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Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英语有多难Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。
English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。
Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。
Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。
自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。
作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。
作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。
大学英语自学教程上册课文翻译第一课 Text A「课文译文」怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。
”然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地,主动地,目的明确地学习。
自考英语（二）Unit4ThejoyofworkUnit 4 The joy of workText AWork is a blessingI grew up in Lakeland ,Louisiana, one of 12 children. We all lived on my parents’ subsistence farm. We grew cotton, sugar cane, corn, hogs and chickens and had a large garden, but it did n’t bring in much cash. So when I was 12, I got a part -time job on a dairy farm down the road, helping to milk cows. We milked 65 cows at 5 in the morning. and again at 2 in the afternoon, seven days a week.我在路易斯安那州莱克兰长大，是家中12个孩子的其中一个。
我们都住在分母的自给自足的农场。
我们种棉花、甘蔗、玉米，养殖猪和鸡，还有一个大花园，但没有带来很大的收益。
所以当我12岁的时候，我在马路边的一个奶牛场找到了一份兼职工作，帮忙挤牛奶。
我们一周工作七天，早上5点挤65头牛的奶，下午2点再挤一次。
In the kitchen one Saturday before daylight, I remember complaining to my father and grandfather about having to go milk those cows. My father said,” Y a know, boy, to work is blessing.”一个星期六，天还没亮的时候，我在厨房里向父亲和祖父抱怨要去挤牛奶。
Unit 4 The Joy of WorkA Famous Quote:Labour is often the father of pleasure.- Francios – Marie Arouet (Voltaire) Francios – Marie Arouet (Voltaire)(1694-1778), French poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher. He was and outspoken and aggressive enemy of every injustice, especially of religious intolerance. His works are an outstanding embodiment of the principles of the French Enlightenment.Text A Works Is a BlessingPre-reading Questions1. Do you often help your parents with the household chores? What do you usually do tohelp them?你经常帮助父母做家务吗？通常帮他们做些什么？2. Have you had any experience of doing part-time jobs to help support yourself and yourfamily? What did you think about it?你有过做兼职挣钱养活自己或者挣钱养家的经历吗？对此有什么看法？A FAMOUS QUOTELabour is often the father of pleasure.——Francois-Marie Arouet （Voltaire）勤劳常是快乐之源。
Unit 4T ext AImproving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme ―Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…?’’ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan – 12, 389 feet—might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added t o the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. (407 words) (7) (33) T ext BShort-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: short-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exams often have this experience. In contrast, information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors. There was a light in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter’s results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English: beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether,wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory. (548 words) (6) (27)。
Unit 4 The Joy of WorkA Famous Quote:Labour is often the father of pleasure.- Francios – Marie Arouet (Voltaire) Francios – Marie Arouet (Voltaire)(1694-1778), French poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher. He was and outspoken and aggressive enemy of every injustice, especially of religious intolerance. His works are an outstanding embodiment of the principles of the French Enlightenment.Text A Works Is a BlessingPre-reading Questions1. Do you often help your parents with the household chores? What do you usually do tohelp them?你经常帮助父母做家务吗？通常帮他们做些什么？2. Have you had any experience of doing part-time jobs to help support yourself and yourfamily? What did you think about it?你有过做兼职挣钱养活自己或者挣钱养家的经历吗？对此有什么看法？A FAMOUS QUOTELabour is often the father of pleasure.——Francois-Marie Arouet （Voltaire）勤劳常是快乐之源。
U nit 4Text A Slavery on Our Doorstep我们身边的奴役There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (th e exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, dip lomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited an d abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overse as servants working in Britain.据估计，在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人。
通常，他们是被外国商人、外交官和从国外归来的英国人带来的。
根据某个设在伦敦的帮助在英国做工的外籍佣人的政治组织说，两万名佣人中有近两千人被他们的雇主剥削、虐待。
The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.虐待有多种形式：家仆常不许外出或得不到工钱；有的家仆还受到肉体、性或精神方面的虐待；还有的护照遭到没收，这样他们走也走不了，逃也逃不掉。
The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media atte ntion earlier this year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was execut ed is Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her g uilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dra matic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid workin g in London:今年早些时候引起大众高度注意的事件中，全世界女佣的悲惨状况得到了媒体的注意。
其中一件是，一个菲律宾女佣在被判杀谋杀罪后，在新加坡被处决，尽管各方面都抗议她的罪行尚未充分证实。
一些组织如"反奴役国际"称还有一些案件虽然没有菲律宾女佣案那么具有戏剧性，也同样值得关注。
如在伦敦做事的菲籍女佣迪亚加西亚一案："I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly form the Philippines to work in London in 1989. I wa s supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that the y would send me back to my country.""1989年一个沙特外交官直接把我从菲律宾雇来到伦敦工作。
说是一个月120镑，但多从没有拿过那么多。
她还经常吓唬我，说要把我送回国去。
"Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she use d to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed h er four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a priso ner at the London house where she worked:此外，还有来自斯里兰卡的库马里事件。
她家主要靠她赚钱维持生计，她曾在斯里兰卡一家茶场挣一份微薄的工资。
因为她发现很难养活她的四个孩子，就接受了在伦敦做佣人的一份工作。
她说在伦敦那所她工作的房子里感觉像个囚犯。
"No days off - ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a s helf with a space of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even a llowed to open the window. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or t he police.""不放假，也不让休息，连一口像样的饭也吃不上。
而且我没有自己的房间，让我睡在壁橱的隔板上，躺上去，身子离上面的隔板只有三尺来高，还不容许我跟别人说话，连窗户也不让开。
雇主动不动就吓唬说要向内政部或警察告我的状。
"At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domesti c workers from abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employee s to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree t o provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditio ns of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).1993年末英国政府采取了新措施，保护家佣不再受雇主的欺负。
其中包括把雇佣的年龄提高到18岁，让雇佣新闻记者并理解一份有建议的宣传材料，使雇主同意提供适当的生活费用和条件，把工作的主要条款和条件形成文字。
However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. Fo r the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigratio n rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.) So if they do complain, they ris k being deported.但是，这些措施能否有效地减少虐待的发生，很多人感到怀疑。
外籍女佣和家仆虽有意对恶劣的生活和工作条件提出控诉，但主要的问题是他们没有独立的移民身份，因此不能改换雇主，故而他们敢发泄不满的话，就有被遣送回国的可能。
Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different em ployer, if the so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Govern ment for. It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slav ery.做家仆的人有选择雇主的自由，这也就是"反奴役国际"这类组织努力促使政府去实现的事。
这类组织说，正是改换雇主的权利划清了雇佣和奴役的界限。
Text B Return of The Chain Gang又把犯人串在一起了Eyewitnesses say it was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s. As th e sun rose over the fields of Huntsville, Alabama, in the American South, the convicts got down fro m the trucks that had brought them there. Watched over by guards with guns, they raised their le gs in unison and made their way to the edge of the highway, Interstate 65. The BBC's Washingto n correspondent Clare Bolderson was there and she sent this report:看到这个情景的人说，这就像50年代一部黑白电影中的场景：当太阳从美国南部阿拉巴马州的亨茨威尔的田野上升起时，罪犯们从运送他们的卡车上下来。
