iceberg theory

Iceberg Theory Functions in A Clean Well－lighted PlaceHemingway always tried to write on the principle of iceberg theory. Iceberg has only one eighth of it being above water. So I try to analyze Hemingway’s short story- A Clean Well－lighted Place to figure out that how this theory functions in his writing .This essay focuses on analyzing the using of symbols, language style，using of repetition in this short story to illustrate this topic．1. Using of symbolsHemingway uses symbols to help the reader gain a better perspective of how the protagonist feels in this story. There are two types of symbols in this story. One is conventional which is common to the area where the story takes place. While the other is personal, which is closely tied to the individual．1.1. Conventional symbolsA Clean Well－lighted Place which is the title of this story is a symbol. The clean, well－lighted café represents light, order and pleasantness. For the old man it is a refuge from the darkness of the night outside. Darkness is a symbol of fear and loneliness. The light symbols comfort and company of others. There is a hopeless in the dark, while the light calms the nerves．1.2. Individual symbolsThere is the other type of symbols. The three persons are threesymbols to represent people in three different stages in modern society. The young waiter; the old waiter and the old man are all nameless. The author intends to let the three people to be everyone in society. In this story the old man represents the old people in society. He has no ability to conquer nothingness. He takes the passive attitude toward life. And in order to escape the nothingness of life, he chooses death. He is sad because he could not feel the value of his life. The young waiter doesn’t understand the suicidal attempt of the old man because he thought that a wealthy man had no reason to commit suicide. He is pursuing material life He represents young people in modern society. The old waiter’s attitude toward life is different from the young waiter. He recognizes the nothingness of his life. He has the same attitude as the old man. Later he expresses solidarity with the old man. He understands and defends him. He prefers a clean well－lighted café to a bar or bodega; He seeks out such a place to forestall his own despair that night. He represents the middle－aged people in modern society. At the end of this story, the author intends to reflect part of the society. This is symbolism. It reinforces the expression of the theme. That is part of the iceberg theory.2. Language styleHemingway’ style is characterized by minimalism. He uses simple diction, usually monosyllabic word. This kind of briefness and simplicity sounds forceful, persuading. It creates kind of trueness, which is wellmatched with Hemingway’s common theme—nothingness of life and people’ s doubting about their existence. He always manages to choose words, which are concrete, specific, more commonly found, casual and conversational. And he uses them often in syntax of short, simple sentences. Not a single word is wasted in his story. This superficial simplicity is a symbolic meaning. Hemingway’s strength lies in his short sentences and very specific details. This is part of the iceberg theory.3. Using of repetitionsContrasted with his minimalism, Hemingway uses repetitions in this story. 3.1. Repetitions of imagesFor example:“It was late and everyone had left the café except the old man who sat in the shadow, the leaves of the tree made against the electric light.”“…the tables were empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the trees that moved slightly in the wind."These lines appear several times in this story. These images well show the old man’ loneliness and emptiness.“This is a clean and pleasant café. It is well lighted. The light is very good and also, there are shadows of the leaves.”“A clean, well－lighted café is a very different thing.”These lines said by the old waiter for two times show his solidarity with the old man. It also reflects the old waiter’s recognition ofnothingness in life. This well uses the features of iceberg theory to express what the writer wants to say.3.2. Repetition of a word “nada”“Nada” is the Spanish word for “nothing”. “Nada y pues nada y pues nada.” means “nothing and then nothing ands then nothing.” in English .There are over twenty “nada”s in this paragraph. This way of expressing has two effects. First it is the inner monologue of the old waiter. It is said instinctively, which creates a real feeling. Second with so many “nada”s, this paragraph gives us strong visual feelings to our eyes. We can feel the depressing, boring feeling felt by the old waiter. One feature of the iceberg theory is transmitting the most meaning with the least words. So this demands the simplicity of its language style. When the whole language style is simplicity, using repetition can easily catch the readers’ attention. So the effect of the repetition is reinforced. This is part of the iceberg theory.Iceberg theory make contribution to the success of this short story.。

iceberg简介及用例-回复冰山（iceberg）是指冰川或冰架上的冰体延伸到水下，只露出水面以上的一小部分的现象。

冰山通常由淡水冻结而成，主要分布在高纬度地区，如南极洲和格陵兰岛。

它们是源自冰架或冰川的摩擦力使它们不断移动并最终断裂的结果。

冰山在地球上起着重要的作用，对气候和海洋环境产生深远的影响。

本文将深入探讨冰山的形成、结构、分类以及它们对人类和环境的影响，并举例说明冰山在现实生活中的各种用途。

冰山的形成主要通过两个步骤：雪融化和水重新冷凝。

首先，大量的雪在高山或极地地区堆积形成冰川。

随着时间的推移和地重力的作用，这些冰川将会向下流动，形成冰架或冰盖。

冰架或冰盖的一部分接触到海洋或湖泊中的水后开始融化，形成冰山。

其次，当这些融化的水冷却至冰冻点时，水开始重新冷凝，形成一系列由淡水组成的冰的层次结构。

冰山的结构可以分为两个主要部分：露出水面以上的部分称为冰山的“露头”（surface mass）；而水面以下的部分称为冰山的“根”（underwater mass）。

冰山的“露头”通常呈现出不规则的形状，可以是平坦的或有各种颗粒和裂缝。

冰山的“根”则是位于水下的庞大部分，它们在水面以下的体积通常是露头的数倍。

根据其形状和尺寸，冰山可以被分为几种不同的类型。

一个常见的分类方法是根据冰山的形状来划分。

例如，桌面型冰山（tabular iceberg）是指具有平坦而宽广的平顶和陡峭的侧面的冰山。

脊形冰山（ridged iceberg）则是指具有由多个平行脊线组成的冰山。

双圆桌型冰山（dome iceberg）是指顶部由两个或多个圆顶组成的冰山。

此外，还有类似楔子或切割形状的冰山。

冰山的尺寸范围从小到大，从几米到几百米乃至几千米都有。

冰山在地球上发挥着重要的作用。

首先，它们对气候产生影响。

当巨大的冰山从冰架上断裂并进入海洋时，它们会带走大量的淡水，并改变海洋的盐度。

这种盐度变化会相应地影响海洋循环和气候系统。

1、the Lost GenerationIn general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who cameof age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems froma remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You a re all a lost generation.”　Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises(1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of itsspiritual alienation from a U.S. that, basking under President Harding's “back to normalcy”　policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren.The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, e.e. cummings and manyother writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never aliterary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost thedistinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald'sTenderLost generationThe lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation ofAmerican writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought aboutby the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought themeaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest Americanliterature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.Lost generationThe Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris duringthe 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, whoto refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War Iused “a lost generation”　experiences a nd disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as anepigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers,including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.2、Iceberg TheoryIt is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. Themeaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because t he crux of the story lies below thesurface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface.Iceberg Theorys that the writer include in the text only a smallErnest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” suggestportion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that growsbeneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writingabout he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writerhad stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it beingabove water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or actionThere is seven-eighths of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can（PPT）eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. (193 3、Code heroThe Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent,a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control,stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people ofcertain skills, and most of them encounter death many times. The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for onecause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality; whatever the result is, they areready to live with grace under pressure. The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spiritfor his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.4、Stream?of?consciousness?The?continuous?flow?of?sense-perceptions,?thoughts,?feelings,?and?memories?in?the?human? mind:?or?a?literary?method?of?representing?such?a?blending?of?mental?processes?infictional? characters,?usually?in?an?unpunctuated?or?disjoint?form?of?interior?monologue.注：sense-perceptions：认知，观念?blending：混合物?unpunctuated:未加标点的?Disjoint：脱节5、ImagismA poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movementinsists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing”of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”The lead movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does notcontribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.etro is a well-known poem.[4]pound’s In a Station of the MMajor features:--- it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.--- with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian--- In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction--- it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.--- Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.--- it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.--- Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda DoolittleThe form of free verse (Ezra Loomis Pound)影响its influence1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words aspossible. This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse. There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself. Thatis art of the poem. The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words toshow how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters6、ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. Modernism（来自老师的PPT)A general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature and other arts of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of unaffiliated writers.7、The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance, a flowering of literature (and to a lesser extent other arts) in New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, has long been considered by many to be the high point in African American writing. It probably had its foundation in the works of W.E. B. Du Bois who believed that an educated Black elite should lead Blacks to liberation. He further believed thathis people could not achieve social equality by emulating white ideals; that equality could be achieved only by teaching Black racial pride with an emphasis on an African cultural heritage. Although the Renaissance w as not a school, nor did the writers associated with it share a common purpose, nevertheless they had a common bond: they dealt with Black life from a Black perspective. Among the major writers who are usually viewed as part of the Harlem Renaissance are Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Rudolph Fisher, James Weldon Johnson, and Jean Toomer.Harlem Renaissance主要作品：The Weary Blues, The Dream keeper and Other Poems, Fine Clothes to the Jew8、Postmodernism(F rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)Postmodernism is a term which describes the postmodernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements. It is in general the era that follows Modernism.It frequently serves as an ambiguous overarching term forskeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism. It is often associated with deconstruction and post-structuralism because its usage as a term g ained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth-century post-structural thought.后现代主义是一个术语，它描述了后现代主义运动在艺术，文化倾向和相关的文化运动。

1. Iceberg theoryHemingway once said," The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water." According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorial comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. Seemingly simple and natural, Hemingway's style is actually polished and tightly controlled, but highly suggestive and connotative. While rending vividly the outward physical events and sensations Hemingway expresses the meaning of the story and conveys the complex emotions of his character with a considerable range and astonishing intensity of feeling. Hemingway wanted to describe the action so vividly that the reader could infer the state of mind.Hemingway said that if a novelist knows what he wants to express clearly, he could omit all what he know. While the reader can intensely feel what has been omitted if the novelist writes the facts, just like that the author has already expressed. The iceberg moves quite magnificently in the sea, as it has only one eighths above the sea surface. Hemingway seldom express his own sentiment on events happened around him. Simultaneously, he will never express any comments or explanations. On the contrary, he will narrate and describe the events objectively andpeacefully. This narrative expression is just like the one eighths top of an iceberg which has been emerged on the sea, and the other seven eighths are left for readers’ personal comprehension and analysis. All the works of Hemingway, no matter they are long or short, are almost expressed a tender and profound emotion by his straightforward writing style which is just like the flowing fulgurite.2. Characteristics of writing languageHemingway studied Mark Twain's works and followed his example in using colloquialism. The accent and mannerism of human speech are so well presented that the characters are full of flesh and blood. The use of short, uncomplicated, active sentences, with very few adjectives, became his recognizable style. Many other writers imitated it.Hemingway's fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous lives, soldiers, fishermen, athletes, bullfighters, who meet the pain and difficulty of their existence with stoic courage. His celebrated literary style, influenced by Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein, is direct, terse, and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matter.Hemingway’s writing style owes much to his career as a journalist. His use of language—so different from that of, say, his contemporary William Faulkner—is immediately identifiable by most readers. Short words, straightforward sentence structures, vivid descriptions, and factualdetails combine to create an almost transparent medium for his engaging and realistic stories. Yet without calling attention to itself, the language also resonates with complex emotions and larger and larger meanings—displaying the writer’s skill in his use of such subtle techniques as sophisticated patterns; repeated images, allusions, and themes; repeated sounds, rhythms, words, and sentence structures; indirect revelation of historical fact; and blended narrative modes.3. Writing styleShort novel The Old Man and the Sea is a simple story, containing some of Hemingway's best writing. It tells about a Cuban fisherman who catches a giant marlin, only to see it devoured by sharks. This book capped his career, and led to his receipt of the Nobel Prize two years later.In a tragic sense, it is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which only a partial victory is possible. Nevertheless, there is a feeling of the great respect for the struggle and mankind.It is the first book to present a Hemingway hero- Nick Adams. It was truly the start of everything that he was going to do. Nick becomes the prototype of the wounded hero who, with all the dignity and courage he could muster, confronts situations which are not of his own choosing yet threaten his destruction.In The Old Man and the Sea, nearly every word and phrase points toHemingway’s Santiago-like dedication to craft and devotion to precision. Hemingway himself claimed that he wrote on the “principle of the iceberg,” meaning that “seven-eighths” of the story lay below the surface parts that show. While the writing in The Old Man and the Sea reflects Hemingway’s efforts to pare down language and convey as much as possible in as few words as possible, the novella’s meanings resonate on a larger and larger scale.Hemingway's first books attract attention primarily because of his literary style, which is direct, terse, and often monotonous. The influence of his style is great worldwide.4. Grace under pressureThis is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had been trying to demonstrate in his works. In the general situation of his novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos; man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.。

Iceberg PrincipleThe iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位著名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。

冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。

一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acqu ired the fame and wealth he owns today.（现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域。

The Iceberg Theory (also known as the "theory of omission") is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer . Hemingway is best known for works such as , , and .Hemingway began his writing career as a journalist and in the 1920s, while living in Paris, worked as foreign correspondent for the . As a journalist he learned to focus only on events being reported, and to omit superfluous and extraneous matter.The theory is this: The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface. For example is a meditation upon youth and age, even though the protagonist spends little or no time thinking on those terms.BackgroundLike other American writers such as , , , and , Hemingway worked as a journalist before becoming a novelist. After graduating from high school he went to work as a cub reporter for , where he quickly learned that truth often lurks below the surface of a story. He learned about corruption in city politics, and that in hospital emergency rooms and police stations a mask of cynicism was worn "like armour to shield whatever vulnerabilities remained." In his pieces he wrote about relevant events, excluding the background. As foreign correspondent for the , while living in Paris in the early 1920s, he covered the . He wrote 14 articles for the newspaper, butas biographer Jeffrey Meyers explains, he wrote in such a way that "he objectively reported only the immediate events in order to achieve a concentration and intensity of focus—a spotlight rather than a stage." From the Greco-Turkish War he gained valuable writing experience that he translated to the writing of fiction. He believed fiction could be based on reality, but that if an experience were to be distilled, as he explained, then "what he made up was truer than what he remembered." []DefinitionIn 1923 Hemingway conceived of the idea of a new theory of writing after finishing his short story "Out of Season". In , his posthumously published memoirs about his years as a young writer in Paris, he explains: "I omitted the real end [of "Out of Season"] which was that the old man hanged himself. This was omitted on my new theory that you could omit anything ... and the omitted part would strengthen the story." In the opening chapter of he compares his theory about writing to an iceberg.Hemingway biographer believed that as a writer of short stories Hemingway learned how to "get the most from the least, how to prune language how to multiply intensities, and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth". Furthermore, Baker explains that in the writing style of the iceberg theory the hard facts float above water, while the supporting structure, complete with symbolism, operates out-of-sight.Iceberg theory is also referred to as the "theory of omission". Hemingway believed a writer could describe an action such as Nick Adams fishing in "" while conveying a different message about the action itself—Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not to think about the unpleasantness of his war experience. In his essay "The Art of the Short Story", Hemingway is clear about his method: "A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit."From reading he absorbed the practice of shortening as much as it could take. Of the concept of omission, Hemingway wrote in "The Art of the Short Story": "You could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people feel something more than they understood." By making invisible the structureof the story, he believed the author strengthened the piece of fiction and that the "quality of a piece could be judged by the quality of the material the author eliminated." His style added to the aesthetic: using "declarative sentences and direct representations of the visible world" with simple and plain language, Hemingway's became "the most influential prose stylist in the twentieth century" according to biographer Meyers.In her paper "Hemingway's Camera Eye", Zoe Trodd explains Hemingway uses repetition in prose to build a collage of snapshots to create a entire picture. Of his iceberg theory, she claims, it "is also a glacier waterfall, infused with movement by his multi-focal aesthetic." Furthermore, she believes Hemingway's iceberg theory "demanded that the reader feelthe whole story" and that the reader is meant to "fill the gaps left by his omissions with their feelings".Hemingway scholar Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details to work as framing devices to write about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out further with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front" By separating himself from the characters he created, Hemingway strengthens the drama. The means of achieving astrong drama is to minimize, or omit, the feelings that produced the fiction he wrote.Hemingway's iceberg theory highlights the symbolic implications of art. He makes use of physical action to provide an interpretation of the nature of man's existence. It can be convincingly proved that, "while representing human life through fictional forms, he has consistently set man against the background of his world and universe to examine the human situation from various points of view".[]Early fiction and short storiesGwendolyn Tetlow believes that Hemingway's early fiction such as shows his lack of concern for by simply placing the character in his or her surroundings. However, in Indian Camp the use of descriptive detail such as a screaming woman, men smoking tobacco, and an infected wound build a sense of veracity. In other words, a story can communicate by subtext; for instance, Hemingway's does not mention the word "," although in the story the male character seems to be attempting to convince his girlfriend to have an abortion. "Big Two-Hearted River" Hemingway explains "is about a boy..ing home from the war ....So the war, all mention of the war, anything about the war, is omitted." Hemingway intentionally left out something in "Indian Camp" and "Big Two-Hearted River"—two stories he considered to be good.Baker explains that Hemingway's stories about sports are often about the athletes themselves and that the sport is incidental to the story. Moreover, the story "" which on the surface is about nothing more than men drinking in a cafe late at night, is in fact about that which brings the men to the cafe to drink, and the reasons they seek light in the night—none of which is available in the surface of the plot, but lurks in the icebergbelow. Hemingway's story "Big Two-Hearted River" is ostensibly about nothing, as is "A Clean Well Lighted Place", but within nothing lies the crux of the story.[]NovelsBenson believes that the omission Hemingway applies functions as a sort of buffer between himself as the creator of a character, and the character himself. He explains that as an author creates a "distance" between himself and the character he "becomes more practiced, it would seem". Furthermore, Benson claims the distance is necessary, which in the early fiction such as is successful, but if "the author does not deliberately create such distance the fiction fails", as in the later works such as .Baker calls Hemingway's Across the River and into the Trees a "lyric-poetical novel" in which each scene has an underlying truth presentedvia . According to Meyers an example of omission is that Renata, like other heroines in Hemingway's fiction, suffers a major "shock"—the murder ofher father and the subsequent loss of her home—to which Hemingway alludes only briefly. Hemingway's pared down narrative forces the reader to solve connections. As Stoltzfus remarks: "Hemingway walks the reader to the bridge that he or she must cross alone without the narrator's help." Hemingway believed that if context or background had been written about by another, and written about well, then it could be left out of his writing. Of he explains: "In writing you are limited to by what has already been done satisfactorily. So I have tried to do something else. First I have tried to eliminate everything unnecessary to conveying experience to the reader so that after he or she has read something it will become part of his or her experience and seem actually to have happened." Paul Smith, authorof Hemingway's Early Manuscript: The Theory and Practice of Omission, believes Hemingway applied the theory of omission in effort to "strengthen [the] iceberg."[]LegacyIn October 1954 Hemingway received the . He jokingly told the press he believed and deserved the prize more than he, but that the prize money would be welcome. The prize was awarded to Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in , and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style". A few days after the announcement, Hemingway spoke with a magazine correspondent, whileon his boat fishing off the coast of Cuba. When asked about the use of symbolism in his work, and particularly in the most recently published Old Man and the Sea, he explained: "No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in...That kind of symbol sticks out like raisins in raisin bread. Raisin bread is alright, but plain bread is better....I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea, a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things. The hardest thing is to make something really true and sometimes truer than true."。