John Cheever

翻译硕士英语词汇专项强化真题试卷28(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.1．The drinking water is contaminated with impurities.A．blackenedB．pollutedC．darkenedD．mixed正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词的词义辨析。

根据句中的impurities(杂质)判断，应该表示饮用水被杂质污染了，contaminate意为“污染，弄脏”。

四个选项中，pollute 意为“污染，弄脏”。

blacken意为“(使)变黑；抹黑；诬蔑，玷污”。

darken意为“(使)变黑；(使)变深；(使)变暗”。

mix意为“混淆，搞混”。

2．The nuclear family ______a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A．refers toB．definesC．describesD．devotes to正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词(短语)辨析。

分析题干句可知，空后内容为对the nuclear family(核心家庭)的解释，故refers to(指的是)为答案。

define意为“解释，阐明，给……下定义”。

describe意为“描写，形容”。

devote to意为“把……献给，贡献于”。

句意为：“核心家庭”指的是由父亲、母亲和孩子组成的独立的、自我满足的单元。

3．If you______the bottle and cigarettes, you’ll be much healthier.A．takeoffB．keep offC．get offD．set off正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词短语辨析。

句意为“如果你______烟酒，你将健康得多”。

take off意为“脱下(衣服)；匆匆离开”。

keep off意为“远离，(使)不接近”。

John KeatsJohn Keats (1795-1821), major English poet, despite his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. Keats’s poetry describes the beauty of the natural world and art as the vehicle for his poetic imagination. His skill with poetic imagery and sound reproduces this sensuous experience for his reader. Keats’s poetry evolves over his brief career from this love of nature and art into a deep compassion for humanity. He gave voice to the spirit of Romanticism in literature when he wrote, “I am certain of nothing but the holiness of the heart’s affections, and the truth of imagination.” Twentieth-century poet T. S. Eliot judged Keats's letters to be 'the most notable and the most important ever written by any English Poet,” for their acute reflection s on poetry, poets, and the imagination.II Early LifeKeats was born in north London, England. He was the eldest son of Thomas Keats, who worked at a livery stable, and Frances (Jennings) Keats. The couple had three other sons, one of whom died in infancy, and a daughter. Thomas Keats died in 1804, as a result of a riding accident. Frances Keats died in 1810 of tuberculosis, the disease that also took the lives of her three sons.From 1803 to 1811 Keats attended school. Toward the end of his schooling, he began to read widely and even undertook a prose translation of the Aeneid from the Latin. After he left school at the age of 16, Keats was apprenticed to a surgeon for four years. During this time his interest in poetry grew. He wrote his first poems in 1814 and passed his medical and druggist examinations in 1816.III Life as a PoetIn May 1816 Keats published his first poem, the sonnet 'O Solitude,' marking the beginning of his poetic career. In writing a sonnet, a 14-line poem with a strict rhyme scheme, Keats sought to take his place in the tradition established by great classical, European, and British epic poets. The speaker of this poem first expresses hope that, if he is to be alone, it will be in “Nature’s Observatory”; he then imagines the “highest bliss” to be writing poetry in nature rather than simply observing nature. In another sonnet published the same year, 'On First Looking into Chapman's Homer,' Keats compares reading translations of poetry to awe-inspiring experiences such as an astronomer discovering a new planet or explorers first seeing the Pacific Ocean. In “Sleep and Poetry,” a longer poem from 1816, Keats articulates the purpose of poetry as he sees it: “To soothe the cares, and lift the thoughts of man.” Within a year o f his first publications Keats had abandoned medicine, turned exclusively to writing poetry, and entered the mainstream of contemporary English poets. By the end of 1816 he had met poet and journalist Leigh Hunt, editor of the literary magazine that published his poems. He had also met the leading romantic poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley.“Endymion,” written between April and November 1817 and published the following year, is thought to be Keats's richest although most unpolished poem. In the poem, the mortal hero Endymion's quest for the goddess Cynthia serves as a metaphor for imaginative longing—the poet’s quest for a muse, or divine inspiration.Following “Endymion,” Keats struggled with his assumptions about the power of poetry and philosophy to affect the suffering he saw in life. In June of 1818, Keats went on a physically demanding walking tour of England’s Lake District and Scotland, perhaps in search of inspiration for an epic poem. His journey was cut short by the illness of his brother Tom. Keats returned home and nursed his brother through the final stages of tuberculosis. He threw himself into writing the epic “Hyperion,” he wrote to a friend, to ease himself of Tom’s “countenance, his voice and feebleness.'An epic is a long narrative poem about a worthy hero, written in elevated language; this was the principal form used by great poets before Keats. The subject of “Hyperion” is the fall of the primeval Greek gods, who are dethroned by the Olympians, a newer order of gods led by Apollo. Keats used this myth to represent history as the story of how grief and misery teach humanity compassion. The poem ends with the transformation of Apollo into the god of poetry, but Keats left the poem unfinished. His abandonment of the poem suggests that Keats was ready to return to a more personal theme: the growth of a poet's mind. Keats later described the poem as showing 'false beauty proceeding from art' rather than 'the true voice of feeling.' Tom’s death in December 1818 may have freed Keats from the need t o finish “Hyperion.”Two other notable developments took place in Keats’s life in the latter part of 1818. First, “Endymion,” published in April, received negative reviews by the leading literary magazines. Second, Keats fell in love with spirited, 18-year-old Fanny Brawne. Keats's passion for Fanny Brawne is perhaps evoked in 'The Eve of St. Agnes,' written in 1819 and published in 1820. In this narrative poem, a young man follows an elaborate plan to woo his love and wins her heart.Keats’s great crea tive outpouring came in April and May of 1819, when he composed a group of five odes. The loose formal requirements of the ode—a regular metrical pattern and a shift in perspective from stanza to stanza—allowed Keats to follow his mind’s associations. Lite rary critics rank these works among the greatest short poems in the English language. Each ode begins with the speaker focusing on something—a nightingale, an urn, the goddess Psyche, the mood of melancholy, the season of autumn—and arrives at his greater insight into what he values.In “Ode to a Nightingale,” the nightingale’s song symbolizes the beauty of nature and art. Keats was fascinated by the difference between life and art: Human beings die, but the art they make lives on. The speaker in the poem tries repeatedly to use his imagination to go with the bird’s song, but each time he fails to completely forget himself. In the sixth stanza he suddenly remembers what death means, and the thought of it frightens him back to earth and his own humanity.In 'Ode on a Grecian Urn,' the bride and bridegroom painted on the Grecian urn do not die. Theirlove can never fade, but neither can they kiss and embrace. At the end of the poem, the speaker sees the world of art as cold rather than inviting.The last two odes, 'Ode on Melancholy' and 'To Autumn,” show a turn in Keats’s ideas about life and art. He celebrates “breathing human passion” as more beautiful than either art or nature.Keats never lived to write the poetry of 'the agonies, the strife of human hearts' to which he aspired. Some scholars suggest that his revision of “Hyperion,” close to the end of his life, measures what he learned about poetry. In the revision, 'The Fall of Hyperion: A Dream,' Keats boldly makes the earlier poem into the story of his own quest as poet. In a dream, the poem’s speaker must pass through death to enter a temple that receives only those who cannot forget the miseries of the world. Presiding over the shrine is Moneta, a prophetess whose face embodies many of the oppos ites that had long haunted Keats’s imagination—death and immortality, stasis and change, humankind’s goodness and darkness. The knowledge Moneta gives him defines Keats’s new mission and burden as a poet.After September 1819, Keats produced little poetry. His money troubles, always pressing, became severe. Keats and Fanny Brawne became engaged, but with little prospect of marriage. In February 1820, Keats had a severe hemorrhage and coughed up blood, beginning a year that he called his “posthumous existence.” He did manage to prepare a third volume of poems for the press, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems.In September 1820, Keats sailed to Italy, accompanied by a close friend. The last months of his life there were haunted by the prospect of death and the memory of Fanny Brawne.。

VITAJOHN H. FLAVELLBirthdate: August 9, 1928 Marital Status: Married, 2 children Birthplace: Rockland, MassachusettsEDUCATION:Northeastern University, A.B., 1951 (Psychology)Clark University, M.A., 1952 (Psychology)Clark University, Ph.D., 1955 (Psychology)EMPLOYMENT HISTORY:Professor, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 1976-Present. Professor, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 1965-76. Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, 1960-65. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, 1956-60. Clinical Associate in Psychology, University of Rochester, 1955-56.Staff Psychologist, Veterans Administration Hospital, Fort Lyon, Colorado, 1954-55. SCIENTIFIC and PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:American Psychological SocietySociety for Research in Child DevelopmentInternational Society for the Study of Behavioral DevelopmentPROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES:Member of Governing Council 1975-83, and President 1979-81, Society for Researchin Child Development.President, Division 7 (Developmental), American Psychological Association, 1969-70. HONORS:Recipient of the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, 1984, and G. Stanley Hall Award (Division of Development Psychology), 1986.Docteur Honoris Causa, University Rene Descartes, Paris 1990Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1990Honorary Degree, University of Rochester, 1991Appointed as Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences, 1992Elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 1994Honorary Degree, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 1994BIBLIOGRAPHYFlavell, J. H. (1955). Repression and the return of the repressed. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 441-443.Flavell, J. H. (1956). Abstract thinking and social behavior in schizophrenia.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 208-211.Flavell, J. H. (1957). Some observations on schizophrenic thinking: Etiology andonset. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 11, 128-132.Flavell, J. H., & Draguns, J. (1957). A microgenetic approach to perception and thought. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 197-217.Flavell, J. H. (1958). A test of Whorfian theory. Psychological Reports, 4, 455-462.Flavell, J. H., Draguns, J., Feinberg, L. D., & Budin, W. (1958). A microgeneticapproach to word association. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 57, 1-7.Flavell, J. H., Cooper, A., & Loiselle, R. H. (1958). Effect of the number of preutilization functions on functional fixedness in problem solving. Psychological Reports, 4, 343- 350.Flavell, J. H., & Flavell, E. R. (1959). One determinant of judged semantic and associative connection between words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 159-165.Flavell, J. H.,& Stedman, D. J. (1961). A developmental study of judgments ofsemantic similarity. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 98, 279-293.Flavell, J. H. (1961). Meaning and meaning similarity: I. A theoreticalreassessment. Journal of General Psychology, 64, 307-319.Flavell, J. H. (1961). Meaning and meaning similarity: II. The semantic differential and co-occurrence as predictors of judged similarity in meaning. Journal of General Psychology, 64, 321-335.Flavell, J. H. (1961). Meaning and meaning similarity: III. Latency and number of similarities as predictors of judged similarity in meaning. Journal of General Psychology, 64, 321-335.Flavell, J. H. (1962). Historical and bibliographic note. In W. Kessen, & C. Kuhlman (Eds.), Thought in the young child: Report of a conference on intellective development with particular attention to the work of Jean Piaget. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 27, No.2, 5-18.Flavell, J. H. (1963). The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co.Flavell, J. H. (1963). Piaget's contributions to the study of cognitive development. Merrill-PalmerQuarterly, 9, 245-252.Flavell, J. H. (1966). The development of two related forms of social cognition: Role taking and communication. In A. H. Kidd & J. L. Rivoire (Eds.), Perceptual development in children. New York: International Universities Press.Flavell, J. H. (1966). Heinz Werner on the nature of development. In S. Wapner & B. Kaplan (Eds.), Heinz-Werner: 1890-1964. Worchester, MA: Clark University Press.Flavell, J. H. (1966). Le langage priv'. Bulletin Psychologique, 19, 8-12.Flavell, J. H., Beach, D. R., & Chinsky, J. M. (1966). Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age. Child Development, 37, 283-299.Flavell, J. H. (1966). Role-taking and communication skills in children. 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(1970). Thinking about people thinking about people thinking about...: A study of social cognitive development. Child Development, 41, 613- 623.Miller, S. A., Shelton, J., & Flavell, J. H. (1970). A test of Luria's hypotheses concerning the development of verbal self- regulation. Child Development, 41, 651-665.Ryan, S. M., Hegion, A. G., & Flavell, J. H. (1970). Nonverbal mnemonic mediation in preschool children. Child Development, 41, 539-550.Flavell, J. H. (1971). The uses of verbal behavior in assessing children's cognitive abilities. In D. R. Green, M. P. Ford & G. B. Flamer (Eds.), Measurement and Piaget (pp. 198-204). New York: McGraw-Hill.Flavell, J. H. (1971). Discussant's comments for the SRCD Symposium: What ismemory development the development of? Human Development, 14, 272-278.Flavell, J. H. (1971). Comments on Beilin's The development of physical concepts. In T. Mischell (Ed.), Cognitive development and epistemology. New York: Academic Press.Flavell, J. H. (1971). Stage-related properties of cognitive development. Cognitive Psychology, 2, 421-453.Flavell, J. H. (1972). An analysis of cognitive-developmental sequences. GeneticPsychology Monographs, 86, 279-350.Appel, L. F., Cooper, R. G., McCarrell, N., Sims-Knight, J., Yussen, S., & Flavell, J. H. (1972). The developmental acquisition of the distinction between perceiving and memorizing. Child Development, 43, 1365-1381.Peterson, C. L., Danner, F. W., & Flavell, J. H. (1972). Developmental changes in children's response to three indications of communicative failure. Child Development, 43, 1463-1468.Masur, E. F., McIntyre, C. W., & Flavell, J. H. (1973). Developmental changes in apportionment of study time among items in a multitrial free recall task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 15, 237-246.Ritter, K., Kaprove, B. H., Fitch, J. P., & Flavell, J. H. (1973). The development of retrieval strategies in young children. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 310-321.Flavell, J. H. (1974). The development of inferences about others. In T. Mischell(Ed.), Understanding other persons. Oxford, England: Blackwell Basil & Mott.Masangkay, Z. S., McCluskey, K.A., McIntyre, C. W., Sims-Knight, J., Vaughn, B. E., & Flavell, J. H. (1974). The early development of inferences about the visual percepts of others. ChildDevelopment, 45, 357-366.Drozdal, J. G., & Flavell, J. H. (1975). A developmental study of logical searchbehavior. Child Development, 46, 389-393.Wellman, H. M., Ritter, K., & Flavell, J. H. (1975). Deliberate memory behaviorin the delayed reactions of very young children. Developmental Psychology, 11, 780-787.Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., & Flavell, J. H. (1975). An interview study of children's knowledge about memory. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 41, (1, Serial No. 159).Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Salatas, H., & Flavell, J. H. (1976). Behavioral and metamnemonic indicators of strategic behavior under remember instructions in first grade. Child Development, 47, 81-89.Salatas, H., & Flavell, J. H. (1976). Retrieval of recently learned information:Development of strategies and control skills. Child Development, 47, 941-948.Salatas, H., & Flavell, J. H. (1976). Perspective taking: The development of twocomponents of knowledge. Child Development, 47, 103-109.Flavell, J. H. (1977). Cognitive development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Wellman, H. M., & Flavell, J. H. (1977). Metamemory. In R. V. Kail & J. W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Gordon, F. R., & Flavell, J. H. (1977). The development of intuitions about cognitive cueing. Child Development, 48, 1027-1033.Lempers, J. D., Flavell, E. R., & Flavell, J. H. (1977). 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Developmental stage: Explanans or explanadum? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2, 187.Speer, J. R, & Flavell, J. H. (1979). Young children's knowledge of the relative difficulty of recognition and recall memory tasks. Developmental Psychology, 15, 214-217.Keniston, A., & Flavell, J. H. (1979). A developmental study of intelligent retrieval. Child Development, 50, 1144-1152.Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.Flavell, J. H., Shipstead, S. G., & Croft,K. (1980). What young children think you see when their eyes are closed. Cognition, 8, 369-387.Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R, Green, F. L., & Wilcox, S. A. (1980). Young children's knowledge about visual perception. Effect of observer's distance from target on perceptual clarity of target. Developmental Psychology, 16, 10-12.Flavell, J. H., Everett, B. A., Croft, K, & Flavell, E. R (1981). Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Further evidence for the Level 1-Level 2 distinction. Development Psychology, 17, 99-103.Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R., Green, F. L., & Wilcox, S. A. (1981). Thedevelopment of three spatial perspective-taking rules. Child Development, 52, 356-358.Flavell, J. H., & Ross, L. (Eds.). (1981). Social cognitive development: Frontiersand possible futures. New York: Cambridge University Press.Flavell, J. H. (1981). Cognitive monitoring. In W. P. Dickson (Ed.). Children's oral communication skills. New York: Academic Press.Flavell, J. H. (1981). Monitoring social cognitive enterprises: Something else thatmay develop in the area of social cognition. In J. H. Flavell & L. D. Ross (Eds.), Socialcognitive development Frontiers and possible futures. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress.Flavell, J. H., Speer, J. R, Green, F. L., & August, D. L. (1981). The development of comprehension monitoring and knowledge about communication. Monographs of the Society for the Research in Child Development, 46 (5, Serial No. 192).Singer, J. B., & Flavell, J. H. (1981). Development of knowledge about communication: Children's evaluation of explicitly ambiguous messages. Child Development, 52, 1211-1215.Beal, C. R., & Flavell, J. H. (1982). The effect of increasing the salience of message ambiguities on kindergartner's evaluations of communicative success and message adequacy. Developmental Psychology, 18, 43-48.Flavell, J. H. (1982). Structures, stages and sequences in cognitive development. Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, 15, 1-28.Flavell, J. H. (1982). On cognitive development. Child Development, 53, 1-10.Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R, & Green, F. L. (1983). Development of the appearance-reality distinction. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 95-120.Beal, C. R., & Flavell, J. H. (1983). Young speaker's evaluations of their listeners' comprehension in a referential communication task. Child Development, 54, 148-153.Flavell, J. H., & Markman, E. M. (Eds.). (1983). Handbook of child psychology: Cognitive development (Vol. 3). New York: John Wiley and Sons.Flavell, J. H., Zhang, X-D., Zhou, H., Qi, S., & Dong, Q. (1983). A comparison between the development of the appearance-reality distinction in the People's Republic of China and the United States. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 459-466.Beal, C. R., & Flavell, J. H. (1984). Development of the ability to distinguish communicative intention and literal message meaning. Child Development, 55, 920-928.Flavell, J. H. (1984). Speculations about the nature and development of metacognition. In F. E. Weinert and R. H. Kluwe(Eds.), Metakognition, motivation und lemen. Stuttgart: Kohlharnmer.August, D. L., Flavell, J. H., & Clift, R. (1984). A comparison of comprehension monitoring in skilled and less skilled readers. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 39-53.Taylor, M., & Flavell, J. H. (1984). Seeing and believing: Children's understanding of the distinction between appearance and reality. Child Development, 55, 1710-1720.Flavell, J. H. (1985). Cognitive development (2nd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Bonitatibus, G. J., & Flavell, J. H. (1985). Effect of presenting a message in written form on young children's ability to evaluate its communication adequacy. Developmental Psychology, 21, 455-461.Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1985). The road not taken: Understanding the implications of initial uncertainty in evaluating spatial directions. Developmental Psychology, 21, 207-216.Pillow, B. H., & Flavell, J. H. (1985). Intellectual realism: The role of children's interpretations of pictures and perceptual verbs. Child Development, 56, 664-670.Flavell, J. H. (1985). Developpement metacognitif. In M. Richelle (Ed.), Psychologie developpementale: Problemes et realities. Hommage a P. Olerson. Bruxelles: Editions Mardaga.Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1986). Development of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51 (1, Serial No. 212).Flavell, J. H. (1986). The development of children's knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction. American Psychologist, 41, 418-425.Flavell, J. H. (1986). Really and truly. Psychology Today.Pillow, B. H., & Flavell, J. H. (1986). Young children's knowledge about visualperception: Projective size and shape. Child Development, 57, 125-135.Flavell, J. H. (1987). Speculations about the nature and development of metacognition. In F. E. Weinert & R. H. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Wahl, K. E., & Flavell, E. R. (1987). The effects of question classification and memory aids on young children's performance on appearance-reality tasks. Cognitive Development, 2, 127-144.Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R., & Green, F. L. (1987). Young children's knowledge about the apparent-real and pretend-real distinctions. Developmental Psychology, 23, 816-822.Flavell, J. H. (1988). The development of children's knowledge about the mind: From cognitive connections to mental representations. In J. W. Astington, P. L. Harris, & D. R. Olson (Eds.), Developing theories of mind. New York: Cambridge University Press.Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1989). Young children's ability to differentiate appearance-reality and Level 2 perspectives in the tactile modality. Child Development, 60, 201-213.Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R., & Green, F. L. (1989). A transitional period in the development of the appearance- reality distinction. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 509-526.Lillard, A. S., & Flavell, J. H. (1990). Young children's preference for mental stateversus behavioral descriptions of human action. Child Development, 61, 731-741.Lovett, S. B., & Flavell, J. H. (1990). Understanding and remembering: Children's knowledge about the differences between comprehension and memory. Child Development, 61, 1842-1858.Moses, L. J., & Flavell, J. H. (1990). Inferring false beliefs from actions and reactions. Child Development, 61, 929-945.Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1990). Developmental changes inchildren's knowledge about the mind. Cognitive Development, 5, 1-27.Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R., Green, F. L., & Korfmacher, J. E. (1990). Do young children think of television images as pictures or real objects? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34, 399-417.Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R., Green, F. L., & Moses, L. J. (1990). Young children's understanding of fact beliefs versus value beliefs. Child Development, 61 915-928.Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Herrera, C. & Flavell, E. R. (1991). Young children's knowledgeabout visual perception: Lines of sight are always straight. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 73-88.Flavell, J. H. (1991). What young children know about the mind. Contemporary Psychology, 36, 741-742.Flavell, J. H. (1992). Perspectives on perspective-taking. In H. Beilin & P. B. Pufall (Eds.)., Piaget's theory: Prospects and possibilities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.O'Neill, D. K., Astington, J. W., & Flavell, J. H. (1992). Young children's understanding of the role that sensory experiences play in knowledge acquisition. Child Development, 63, 474-490.Flavell, J. H., Mumme, D., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R (1992). Young children's understanding of different types of beliefs. Child Development, 63, 960-977.Flavell, J. H., Lindberg, N. A., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1992). The development of children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction between how people look and what they are really like. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 4, 513- 524.Flavell, J. H. (1992). Cognitive development: Past, present, and future. Developmental Psychology, 28, 998-1005.Lillard, A. S., & Flavell, J. H. (1992). Young children's understanding of differentmental states. Developmental Psychology, 28, 626-634.Flavell, J.H., Green, F.L., & Flavell, E.R (1993). Children's understanding of the stream of consciousness. Child Development, 64, 387-398.Flavell, J. H. (1993). Young children's understanding of thinking and consciousness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(2), 40-43.Lyon, T.D., & Flavell, J.H. (1993). Young children's understanding of forgetting over time. Child Development, 64, 789-800.Flavell, J.H., Miller, P.R., & Miller, S.A. (1993). Cognitive development (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Flavell, J.H. (1993). The development of children's understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. International Journal of Psychology, 28 (5), 595-604.Lyon, T.D., & Flavell, J.H. (1994). Young children's understanding of "remember" and "forget". 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Young children's understanding of intention.。

It was one of those midsummer Sundays when everyone sits around saying, "I drank too much last night." You might have heard it whispered by the parishioners leaving church, heard it from the lips of the priest himself, struggling with his cassock in the vestiarium, heard it from the golf links and the tennis courts, heard it from the wildlife preserve where the leader of the Audubon group was suffering from a terrible hangover. "I drank too much," said Donald Westerhazy. "We all drank too much," said Lucinda Merrill. "It must have been the wine," said Helen Westerhazy. "I drank too much of that claret."This was at the edge of the Westerhazys' pool. The pool, fed by an artesian well with a high iron content, was a pale shade of green. It was a fine day. In the west there was a massive stand of cumulus cloud so like a city seen from a distance—from the bow of an approaching ship—that it might have had a name. Lisbon. Hackensack. The sun was hot. Neddy Merrill sat by the green water, one hand in it, one around a glass of gin. He was a slender man—he seemed to have the special slenderness of youth—and while he was far from young he had slid down his banister that morning and given the bronze backside of Aphrodite on the hall table a smack, as he jogged toward the smell of coffee in his dining room. He might have been compared to a summer's day, particularly the last hours of one, and while he lacked a tennis racket or a sail bag the impression was definitely one of youth, sport, and clement weather. He had been swimming and now he was breathing deeply, stertorously as if he could gulp into his lungs the components of that moment, the heat of the sun, the intenseness of his pleasure. It all seemed to flow into his chest. His own house stood in Bullet Park, eight miles to the south, where his four beautiful daughters would have had their lunch and might be playing tennis. Then it occurred to him that by taking a dogleg to the southwest he could reach his home by water.His life was not confining and the delight he took in this observation could not be explained by its suggestion of escape. He seemed to see, with a cartographer's eye, that string o f swimming pools, that quasi-subterranean stream that curved across the county. He had made a discovery, a contribution to modern geography; he would name the stream Lucinda after his wife. He was not a practical joker nor was he a fool but he was determinedly original and had a vague and modest idea of himself as a legendary figure. The day was beautiful and it seemed to him that a long swim might enlarge and celebrate its beauty.He took off a sweater that was hung over his shoulders and dove in. He had an inexplicable contempt for men who did not hurl themselves into pools. He swam a choppy crawl, breathing either with every stroke or every fourth stroke and counting somewhere well in the back of his mind the one-two one-two of a flutter kick. It was not a serviceable stroke for long distances but the domestication of swimming had saddled the sport with some customs and in his part of the world a crawl was customary. To be embraced and sustained by the light green water was less a pleasure, it seemed, than the resumption of a natural condition, and he would have liked to swim without trunks, but this was not possible, considering his project. He hoisted himself up on the far curb—he never used the ladder—and started across the lawn. When Lucinda asked where he was going he said he was goingto swim home.The only maps and charts he had to go by were remembered or imaginary but these were clear enough. First there were the Grahams, the Hammers, the Lears, the Howlands, and the Crosscups. He would cross Ditmar Street to the Bunkers and come, after a short portage, to the Levys, the Welchers, and the public pool in Lancaster. Then there were the Hallorans, the Sachses, the Biswangers, Shirley Adams, the Gilmartins, and the Clydes. The day was lovely, and that he lived in a world so generously supplied with water seemed like a clemency, a beneficence. His heart was high and he ran across the grass. Making his way home by an uncommon route gave him the feeling that he was a pilgrim, an explorer, a man with a destiny, and he knew that he would find friends all along the way; friends would line the banks of the Lucinda River.He went through a hedge that separated the Westerhazys' land from the Grahams', walked under some flowering apple trees, passed the shed that housed their pump and filter, and came out at the Grahams' pool. "Why, Neddy," Mrs. Graham said, "what a marvelous surprise. I've been trying to get you on the phone all morning. Here, let me get you a drink." He saw then, like any explorer, that the hospitable customs and traditions of the natives would have to be handled with diplomacy if he was ever going to reach his destination. He did not want to mystify or seem rude to the Grahams nor did he have the time to linger there. He swam the length of their pool and joined them in the sun and was rescued, a few minutes later, by the arrival of two carloads of friends from Connecticut. During the uproarious reunions he was able to slip away. He went down by the front of the Grahams' house, stepped over a thorny hedge, and crossed a vacant lot to the Hammers'. Mrs. Hammer, looking up from her roses, saw him swim by although she wasn't quite sure who it was. The Lears heard him splashing past the open windows of their living room. The Howlands and the Crosscups were away. After leaving the Howlands' he crossed Ditmar Street and started for the Bunkers', where he could hear, even at that distance, the noise of a party.The water refracted the sound of voices and laughter and seemed to suspend it in midair. The Bunkers' pool was on a rise and he climbed some stairs to a terrace where twenty-five or thirty men and women were drinking. The only person in the water was Rusty Towers, who floated there on a rubber raft. Oh, how bonny and lush were the banks of the Lucinda River! Prosperous men and women gathered by the sapphire-colored waters while caterer's men in white coats passed them cold gin. Overhead a red de Haviland trainer was circling around and around and around in the sky with something like the glee of a child in a swing. Ned felt a passing affection for the scene, a tenderness for the gathering, as if it was something he might touch. In the distance he heard thunder. As soon as Enid Bunker saw him she began to scream: "Oh, look who's here! What a marvelous surprise! When Lucinda said that you couldn't come I thought I'd die." She made her way to him through the crowd, and when they had finished kissing she led him to the bar, a progress that was slowed by the fact that he stopped to kiss eight or ten other women and shake the hands of as many men.A smiling bartender he had seen at a hundred parties gave him a gin and tonic and he stood by the bar for a moment, anxious not to get stuck in any conversation that would delay his voyage. When he seemed about to be surrounded he dove in and swam close to the side toavoid colliding with Rusty's raft. At the far end of the pool he bypassed the Tomlinsons with a broad smile and jogged up the garden path. The gravel cut his feet but this was the only unpleasantness. The party was confined to the pool, and as he went toward the house he heard the brilliant, watery sound of voices fade, heard the noise of a radio from the Bunkers' kitchen, where someone was listening to a ball game. Sunday afternoon. He made his way through the parked cars and down the grassy border of their driveway to Alewives Lane. He did not want to be seen on the road in his bathing trunks but there was no traffic and he made the short distance to the Levys' driveway, marked with a PRIVATE PROPERTY sign and a green tube for The New York Times. All the doors and windows of the big house were open but there were no signs of life; not even a dog barked. He went around the side of the house to the pool and saw that the Levys had only recently left. Glasses and bottles and dishes of nuts were on a table at the deep end, where there was a bathhouse or gazebo, hung with Japanese lanterns. After swimming the pool he got himself a glass and poured a drink. It was his fourth or fifth drink and he had swum nearly half the length of the Lucinda River. He felt tired, clean, and pleased at that moment to be alone; pleased with everything.It would storm. The stand of cumulus cloud—that city—had risen and darkened, and while he sat there he heard the percussiveness of thunder again. The de Haviland trainer was still circling overhead and it seemed to Ned that he could almost hear the pilot laugh with pleasure in the afternoon; but when there was another peal of thunder he took off for home.A train whistle blew and he wondered what time it had gotten to be. Four? Five? He thought of the provincial station at that hour, where a waiter, his tuxedo concealed by a raincoat, a dwarf with some flowers wrapped in newspaper, and a woman who had been crying would be waiting for the local. It was suddenly growing dark; it was that moment when the pin-headed birds seem to organize their song into some acute and knowledgeable recognition of the storm's approach. Then there was a fine noise of rushing water from the crown of an oak at his back, as if a spigot there had been turned. Then the noise of fountains came from the crowns of all the tall trees. Why did he love storms, what was the meaning of his excitement when the door sprang open and the rain wind fled rudely up the stairs, why had the simple task, of shutting the windows of an old house seemed fitting and urgent, why did the first watery notes of a storm wind have for him the unmistakable sound of good news, cheer, glad tidings? Then there was an explosion, a smell of cordite, and rain lashed the Japanese lanterns that Mrs. Levy had bought in Kyoto the year before last, or was it the year before that?He stayed in the Levys' gazebo until the storm had passed. The rain had cooled the air and he shivered. The force of the wind had stripped a maple of its red and yellow leaves and scattered them over the grass and the water. Since it was midsummer the tree must be blighted, and yet he felt a peculiar sadness at this sign of autumn. He braced his shoulders, emptied his glass, and started for the Welchers' pool. This meant crossing the Lindleys' riding ring and he was surprised to find it overgrown with grass and all the jumps dismantled. He wondered if the Lindleys had sold their horses or gone away for the summer and put them out to board. He seemed to remember having heard something about the Lindleys and their horses but the memory was unclear. On he went, barefoot through thewet grass, to the Welchers', where he found their pool was dry.This breach in his chain of water disappointed him absurdly, and he felt like some explorer who seeks a torrential headwater and finds a dead stream. He was disappointed and mystified. It was common enough to go away for the summer but no one ever drained his pool. The Welchers had definitely gone away. The pool furniture was folded, stacked, and covered with a tarpaulin. The bathhouse was locked. All the windows of the house were shut, and when he went around to the driveway in front he saw a FOR SALE sign nailed to a tree. When had he last heard from the Welchers—when, that is, had he and Lucinda last regretted an invitation to dine with them? It seemed only a week or so ago. Was his memory failing or had he so disciplined it in the repression of unpleasant facts that he had damaged his sense of the truth? Then in the distance he heard the sound of a tennis game. This cheered him, cleared away all his apprehensions and let him regard the overcast sky and the cold air with indifference. This was the day that Neddy Merrill swam across the county. That was the day! He started off then for his most difficult portage.Had you gone for a Sunday afternoon ride that day you might have seen him, close to naked, standing on the shoulders of Route 424, waiting for a chance to cross. You might have wondered if he was the victim of foul play, had his car broken down, or was he merely a fool. Standing barefoot in the deposits of the highway—beer cans, rags, and blowout patches—exposed to all kinds of ridicule, he seemed pitiful. He had known when he started that this was a part of his journey—it had been on his maps—but confronted with the lines of traffic, worming through the summery light, he found himself unprepared. He was laughed at, jeered at, a beer can was thrown at him, and he had no dignity or humor to bring to the situation. He could have gone back, back to the Westerhazys', where Lucinda would still be sitting in the sun. He had signed nothing, vowed nothing, pledged nothing, not even to himself. Why, believing as he did, that all human obduracy was susceptible to common sense, was he unable to turn back? Why was he determined to complete his journey even if it meant putting his life in danger? At what point had this prank, this joke, this piece of horseplay become serious? He could not go back, he could not even recall with any clearness the green water at the Westerhazys', the sense of inhaling the day's components, the friendly and relaxed voices saying that they had drunk too much. In the space of an hour, more or less, be had covered a distance that made his return impossible.An old man, tooling down the highway at fifteen miles an hour, let him get to the middle of the road, where there was a grass divider. Here he was exposed to the ridicule of the northbound traffic, but after ten or fifteen minutes he was able to cross. From here he had only a short walk to the Recreation Center at the edge of the village of Lancaster, where there were some handball courts and a public pool.The effect of the water on voices, the illusion of brilliance and suspense, was the same here as it had been at the Bunkers' but the sounds here were louder, harsher, and more shrill, and as soon as he entered the crowded enclosure he was confronted with regimentation. "ALL SWIMMERS MUST TAKE A SHOWER BEFORE USING THE POOL. ALLSWIMMERS MUST USE THE FOOTBATH, ALL SWIMMERS MUST WEAR THEIR IDENTIFICATION DISKS." He took a shower, washed his feet in a cloudy and bitter solution, and made his way to the edge of the water. It stank of chlorine and looked to him like a sink. A pair of lifeguards in a pair of towers blew police whistles at what seemed to be regular intervals and abused the swimmers through a public address system. Neddy remembered the sapphire water at the Bunkers' with longing and thought that he might contaminate himself—damage his own prosperousness and charm—by swimming in this murk, but he reminded himself that he was an explorer, a pilgrim, and that this was merely a stagnant bend in the Lucinda River. He dove, scowling with distaste, into the chlorine and had to swim with his head above water to avoid collisions, but even so he was bumped into, splashed, and jostled. When he got to the shallow end both lifeguards were shouting at him: "Hey, you, you without the identification disk, get outta the water." He did, but they had no way of pursuing him and he went through the reek of suntan oil, and chlorine out through the hurricane fence and passed the handball courts. By crossing the road he entered the wooded part of the Halloran estate. The woods were not cleared and the footing was treacherous and difficult until he reached the lawn and the clipped beech hedge that encircled their pool.The Hallorans were friends, an elderly couple of enormous wealth who seemed to bask in the suspicion that they might be Communists. They were zealous reformers but they were not Communists, and yet when they were accused, as they sometimes were, of subversion, it seemed to gratify and excite them. Their beech hedge was yellow and he guessed this had been blighted like the Levys' maple. He called hullo, hullo, to warn the Hallorans of his approach, to palliate his invasion of their privacy. The Hallorans, for reasons that had never been explained to him, did not wear bathing suits. No explanations were in order, really. Their nakedness was a detail in their uncompromising zeal for reform and he stepped politely out of his trunks before he went through the opening in the hedge.Mrs. Halloran, a stout woman with white hair and a serene face, was reading the Times. Mr. Halloran was taking beech leaves out of the water with a scoop. They seemed not surprised or displeased to see him. Their pool was perhaps the oldest in the country, a fieldstone rectangle, fed by a brook. It had no filter or pump and its waters were the opaque gold of the stream."I'm swimming across the county," Ned said."Why, I didn't know one could," exclaimed Mrs. Halloran."Well, I've made it from the Westerhazys'," Ned said. "That must be about four miles."He left his trunks at the deep end, walked to the shallow end, and swam this stretch. As he was pulling himself out of the water he heard Mrs. Halloran say, "We've been terribly sorry to bear about all your misfortunes, Neddy.""My misfortunes?" Ned asked. "I don't know what you mean.""Why, we heard that you'd sold the house and that your poor children . . . ""I don't recall having sold the house," Ned said, "and the girls are at home.""Yes," Mrs. Halloran sighed. "Yes . . . " Her voice filled the air with an unseasonable melancholy and Ned spoke briskly. "Thank you for the swim.""Well, have a nice trip," said Mrs. Halloran.Beyond the hedge he pulled on his trunks and fastened them. They were loose and he wondered if, during the space of an afternoon, he could have lost some weight. He was cold and he was tired and the naked Hallorans and their dark water had depressed him. The swim was too much for his strength but how could he have guessed this, sliding down the banister that morning and sitting in the Westerhazys' sun? His arms were lame. His legs felt rubbery and ached at the joints. The worst of it was the cold in his bones and the feeling that he might never be warm again. Leaves were falling down around him and he smelled wood smoke on the wind. Who would be burning wood at this time of year?He needed a drink. Whiskey would warm him, pick him up, carry him through the last of his journey, refresh his feeling that it was original and valorous to swim across the county. Channel swimmers took brandy. He needed a stimulant. He crossed the lawn in front of the Hallorans' house and went down a little path to where they had built a house, for their only daughter, Helen, and her husband, Eric Sachs. The Sachses' pool was small and he found Helen and her husband there."Oh, Neddy, " Helen said. "Did you lunch at Mother's?""Not really, " Ned said. "I did stop to see your parents." This seemed to be explanation enough. "I'm terribly sorry to break in on you like this but I've taken a chill and I wonder if you'd give me a drink.""Why, I'd love to," Helen said, "but there hasn't been anything in this house to drink since Eric's operation. That was three years ago."Was he losing his memory, had his gift for concealing painful facts let him forget that he had sold his house, that his children were in trouble, and that his friend had been ill? His eyes slipped from Eric's face to his abdomen, where he saw three pale, sutured scars, two of them at least a foot long. Gone was his navel, and what, Neddy thought, would the roving hand, bed-checking one's gifts at 3 a.m., make of a belly with no navel, no link to birth, this breach in the succession?"I'm sure you can get a drink at the Biswangers'," Helen said. "They're having an enormous do. You can hear it from here. Listen!"She raised her head and from across the road, the lawns, the gardens, the woods, the fields, he heard again the brilliant noise of voices over water. "Well, I'll get wet," he said, stillfeeling that he had no freedom of choice about his means of travel. He dove into the Sachses' cold water and, gasping, close to drowning, made his way from one end of the pool to the other. "Lucinda and I want terribly to see you," he said over his shoulder, his face set toward the Biswangers'. "We're sorry it's been so long and we'll call you very soon."He crossed some fields to the Biswangers' and the sounds of revelry there. They would be honored to give him a drink, they would be happy to give him a drink. The Biswangers invited him and Lucinda for dinner four times a year, six weeks in advance. They were always rebuffed and yet they continued to send out their invitations, unwilling to comprehend the rigid and undemocratic realities of their society. They were the sort of people who discussed the price of things at cocktails, exchanged market tips during dinner, and after dinner told dirty stories to mixed company. They did not belong to Neddy's set—they were not even on Lucinda's Christmas-card list. He went toward their pool with feelings of indifference, charity, and some unease, since it seemed to be getting dark and these were the longest days of the year. The party when he joined it was noisy and large. Grace Biswanger was the kind of hostess who asked the optometrist, the veterinarian, the real-estate dealer, and the dentist. No one was swimming and the twilight, reflected on the water of the pool, had a wintry gleam. There was a bar and he started for this. When Grace Biswanger saw him she came toward him, not affectionately as he had every right to expect, but bellicosely."Why, this party has everything," she said loudly, "including a gate crasher."She could not deal him a social blow—there was no question about this and he did not flinch. "As a gate crasher," he asked politely, "do I rate a drink?""Suit yourself," she said. "You don't seem to pay much attention to invitations."She turned her back on him and joined some guests, and he went to the bar and ordered a whiskey. The bartender served him but be served him rudely. His was a world in which the caterer's men kept the social score, and to be rebuffed by a part-time barkeep meant that be had suffered some loss of social esteem. Or perhaps the man was new and uninformed. Then he heard Grace at his back say: "They went for broke overnight—nothing but income—and he showed up drunk one Sunday and asked us to loan him five thousand dollars. . . ." She was always talking about money. It was worse than eating your peas off a knife. He dove into the pool, swam its length and went away.The next pool on his list, the last but two, belonged to his old mistress, Shirley Adams. If he had suffered any injuries at the Biswangers' they would be cured here. Love—sexual roughhouse in fact—was the supreme elixir, the pain killer, the brightly colored pill that would put the spring back into his step, the joy of life in his heart. They had had an affair last week, last month, last year. He couldn't remember, It was he who had broken it off, his was the upper hand, and he stepped through the gate of the wall that surrounded her pool with nothing so considered as self-confidence. It seemed in a way to be his pool, as the lover, particularly the illicit lover, enjoys the possessions of his mistress with an authority unknown to holy matrimony. She was there, her hair the color of brass, but her figure, at theedge of the lighted, cerulean water, excited in him no profound memories. It had been, he thought, a lighthearted affair, although she had wept when he broke it off. She seemed confused to see him and he wondered if she was still wounded. Would she, God forbid, weep again?"What do you want?" she asked."I'm swimming across the county.""Good Christ. Will you ever grow up?""What's the matter?""If you've come here for money," she said, "I won't give you another cent.""You could give me a drink.""I could but I won't. I'm not alone.""Well, I'm on my way."He dove in and swam the pool, but when he tried to haul himself up onto the curb he found that the strength in his arms and shoulders had gone, and he paddled to the ladder and climbed out. Looking over his shoulder he saw, in the lighted bathhouse, a young man. Going out onto the dark lawn he smelled chrysanthemums or marigolds—some stub- born autumnal fragrance—on the night air, strong as gas. Looking overhead he saw that the stars had come out, but why should he seem to see Andromeda, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia? What had become of the constellations of midsummer? He began to cry.It was probably the first time in his adult life that he had ever cried, certainly the first time in his life that he had ever felt so miserable, cold, tired, and bewildered. He could not understand the rudeness of the caterer's barkeep or the rudeness of a mistress who had come to him on her knees and showered his trousers with tears. He had swum too long, he had been immersed too long, and his nose and his throat were sore from the water. What he needed then was a drink, some company, and some clean, dry clothes, and while he could have cut directly across the road to his home he went on to the Gilmartins' pool. Here, for the first time in his life, he did not dive but went down the steps into the icy water and swam a bobbled sidestroke that he might have learned as a youth. He staggered with fatigue on his way to the Clydes' and paddled the length of their pool, stopping again and again with his hand on the curb to rest. He climbed up the ladder and wondered if he had the strength to get home. He had done what he wanted, he had swum the county, but he was so stupefied with exhaustion that his triumph seemed vague. Stooped, holding on to the gateposts for support, he turned up the driveway of his own house.The place was dark. Was it so late that they had all gone to bed? Had Lucinda stayed at the Westerhazys' for supper? Had the girls joined her there or gone someplace else? Hadn't theyagreed, as they usually did on Sunday, to regret all their invitations and stay at home? He tried the garage doors to see what cars were in but the doors were locked and rust came off the handles onto his hands. Going toward the house, he saw that the force of the thunderstorm had knocked one of the rain gutters loose. It hung down over the front door like an umbrella rib, but it could be fixed in the morning. The house was locked, and he thought that the stupid cook or the stupid maid must have locked the place up until he remembered that it had been some time since they had employed a maid or a cook. He shouted, pounded on the door, tried to force it with his shoulder, and then, looking in at the windows, saw that the place was empty.。

原创力之英美文学填空题1、John Steinbeck’s masterpiece “The Grapes of Wrath”is a monumented epic of the GreatDepression.2、John Steinbeck largely based his fiction on “The Grapes of Wrath”.3、A playwright of social philosophy, Arthur Miller advocates that the common man, and noneof rank, is the tragic hero of modern times.4、Arthur Miller’s most impressive play was “Death of a Salesman”.5、Joseph Heller’s “Catch-22”, considered to be one of the most significant works of “protestliterature” since World War II, is an almost archetypal example of black humor.6、F. Soctt Fitzgerald was a spokesman forr the so-called Jazz Age.7、“The Great Gatsby” is generally regarded as Fitzgerald’s masterpiece.8、Cheever is generally acclaimed as a realist writer about suburban manners and morals.9、Cheever’s major theme is the dilemma of American upper-middle class.10、Cheever’s style is manifested in the use of psychological realism and symbols.11、Updike uses the first-person point of view in the “A & P”.12、“A & P” is an appropriate symbol for the mass ethic of a consumer-conditional society. In this setting, the story reveals the sensitive character of a young grocery clerk who rejects the standards of the A & P and in doing so commits himself to that kind of individual freedom.13、Jack Kerouac’s best novel is “On the Road”.14、Katherine Anne Porter’s first book of stories was “Flowering Judas”.15、Much of the critical acclaim for the “Theft” results from her skillful use of symbols in it. The stolen purse symbolizes all property.16、Isaac Bashevis Singer’s fiction is characteristically in the tradition of the spoken tale,mingling forthright literalness about the visible world with an equally literal rendition of fantastic and supernatural forms.17、“The Dean’s December” is written by Saul Bellow.18、As the leader of the Harlem writers who created the Black Literary Renaissance of the 1920s, Langston Hughes was known as the “Poet Laureate of Harlem”and “O. Henry of Harlem”.19、In the poem “The Negro Speaks of Rivers,”Hughes uses the rivers to symbolize thesoul of the Black people.20、In 1920 O’Neill’s first full-length play “Beyond the Horizon”was professionallyproduced on Broadway and won the Pulitzer Prize, and the name of O’Neill became known throughout the country.21、“The Song of Beowulf”can be justly termed England’s national epic and its heroBeowulf —one of the national heroes of the English people.22、Geoffrey Chaucer was called the “father of English poetry,”and his allegories andsymbols are tinged with realistic images.23、Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.24、The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland’s “The Vision of Piers, thePlowman”.25、At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist Thomas More (1478-1535)wrote his “Utopia” (1516) in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’ssufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.26、Thomas Wyatt was the first to introduce sonnet into English literature.27、The literature which the Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright,romantic tales of love and adventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry.28、The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe.29、Great popularity was won by John Lyly’s novel “Eupheus” which gave rise to the term“euphuism,” designating an affected style of court speech.30、The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literaturefor he was one of the first founders of realism, a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.31、“Hamlet” is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism ofcontemporary life.32、Of Bacon’s literary works, the most important are the “Essays”.33、The largest and most important of Bacon’s professional works are the treatises entitled“Maxims of the Law” and “Reading on the Statute of Uses”.34、John Milton’s greatest work “Paradies Lost,” presents the author’s views in an allegoricreligious form, and the reader will easily discern its basic idea —the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.35、Bunyan’s most important work is “The Pilgrim’s Progress,”written in theold-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.36、The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England wasJonathan Swift who ruthlessly exposed the dirty mercenary essence of bourgeois relationships.37、To read Milton’s “Il Penserose” and Thomas Gray’s “Elegy” is to see the beginning andthe perfection of that “literature of melancholy” which largely occupied English poets for more than a century.38、With the publication of his frontier tale, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of CalaverasCountry,” Twain became nationally famous.39、The first uncompromising naturalistic novel in America, “Maggie: A Girl of theStreets” pointed an unabashed picture of the bitter life of the slum-dwellers.40、Stephen Crane’ most famous short story is “The Open Boat”.41、“Mc Teague” has been called “the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel” and “aconsciously naturalistic manifesto.”It is a classic case study of the inevitable effect of environment and heredity on human lives.42、The narrator of “Hugh Selwyn Mauberley” is Odysseus-Pound, and the substructure ofthe “Cantos” is Homeric.43、Howells defines realism as “fidelity to experience and probability of motive,” as a questof the average and the habitual rather than the exceptional or the uniquely high or low. 44、“Daisy Miller”won Henry James international fame and which reveals James’fascination with his “international theme”.45、Henry James was one of the three staunch advocates of nineteenth-century Americanrealism, the other two being Howells and Mark Twain.46、“A juggler with syntax, grammar, and diction,” E.E. Cummings wrote entirelyregardless of any established conventions of poetry, thus becoming a symbol of the modern pioneering spirit in modern American literary history.47、“The Bridge” is one of the long poems to come out of the twentieth-century Americanmodern epic tradition, ranking alongside “The Waste Land,”“the Cantos,” and “Paterson”. 48、T.S. Eliot read “The Great Gatsby” three times and concluded that it was “the first stepthat American fiction has taken since Henry James”.49、Hemingway’s influence as a stylist was neatly expressed in the praise of the Nobel PrizeCommittee about “his powerful style-forming mastery of the art” of writing modern fiction. 50、“The Naked Lunch” best illustrates Burroughs’ thematic and formal features.。