才思学员回忆--2017年复旦大学翻译硕士考研真题

2020复旦大学翻译硕士考研真题回忆最全整理基础英语1.词汇语法题1'*20（单词可按GRE单词准备）2.阅读理解三篇10'*3（每篇5题星火专八难度左右）A.讨论为什么只有人有下颌，是进化还是什么原因？以下疑似第一篇阅读原文：Why we have chins: Researchers contend chin comes from evolution, not mechanical forces by Richard C. Lewis , University of IowaWe have one feature that primates, Neanderthals, archaic humans—any species, for that matter—don't possess: a chin."In some way, it seems trivial, but a reason why chins are so interesting is we're the only ones who have them," says Nathan Holton, who studies craniofacial features and mechanics at the University of Iowa. "It's unique to us."New research led by Holton and colleagues at the UI posits that our chins don't come from mechanical forces such as chewing, but instead results from an evolutionary adaptation involving face size and shape—possibly linked to changes in hormone levels as we became more societally domesticated.The finding, if true, may help settle a debate that's gone on intermittently for more than a century why modern humans have chins and how they came to be.Using advanced facial and cranial biomechanical analyses with nearly 40 people whose measurements were plotted from toddlers to adults, the UI team concludes mechanical forces, including chewing, appear incapable of producing the resistance needed for new bone to be created in the lower mandible, or jaw area. Rather, they write in a paper published online in the Journal of Anatomy, it appears the chin's emergence in modern humans arose from simple geometry: As our faces became smaller in our evolution from archaic humans to today—in fact, our faces are roughly 15 percent shorter than Neanderthals'—the chin became a bony prominence, the adapted, pointy emblem at the bottom of our face.University of Iowa researchers find that we develop chins as our head size increases, from childhood to adulthood. At about 4 years of age (left), we have little indication of a chin, but by our 20s, we havea prominent point at the bottom of our faces. Credit: Nathan Holton lab, University of Iowa"In short, we do not find any evidence that chins are tied to mechanical function and in some cases we find that chins are worse at resisting mechanical forces as we grow," says Holton, assistant professor and anthropologist in the Department of Orthodontics at the UI College of Dentistry. "Overall, this suggests that chins are unlikely related to the need to dissipate stresses and strains and that other explanations are more likely to be correct."More intriguing, UI anthropologists led by Robert Franciscus think the human chin is a secondary consequence of our lifestyle change, starting about 80,000 years ago and picking up great steam with modern humans' migration from Africa about 20,000 years later. What happened was this: Modern humans evolved from hunter-gatherer groups that were rather isolated from each other to increasingly cooperative groups that formed social networks across the landscape. These more connected groups appear to have enhanced the degree to which they expressed themselves in art and other symbolic mediums.Males in particular became more tranquil during this period, less likely to fight over territory and belongings, and more willing to make alliances, evidenced by exchanging goods and ideas, that benefited each and all.The change in attitude was tied to reduced hormone levels, namely testosterone, resulting in noticeable changes to the male craniofacial region: One big shift was the face became smaller—retrenching in effect—a physiological departure that created a natural opportunity for the human chin to emerge."What we're arguing is that modern humans had an advantage at some point to have a well-connected social network, they can exchange information, and mates, more readily, there's innovation," saysFranciscus, who was on the team that first laid out the theory in a paper published last August in the journal Current Anthropology and is a contributing author on the current paper, "and for that to happen, males have to tolerate each other. There had to be more curiosity and inquisitiveness than aggression, and the evidence of that lies in facial architecture."The new study buttresses that argument, in that it seems to rule out the chin arose from mechanical exertion, such as chewing.The researchers examined how the jaw region generally reacted to two forces—vertical bending and wishboning. In wishboning, one side of the jaw is pulled outward, resulting in compression in the outer part of the chin. In vertical bending, the ramus—the posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw—splays outward, tensing the chin area. In both instances, the thinking went, the chin area is being mechanically stressed; on a microscopic level, new bone is being created, much like lifting weights creates little tears that allows new muscle to be created. Thus, arose the theory that mechanical forces, such as chewing, led to our chins.But in examinations from periodic measurements of participants' heads from 3 years of age to more than 20 years old, the UI researchers found no evidence that these imperceptible mechanical forces led to new bone in the chin region. Instead, they found nearly the opposite: Individuals with the most mechanical resistance had chins most similar to a 3 -or 4-year-old—meaning they didn't have much of a chin at all.What the researchers did notice is chin "growth" has more to do with how each feature in our face adapts as our head size increases, much like you'd fit individual pieces together in an expanding, shape-shifting, three-dimensional puzzle.Children,for example, have flat, nearly imperceptible chins, much like what's seen in Neanderthals. That bony prominence only becomes visible as our heads and faces grow into adulthood."Our study suggests that chin prominence is unrelated to function," Holton says, "and probably has more to do with spatial dynamics during development."B. 科学家和爱动物人士的争议C.讲不同国家对肢体接触的接受程度3.完形填空讲美元汇率相关10'4.作文学生减负的看法（400 words）40'翻译基础英译汉on poetry in its relation to our age and country节选汉译英华为GIV2025年白皮书选段原文：互联网和社交平台已逐渐成为大众获取信息的最主要平台，而对点击率的狂热追求，让新闻资讯APP上的新闻开始以博眼球、标题党等方式出现。

2010~2014年复旦大学翻译硕士（MTI）真题回忆+经验2014年复旦大学翻译硕士（MTI）真题回忆2014复旦大学翻译硕士MTI回忆版本一翻译硕士英语：一，单选（10个，10分），以词汇和词组为主。

第一题有harbinger这种词，词组有什么latch on to，keep up with这种。

总之考察基本功，很细致，也不能说容易二，改错（10个，10分），给出的材料是关于语言的变迁，英语语言的词汇一直在演变啦被淘汰更新啦，莎士比亚如果还活着也会有多少单词不认识啦什么的。

有些学术气息。

这个我有很多不确定的，不过改词，添词和删词我也都用上了，老天保佑我多对几个吧，唉三，用所给词语的适当形式填空（10个，10分）这个做得比较郁闷，但是所给句子和词又不能算非常难，只是我很不确定填的形式是不是真的对。

非英专，功底真的不扎实，唉。

我还记得的词语有orthodox，paradox，ethnic，convert，enormous之类的四，阅读理解（四篇，20个，30分）第一篇关于杰斐逊和林肯总统的文学爱好之类的，喜欢读莎士比亚啊（复旦的题特别喜欢出现莎士比亚和英国这两个字眼，汗），什么戏剧，什么诗歌（总之里面出现了很多作家名作品名不怎么认识），结合他们的个人性格啊生活啊什么的。

其余几篇我真的不太记得了，好像有一篇是关于捍卫自己死亡的权利（我没理解错吧？额），还有一篇是关于宗教及现代精神心理研究的结合什么的。

（总之所有的阅读我都是晕晕乎乎读完，然后就做题了，也没有全部理解透彻）总之，阅读题就别别扭扭，出题角度比较直接但是又不能说有底，比较dt的是总觉得题目顺序跟行文顺序有点不一致，到处找答案。

五，有选项完形填空（20个，10分）这个比较不值钱，难度也不算大。

六，作文（30分）Topic writing：which is more important in hunting a job? Social connections or individual qualifications？只需要300words。

2017年研究生入学统一考试试题〔英语二〕Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the ing work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland..A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply bee lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，〞says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I e home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，〞Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different〞—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby ora passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.1.[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring2.[A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty3.[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction4.[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured5.[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom6.[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless7.[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated8.[A] explanation [B] requirement [C] pensation [D] substitute9.[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among10.[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside11.[A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically12.[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles13.[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course14.[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield15.[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship16.[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce17.[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats18.[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved19.[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into20.[A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonalSection II Reading prehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 〔40 points〕Text 1Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run－up to 2012－but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation." The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only petitor is the clock. The ethos weles anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning ofsuch a fundamentally "grassroots", concept as munity sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing mon goods－making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has_____.A．gained great popularityB．created many jobsC．strengthened munity tiesD．bee an official festival22. The author believes that London's Olympic "legacy" has failed to_____. A．boost population growthB．promote sport participationC．improve the city's imageD．increase sport hours in schools23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it_____.A．aims at discovering talentsB．focuses on mass petitionC．does not emphasize elitismD．does not attract first-timers24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should_____. A．organize "grassroots" sports eventsB．supervise local sports associationsC．increase funds for sports clubsD．invest in public sports facilities25. The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is_____. A．tolerantB．criticalC．uncertainD．sympatheticText 2With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. “Tech is designed to really suck on you in,〞says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there to promote maximalengagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.〞Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device－it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the “still face experiment〞devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child bees increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention. "Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology th at demands that parents should always be interacting〞with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.〞Tronick believes that just because achild isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it－particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______. A．simplify routine mattersB．absorb user attentionC．better interpersonal relationsD．increase work efficiency27. Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______.A．takes away babies’ appetiteB．distracts children’s attentionC．slows do wn babies’ verbal developmentD．reduces mother-child munication28. Radesky’s cites the “still face experiment〞to show that _______.A．it is easy for children to get used to blank expressionsB．verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchangeC．children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ moodD．parents need to respond to children's emotional needs29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______. A．protect kids from exposure to wild fantasiesB．teach their kids at least 30,000 words a yearC．ensure constant interaction with their childrenD．remain concerned about kid's use of screens29.【答案】C【解析】此题目为具体细节题。

2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析2017年考研英语考试已经结束!出国留学考研网在考后第一时间为大家提供2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析英语1文章明显偏学术，今年考察英语语言发展情况，文章选的英国文化教育协会，是雅思出题组织者。

它的主席叫大卫格兰多的一本书，叫《英语下一步》，他讲到整本书意思是英语将走向何处。

很有意思的是主席曾经这本书里说到了中文将以后成为世界语言。

英语1考题作为序言部分作为考题。

今年英语1总体难度和去年相比，刚刚过去2016年考研题稳中有一点点上升，没有任何难句出现，只是长句。

我认为稳中上升。

第一句话有一个单词难一点，(英文)，英语全球性主导地位。

翻译里没有考过。

(英文)主导地位考过，但是是阅读里经常出现，翻译都是可以的。

这句话基本意思说到了，说英语的人进一步扩大，这是一个(英文)状语从句。

后面跟着有迹象表明，是主句，表明的迹象是什么呢?从句，英语全球性主导地位在可预见地位将减弱。

fade(英文)略微有难度。

我对考研阅读没有那么熟，但是2000年出现过。

如果按照新东方老师关注的精读方法来学习有很好的效果。

第二句话讲到了大卫这个人分析，会终结一些人的(英文)，他们或许会认为英语全球性地位是如此稳定。

他们有一次词，是(英语)如此稳定，英国年轻一代不需要额外学习其他的语言能力。

但是会终结年轻一代的能力。

但是组织的时候要注意一下，有些人认为英语语言地位如此稳定，英国年轻人没有必要学习什么，但是大卫的观点会终结这些人的想法。

语序颠倒一下会更好。

48题，正在引入英语，引入小学课程，有一个单词，(英语)，这个单词是常见的一个单词，叫课程。

很多学校，很多国家把英语引入到小学课程，在小学会学课程都可以，把英语纳入小学课程。

但是英国小学生没有受到更多鼓励，鼓励他们更流利掌握其他语言。

fluency，这个单词稍微难掌握一些。

2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and ill ustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley.(47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语二）46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopul ar word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone sai d, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”Section Ⅲ Translation最近，“承受力”\坚持不懈”成了一个流行词，但对Ted Ning来说，他对其含义有自己亲身的体会。

2012年上海复旦大学考研翻译硕士真题回忆版1，政治（1）12年的题真的有些偏了，我真的认为像是清ZF跟美法签订了哪些条约，像是洋务运动创办了哪些学堂啥的，没有啥出的必要。

还有大题，觉得最重点的新型工业化道路，经济转型，居然也没考。

(2)马哲得先死背，再活用。

毛特总之就那几句话，初级阶段国情啦，发展生产力的需要啦，人民生活水平啦，综合国力啦，在从政治经济文化方面分析分析。

近现代史也没啥可说的，死记呗，各种会议。

（3）思修和法基占得分值也不太多，知识点也不太难，理解就好，注意跟前面的知识结合。

详情请见2012年考研政治真题及解析。

2，翻译硕士英语，题型同前几年一样。

（1）无选项完型20题共20分（2）单词替换20题共20分（3）改错20题共20分（4）单选20题共10分（5）阅读四篇20题共10分（6）写作500words30分。

无选项完型出的很基础，也没有太多生僻词，但是毕竟是无选项的，所以大家一定得多做练习，培养语感以及整体连贯性，扩充词汇量。

单词替换就是给一篇文章，然后文章里有20个粗体词，每个词给你四个近义词，让你选最接近，最合适的一个。

词量不小，难度也不太小，主要考察近义词辨析，要平时多注意。

改错也不太难，平时多练练就ok，这次考的是关于自动牙刷的。

单选是全考语法的，不简单，大概有虚拟语气，独立主格结构啥的。

阅读也还好，词汇不是很难，不过值得一提的是，复旦这次出的专硕翻译实在有一点对付，听有人说有拼写错误，我是没注意到，不过阅读题里有两道题一摸一样我就无法忍受了。

写作是问你高考制度有没有助于提高学术水平科研成果啥的。

3，英语翻译基础，是真的太基础啦。

①词汇翻译，一共十个，大学城，收视率，试婚，载人空间站，human genome project，crowdsourcing，party animal，catch-22（ms连考三年了已经）剩下2个不记得了，不过都是很基础的。

大部分都是原题啊。

在下定决心准备考研的时候我也很迷茫;不知道自己要看什么书;还有复习计划要怎么做..其实当你看了很多网上的帖子之后;你就可以摸索出自己的很多学习方式了..再回头看的时候;对于自己的考研;不会有强烈的成就感;因为坚持;就可以胜利;只要坚持;你就可以只要坚持;你一定行现在回想起来;其实只要有一个计划并一直按那个在进步;最终一定能考上..所以同学们;不要着急;不要害怕;自己永远是力量的源泉;是智慧的源泉;当你不知道怎么做的时候;来坛子里看看;通常启发就来了;解决完问题;进步;提升送大家一句话：相信自己;力量在心中首先我们在决定考研之后要先了解目标学校的考试内容是什么;有些学校对的翻硕要考二外;复旦其实对翻硕没有什么要求..复旦的考试分为四个部分：其中;英语翻译基础、翻译硕士英语和汉语百科知识与写作是自主命题；政治是全国统考..我是从3月份开始备考的;当时主要的精力都放在了专科课上面;政治的复习也是在考试前10月分开始复习的..接下来跟大家分享一下我各科的复习经验..翻译硕士英语题型为：词汇语法选择<20分;20题>；改错<10分;10题>；阅读理解<40分;两篇为选择题;两篇回答问题>；命题作文<30分>试题难度在六级以上、专八以下;词汇语法可以用专四词语与语法专项来练习;改错为专八难度;阅读理解六级难度左右;作文不少于400字;专八难度..我复习的时候选择的是英语专业八级词汇轻松背;里面的英文词汇达到1万到2万..单词的巩固是英语复习的关键..作文我主要是背了很多星火专八的例文..翻译基础主要考的是词语翻译;英汉互译..短词翻译主要考察的是缩略语、专业术语翻译、热点词翻译..大家可以多专注一下真题里的短语;还可以在学校论坛里找一些资料..英汉互译建议大家可以练习专八翻译;如果时间允许的情况下;可以看张培基的英译中国现代散文选然后一定要自己翻译;而且要写在本上..我推荐：ChinaDaily的新词新译;CATTI3笔译实务;散文108..汉译英大家多看看背背张培基的英译散文选就行了..翻译我主要用的书是：上外的高级翻译教程;英汉翻译简明教程;;张培基的英译中国现代散文选..这些书都要反复的翻译;还要坚持每天都要练习翻译..汉语写作与百科知识百科需要大家关注的是国内外新闻还有热点名词;复旦大学的考试比较喜欢考这个方向的;所以需要大家多关注这些信息..而且复旦的名词解释每年考试都会有大量重复的;莎士比亚更是每年都考..而且还经常考英国;所以就需要我们掌握英国的基本情况和发展历史;国歌天佑女王、民族央格鲁撒克逊、别称日不落帝国、名人莎士比亚;湖畔诗人、历史事件工业革命;资产阶级革命;圈地运动;鸦片战争、制度君主立宪、代表BBC;大英百科全书等等;你会发现以上列出的条目全是考过的题目..写作方面同样要多借鉴往年的真题作文;因为复旦每年的考试类型都比较接近;所以要把历年的考试类型都要吃透;然后自己多练习就好了..可以看看蛋核的写作课程..下面就给大家附上我备考时候用的英语专业八级历年真题;GRE试题阅读理解部分西方文化史;庄锡昌;北京：高等教育出版社英语写作手册;丁往道;北京：外语教学与研究出版社实用翻译教程增订本;冯庆华;上海：上海外语教育出版社笔译理论与技巧;何刚强;北京：外语教学与研究出版社英汉翻译简明教程;庄绎传;北京：外语教学与研究出版社;2002英译中国现代散文选1-3册;张培基;上海：上海外语教育出版社法律文本与法律翻译;李克兴;中国出版集团中国对外翻译出版社英语笔译实务三级全国翻译专业资格水平考试教材;外文出版社政治是我考研当中考的最差的一门了;这主要是因为我复习时太大意了;很多前辈都说政治不用太早开始复习;但是依我看大家千万不要开始太晚了..我是从九月中旬开始复习政治的;整整一个月看精讲精练、做配套习题以及听视频课;说真的听政治视频真的挺重要的;其中马原和毛中特的知识不听讲解;非常难懂;这样多选题会模棱两可、一塌糊涂..十月份和十一月份我基本都在听强化课程;参考书我买了那本非常火热的政治新时器;先是把真题按照年份倒序着做;然后又刷了一遍李凡的题..到了十二月份进入了冲刺阶段我买了很多套测试卷;各种老师的都有主要是用来做选择题;而大题我就只背了李凡系列..我之所以政治考的不算很好;主要是因为开始的时候盲目自信;所以政治复习开始的比较晚;结果考研政治相比高中的政治要深不少;而且内容量也不小..这里我还是建议大家所以最好7月份就开始;我9月份才学就导致后期手忙脚乱;临考头一天晚上还在大背;根本没有时间做反思与总结..政治要多注意多选题;多做总结、对比、思考;这是拉开差距的关键一环..另外一定要多关注新闻时事..复习的时候大家千万不要存下侥幸心理不要觉得之歌知识点自己以前学的很好;就对它懈怠了;大家一定更要脚踏实地的从基础知识开始复习准备的越充分;考试的时候就会越不辜负自己所望..所以请大家相信;天道酬勤四个字..如果最后用一个词来总结我的考研之路;那一定会是——坚持..加油;祝福你们都能圆梦复旦大学最后;还想要说的是;考研不易;我手中还有一些考研资料;包括历年真题、一些笔记、专业课视频等;都可以免费分享给大家;大家可以下载high研app;在上面找我..。

上海复旦大学考研翻硕MTI经验分享一、个人情况说明看到复试通过，终于释然了，答应了很多人写篇经验贴，不能爽约。

先说说本人情况吧，浙江某普通二本新闻专业，标准文科男，大学基本与英语绝缘，基础还行，六级裸考578，毕业不想搞新闻，加上自己对英语和翻译挺感兴趣的，于是转投MTI。

一开始择校范围定在北上广，综合考量之后确定上海，于是就定在同济、复旦、交大和上外中的一所。

以为同济理工科学校会好考一点，就初定同济。

准备了一段时间之后才发现太傻太天真，同济因为有刘宓庆大牛在，翻译门槛超高，各种考你翻译理论翻译批评，没事考个古文翻译直接吐血，果断放弃。

研究了一下四所学校的真题之后，发现复旦最对我胃口，就定在复旦了（其实说到底还是因为“害人不浅”的名校情结）。

闲话不多说，直接上干货。

二、关于初试1、政治。

我没报班，因为我觉得关键看你自己。

9月份才开始不紧不慢地看，跟着肖秀荣一路走到考场。

如果你时间富裕，可以先看知识点再刷题，如果没空，直接刷题也未尝不可，身边这两种人都有，最后都考得还行，总之刷题背题是必不可少的，特别是选择题，只要选择题正确率有保证，政治铁定不差，我1000题刷了5遍，错题一定要摸透，同时要好好研究一下大题的答题技巧和思路。

今年老肖压中了俩，也算不错了，毕竟今年这么反压题。

不要太把政治当回事，一开始就看我觉得不明智，最重要的还是你的专业课，当然也别当儿戏，一点一滴积累起来就行了。

我的备考资料：肖秀荣全套（自己挑着买吧，1000题，肖八，肖四等长青款必备）2、翻硕英语：这个真不好说，难度有变，前几年很难，从去年开始难度明显下降，今年和去年应该持平，10分的选择题看你自己词汇量和短语的积累，10分改错也不算太难，专八难度，阅读做傻了，以为在做6级，感觉这40分是在白送，完形今年没有，这10分加到了作文上，40分的作文还是挺重要的，关键今年居然出的原题，也是醉了。

所以考85真不是个人水平有多高，是因为今年压根没打算为难你。

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2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility（敏感性）to developing the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually __14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling thatothers are there to help ___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin（后叶催产素）, often called"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1. [A]Besides [B]Unlike [C]Throughout [D]Despite2. [A]equal [B]restricted [C]connected [D]inferior3. [A]view [B]host [C]lesson [D]choice4. [A]avoid [B]forget [C]recall [D]keep5. [A]collecting [B]affecting [C]guiding [D]involving6. [A]on [B]in [C]at [D]of7. [A]devoted [B]attracted [C]lost [D]exposed8. [A]along [B]across [C]down [D]out9. [A]imagined [B]denied [C]doubted [D]calculated10. [A]served [B]restored [C]explained [D]required11. [A]Thus [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Even12. [A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]errors [D]tests13. [A]highlighted [B]increased [C]controlled [D]minimized14. [A]presented [B]equipped [C]associated [D]compared15. [A]assess [B]generate [C]moderate [D]record16. [A]in the name of [B] in the form of [C] in the face of [D] in the way of17.[A]attribute [B]commit [C]transfer [D]return18.[A]unless [B]because [C]though [D]until19.[A]remains [B]emerges [C]vanishes [D]decreases20.[A]experiences [B]combines [C]justifies [D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours, now three hours —this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragicreminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons —both fake and real —past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become —but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time foreveryone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to____[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travellers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.23. The word “expedited”(Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning to____[A] quieter.[B] cheaper.[C] wider.[D] faster.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is____[A] a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] the government’s reluctance to back it.[D] an unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best for the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety[B] PreCheck –a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck LanesText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,”wrote Queen Liliuokalani,Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands' inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn ofcivilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates____[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’feats in her time.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to____[A] its geographical features.[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because____[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy____[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of____[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and miss things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so so well, then why did over17million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDR over 40 different sets of criteria from health, educationand civil society engagement have been measured to get a morerounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society; income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymaker who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he_____[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that____[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that____[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35. Which of the following is the best??for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson[B]GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on “specific”and “unsettled”issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful”and “nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simplyarranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requireswill-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society –that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that thecourt____[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves____[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] leaking secrets intentionally.[D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are__[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to___[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is____[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in TheEvening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the sametime, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D →41. →42. →43. →44. →B →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study issignificant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English,a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.46、But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English,a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.Section III WritingPart A51.directionYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city .Please give reason for your recommendation.You should write nearly on the answer/sheet.Dot not sign your own name at the end of the email .use "li ming"instead Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In y essay. You should1) describe the pictures briefly.2) interpret the meaning,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2017考研英语一真题答案及其解析1. A 介词辨析。

复旦大学2017中文考研705、808、809真题2017年复旦大学705文学语言综合知识一、名词解释1、成长小说2、垮掉的一代3、楚辞4、《云谣集杂曲子》5、《红楼梦评论》6、《文学革命论》7、《现代》期刊8、逻各斯中心主义9、音位10、汉藏语系二、论述（五选二）1、玄奘取经演化为《西游记》的成书过程。

2、怎么理解“五四”新文学的先锋性及80年代先锋小说的先锋性？3、论述柏拉图和亚里士多德艺术模仿说的异同。

4、从萨特的小说和戏剧，以人的存在为基础，谈谈情绪的作用（大体是这个意思）。

5、论述汉语各词类的主要语法作用。

2017年复旦大学808古代文学与现代文学Ⅰ、古代文学部分（75分）一、名词解释1、前四史2、浙西词派3、《唐宋八大家文钞》4、元和体5、江湖诗派6、《诗品》二、标点、简答（共15分）。

唐兴官学大振历世之文能者互出而又沈宋之流研练精切稳顺声势谓之为律诗由是而后文变之体极焉然而莫不好古者遗近务华者去实效齐梁则不逮于魏晋工乐府则力屈于五言律切则骨格不存闲暇则纤秾莫备至於子美盖所谓上薄《风》《骚》下该沈宋古傍苏李气夺曹刘掩颜谢之孤高杂徐庾之流丽尽得古人之体势而兼今人之所独专矣1、加标点。

（5分）2、简述上述文字的文学史意义。

（10分）三、论述（共30分，二选一）1、钱钟书说：“唐诗、宋诗，亦非仅朝代之别，乃体格性分之殊，天下有两种人，斯分两种诗。

唐诗多以丰神情韵擅长，宋诗多以筋骨思理见胜。

”请谈谈如何理解这段话的文学史意义。

（大概是这样，可能会稍有出入）2、新文化运动提出“桐城谬种，选学妖孽”，谈谈如何理解。

Ⅱ、现代文学部分（75分）一、解释（共10分，每个5分）1、“国语的文学，文学的国语”2、先锋小说二、简答。

1、举例说明老师的话剧《茶馆》的“权力”和“暴力”书写。

2、请列举一位当代诗人的生平和作品。

三、论述。

1、如何理解20世纪中国的“文艺大众化”？2、论述沈从文研究（至少举出三位，其中至少有一位是海外研究者）。

政治就不说了英语：1.单选，10个，难度不大（10分）2.完形填空，没有选项，10个空（20分）3.阅读，前三篇是选择，只记得两篇，一个是讲爸爸去哪儿的，一个是讲艺术品拍卖的，最后一篇是问答，有两个问题，每个5分，内容是由谷歌眼镜引申出的科技与人际关系的问题。

阅读篇幅挺长的，但是掌握好节奏时间足够。

4.作文，大体是说，ZF是否应该laylessstressonEnglishlearning，谈谈自己的看法第二天翻译基础：1.QuantitativeEasingTapering2.high-definition3.quantumphysics4.prudentmonetarypolicy5.bitcoin6.liquidity7.negativelist8.TPP（Trans-PacificPartnership）9.realeconomy10.Growthmarkets11.Cyberbullying12.Mattheweffect13."pivot"toAsiapolicy14.goodgovernance15.十八届三中全会16.禁止化学武器组织17.土豪18.海上丝绸之路19.棱镜计划20.采购经理人指数21.恩格尔系数22.渗透和颠覆活动23.防空识别区24.改革红利25.屌丝26.《舌尖上的中国》27.《天堂蒜薹之歌》28.国家卫生计生委29.“玉兔”月球车30.撒娇段落翻译两篇，英译汉讲语言相关的，汉译英关于人征服自然的，每篇60分百科：一.1.短板义务教育2.《圣经》物权3.大数据谷歌4.经常项目余额贸易顺差5.西学东渐阿拉丁神灯一共20分二.改错，这个是新题型，给了4段话，纠正里面的表达错误，30分三.应用文写作，写学生会下达的活动通知四.大作文，题目是《夹缝人生》，给了一个孔子的事例。

2017复旦大学德语（二外）255真题回忆1.填写动词过去时（注意句子中的不同人称）（7分）Denken,bekommen,gehen,verstehen,dürfen,finden,wissen2.数字表达（3分）a)21/2（二又二分之一）b)1/4c)150009783.选择题（20X1=20分）大部分都比较简单，有考到形容词词尾，搭配等，词汇都比较基础，新编大学德语（1）的词汇基本涵盖到4.填词（10X1=10分）有些词点难，有题是填这个位置已经有人了，类似于英语的occupied（之前有人回忆真题有说到，当时我没注意，考试仍然不会，哭叽叽）还有比如was du?(fehlst)其他都比较简单5.填写疑问词（10X1=10分）Wohin,wie viele,worauf,worüber,mit wem,was für ein等，都比较简单，把基本的疑问词记住就没有问题了6.德译中（5X3=15分）大体句意不太难，没有什么句式复杂的，主要考察单词。

但我有几个词不认识，比如einschluss（我认为翻译是整张试卷比较难的题了，不过我的词汇比较差，大家把词汇搞定就好了）7.改写被动（5X1=5分）比如Man darf nicht rauchenhier.（句子大都比较简单，复合句只有一句好像。

但是我自己弄不太清楚什么时候变成过程被动态，什么时候变成主动被动态，纠结了一会）8.完形填空（10X1=10分）讲的是关于大学生毕业就业难的问题，总体文章非常简单，填空也非常简单，词汇比前面的翻译要简单得多，没有理解问题，不用担心9.对划线部分否定（10X1=10分）我不确定的由interessant,sowohl...als auch，还有些以前也有人回忆了真题，重复率很高，比如nichts,jeder,irgend等10.中译德（2+2+3+3=10分）和德译中一样，我觉得翻译是最难的题了，因为我的词汇太差了，最后绞尽脑汁才差不多写出来，还不知道词用的准不准。

2017考研：历年英语⼆翻译真题（三）2014年考研英语⼆翻译真题Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy，with a glass that‘s perpetually half fall.But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn‘t recommend.“Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.”says Tal Ben-Shahar，a Harvard professor，According to Ben-Shalar，realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen，but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers.When he feels down-sag，after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human.He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner；some will be less effective than others.Next is reconstruction，He analyzes the weak lecture，leaning lessons，for the future about what works and what doesn‘t.Finally，there is perspective，which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life，one lecture really doesn’t matter.翻译参考⼤多数⼈认为乐观是⽆尽的欢乐，就像⼀只总是装着半杯⽔的杯⼦。