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第7章美国文学Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. American literature is mainly about the seeking of the American people for success and happiness. _____【答案】T【解析】美国文学主要是关于美国人民追寻成功和幸福。
2. Rip Van Winkle was a character created by James Fenimore Cooper. _____【答案】F【解析】《瑞普·凡·温克》是小说家及历史家华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）的名篇。
故事主要讲述主人公瑞普·凡·温克喝醉之后在梦中的奇遇，然后顿悟过了一生。
3. The Leather-Stocking Tales consist of five novels depicting the American West. _____【答案】T【解析】《皮袜子故事集》是美国作家詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）的系列小说，共包含《杀鹿者》（The Deerslayer）、《最后的莫希干人》（The Last of the Mohicans）、《探路人》（The Pathfinder）、《拓荒者》（The Pioneer）和《大草原》（The Prairie）等五部小说。
4. Before Mark Twain, all major American writers were born on the East Coast. _____ 【答案】T【解析】马克·吐温（Mark Twain），美国作家、演说家，生于美国密苏里州佛罗里达。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册（美国）-第7~11章【圣才出品】第7章美国文学7.1 复习笔记I. American literature—the story of a questII. Post-Revolutionary period1. Washington Irving2. James Fenimore CooperIII. Transcendentalists1. Ralph Waldo Emerson2. Henry David ThoreauIV. Power of imagination1. Edgar Allan Poe2. Nathaniel Hawthorne3. Herman MelvilleV. New visions of America1. Walt Whitman2. Leaves of GrassVI. Reform and liberation1. Frederick Douglass2. Harriet Beecher StoweVII. Regionalism1. William Dean Howells2. Mark Twain3. Emily DickinsonVIII. A new wave1. The realism2. The naturalism3. Important writersIX. Rebellious spirit1. The writers2. The similarityX. The Modernists an d the “Lost Generation”1. Ezra Pound2. T.S. Eliot3. The “Lost Generation”4. William FaulknerXI. Harlem Renaissance1. The development2. The poets3. Zora Neale HurstonXII. New Drama1. Eugene O’Neil2. The major playsXIII. Depression,1. John Steinbeck2. Richard WrightXI V. Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1. African American writers2. American Jews3. In the theater4. The “Beat Generation”XV. New American voices1. Black women writers2. Chinese-American writersI. American literature—the story of a quest（美国文学——关于探索的故事）From the beginning of American history to the present day, American literature, in one sense, is the continuous narrative of American people’s “pursuit of happiness”从美国历史最初到今天，从某种意义上来说，美国文学是对美国人民寻求幸福的过程的叙述。
朱永涛英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门第3版配套题库含考研真题本书是朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》（第3版）教材的配套题库，严格按照该教材的章⽬编排，共分42章（第⼀部分为英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚，共20章；第⼆部分为新西兰、美国、加拿⼤，共22章），精选与各章内容配套的考研真题和典型题进⾏详解，所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。
⽬录：第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）第2章 英国简介（2）第3章 英国政府第4章 政治、阶级和社会第5章 英国经济第6章 英国⽂学第7章 英国教育体系第8章 英国的外交关系第9章 英国媒体第10章 英国的体育运动、节假⽇第11章 爱尔兰地理、⼈⽂和历史第12章 爱尔兰政治和经济第13章 爱尔兰的⽂化：爱尔兰⼈的⽣活现状第14章 爱尔兰的⽂化：语⾔，⽂学和艺术第15章 澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族第16章 澳⼤利亚的⽂化⽣活第17章 ⼯作和家庭⽣活第18章 澳⼤利亚是⼀个⾃由民主的社会第19章 澳⼤利亚的今天第20章 从种族主义到多元⽂化主义第⼆部分 新西兰、美国、加拿⼤第1章 国⼟、⼈民与历史第2章 政治制度、教育与经济第3章 美国的起始第4章 美国的政治制度第5章 美国经济第6章 美国的宗教第7章 美国⽂学第8章 美国的教育第9章 20世纪60年代的社会运动第10章 美国的社会问题第11章 美国⼈的⽣活⽅式：寻找⼀个可靠的概括第12章 美国的妇⼥解放运动第13章 美国的科技第14章 ⼆战后美国外交政策第15章 美国的体育运动与风景名胜第16章 美国的流⾏⽂化：电影和⾳乐第17章 国家与⼈民第18章 加拿⼤政府与政治第19章 加拿⼤——“⽂化镶嵌画”第20章 加拿⼤经济第21章 加拿⼤⽂学第22章 加拿⼤的国际关系第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?[北⼆外2008研]A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈是⽇⽿曼民族的分⽀，于五世纪中期由北欧⼊侵⼤不列颠，成为现今英格兰⼈的祖先。
第7章英国教育体系Ⅰ.Multiple choice.1.Under the old selective system English children who have high marks in the “eleven plus”examination go on to_____.（北京交大2003研）A.public schoolsB.technical schoolsC.grammar schoolsD.secondary modern schools【答案】C【解析】在英国，初级学校学生在最后一学年要参加十一岁儿童升学考试；其中成绩最好的进入文法学校。
2.Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole?（北京交大2006研）cation is chaotic.cation is very expensive.cation is highly centralized.cation is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom.【答案】D【解析】英国教育具有自由化的特点，集中体现在实行学校的地方管理措施。
选项D正确。
3.Which of the following statements can not be used to describe universities in Britain?A.All universities are private institutions.B.All students have got high marks in“A”Level.C.They have their own governing councilsD.They now derive nearly all of their funds from state grants.【答案】A【解析】白金汉大学（The University of Buckingham）是全英唯一一所私立独立大学，故答案应该选B。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解（20世纪60年代的社会运动）【圣才出品】第9章20世纪60年代的社会运动9.1 复习笔记I. Introduction1. Greensboro “Sit-in”2. Three kinds of social movementsII. About the social movements1. The causes2. The members3. What is a social movement?III. The Civil Rights Movement1. The process2. Organizations3. Direct Action Tactics4. ChangesIV. The Youth Movement/ Anti-War Movement1. Free Speech Movement2. “C ounterculture”3. The Anti-War MovementV. Women’s Liberation Movement1. The beginning2. NOWI. The beginning（开端）1. Greensboro “Sit-in”（格林斯博罗静坐）(1)On February 1, 1960, the waitress did not provide coffee for 4 black students in a store in Greensboro, North Carolina, because of the segregation law. The students continued to sit at the lunch counter to protest.(2)Day after day, additional students came.(3)T his quiet “sit-in” by black students in Greensboro began the civil rights movement in the 1960s, the first of several social movements during that decade.(1)1960年2⽉1⽇，在北卡罗莱纳州格林斯博罗的⼀家商店，服务员拒绝为4名⿊⼈学⽣提供咖啡。
英国社会文化考研朱永涛《英语国家社会文化入门》复习笔记一、（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介（1）1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsⅡ. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationⅢ. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceⅣ. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsⅤ. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityⅥ. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰Ⅱ. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization with members mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国多为前大英帝国殖民地。
7.2考研真题与典型题详解Multiple Choice1.Under the old selective system English children who have high marks in the “eleven plus”examination go on to______.（北京交大2003研）A.public schoolsB.technical schoolsC.grammar schoolsD.secondary modern schools【答案】C【解析】在英国，初级学校学生在最后一学年要参加十一岁儿童升学考试；其中成绩最好的进入文法学校。
2.Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole?（北京交大2006研）cation is chaotic.cation is very expensive.cation is highly centralized.cation is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom.【答案】D【解析】英国教育具有自由化的特点，集中体现在实行学校的地方管理措施。
选项D正确。
3.Which of the following statements can not be used to describe universities in Britain?A.All universities are private institutions.B.All students have got high marks in A–levels.C.They have their own governing councilsD.They now derive nearly all of their funds from state grants.【答案】A【解析】英国大学是一个独立自治的机构，不属于任何政府部门的管辖和控制，它们主要的经费是由英格兰高等教育拨款委员资助。
第7章宗教与信仰7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Christianity1. T eaching2. The BibleⅡ. The Christian Church in Britain1. The Church of England2. Other Church in EnglandⅢ. The Decline of ReligionⅣ. SuperstitionⅠ. Christianity(基督教)1. T eaching(教义)Christ’s teaching was based on love: love of God, and love of our neighbor, i.e. of all our fellow-men regardless of race. Love, humility, repentance and prayer lead to everlasting happiness in Heaven.基督教的教义以爱为基础：爱上帝，爱我们的邻居，爱所有种族的人。
爱，谦逊，忏悔和祈祷会让人死后升入天堂享受永远的幸福。
2. The Bible(圣经)The Bible, which is the holy book of Christianity, consists of two ‘testaments’. The Old Testament, The New Testament.圣经是基督教的圣书，由两个部分组成。
旧约和新约。
Ⅱ. The Christian Church in Britain(英国教会)1. The Church of England(英国教会)The Church of England, or Anglican Church, is one of the many ‘Protestant’ sects which broke away from the more ancient and more orthodox Roman Catholic Church several centuries ago.英国圣公会教堂是在数世纪前脱离更古老、更正统的天主教的新教中一个分支。
第2章政治制度、教育与经济2.1 复习笔记I. Government1. The Constitution2. Parliament3. Election4. The Cabinet5. Public servants6. Reform7. The Ombudsman8. Local governmentII. Education1. Early childhood education2. Primary schools and secondary schools3. The Correspondence School4. State schools and private schools5. Special needs education6. Universities and polytechnicsIII. Economy1. Agriculture2. Forestry and fishing3. Energy4. Overseas tradeI. Government（政府）1. The Constitution（宪法）(1)New Zealand has no written constitution.(2)The Constitution Act 1986 defines the relationship between the legislative, executive and judicial roles of government.(1)新西兰没有成文宪法。
(2)宪法法案1986规定了立法、行政以及司法三者政府职能之间的关系。
2. Parliament（议会）(1)The Head of State is the British monarch, represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General. The Governor-General’s agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.(2)New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament, which has had a single chamber—the House of Representatives—since 1950.(3)The functions of Parliament include passing laws, supervising the government’s administration and receiving petitions from citizens.(1)新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》...第7章英国教育体系I.Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F):1.The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize children.______【答案】T【解析】英国教育的一个目的是，教授“3R”，即阅读、写作和算术三种基础科目，为学生积极参与社会提供所需的基本知识和基本技能。
教育的另一个目的是教授学生一些成为好公民所应具备的道理规范和价值观，以便能走上社会，为发达的工业化国家的经济繁荣作贡献。
2.The state seldom interferes with the decision of when,where,how and what children are taught.______ 【答案】F【解析】英国的教育体制其实对儿童接受教育的时间、方式、地点和内容都有规定，家长们自己有选择权，学校中也主要是校长进行管理。
但政府并非完全不干涉儿童的教育。
3.The enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in schools.______【答案】F【解析】英国教育中一个长期以来的特点是教育的不平等性。
虽然英国社会中中产阶级和工人阶级的比例基本上是一比一，但是接受教育的机会却相差很远。
公立学校和私立学校的区别，好的大学和次要大学的区别，都体现了不平等。
英国的教育体制中设有文法学校、综合学校和职业学校等。
对于课堂上教育的内容有比较清晰的界定，在这方面英国国内已形成比较统一的观念。
第7章英国教育体系7.1 复习笔记I. Purpose of education1. T o teach “the three R’s”2. T o socialize childrenII. The relationship between education and social class1. Inequality in British education2. Good education Guarantees a careerIII. The influence of the Church on schooling1. In the past2. At present3. ChangesIV. Major changes to British education system1. Involvement of government2. The 1994 Education Act3. Introduction of comprehensive schools4. “The Great Education Debate”5. National Curriculum in 1989V. The present education system1. Education in the UK is compulsory.2. State sector and private sector schools3. Schooling stages and examsVI. Higher education1. Fund2. Founding Time3. Open university4. Degree titlesI. Purpose of education（教育目的）1. T o teach “the three R’s”（教授基础科目）①“The three R’s”—“reading,‘riting and ‘rithmetic” (reading, writing and arithmetic) .②That is to say, the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they need to become active members of society.①基础科目俗称“3R”，包括阅读、写作和算术。
②就是说，教育的目的之一是为学生积极参与社会提供所需的基本知识和基本技能。
2. T o socialize children（提高适应社会能力）Children learn the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.教育的另一个目的是教授学生一些成为好公民所应具备的道理规范和价值观，以便能走上社会，为发达的工业化国家的经济繁荣作贡献。
II. The relationship between education and social class（英国教育和社会阶级的关系）1. Inequality in British education（英国教育的不平等性）(1) Though the split of British middle and working class are about half and half, theopportunities of education are rather different.(2) The school tie is a clear marker of social class(1) 虽然英国社会中中产阶级和工人阶级的比例基本上是一比一，但是接受教育的机会却相差很远。
(2) 校服的领带是社会阶级的一个明显标志。
2. Good education Guarantees a career（接受良好教育是事业成功的保证）(1) The right schoolsP articularly the famous boys’ public schools like Etonand, Winchester.(2) T he “right” universitiesOxford University and Cambridge University.(3) The old boy’s networkAn elite group of men who go to famous school and university together. Not only do they dominant government, but they are also very influential in banking, the media, the arts and education.(1) 好学校尤其指伊顿公学和温切斯特公学这种只接收男孩的学校。
(2) 好大学牛津大学和剑桥大学。
(3) 老男孩关系网这是一个精英集团，成员为在同一所学校或大学学习过的男性。
这些人不仅主导着政府部门，而且在银行业、媒体、艺术和教育界也非常具有影响力。
III. The influence of the Church on schooling教会对学校的影响1. In the past过去Historically, education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.在过去，接受教育是自主选择而且学校多由教堂设立。
2. At present现在The influence of the Church on schooling is still strong:①Religious education was the only subject which the state insisted all schools teach their pupils.②Daily prayers and singing hymns are still a regular part of school life.教会对学校的影响仍然很强：①宗教学习是全国所有学生的必修课目。
②祈祷和唱圣歌仍是学校日常生活的一部分。
3. Changes变化Christianity is no longer the only religion officially recognized. Some state-funded schools have Islamic religion as their creed.基督教不再是官方唯一认可的宗教。
有一些公立学校信奉伊斯兰教。
IV. Major changes to British education system（英国教育体系中的重大变化）1. Involvement of government（政府参与）(1) This change was brought by the Industrial revolution. The government decidedto become increasingly involved in taking responsibility for the education of children.(2) In 1870, the government passed a law which called for government-fundededucation.(3) By 1880, school attendance for 5-10 year-old children was made compulsory.(4) By the end of World War I, school leaving age was made 14.(1) 引起这一变化的原因是工业革命。
政府开始决定对儿童教育承担更多的责任。
(2) 1870年政府通过法律实行公立教育。
(3) 1880年政府规定5到10岁的儿童有接受义务教育的义务。
(4) 第一次世界大战后，政府规定14岁以下的儿童不得辍学。
2. The 1994 Education Act （1994年颁布教育法）①During World War II, schools were closed or used for war purpose and education continued in the countryside on an as hoc basis.②As a result of the disruption of the old system, the government, with theassistance of the Church and newly powerful trade unions began planning to reconstruct the education system which emphasizes equality.③The result was the 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary (middle) schools and universities “meritocratic”.①二战期间因为学校离战火很近，政府暂且将学生迁往乡村接受教育。
②这打断旧的学校体系，政府在教会和新兴力量工会的帮助下开始计划改革教育体系，新的教育体系侧重接受教育的公平性。
③1944年教育法的颁布使中学和大学都录取才智和能力出众的学生。
3. Introduction of comprehensive schools（成立综合学校）(1) In the 1960s, comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country.(2) The introduction of comprehensive schools ended the division between grammar schools and vocational schools.(1) 20世纪60年代综合学校被引入教育体系中来。
