ______________________________________?B: We buy steel from suppliers in European countries. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Where do you buy the steel|Where do you buy your steel|Where do you buy steel|Where does the steel come from|Where are the steel from|Where are your steel from|)4、A: ______________________________________?B: About 50,000 people working for the Group. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：How many people work for theGroup|How many people are there in the Group|How many people are working for the Group|How many people are there in your Group)5、A: Shenzhen? __________________?B: It’s in the south of China, near Hong Kong. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Where is it|Where is that|Where is Shenzhen)6、A: ___________________________________________ in France?B: A Big Mac is two euros eighty-two. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：How much is a big mac|How much is a Big Mac)7、A: _____________________________?B: She is a technician. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：What does she do?|Where is her job) 8、A: _______________________ ?B: Sorry. Beats me. I don’t understand the new word too. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：What does the new word mean|What does the word mean|What is the meaning of the new word|What is the meaning of the word)9、A: _______________________B: OK. J-O-N-S-O-N. Jonson. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Could you spell your name,please|Could you spell your name|Could you say that again|Can you speel that|Can you spell your name, please)10、A: __________________________?B: It stands for ‘United Kingdom’. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：What does UK stand for|Whatdoes“UK”stand for|What does it stand for)翻译1.technician [填空题]_________________________________(答案：技师|技术员)2.colleague [填空题]_________________________________(答案：同事)3.Holdings Co., Ltd [填空题]_________________________________(答案：控股有限公司)4.consulting company [填空题]_________________________________(答案：咨询公司)5.daily routines [填空题]_________________________________(答案：日常生活)6.保险 [填空题]_________________________________(答案：insurance)7.会计 [填空题]_________________________________(答案：accountant|accounting) 8.硬盘 [填空题]_________________________________(答案：hard drive|hard disc)9.设备 [填空题]_________________________________(答案：equipment|device|facility) 10.保存文件 [填空题]_________________________________(答案：save files|save documents)。