江苏专用高考英语二轮培优复习专题三阅读理解第二讲主旨大意题习题

第三讲　理解主旨要义——主旨大意题[学生用书P77]主旨大意题是阅读理解中难度较大的一类题目，是拉开分数差距的一个重要考查点。

因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。

文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。

此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。

高考江苏卷主旨大意题题量统计考纲解读年份个数20192201822017—(1)主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。

(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。

(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。

[学生用书P77]【考查特点】Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式：(1)What would be the best title for the text ？/What is the topic of the text?(2)The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is ________．(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on ________．(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?(5)What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?(7)The passage mainly focuses on ________．Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度：(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。

二、细节理解——间接信息题(2018·全国Ⅰ，A)Washington，D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.Duration：3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours (4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington，D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike，helmet，cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.Duration：3 hoursMorning or Afternoon，this bike tour is the perfect tour for D．C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington，D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and fortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours (7 miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington，D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking asyour guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike，helmet，and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.语篇解读本文是一篇应用文。

二、代词指代题(2019·全国Ⅱ，A)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but they’re also aspirational.After DarkHaruki MurakamiIt’s about two sisters—Eri，a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping，and Mari，a young student.In trying to connect to her sister，Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets.Gone GirlGillian FlynnThere was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did，but the horror story is brilliant.There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable.The StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population，a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.语篇解读本文是一篇应用文。

六、推理判断——写作意图题(2021·镇江一模)Most of us are already aware of the direct effect we have on our friends and family.But we rarely consider that everything we think，feel，do，or say can spread far beyond the people we know.Conversely(相反地)，our friends and family serve as conduits(渠道) for us to be influenced by hundreds or even thousands of other people.In a kind of social chain reaction，we can be deeply affected by events we do not witness that happen to people we do not know.As part of a social network，we go beyond ourselves，for good or ill，and become a part of something much larger.Our connectedness carries with it fundamental implications(影响) for the way we understand the human condition.Social networks have value precisely because they can help us to achieve what we could not achieve on our own.Yet，social-network effects are not always positive.Depression，obesity，financial panic，and violence also spread.Social networks，it turns out，tend to magnify(放大) whatever they are seeded with.Partly for this reason，social networks are creative.And what these networks create does not belong to any one individual—it is shared by all those in the network.In this way，a social network is like a commonly owned forest：we all standto benefit from it，but we also must work together to ensure it remains healthy and productive.While social networks are fundamentally and distinctively human，and can be seen everywhere，they should not be taken for granted.If you are happier or richer or healthier than others，it may have a lot to do with where you happen to be in the network，even if you cannot recognize your own location.And it may have a lot to do with the overall structure of the network，even if you cannot control that structure at all.And in some cases，the process feeds back to the network itself.A person with many friends may become rich and then attract even more friends.This rich-get-richer dynamic means social networks can dramatically reinforce two different kinds of inequality in our society：situational inequality and positional inequality.Lawmakers have not yet considered the consequences of positional inequality.Still，understanding the way we are connected is an essential step in creating a more just society and in carrying out public policies affecting everything from public health to the economy.We might be better off vaccinating(接种疫苗) centrally located individuals rather than weak individuals.We might be better off helping interconnected groups of people to avoid criminal behaviour rather than preventing or punishing crimes one at a time.If we want to understand how society works，we need to fill in the missing links between individuals.We need to understand how interconnections and interactions between people give rise to wholly new aspects of human experience that are not present in the individuals themselves.If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。

八、词句猜想——句意理解题(2021·扬州一模)Competition is an ideology(意识形态) that spreads all over our society and misleads our thinking.But it means no profits for anybody，no meaningful differentiation，and a struggle for survival.We advocate competition，see it as necessary，and set its laws；and as a result，we trap ourselves within it—the more we compete，the less we gain.Our educational system both drives and reflects our craze for competition.Grades alone are precise measurement of each student’s competitiveness；pupils with the highest marks receive status and credits.And it gets worse as students rise to higher levels of the tournament.Higher education is the place where people who had big plans in high school get stuck in fierce competition with equally smart peers over conventional careers like management consulting and investment banking.For the privilege of being turning into conformists(顺从者)，students (or their families) pay hundreds of thousands of dollars in rapidly rising tuition.Why are we doing this to ourselves?I wish I had asked myself when I was younger.My path was so tracked that in my 8th-grade yearbook，one of my friends predicted—accurately—that four years later I would enter Stanford.And I enrolled at Stanford Law School，where I competed even harder for the standard badges(徽章) of success.The highest prize in a law student’s world is unambiguous：the Supreme Court clerkship.I was so close to winning this lastcompetition.If only I got the clerkship，I thought，I would be set for life.But I didn’t.At the time，I was frustrated.In 2004，after I had built and sold PayPal，I ran into an old friend who had helped me prepare for my failed clerkship applications.We hadn’t spoken in nearly a decade.His first words to me were not “Hi Peter〞or “How are you doing？〞 But rather，“So，aren’t you glad you didn’t get that clerkship？〞Because if I hadn’t lost that last competition，we both knew that I never would have left the track laid down since middle school.Had I actually clerked on the Supreme Court，I probably would have spe nt my entire career taking depositions or drafting other people’s business deals instead of creating anything new.It’s hard to say how much would be different，but the opportunity costs were enormous.Looking back at my ambition to become a lawyer，it looks less like a plan for the future and more like an excuse for the present.It was a way to explain to anyone who would ask—to my parents，to my peers，and most of all to myself—that there was no need to worry.I was perfectly on track.But it turned out that my biggest problem was taking the track without thinking really hard about where it was going.1．Students compete at school because .A．they are assessed by gradesB．they are under peer pressureC．they want to find a secure jobD．the tuition increases quickly答案 C解析细节理解题。

（江苏专版）2018年⾼考英语⼆轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题三阅读理解阅读理解组合练（⼆）阅读理解组合练(⼆)(限时30分钟)A(2017·镇江市⾼三模拟考试)Raise. meRaise. me is a neutral platform that allows sponsors and colleges to award Micro-Scholarships to students based on Colleges' and/or Sponsors' award criteria.By using the services, you should understand the following：Connecting with Users：·Educators may only connect with students from the schools or organizations that they serve, and may connect with an individual student only with that student's permission. Educators may also connect with colleges and sponsors via the services.·Students may only connect with educators from their own schools and organizations, and may connect with an individual educator only with that educator's permission.·Students may elect to follow sponsors via the services. Sponsors may only view the profiles (简介) of students who elect to follow them.Qualifying for Micro-Scholarships：·Students can earn Micro-Scholarships based on the courses and achievements they add to their profiles while they are in high school.·Students may only be awarded Micro-Scholarships from colleges and sponsors that they follow before the applicable College's and/or Sponsor's “Follow Deadline” for their class year, which is a date set by each college and sponsor and stated on such college's or sponsor's page on the services. Once a College's or Sponsor's Follow Deadline has passed, students who are seniors in high school may not continue to earn Micro-Scholarships from such college or sponsor.语篇解读：本⽂是⼀篇说明⽂。

模式2|主旨大意题典例剖析[典例1] （2015 •江苏高考・B）ln the United States alone , over 100 million cell —phones are throw n away each year.Cell —phones are part of a grow ing mountain of electro nic waste like computers and pers onal digital assista nts.The electro nic waste stream is increasingthree times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electro nic devices con tain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss studyreported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste ，the concentration （含量） of goldand other precious metals was higher in so －called e －waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed，the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries ，in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonoussubstances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material ，up to 100 times more than the material contained in the finished products.Consider again the cell －phone，and imagine the mines that produced those metals ，the factories needed to make the box and packaging （包装） it came in.Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U．S.Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production ，distribution ，and use of products —as well as management of the resulting waste —all result in greenhouse gas r elease. ”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start —for instance ，buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive （动机） for reducing waste.If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products ，would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments' incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money.Why ，they ask ，should cities ortowns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap （气泡垫） that encased your television?From the governments' point of view ， a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physicalresponsibility of waste management from the government and tax －payers back to the producers.60．What does the passage mainly talk about?A．The increase in e －waste.B．The creation of e －waste.C．The seriousness of e －waste.D．The management of e －waste.60.D ［主旨大意题。