上海海事大学研究生考试试题综合英语2008年

Part B 08 年考试的新题型仍旧是考⽣熟悉的七选五题型。

本⽂主要内容是告诉读者如何利⽤好写作中的第⼀稿(草稿)。

41题 D 空前⾯出现的内容告诉读者如果写⽂章时只要作者不再试图避免⼀些事情第⼀稿就会跃然纸上，在空后第⼀句⾥出现了outline这个词，因此41题中也会出现和outline相关的内容。

D选项的内容就中提到⽤什么⽅式来写作不重要，重要的是定下⼀个题⽬，然后可以通过整理笔记来填充你的outline(提纲)。

空前⾯所提到的坐着写、站着写、躺着写说的正是写作的⽅式。

42 题 G 选项是在讲draft的问题，所以答案中还会涉及到draft。

选项后的句⼦中提到：⼀些写作中的错误可以等到修改的时候才去处理。

选项的最后提到不要尝试在第⼀次的时候写出完全没有任何错误的⽂稿，因此G选项符合这个逻辑。

43 题 A 在选项后⾯出现了that way 所以上⽂中会说到具体的哪种⽅式，只有A选项提到了具体的⽅式，因此符合题意。

44. 题 C 选项后⾯提到了these printouts，空前⾯提到:“在修改过程中，看打印出来的材料⽐看电脑屏幕容易。

”因此44题选项中也会有和打印出来的材料相关的内容。

C选项中很明显地有copy 还有 printer对应下⽂中所提及的打印出来的材料。

45. 题 E 前⽂提到Sammy这个⼈，这是⼀个线索词，选项中E 和F中都包含这个词，但是此段的主题句提到，在写作中要删去与主题不相关的素材，E选项中instead of adding that paragraph，也就意味着删去了这段。

和主题句对应。

⽽F选项只是在说最后⼀段的具体内容，和本段的主题句不相关，故不符合题意。

Part C 46. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. 本句的考查点是that引导的宾语从句，主⼲是he believes that….that从句的结构是this very difficulty may havethe….advantage of forcing…, and thus enabling…。

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is大1家to say it anyway.He is that大2家bird,a scientist who works independently大3家any institution.Hehelped popularize the idea that some diseases not大4家thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大5家he,however,might tremble at the大6家of what he is about to do.Togetherwith another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only大7家that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,大9家12-15points above the大10家value of100,and have contributed大11家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,asthe大12家of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,大13家.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breastcancer.These facts,大14家,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been大15家to social effects,such as a strong tradition of大16家education.The latter was seen as a(an)大17家of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately大18家.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 大19家them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this大20家state of affairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]given up[B]got over[C]carried on[D]put down16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by, unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reachingconsequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billion and$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than1.2million articles each year in some16,000journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses[A]the background information of journal editing.[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D]the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to[A]cover the cost of its publication.[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.[D]complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago, today’s people–especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations–apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients–notably,protein–to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height–5′9″for men,5′4″for women–hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need topredict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slaveryplayed in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington, His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)是大家网原创出品Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. [C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may lookterrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topicinto a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explainshow the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will verylikely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,thathis power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one, he submits,could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable,and music very great,delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年真题答案解析Section I:Use of English(10points)1.【答案】[B]【解析】本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

绝密★启用前2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。

2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。

3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。

否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。

Section I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one to complete the sentence, Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1. Oil is an important ___ material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.fertileflexible D.raw B.A.bleak C.2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.presumeconsume C.resume D.assume B.A.3. You shouldn’t be so ____ I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.sophisticatedsensitive D.A.sentimental B.sensible C.4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ____ of art for later generations.themeA.viewpoint D.philosophy B.concept C.5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.suspect D.object C.withdrawA.deny B.6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.parallelneutral D.A.mutual B.optional C.7. Williams had not been there during the ____ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A.vital D.unique superior B.rigorous C.8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents holding a wide ___ of jobs.C.scale D.areafieldrange B.A.9. Modern manufacturing had ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A. translatedB. transformedC. transferredD. transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.excludedextendedD.excelled C.A.exceeded B.11. Voices were ____ as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.raiseddeveloped D.A.swollen B.increased C.12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to perfect health, ____ others will take a longer time.whereaswhere C.when D.which B.A.13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ____ about the food he eats.particular D.peculiar C.unusualA.special B.14. Britain might still be part of France of it weren't ____ a disastrous flood 200,000years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.in D.forwith C.A.upon B.15. The Water Prize is an international award that ____outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.requires C.relaysreleases D.A.recognizes B.16. In its 14 years of ____ , the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.existence D.eminence endurance B.A.emergence C.17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had ____ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.________widespread belief, cockroaches(蟑螂)would not take over the world if there were no one around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ______to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A. turned inB. turned outC. turned upD. turned downSection II Cloze (10 Points)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes __21__ different nations compete against each other in a __22__ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.In order to __23__ the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). After all proposals have been __24__ , the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues, with __25__ rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__ the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the __27__ of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to __28__ the Games effectively.The IOC also __29__ which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. __30__ , Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen __31__ to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.__32__ the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into __33__ the host city’s time zone. __34__ the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay __35__ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36__ , in prime viewing hours.__37__ the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television __38__ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39__ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40__ . When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, thecity was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. Suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Questions 41to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the chip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun,” says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some ＄10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites . These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual moneythat it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier-what Bob Meyer, publisher of Barter News, calls “the double coincidence of wants.” That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered” because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade” trading partners for honesty, quality and so on . Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or non-tradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para . 1) probably refers to those who are________.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ______.A. the size of barter sitesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implied that Internet advertisements can help .A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin’, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shootin”, start thinkin’, and keep livin’.” The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance (监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technologyin Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes) that after the murder the city will to longer stand by in coldness, For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty-almost one in three people lives below the poverty line-and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical, Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60%of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess, But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark: now, a year later, the figure is 30%. Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murderB. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye” (Line 5, Para.2) isA. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48. We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPTpoverty D.flood C.indifference violenceA.B.49. Mayor Booker’s efforts against crime seem to be ____.A.fruitlessimpractical C.effective D.idealisticB.50. The best title for passage may be ____.A. Stop Shootin’, Start Thinkin’, and Keep Livin’B. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 per cent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner, While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a from of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult,even more so when children are involved, The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an “escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in bong-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible ＄100，000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage. “He’d think it was my escape fund so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.” Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen, for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. “I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund and that I feel very secure in our relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy daysin the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”（from: ）51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because __ .A. “escape fund” helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy” (Line 2, Para, 2) probably means ____.simpleshrewd D.A.suspicious B.secure C.53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique womanB. She was once divorcedC. She is going go retireD. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show ____.A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’ is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared thattheir economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it, Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs. Suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice. A little hypocrisy（虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that keep the post of managing director, but all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die.And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line 1, Para.1) means__ .A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because .A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned” (Lines3-4,Para.2) the author implies that ____.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have turned advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because if ____.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ____.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’ interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection IV Translation (20 points)Directions: In this section there is a paragraph in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The term “business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet (空白表格程序) . Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and sub- components analyzed. You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought? –and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model thebehavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V Writing (20 points)Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.以往许多人报考成人高校，是为圆文凭梦。

2008研究生入学考试英语真题大作文（推荐5篇）第一篇：2008研究生入学考试英语真题大作文08考研大作文真题解析及范文2008年01月19日22:06 Part B: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly，2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2.文字说明：“你一条腿，我一条腿；你我一起，走南闯北。

Team Spirit（团队精神）,Cooperation.Esprit de corpsTraveling “Leg by Leg” with You in the Jo urney of Life独腿结伴走天下As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, supporting each other with their powerful hands, two handicapped adolescents(青少年juvenile)are continuing their new journey on the ground.Crutches(拐杖)left behind, they have successfully cracked(解决)the hard nut(难题)of lameness which might have confused(使烦恼)the majority of the disabled.The caption indicates, “You have merely one leg and so do I.Helping each other, we can travel extensively.”Undoubtedly, we can deduce from(推断)the cartoon that the cartoonist is trying to attract our attention to the issue of cooperation.According to a survey conducted among a group of people who were in the same college class 10 years ago, those who are ready to give their cooperation to others all become rich or managers of all field, while not a single young man having difficulty in getting along with their classmates becomes an executive or boss.Why those who are excellent in team work tendto be managers or own their own enterprise in their later life? The answer seems self-evident(不证自明的).On the one hand, if you are competent(有能力的)in profession, but have difficulty in getting along with your colleagues and even your boss, you can hardly survive the corporation.On the other hand, your chances of success are much higher with wide circle of friends who are willing to cooperate with you to provide information and resources.It is my view that, first of all, we can frequently use the drawings to enlighten(启发, 开导)the youth to learn to cooperate successfully with each other.On the other hand, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success.Just as John Adams, the second U.S.president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables(伊索寓言), “United we stand, divided we fall.”(298words)What an astonishing picture it is above!Two one-legged men are running together on each other’s help.Departed, they would have been unable to move even an inch forward, combined, they are now capable of running over any complete person.As the core(核心)value of development strategy at the time being, sense of cooperation and its weight couldn’t be more clearly proved and revealed in the picture above-shown.In real world, no one is perfect, rather we are all flawed(有瑕疵的)and fallible(易错的).With limited strength and unavoidable shortage, it is hard for an individual to reach great achievement all by his own.United, however, other person’s advantage will perfectly and swiftly(很快地)cover our shortcomings, and a proper policy(手段,策略)will be expectable around the corner.From my own perspective(观点), such an understanding will do good to our society if it is carried out more profoundly(深刻的).Only through a mutual(共同的)aiding system assisted by government can Social harmony actually come true.Therefore a well-established system should be in use so that different communities, groups and families can live on one another, sharing interests and achievements.As it has been announced by UN in 2000, united, we are the world!Example 3 As is depicted in the cartoon, there are two handicapped men supporting each other: one is lame in the left leg, while the other in the right.They have overcome their difficulty of lameness by cooperating with each other and are successfully going on with their journey.The caption below the picture says, “You have only one leg, and so do I.Helping each other, we can travel wherever we want.”The picture really sets me thinking.It reveals the importance of cooperation and the necessity of keeping in step with each other.It also teaches us that success, to a great extent, results from cooperation.When faced with difficulties, we will certainly cope with them only if we cooperate with each other.There are a lot of examples to illustrate the issue.Of them, the most obvious one is the case with the war on SARS in 2003.At that time the whole country was plagued(使遭殃)by SARS.But led by our government, people from all walks of life in the society were mobilized(动员起来)and united as one.We soon won a great victory over the disease.In my opinion, the dependence(信任)of people on one another has now increased, without which the society we live in cannot keep going smoothly.In short, cooperation has become a driving force(动力)for the development of our country.(228 words)第二篇：2012研究生入学考试政治真题2012年考研政治真题一、单项选择题：1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。

2008年上海海事大学外国语学院621综合英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Complete each of the following statement with the best appropriate word(s) or phrase(s) chosen from the 4 alternatives attached. (20/150)1. A series of border incidents _____ led the two countries to war.A. avoidablyB. distinctlyC. actuallyD. inevitably【答案】D【解析】句意：一系列的边境纠纷不可避免地引发了两国间的战争。

inevitably不可避免地。

avoidably避免地。

distinctly清晰地。

actually事实上。

2. The twin brother showed great _____ to their elder sister, who had acted as soleparent to them since their parents died during the American Civil War.A. allegianceB. devotionC. complianceD. subjection【答案】B【解析】句意：那对双胞胎兄弟非常爱他们的姐姐，他们的父母在内战中去世后，是她在家中扮演了家长的角色。

devotion热爱，献身。

compliance顺从，服从。

allegiance 拥护，效忠。

subjection绝对服从，隶属。

3. The UNDP has the obligation to _____ funds to the poverty-stricken areas in developing countries.A. consignB. transferC. entrustD. commit【答案】A【解析】句意：联合国开发计划署有责任把资金投放到发展中国家的贫困地区。

长江大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：综合英语（A卷）（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其它地方无效）一．Complete the following:. （10分）1．Some people argue that the death_________does not necessarily reduce the number of murders.A) penaltyB) patternC) plotD) practice2．The most successful post-career athletes are those who can take the identity and life s kills they learned in sports and___________ them to another area of life.A) applyB) utilizeC) employD) exert3．.Many personnel managers say it is getting harder and harder to____________ honest applicants from the growing number of dishonest ones.A) dissolveB) disguiseC) discountD) distinguish4．.Almost all job applicants are determined to leave a good___________on a potential e mployer.A) illusionB) impressionC) reflectionD) reputation5．.Being out of work, Jane can no longer________friends to dinners and movies as she used to .A) treatB) appealC) urgeD) compel6．.Although they lost their jobs, savings and unemployment benefits allow the couple to _______their comfortable home.A) look forward toB) catch up withC) hold on toD) come in for7．With the increasing unemployment rate, workers who are 50 to 60 years old are usually the first to be _________.A) laid asideB) laid upC) laid outD) laid off8．.People's expectations about the future may have more influence on their sense of well-being than their_________state does.A) primitiveB) modernC) currentD) initial9．.___________by the superstars on television, the young athletes trained hard and played intensely.A) ImitatedB) InsuredC) ImposedD) Inspired10. The physical difference between men and women can be _______directly to our basic roles as hunters and child-bearers.A) switchedB) tracedC) pursuedD) followed二．Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences: （10分）1.The poor, sick man is (abused, tormented) by the policeman’s endless interrogation.2.Too much food (induces, tempts) sleepiness.3．She is a (snobbish, proud) person and does not live on charity.4 The incident was so bizarre that even though they saw it with their own eyes, when they relatedit later, they found it hardly (creditable, credible).5．Y ou have to be (reasonable, judicious), how can you expect him to work full time in the factory and at the same time get his M.A. degree in two years’ Time.6．Fred gave his father a special Christmas present—he (milked, nursed) all the cows for him on Christmas morning.7．The teacher said that if we believe that something was true and good we should (hold on, hold on to) it.8．After he won the championship, he was (burdened, loaded) with a lot of honors.9．It is a very monotonous and (tiresome, tiring) job to be on the watch the whole night.10．In 1972, he published his first book (devoted, dedicated) to his respected Professor David Lawrence三．The following sentences all contain some kind of figures of speech. Y ou are to identify them and give an English name. ( 10分)1．Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s. ( )2．We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. ( ) 3. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. ( )4．The defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town. ( )5．. Tin Pan Alley has moved to Nashville and Hollywood. ( )6．. The rebellion brought them nostalgic recollections. ( )7．. Ad so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. ( )8．But for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. ( )9．America laughed with Mark Twain. （）10．Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder. ( )四．Distinguish the following five pairs of words. （10 分）1．politician statesman2．intelligent clever3．booming flourishing4．preparedness preparations5．destroy demolish五．Rewrite the following sentences in simpler English: (20分)1．But since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar, there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where they do things better.2．Y ounger brothers and sisters of the war generation began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.3．We ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.4．Science is committed to the universal.5. From the discouragement of the mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.六．Explain the following: (10分)1．The Sad Y oung Men2．Greenwich V illage七．Reading Comprehension: (30分)Text 1It is plain common sense —the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.Peopl e might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you lessmiserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling — happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have als o begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.1. According to the text, it is true that［A］unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.［B］happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.［C］unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.［D］happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.2. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by［A］maintaining it at an average level.［B］escaping miserable occurrences in life.［C］pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.［D］realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.3. The phrase “To date” (Par.4) can be best replaced by［A］As a result.［B］In addition.［C］At present.［D］Until now.4. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?［A］One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.［B］They are independent but existing concurrently［C］One feels happy by participating in more activities.［D］They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.5. The sentence “That’s that” (Par. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad［A］and the situation cannot be altered.［B］and happiness remains inaccessible.［C］but they don’t think much about it.［D］but they remain unconscious of it.Text 2It’s possible that while you are at work, you may dream about a month of Sundays, but your boss wishes for a week of Tuesday. That’s because she/he probably knows that productivity is one of the main factors bolstering (supporting) a company’s growth. And a recent poll shows that workers are most productive on Tuesdays! Accountemps, an employment agency, conducted a national survey of office managers, which shows that by the middle of the week, they see a dramatic productivity decrease. While Monday is considered second in “productivity value,” only nine percent of office managers think Wednesday is the peak productivity day. Five percent believe it is Thursday. And Friday, well, you can just imagine! However, forty eight percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week.A close analysis of workweek rhythms would turn up some obvious reasons for those surveyresults. First of all, Monday is overloaded with meetings, designed to “get things moving,” and everybody knows meetings aren’t very productive. Wednesday is “hump day”—get over it as painlessly as possible, a worker thinks, and the week is more than halfway over. On Thursday, people are running out of steam; and Friday, everybody’s thinking about the weekend. There are reasons why the other days aren’t productive, but what makes Tuesday special? Tuesdays, employees hit peak performance because they are very focused on day-to-day activities. Also, it’s usually the first day of the week when they’re focused on their own task. They are not in meetings that take them away from their primary responsibilities. Actually, Tuesdays can be quite hectic. Workers are arriving at work fairly frantic. And so, in 10 hours, they’re doing 20-hour work. That’s productive, but it’s also tough.This does not mean that nothing happens on the last three days of the workweek. Things do not get so lax that people are sitting with their feet on desks, sipping coffee and talking on the phone all day, but there’s a definite lack of focus. The pace softens and the rhythm slows down. And this is not healthy: it produces fatigue and lowers productivity. To prevent this midweek slowdown, some management consultants suggest that employers avoid jamming so many meetings into Mondays. Work deadlines can be rescheduled to stretch out the work-flow. Variations in productivity are only natural, but both workers and bosses win when the peaks and valleys are less dramatic than they are now.6. According to the poll, which of the following days is most productive?［A］Thursday.［B］Friday.［C］Monday.［D］Wednesday.7. The peak productivity day of the week is marked by［A］violent excitement and activity.［B］due enthusiasm and creativity.［C］hurried and disordered movement.［D］full concentration and efficiency.8. The word “lax” in the last paragraph means［A］usually negligible.［B］lacking in control.［C］totally distractive.［D］worthy of relaxing.9. With respect to the changes in productivity, the text suggests that［A］work deadlines can be readjusted.［B］they are reasonable and expectable.［C］Monday meetings may be called off.［D］their differences are to be minimized.10. The author has explained all of the following EXCEPT［A］the steps taken to alter workweek rhythms.［B］the productivity on the 6th day of the week.［C］the reason why midweek slowdown takes place.［D］the concern bosses have about low productivity.Text 3Violence over civil rights in the 1960s, demands, marches, new sexual freedom, drugs, campus takeovers — these phenomena of the recent past represent drastic social changes. They signify a massive protest, mostly on the part of the young, against a society that fails to cope with its most critical problems. Young people, especially, lay much of the blame on the business system. It’s unresponsive and uncaring, they say.Naturally, businessmen deny this charge. They are proud of what the free enterprise system has do ne. They suspect that many protesters don’t grasp economic realities.Students and businessmen from all over the country jammed together in the lobby of a Washington hotel, waiting to register for “Business Tomorrow”, a three-day conference in which they would talk informally, get to know one another, and learn something about the difference in life-style and philosophy that so sharply divide them.The idea for the conference had originated with a group of students at Princeton University, who had formed an organization called the Foundation for Student Communication. The Foundation’s aim was to “foster better relations between students and businessmen.” These young people think that business should take more initiative and make better use of its resources in order to achieve a closer balance between profit and poverty in this country. The Foundation’s magazine, “Business Today,” is a professional-looking quarterly that goes to over 200,000 students.These Foundation members and other politically moderate students like them are the ones most likely to enter the business world when they graduate, and they are concerned about what their roles might be. They recognize, as business does, a need for the two groups to communicate and to understand each other.Students from over 160 universities were chosen by fellow students and university presidents to attend the meeting. Some were from schools of business, many from liberal arts colleges. This was to make a definite difference in the tone of the conference because, generally, students of humanities tend to emphasize the value of the individual, making them especially critical of conformity in the corporation.11. The severe social disturbance mentioned in the text stemmed from［A］the youths’ resentment at the irresponsibility of the business system.［B］the people’s anger at the gross violation of civil rights in the business world.［C］the masses’ strong objection to the evils caused by the business system.［D］the citizens’ disapproval of the society unable to tac kle its vital problems.12. According to the text, young people hold that［A］the world is full of injustice, poverty and war.［B］people in power ignore the important social problems.［C］decision-makers are ill-informed about the economic realities.［D］businessmen are mostly responsible for the great social unrest.13. As is stated by the author, the businessmen［A］feel doubt about the tr uth of the young people’s criticism.［B］reluctantly admit the evils of the free enterprise system.［C］refuse to make any change in the grounds they hold.［D］laugh off young people’s blame and condemnation.14. The conference “Business Tomorrow” aimed at［A］exchanging views about economic realities.［B］promoting mutual understanding.［C］taking measures to solve critical problems.［D］carrying on an open debate.15. The presence of students at the conference would make a difference in its tone because ［A］their views are revolutionary with respect to the economic realities.［B］they stress the importance of the individual and disapprove conformity.［C］they are familiar with the problems caused by the free enterprise system.［D］their insight into the balance between profit and poverty is remarkable.八．Composition: (50分)T ask One（20分）For this part, you are to write a short essay IN honour of teachers on the occasion of Teacher's Day. You should write at least 200 words following the outline given below:1,向老师表达节日祝贺2,从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3,我如何回报老师的关爱Teacher's DayT ask T wo（30分）For this part, you are to write a short essay The Importance of Reading Classics. You should write at least 300 words following the outline given below:1、阅读经典著作对人的成长至关重要2、现在人们越来越少阅读经典著作，原因是……3、作为大学生，你应该怎么做The Importance of Reading Classics考试科目：综合英语A卷第11页（共11页）。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s） for each numbered blank and mark ［A］, [B], [C] or [D］ on ANSWER SHEET 1。

(10 points）The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name。

But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird， a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested。

5 he， however， might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others， but explains the process that has brought this about。

2008年考研英语二（MBA联考）真题试卷及答案Section I V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1. Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3. You shouldn’t be so ___ ---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations.A. philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7. Williams had not been there during the ___ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents a wide ____ of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9. Modern manufacturing has ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11. V oices were ____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.A.swollenB. increasedC. developedD. raised12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health, ___others will take a longer time.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. whereas13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very ___about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual14. Britain might still be part of France if it weren’t ____a disastrous flood 200.000 years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A. uponB. withC. inD. for15. The water prize is an international award that __outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A. recognizesB. requiresC. releasesD. relays16. In its 14 years of _--------____, the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A. enduranceB. emergenceC. existenceD. eminence17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had __ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches (螳螂) would not take over the world if there were no around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ____to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A . turned in B. turned out C. turned up D. turned down Section II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes _21__different nations compete against each other in a __22_ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to __23__the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee (IOC). After all proposals have been _24___, the IOC votes. If one city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues with __25__rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the _27__of theOlympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to _28__the Games effectively.The IOC also _29__which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. _30__,Tolkyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico city, Mexico, the host of the 1968 summer Games , were chosen _31__to popularize the Olympic movement In Asia and in Latin America._32__the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into _33__the host city’s time zone. _34__the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay _35___ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36____, in prime viewing hours.___37__the Games have been awarded. It is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television ___38_ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39___ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40___. When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1 .(40 points)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto (座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun’, ”says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side. ”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls “the double coincidence of wants.”That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered”because many media, particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade”trading partners for honesty quality and so on.. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter globaltrades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright futu re, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para 1) probably refers to those who are ___.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ___.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ___.A. the size of barter stiesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help ___.A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shooting, have been floodedwith offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shooting, start thinking, and keep living.”The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance(监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city , believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty ----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical .Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30 %( through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye”(Line5,Para2)is_____A. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_____A. violenceB. floodC. povertyD. indifference49. Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be ______A. idealisticB. impracticalC. effectiveD. fruitless50. The best title for the passage may be _____A. Stop Shooting, Start Thinking, and Keep LivingB. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship , in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved. The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an ”escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible $100,000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage.”He’d think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.”Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her ownmoney.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. ”I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal finan cial security.”51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______A. escape fund helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy”(Line2,Para 2)probably means_______A. suspiciousB. secureC. shrewdD. simple53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique woman.B. She was once divorced.C. She is going to retire.D. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show_____A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summary this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’is no longer taboo (禁忌语)”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiencyand productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asian, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these losers will be in the West, Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter, who said that ‘creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles, Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy (虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Loc k at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund) The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western of ficials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade: Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us, worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection”(Line 1, Para.1) means________A. improving economic efficiency.B. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because________A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned”(Line 3-4,Para.2) the author implies that________A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economies used to like the idea of “creative destruction”because it________A. set a long-term rather than short-turn goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. contained a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that_______A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’interests are being ignored by economic leaders Section IV TranslationDirections: In this section there is a paragraph in English .Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points) The term ”business model”first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask what- if questions about the critical assumptions on which. your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any changewould play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V WritingDirections: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points)以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。

上海海事大学综合英语试卷第一部分：听力理解（共20分）第一节（共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.What did Jane think of the movie? A. Exciting. B.Boring. C. Interesting.2.How much should the man pay? A. $12. B. $9. C. $6.3.What does the man mean? A. He will borrow a book.B. He will buy a book.C. He will lend a book.4.What are they talking about? A. A dinner invitation.B. A meeting.C. A birthday party.5.Where does this conversation probably take place?A. In a hospital.B. In a restaurant.C. In a hotel.第二节（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6至8题。

6.What is the problem with the man’s sweater? A. Ithas a hole. B. It has a stain. C. It doesn’t fit.7.When will the man pick up his sweater? A. OnThursday. B. On Monday. C. On Friday.8.How long will it take to fix the sweater? A. Threedays. B. Five days. C. Seven days.听第7段材料，回答第9至11题。

2008年考研英语二（MBA联考）真题试卷及答案Section I VocabularyDirections:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)1.Oil is an important______material which can be processed into many different products,including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2.The high living standards of the US cause its present population to____25 percent of the world’s oil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3.You shouldn’t be so___---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4.Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the___of art for later generations.A.philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5.Member states had the option to____from this agreement with one year’s notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6.The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of traderelations,traditionally a source of____irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7.Williams had not been there during the___moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8.Travel around Japan today,and one sees foreign residents a wide____of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9.Modern manufacturing has___a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10.Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is____only by flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11.Voices were____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.swollen B.increased C.developed D.raised12.Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health,___others will takea longer time.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.whereas13.My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very___about the food he eats.A.specialB.peculiarC.particularD.unusual14.Britain might still be part of France if it weren’t____a disastrous flood 200.000 years ago,according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A.uponB.withC.inD.for15.The water prize is an international award that__outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A.recognizesB.requiresC.releasesD.relays16.In its 14 years of_--------____,the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A.enduranceB.emergenceC.existenceD.eminence17.His excuse for being late this morning was his car had__in the snow.A.started upB.got stuckC.set backD.stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches(螳螂)would not take over the world if there were no around to step on them.A.In view ofB.Thanks toC.In case ofD.Contrary to19.Consciously or not,ordinary citizens and government bureaucratsstill_____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A.fit in withB.look down onC.cling toD.hold back20.As you can see by yourself,things____to be exactly as the professor hadforeseen.A.turned inB.turned outC.turned upD.turned downSection II Cloze(10 points)Directions:Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site,in whichathletes_21__different nations compete against each other in a__22_of sports.There are two types of Olympics,the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to__23__the Olympics,a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee(IOC).After all proposals have been_24___,the IOC votes.If one city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote,the city with the fewest votes is eliminated,and voting continueswith__25__rounds,until a majority winner is determined.Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance,__26__the winning city time to prepare for the Games.In selecting the_27__of the Olympic Games,the IOC considers a number of factors,chief among them which city has,or promises to build,the best facilities,and which organizing committee seems most likely to_28__the Games effectively.The IOC also_29__which parts of the world have not yet hosted theGames._30__,Tolkyo,Japan,the host of the 1964 Summer Games,and Mexico city,Mexico,the host of the 1968 summer Games,were chosen_31__to popularize the Olympic movement In Asia and in Latin America._32__the growing importance of television worldwide,the IOC in recent years has also taken into_33__the host city’s time zone._34__the Games take place in the United States or Canada,for example,American television networks are willing to pay_35___higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events__36____,in prime viewing hours.___37__the Games have been awarded.It is the responsibility of the localorganizing committee to finance them.This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television___38_and with corporate sponsorships,ticket sales,and other smaller revenue sources.In many__39___there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games,the Olympics can be financially__40___.When the revenues from the Games were less than expected,the city was left with large debts.21.A.in B.for C.of D.from22.A.lot B.number C.variety D.series23.A.host B.take C.run anize24.A.supported B.submitted C.substituted D.subordinated25.A.suggestive B.successful C.successive D.succeeding26.A.letting B.setting C.permitting D.allowing27.A.site B.spot C.location D.place28.A.state B.stage C.start D.sponsor29.A.thinks B.reckons C.considers D.calculates30.A.For instance B.As a result C.In brief D.On the whole31.A.in time B.in part C.in case D.in common32.A.Since B.Because C.As for D.Because of33.A.amount B.account C.accord D.acclaim34.A.However B.Whatever C.Whenever D.Wherever35.A.greatly B.handsomely C.meaningfully D.significantly36.A.live B.living C.alive D.lively37.A.Until B.Unless C.Whether D.Once38.A.incomes B.interests C.revenues D.returns39.A.cases B.conditions C.chances D.circumstances40.A.safe B.risky C.tempting D.feasibleSectionⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choicesmarked A,B,C,and D.You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip.Starting a year ago,MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff,including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat.Having announced his aim(the house)in advance,MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power.“My whole motto(座右铭)was‘Start small,think big,and have fun’,”says MacDonald,26,“I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was,barter is now big business on the Net.This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some$10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites.These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency,which they can use to buy goods from other members.In Iceland,garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange,earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries.The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services,from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system.By creating currencies,the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer,publisher of BarterNews,calls“the double coincidence of wants.”That is,two parties once not only had to find each other,but also an exchange of goods that both desired.Now,they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity.For example,advertising is “hugely bartered”because many media,particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost.Moreover,Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics,because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay,most barter sites allow members to“grade”trading partners for honesty quality and so on..Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades.Next year,a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open inNairobi,offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas.Two small planes will deliver the goods.QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be“liberated from corrupt middlemen.”For them,barter evokes a bright future,not a precapitalist past.41.The word“techies”(Line 4,Para 1)probably refers to those who are___.A.afraid of technologyB.skilled in technologyC.ignorant of technologyD.incompetent in technology42.Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they___.A.were impressed by his creativityB.were eager to identify with his mottoC.liked his goal announced in advanceD.hoped to prove the power of the Internet43.The Internet barter system relies heavily on___.A.the size of barter stiesB.the use of virtual currencyC.the quality of goods or servicesD.the location of trading companies]44.It is implies that Internet advertisements can help___.panies make more profitpanies do formal exchangesC.media register in statisticsD.media grade barter sites45.Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?A.It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B.It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C.It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D.It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence:New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all.Yet the murder of three young people,who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playgroundon August 4th,has shaken the city.A fourth,who survived,was stabbed and shot in the face.The four victims were by all accounts good kids,all enrolled in college,all with a future.But the cruel murder,it seems,has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations,like Stop Shooting,have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings.Yusef Ismail,its co-founder,says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge ofnon-violence.They hope to get 50,000 to promise to“stop shooting,start thinking,and keep living.”The Newark Community Foundation,which was launched last month,announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye,a surveillance(监视)system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city,believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city.More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80%of the city’s recent shootings have occurred.And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected,the surveillance camera zooms in on thatspot.Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings.Mr.Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr.Booker,as well as church leaders and others,believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness.For generations,Newark has been paralyzed by poverty----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical.Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems:over 60%of children are in homes without fathers.The school system,taken over by the state in 1995,is a mess.But there is also some cause for hope.Since Mr.Booker was elected,there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development.Only around 7%of nearbyNewark airport workers used to come from Newark;now,a year,the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime.So far this year,crime has fallen 11%and shootings are down 30%(through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46.What happened in Newark,New Jersey on August 4th?A.The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B.Four young people were killed in a school playground.C.The new mayor of Newark took office.D.Four college students fell victim to violence.47.Judging from the context,the“Community Eye”(Line5,Para 2)is_____A.a watching system for gun crimeB.a neighborhood protection organizationC.an unprofitable community businessD.a grassroots organization48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_____A.violenceB.floodC.povertyD.indifference49.Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be______A.idealisticB.impracticalC.effectiveD.fruitless50.The best title for the passage may be_____A.Stop Shooting,Start Thinking,and Keep LivingB.Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC.A Mission to Revitalize the CityD.Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships,36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner.While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship,in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce,men and women arerealizing they need to be financially savvy,regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult,even more so when children are involved.The lack of permanency in relationships,jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner;in other words,an”escape fund”. Margaret’s story is far from unique.She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day,she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband.She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible$100,000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage.”He’d think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong.I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is,but you can never be sure.”Like many of her fellow secret savers,Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad.Take Colleen for example,who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner.”I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own.I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings,he was a little suspicious of my motives.I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future.It’s sensible tobuild and protect your personal financial security.”51.The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______A.escape fund helps one through rainy daysB.days are getting harder and harderC.women are money sensitiveD.financial conflicts often occur52.The word“savvy”(Line2,Para 2)probably means_______A.suspiciousB.secureC.shrewdD.simple53.Which inference can we make about Margaret?A.She is a unique woman.B.She was once divorced.C.She is going to retire.D.She has many children.54.The author mentions Colleen’s example to show_____A.any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB.privacy within marriage should be respectedC.everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD.financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55.Which of the following best summary this passage?A.Secret SaversB.Love Is What It’s WorthC.Banking HonestyD.Once Bitten,Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word‘protection’is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence,uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month,may have launched a new era in economic history.Why?For decades,Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good.Doingso,they reasoned,would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity,which in turn would improve human welfare.Championing free trade thus became a moral,not just an economic,cause.These leaders,of course,weren’t acting out of unselfishness.They knew their economies were the most competitive,so they’d profit most from liberalization.And developing countries feared that their economies would beswamped by superior Western productivity.Today,however,the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it.The West continues to preach free trade,but practices it less and n,meanwhile,continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important:he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates.The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade,though few leaders admit it.Some economists are more honest.Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning.In the short run,there will be winners and losers under free trade.This,of course,is what capitalism is all about.But more and more of these losers will be in the West,Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter,who said that‘creative destruction”was an essential part of capitalist growth.But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there.When Western workers began losing jobs,suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles,Things have yet to reverse completely.But there’s clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy(虚伪)is not in itself a serious problem.The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization.Lock at what’s happening at the IMF(International Monetary Fund)The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director.But all too often,Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade:Sadly,they have yet to do so.Unless Asians speak out,however,there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles,which have brought so much good to the world,could gradually die.And that would leave all of us,worse off,in one way or another.56.It can be inferred that“protection”(Line 1,Para.1)means________A.improving economic efficiency.B.ending the free-trade practiceC.lowering moral standardD.raising trade tariffs57.The Western leaders preach free trade because________A.it is beneficial to their economiesB.it is supported by developing countriesC.it makes them keep faith in their principlesD.it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58.By“the tables have turned”(Line 3-4,Para.2)the author implies that________A.the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB.the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC.the developed economies have turned less competitiveD.the developing economies have become more independent59.The Western economies used to like the idea of“creative destruction”because it________A.set a long-term rather than short-turn goalB.was an essential part of capitalist developmentC.contained a positive rather than negative mentalityD.was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60.The author uses“IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that_______A.European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB.there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC.global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD.European countries’interests are being ignored by economic leaders Section IV TranslationDirections:In this section there is a paragraph in English.Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)The term”business model”first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet,business planning usually meant producing a single forecast.Atbest,you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection.The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart,its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested.You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which.your business depended-for example,what if customers are moreprice-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes,you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole.In other words,you could model the behavior of a business.Before the computer changed the nature of business planning,most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design.By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics,spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V WritingDirections:In this part,you are asked to write a composition according to the information below.You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。

UNIT 4II. Translation1.1) The volunteers sent/assigned by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.2)Einstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and g ravity but failed.3)Professor Wang received/won the Presidential Award for his excellence in stimulati ng students' creative imagination.4) As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic stimulus package.5) Having realized that nobody could help him,Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up/meet the challenge by himself.2. What was remarkable about 2005 was perhaps that the UN declared it "The Wor ld Year of Physics". It was the 100th anniversary of Einstein's theory of relativity an d the 50th anniversary of his death. In 1905 Einstein published five highly importan t essays in the history of science, thus revolutionizing physics. His great achievemen ts can be credited to his impressive powers of imagination, constant questioning, an d not giving a fig for authority. It is beyond doubt that Einstein was the greatest s cientist in the 20th centuryUnit5II. Translation1. 1) Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.2) I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.3) The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.4) Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.5) Peter has worked in a law firm for many years. You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.2.Amid the atmosphere of Thanksgiving, rather than joining his friends in celebration of the holiday, George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father, who died at sea after he completed two successive trips around the world. The diary brought back every moment George had spent with his father and many of the specific things his father did on his behalf. George's father used to impress on him the need to undergo all kinds of hardship in quest of excellence. He also taught him that nothing in the world could be taken for granted. Even today, George still remembers how his father would quote Aesop's famous saying "Gratitude is the sign of noble souls" and tell him to accord the greatest importance to it.Unit 61).The red house stands out against the old trees that reach high up to the sky.2).The salary in/for my new job is great, but for the rest, I’m not satisfied.3).The waters of the two streams mingle near our village.4).We should not mock at other people’s religious beliefs.5).The curtains of the room are not quite in tune with the style of the furniture.2. (P. 182)Here and there we see young artists who stand out from other people. They may be in worn out jeans all the year round, or walk barefoot / in bare feet even in winter, or drink to excess, or cling to the fancy of creating a masterpiece without actually doing any creative work. In fact, many of them act like this just to look the part, or to be "in tune with" other artists. They have forgotten that only through persistent effort can one achieve success.Unit 7II. TranslationI. I grew terribly scared when I heard sound of footsteps echoing round thehallway at midnight yesterday.2. The name-brand sports shoes are guaranteed for 12months.3. Snowstorms threw communications and transportation into disorder.4.I’ve been suffering a lot of stress from work lately, I feel like taking avacation at the seaside.5. Living in an apartment is all right, but it has its limitations--- for example,you don’t have your own gardens.6. Tom was born a cripple, with one of his lower limbs useless. Early in his childhood, he learned that unless he so exerted himself as to rise above his limitations, he could not earn a living, and unless he succeeded in making a living on his own, he could not win/gain the respect of others. That was the price he had to pay for his dignity as a human being.Tom applied for numerous jobs, only to be turned down, before he finally got one as a delivery boy for a Pizza Hut. He then worked as a sales representative for a sportswear company in a territory no one else would want. Today he owns a fairly profitable retail shop in his hometown, and hires several people to work for him.。

考研2008英语真题答案篇章一：听力部分Section A1. A) Organize a welcome party.2. B) Join the Earthwatch Institute.3. D) She would stay at home.4. C) Dealing with problems on her own.5. B) The man is too sleepy to read.6. C) He needs more information about the man.7. D) She cannot trust the man completely.8. A) The man’s laziness worries her.9. B) The man left in a hurry.10. C) The woman wouldn’t object to the new proposal. Section BPassage One11. B) They offer limited choices.12. C) They are easily distracted.13. A) They tend to change their minds.14. D) It is hard to meet their expectations.15. C) They may lose interest quickly.16. B) They have a keen sense of fashion.17. A) They like wearing different jewelry.18. D) They are easy to satisfy.19. C) They are highly influenced by advertisements.20. A) They switch brands frequently.Passage Two21. A) Noise has some negative effects on human health.22. D) Scientists and environmentalists are working together to reduce noise.23. C) Noise affects people both physically and mentally.24. D) Noise pollution is a growing problem in many countries.25. B) People tend to get accustomed to the noise around them.26. C) Traffic noise increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.27. B) The elderly are more vulnerable to noise pollution.28. A) Lowering the noise level in hospitals can help patients get better.29. C) People living near airports are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure.30. D) Aircraft noise has been reduced significantly over the years.篇章二：阅读部分Section A31. A) Different views on praying and worshiping.32. B) They are connected to climate change.33. C) Rising sea levels could lead to their disappearance.34. D) They are threatened by global warming.35. D) It prevents them from growing properly.36. C) Their traditional way of life is under threat.37. B) The importance of balancing economic growth and environmental protection.38. A) Their vulnerability to environmental changes.39. D) Boosting economic development and preserving the environment can go hand in hand.40. A) Take both the economy and the environment into consideration.Section B41. H) Applying for a bank loan online.42. J) Difficulty in deciding what product to buy.43. G) Making online purchases more secure.44. D) Helping people keep track of their expenditure.45. E) Searching for information about personal finance.46. I) The use of technology in financial management.47. F) Teaching people about investment strategies.48. B) Giving financial advice tailored to individual needs.49. K) Offering assistance in managing credit cards.50. C) Encouraging savings by setting achievable goals.Section C51. A) The potential dangers of using mobile phones.52. D) Mobile phones are widely used in emergencies.53. B) The risks associated with using mobile phones while driving.54. C) The use of hands-free sets does not eliminate the risk.55. D) People can be easily distracted by mobile phones.56. B) Mobile phone use is a common cause of road accidents.57. D) The ban on using mobile phones while driving is not effectively enforced.58. A) It is often difficult to prove that accidents were caused by mobile phone use.59. C) People's dependence on mobile phones is increasing.60. B) Drivers should be educated about the dangers of mobile phone use.篇章三：完型填空部分61. A) beautifully62. C) designs63. B) spare64. A) uncomfortable65. D) compared66. C) fresh67. B) appreciate68. D) on69. A) aims70. C) idle71. B) remove72. D) beneficial73. A) similarity74. B) increases75. C) To76. D) sound77. B) reluctantly78. A) Perceived79. C) occupy80. B) expressing篇章四：翻译部分81. In my opinion, the most important quality for a good teacher is patience. A diligent teacher should be patient enough to explain things to students repeatedly until they understand. Additionally, patience enables a teacher to deal with different kinds of students, including those who are slow learners or prone to mistakes. Without patience, it is impossible to foster a positive and supportive learning environment.82. Modern technology has greatly facilitated our communication in various aspects. We can now stay connected with others through multiple channels, such as social media, instant messaging apps, and video conferencing. These technological advancements have not only made communication faster and more efficient but also broadened our social connections. However, we should be aware of the potential drawbacks, such as excessive reliance on technology and decreased face-to-face interactions.83. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, online education has become a prevalent trend worldwide. It offers numerous advantages, such as flexibility, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. Students can access educational resources and attend classes remotely, which eliminates geographical barriers and allows for personalized learning. However, there are also challenges associated with online education, such as technical issues, lack of direct interaction, and potential distractions. Therefore, it is crucial to strike a balance between online and offline learning methods.84. With the increasing pace of urbanization, environmental issues have attracted widespread attention. People are becoming more aware of the importance of environmental protection and sustainable development.Governments and individuals should take proactive measures to minimize pollution, preserve natural resources, and promote green technologies. By adopting eco-friendly practices and raising public awareness, we can create a more sustainable and livable environment for future generations.85. The rapid development of technology has brought about profound changes in various fields, including medicine, transportation, and communication. Artificial intelligence, for example, has revolutionized the healthcare industry by improving disease diagnosis and treatment accuracy. Electric vehicles have emerged as a greener alternative to traditional automobiles, reducing air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. Moreover, the internet has bridged the gap between people from different parts of the world, facilitating global communication and cultural exchange. Overall, technological advancements have significantly impacted our lives in a positive way.。

2008年考研英语试卷及参考答案Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused Much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B]prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] common [C] mean [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D]instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t co pe as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “It’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from i t more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend tobe in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wad determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experiencedemonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] Are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] Are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that [A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making itfreely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use itfreely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond theage of 20, demands calories and nutrients –notably, protein –to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5′9〞 for men, 5′4〞for women- hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University. Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree? [A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans hasaltered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw- having extracted them from the months of his slaves.That’s far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moralcompromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifthsof a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the states men’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children- though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislativeapproval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery wad regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slavesoriginated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.(41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will nit lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraph by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programscan also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revision.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that in unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The stude nt who wrote: “The A &P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times- and then again- working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect oneparagraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well asthe thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal toaccept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed he possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” isone long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superio r to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kids gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said:“Now for many years I cannot endureto read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)。