浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语历年考研试题

目　录2011年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2012年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2013年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2011年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30%, 1.5 points each)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1．These small firms _____ not long ago in order to meet the increasing demands for more electrical appliances.A. clusteredB. assembledC. linkedD. amalgamated【答案】D【解析】句意：为了应对电子设备需求的增长，这些小公司前不久实现了合并。

选项中四个单词均有“聚集、合拢”的意思，但侧重点不同。

（机构、公司）amalgamate合并。

cluster（人）聚集。

assemble集合；组装。

link联系。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

2．My aunt has decided to spend her _____ years in the suburbs of Shanghai.A. diminishingB. decliningC. reducingD. dwindling【答案】B【解析】句意：我的阿姨决定在上海的郊区安度她的晚年。

本题考查惯用搭配。

选项中四个单词均有“下降、减少”的意思，但只有declining years为惯用搭配，意为“晚年”。

2020浙江杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语考研真题I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)SectionAMultiple choice (20’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Creativity should not be as an exceptional talent; it is a basic skill that can be mastered with the right teaching.A. replacedB. perceivedC. cultivatedD. probed2. These guests were to the host for his gracious and impressive hospitality.A. contemptuousB. resentfulC. obligedD. mighty3. Whatever we attempt to do, we mustn’t our main objective.A. attainB. rejectC. lose sight ofD. prosecute4. With the passage of time, some words are beginning to a new sense.A. go aboutB. take onC. draw uponD. turn out5. Tourism, particularly ecotourism, helps promote of wildlife and natural resources.A. conservationB. distinctionC. extinctionD. aspiration6. Despite the changes in this country, many tough issues remain unsolved.A. radicalB. reversibleC. rigorousD. insensible7. Life is stressful, so it is always difficult to work, school and family.A. encounterB. eliminateC. illuminateD. prioritize8. People who diabetes have to minimize their daily consumption of sugar.A. make up forB. crack down onC. take fancy toD. are stricken with9. The city was paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. virtuallyD. positively10. The changes brought about by digital technologies have impacted the whole world.A. novelB. adverseC. profoundD. prospective11. The camps are not usual tent-type camps. They are mostly long-established,structures, often with strange Islamic names.A. historicalB. monotonousC. permanentD.raw12. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A. massiveB. quantitativeC. surplusD. formidable13. The manufacturing in China is expected to continue to expand in 2019 despite the slight decline of an index.A. versionB. sectorC. questD.factor14. Researchers say that cigarettes is necessary to dramatically reduce the chance of cardiovascular problems.A. carrying outB. breaking outC. cutting outD. putting out15. Econo mic recessions will weaken one’s confidence in the government and threaten social.A. cohesionB. erosionC. illusionD. evasion16. The Mexican settlers built cities and missions in what become California.A. used toB. would ratherC. was toD. had better17. Each of us is working hard to get happiness which brings substantial benefitsfor society .A. by mere chanceB. at great lengthC. all at onceD. as a whole18. Although the colonists ______ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted19. Most readers believe that this book is, thoughtful and informative.A. intriguingB. ambiguousC. compulsiveD. imperative20. Some of the recent actions of the government are their statement of policy.A. in the interest ofB. in conformity withC. in proportion toD. in the event ofSectionB Proofreading and error c orrection (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correctit in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing word mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” sign andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of theline.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhenΛart museum wants a new exhibit,(1) anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitMany people are disturbed by the genetic diversify of (1) cancers--- an inevitable result of random evolution. (2) Cancer therapies used to be applied fairly random or (3) Carelessly, but nowadays many believe that effectivetherapies need to be specific and tailoring to genetic (4) faults in each individual’s cancer. Therefore, a personalized(5)treatment disregards the most fundamental reason (6)it is difficult to cure cancers once for all: cancer cellsadapt and evolve with response to treatment. Even drugs (7) that are initially effective often have a progressive (8) diminishing effect, as the biological systems blockedof the treatment spontaneously compensateof rerouting (9)the cancer cell’s internal wiring, in restoring the cancer’s (10)ability to spread. To use an analogy, in the absence ofshort cuts, evolution takes over: naturally arising mutantcancer cells that are resistant to the targeted drug rapidlyoutgrow their disabled siblings and cancer comes back.II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet. Passage AThe language of rights now dominates political debate in the United States. Does the Government respect the moral and political rights of its citizens? Or does the Government’s war policy, or its race policy, fly in the face of these rights? Do the minorities whose rights have been violated have the right to violate the law in return? Or does the silent majority itself have rights, including the right that those who break the law be published? It is not surprising that these questions are now prominent. The concept of rights, and particularly the concept of rights against the Government, has its most natural use when a political society is divided, and appeals to co-operation or a common goal are pointless.The debate does not include the issue of whether citizens have some moral rights against their Government. It seems accepted on all sides that they do. Conventional lawyers and politicians take it as a point of pride that our legal system recognizes, for example, individual rights of free speech, equality, and due process. They base their claim that our law deserves respect, at least in part, on that fact, for they would not claim that totalitarian system deserve the same loyalty.Some philosophers, of cause, reject the idea that citizens have rights apart from what the law happens to give them. Bentham thought that the idea of moral rights was “nonsense on stilts”. But that view has never been part of our orthodox political theory, and politicians of both parties appeal to the rights of the people to justify a great part of what they want to do. I shall not be concerned, in this essay, to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governments;I want instead to explore the implications of that thesis for those, including the present United States Government, who profess to accept it.It is much in dispute, of cause, what particular rights citizens have. Does the acknowledged right to free speech, for example, include the right to participate in nuisance demonstrations? In practice, the Government will have the last word on what an individual’s rights are, because its police will do what the officials and courts say. But that does not mean that the Government’s view is necessarily the correct view, anyone who thinks it does must believe that men and women have such moral rights as Government chooses to grant, which means they have no moral rights at all.All this is sometimes obscured in the United States by the constitutional system. The American Constitution provides a set of individual legal rights in the FirstAmendment, and in due process, equal protection, and similar clauses. Under present legal practice the Supreme Court has the power to declare an act of Congress or of a state legislature void if the Court finds that the act offends these provisions. This practice has had some commentators to suppose that individual moral rights are fully protected by this system, but that is hardly so, nor could it be so.1. In the United States nowadays__________.A. politicians are discussing about the right language.B. politicians are debating about what is right and what is wrong.C. language is the most important theme in the political debate.D. we can hear lots of talks about rights.2. It is onl y natural that questions about citizens’ rights are now prominent because__________A. the minorities are violating the law.B. the political society in the USA is divided.C. the silent majority wants to punish those who have violated the law.D. people are looking for a common goal.3. Which of the following statements is not true?A. It is generally agreed that citizens should have some moral rights.B. It is a moral right of the citizens to respect the legal system.C. Citizens’ moral rights include fr ee speech, equality and due process.D. The legal system deserves respect because it recognizes citizens’ moral rights.4. In this essay the author will not be concerned to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their government because__________A. this thesis has never bee put into question in the mainstream political theory.B. he shares the view of those philosophers who think that citizens only have the rights that the law gives them.C. this thesis has appeal to politicians of both parties.D. the United States government professes to accept this thesis.5. The author believes that__________A. the United States Constitution protects citizens’ moral rights but the government does not.B. the Supreme Court has the power to protect c itizens’ moral rights but it does not do that.C. Citizens’ moral rights could not be fully protected by the present legal practice.D. the United States Constitution does not have provisions that fully protect citizens’ moral rights.Passage BWhat do yo u do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavorably as tobaccoand oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organized by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive.“Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives,” says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr. Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: “This is not about spin, this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr. Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr. Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonize people further.The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr. Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he o ffered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.1. Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does harm to people‘s health and environment.B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.D. Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, or even insulting.B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry.C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products.D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems.3. According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except__________A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.C. Not to care about the past.D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion.4. The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?A. placateB. enrageC. fightD. relieve5. What does the author imply by sayi ng “This is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.Section B Answering questions(20’)Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3New tools offer new opportunities, but what are the risks and who benefits?Human intervention for the improvement of crops, trees, livestock and fish is nothing new. For millennia, humans have bred, crossed and selected those varieties, ecotypes and breeds that were more productive, better adapted or particularly useful.Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these allow, for example, the propagation of plant material in glass tubes to keep it free of diseases, and the production of more sensitive and specific reagents for diagnosing diseases in plants, livestock and fish through tissue and cell culture. Others, often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants and animals with preferred characteristics by “reading” at th e molecular level, saving precious time and resources.Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deleting a particular gene or genes to produce plants, animals and micro-organisms with novel traits. This kind of genetic manip ulation is called “genetic engineering” and the product is a genetically modified organism, or GMO. Both traditional and modern biotechnologies result in plants, animals and micro-organisms with combinations ofgenes that would not have come about without human intervention. It has to be emphasized, however, that biotechnology includes a range of techniques and products, and GMOs are but one of them.“With the increasingly limited amount of new land available to agriculture, modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,” says Mahmoud Solh, Director of FAO’s Division of Plant Production and Protection.A plant or an animal resistant to a particular disease can be produced through a “traditional” breeding programme, that is, through crosses with resistant relative, selection and backcrossing again, or by the introduction of a gene that confers the resistance through genetic engineering. While the products of both approaches will be disease resistant, only the second one is a GMO. What is new is the ability of scientists to unravel the genome to look at the genes of an organism, and then make use of that information to change the organism, and even transfer genes to another organism very distant in the evolutionary scale. And that is where the controversy comes in.“FAO recognizes that genetic engineering has the potential to help increase production and productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,” says FAO’s Statement on Biotechnology. “It could lead to higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow enough food to feed their people.” But, it adds, FAO “is also aware of the concern about the potential risks posed by certain as pects of biotechnology. These risks fall into two basic categories: the effects on human and animal health and the environmental consequences.”These new tools offer new opportunities for solving problems where traditional techniques have failed. Genetically modified products are usually developed and used for large-scale commercial interests, and with a few exceptions, small-scale farmers have so far not benefited from the technology.The articles in this focus are intended to provide background information on genetic engineering in agriculture for the non-specialist--what it is, how it is being used, how it might be used in the future and possible benefits and risks. If you are new to the subject, you might find it easiest to read the pages in the order shown in the column on the right. Those who would like to pursue the subject further may wish to visit.1. According to the passage, what is called “genetic engineering”?2. What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture?3. Why are small-scale farmers unlikely to benefit from biotechnology?Questions 4-5According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clearbenefits of being bilingual.Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, call ed ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t Know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sou nds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name picture more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two language creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because th e word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is consi derably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a secondlanguage. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients match on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.4. Why do bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people on tasks that require conflict management?5. According to the passage, what are the results when monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds with or without intervening background noise?III. Writing (30’)Directions:After Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their outstanding contributions to “experimental research” into the “daunting issue” of global poverty, many have questioned the Nobel Committee’s choice, with some saying China’s poverty alleviation efforts have been the most effective in the world and are more worthy of study. But since the three winners are experts in development economics, this year’s Nobel Prize for economics is seen as highlighting the global need for eradicating poverty and achieving common economic growth.Write a composition of about 400 words on the ANSWER SHEET, in which you should: (1) express your opinion on why poverty alleviation core of development economics and what further steps to be taken.(2) give sound arguments to support your view.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization, and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

2012年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30%, 1.5 points each)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1. Until then, his family _____ from him for more than ten years.A. didn’t hearB. hasn’t been hearingC. hasn’t heardD. hadn’t heard【答案】D【解析】句意：在那之前，他的家人已经十多年没有他的消息了。

句中有个明确的过去时间点“then”(那时)，而“hadn't heard”发生在then之前(包括then)，所以此句用的是过去完成时。

2._____such subject, the professor also taught mathematics and geography.A. Out ofB. In spite ofC. In addition toD. Except for【答案】C【解析】句意：除了这门课，这位教授还教数学和地理。

由also可知，“such subject”是包括在教授的课程之内的。

3. I _____Tom, my college roommate, in the last three years.A. sawB. have seenC. haven’t seenD. see【答案】A【解析】句意：在过去的三年里，我没有见过我的大学室友汤姆。

目　录2011年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2012年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2013年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2011年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30%, 1.5 points each)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1．These small firms _____ not long ago in order to meet the increasing demands for more electrical appliances.A. clusteredB. assembledC. linkedD. amalgamated【答案】D【解析】句意：为了应对电子设备需求的增长，这些小公司前不久实现了合并。

选项中四个单词均有“聚集、合拢”的意思，但侧重点不同。

（机构、公司）amalgamate合并。

cluster（人）聚集。

assemble集合；组装。

link联系。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

2．My aunt has decided to spend her _____ years in the suburbs of Shanghai.A. diminishingB. decliningC. reducingD. dwindling【答案】B【解析】句意：我的阿姨决定在上海的郊区安度她的晚年。

本题考查惯用搭配。

选项中四个单词均有“下降、减少”的意思，但只有declining years为惯用搭配，意为“晚年”。

2011年浙江工商大学211翻译硕士英语真题参考答案Ⅰ. V ocabulary and Structure (每小题0.5分，共30分) (60 minutes)Directions: There are 60 sentences in this part. Complete them by choosing the best from the four alternatives. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Her interest in redecorating the big house kept her _____ for a whole week.A. constrainedB. dominatedC. restrictedD. occupied【答案】D【解析】句意：她热衷于重新装饰这所大房子，为此她整整忙活了一周。

occupy使忙碌。

constrain限制；束缚。

dominate控制；支配。

restrict限制。

2. The manager gave her his ____ that her complaint would be investigated.A. assuranceB. assumptionC. sanctionD. insurance【答案】A【解析】句意：经理向她保证，她的投诉会被调查。

assurance保证，担保。

assumption假定；设想。

sanction制裁。

insurance保险。

3. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _____ up to half will be from overseas.A. in whichB. for whomC. with whichD. of whom【答案】D【解析】句意：那门课程每学年通常会吸引二十名学生选修，他们中有一半是留学生。

浙江理工大学2017年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题考试科目：翻译硕士英语代码：211（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）Part I Grammar & Vocabulary (25 points)Directions: There are fifty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose best answer and mark it on your answer sheet.1. The doctor ____ a medicine for my headache.A. subscribedB. describedC. prescribedD. inscribed2. This song ____ his life’s dream and ardent love of life.A. incorporatedB. initiatedC. exposedD. embodied3. It is said that the reconstruction of the Grand Theatre is a _____ project of Shanghaigovernment this year.A. prestigeB. superiorityC. priorityD. publicity4. The explanation given by the congressman yesterday was not at all ____ to us.A. satisfyB. satisfiedC. satisfactoryD. satisfying5. Primitive superstitions that feed racism should be _____ through education.A. ignoredB. exaltedC. eradicatedD. cancelled6. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the athlete’s body, ____ to thebody.A. the stress it is greaterB. greater is the stressC. greater stress isD. the greater the stress7. These small firms _____ not long ago in order to meet the increasing demands for moreelectrical appliances.A. clusteredB. assembledC. linkedD. amalgamated8. My aunt has decided to spend her ____ years in the suburbs of Shanghai.A. diminishingB. decliningC. reducingD. dwindling9. The matter is not to be ______.A. watched forB. waited onC. taken overD. trifled with10. Ms. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be ____ witheveryone who comes to the store.A. acceptedB. admittedC. admiredD. acquainted11. I ______ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.A. expressB. confessC. verityD. acknowledge12. They were ____ in their scientific research, not knowing what happened just outsidetheir lab.A. dippedB. drownedC. immersedD. submerged13. Economics applies directly to how we earn our income and _____.A. how to spend our moneyB. how we spend our moneyC. the way we spend our moneyD. the way our money is spent14. The product must be priced _____ it competes effectively with rival products in thesame market.A. as suchB. in such a wayC. so thatD. so15. I ____ be late for that important meeting than leave this injured old woman here.A. had betterB. would ratherC. may as wellD. should just16. In developing countries people are ______ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.A. breadingB. fillingC. pouringD. hurrying17. Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A. having been finedB. to be finedC. to have finedD. being fined18. This hotel ____ $60 for a single room with bath.A. claimsB. demandsC. pricesD. charges19. I _____ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother’s illness interfered. I hope youwill excuse me.A. am to have finishedB. was to have finishedC. was to finishD. ought to finish20. By the time she is 50 years old, she___ an inmate of the prison for over half of her life.A. would have beenB. will beC. will have beenD. would be21. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ____ until yesterday.A. will comeB. was comingC. has been comingD. came22. Whatever the cause, English at the end of the 20th century is more widely spoken andwritten than any other language ____.A. ever wasB. had ever beenC. has ever beenD. would ever be23. Jack ____ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety.A. has been missingB. has been missedC. had been missingD. was missed24. There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone ______ me thatevening.A. to have interruptedB. would have interruptedC. had interruptedD. to interrupt25. The ambassador heard that ______ at his post a year longer.A. he be stayingB. him to stayC. he would be stayingD. he will have stayed26. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____avoided.A. is to beB. can beC. will beD. has been27. It is the first book of this kind _______ I’ve ever read.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. when28. _____ that the pilot couldn’t fly through it.A. So the storm was severeB. So severe was the stormC. The storm so severe wasD. Such was the storm severe29. Not only I but also Tom and Mary ____ fond of watching television.A. amB. isC. areD. be30. Do help yourself to some fruit, _____ you?A. can’tB. don’tC. wouldn’tD. won’t31. It is required that you ________ at six.A. will arriveB. arriveC. arrivedD. would arrive32. It is a widely held theory _______ the ancestral prototype of the flowering Astereleswas a woody plant, perhaps a small tree.A. whereB. untilC. whileD. that33. To get up early and to go to sleep early ____ good for your health.A. isB. areC. wasD. were34. They would rather I _____ tomorrow.A. cameB. comeC. will comeD. have come35. What they need ______ more people.A. isB. areC. hasD. have36. ______ he friend or enemy, the law regards him as a criminal.A. BeB. IsC. BeingD. To be37. They each _______ a new dictionary.A. hasB. haveC. isD. are38. Either dye or paints _____ to color cloth.A. is usedB. be usedC. are usedD. was used39. The doctors don’t _______ that he will live much longer.A. articulateB. anticipateC. manifestD. monitor40. The ball _____ two or three times before rolling down the slope.A. swayedB. boundedC. hoppedD. dated41. I assure you there was no ______ motive in my suggestion.A. ulteriorB. stationaryC. vulgarD. toxic42. We expect Mr. Smith will ________ Class One when Miss White retires.A. take toB. take upC. take offD. take over43. I suggest we put the Scheme into effect, for it is quite _______.A. eligibleB. sustainableC. probableD. feasible44. No men was allowed to ______ on the livelihood of his neighbor.A. wadeB. invokeC. muffleD. infringe45. Tom hardly seems middle-aged, ________ old.A. less likelyB. let aloneC. much worseD. all else46. The prospect of increasing prices has already _______ worries.A. irritatedB. provokedC. inspiredD. hoisted47. All the students were excited at the _____ of a weekend sports competition.A. opinionB. viewC. thoughtD. idea48. The traveler’s passport established his _____.A. proofB. evidenceC. identityD. case49. Now the cheers and applause ______ in a single sustained roar.A. mingledB. concentratedC. assembledD. permeate50. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly _____ by adictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursedPart II Error Correction (5 points)Directions:In this section there are ten errors in the passages. Find the errors and correct them. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Scientists say the warming of the Earth’s atmospherehas begun to affect plant and animal life around the world.Scientists from the University of Hanover in Germany re-ported their finding in the publication Nature. They say 1. __________ global warming is affecting endangering species, sea life 2. __________ and the change in seasonal activities of organisms. Studiesshow that the Earth’s climate has warmed by aboutsix-tenth of one degree Celsius during the past one-hundred 3.___________ years. Most of increase has taken place in the last thirty 4.___________ years.The German scientists have studies different animaland plant populations around the world in the past thirtyyears. They say some species disappear because they can 5.___________ not move to new areas when their home climate gets toowarm. The scientists say one of the biggest sign of climate 6.___________ change has been the worldwide reduction in coral reefs(珊瑚礁). Rising temperatures in the world’s warm oceanwaters have caused coral to lose color and die. In the cold-est areas of the world, winter frozen periods are now hap- 7.___________ pening later and ending earlier. Researchers say thesechanges are having severe effects on animals such as pen-guins, seals and polar bears. Scientists are concerning about 8.___________ invasions of warm weather species into traditional colder 9.___________ areas. Rising temperatures have been linked with diseasesspreaded by mosquito insects in areas of Asia, East Africa 10.__________ and Latin America.Part III Reading comprehension (40 points)Section one (30 points)Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneThe empty nest may not be such an unhappy place after all. Since the 1970s, relationship experts have popularized th e notion of “empty nest syndrome,” a time of depression and loss of purpose that plagues parents, especially mothers, when their children leave home. Dozens of Web sites and books have been created to help parents weather the transition.The new research, published in November in the journal Psychological Science, shows that marital satisfaction actually improves when the children finally take their exits. Indeed, one of the more uncomfortable findings of the scientific study of marriage is the negative effect children can have on previously happy relationships. Despite the popular notion that children bring couples closer, several studies have shown that marital satisfaction and happiness typically plummet with the arrival of the first baby.While having a child clearly makes parents happy, the financial and time constraints can add stress to a relationship. After the birth of a child, couples have only aboutone-third the time alone together as they had when they were childless, according to researchers from Ohio State. The arrival of children also puts a disproportionate burden of household duties on women, a common source of marital conflict. After children, housework increases three times as much for women as for men.After comparing the women’s marital happiness in their 40s, when many still had children at home; in their early 50s, when some had older children who had left home; and in their 60s, when virtually all had empty nests, researchers found that the empty nesters scored higher on marital happiness than women with children still at home at every point. The subjects claimed that they spent just as much time with their parents whether the children were living at home or had moved out, but the quality of that time was better. The findings from researchers on the empty nest show that parents need to work to carve out more stress-free time together. In the sample studied, it was only relationship satisfaction that improved when children left home.1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?A. "Empty nest syndrome" is one obvious sign of diagnosing depression.B. Parents will equally suffer from the loss of their children.C. Mother will feel greatly lost when their children get married.D. Parents can get help or comfort from web sites and books.2. The word "weather" (Para. 1) may refer to _____.A. influenceB. endureC. escapeD. override3. According to the passage, why do parents have better relationships in the period of empty nest?A. Because they have free time to have a travel outside.B. Because they are free from taking care of their children.C. Because they will enjoy more privacy than ever before.D. Because they can shake away their family responsibility.4. Which of the following is not true about couples inferred from the passage?A. Couples have less marital happiness for the coming of the baby.B. Couples have to earn more money after having a baby to support familyC. Couples have more conflicts whether they should have a baby.D. Couples have to spend more time in taking care of their baby.5. This passage is mainly about ______.A．How women feel about their marital relationship.B．What causes the phenomenon of the empty nestC．How people deal with "empty nest syndrome"D．Why an empty nest brings parents closer togetherPassage TwoHappiness is contagious, researchers reported on Thursday. The same team that demonstrated obesity and smoking spread in networks has shown that the more happy people you know, the more likely you are yourself to be happy, and getting connected to happy people improves a person's own happiness.C hristakis’ research team, a group of political scientists at the university of California, have been using data from 4,700 children of volunteers in the Framingham heart study, a giant health study begun in Framingham, Massachusetts in 1948.They have been analyzing facts from tracking sheets dating back to 1971, following births, marriages, death, and divorces. V olunteers also listed contact information for their closest friends,co-workers, and neighbors.They assessed happiness using a simple, four-question test. People are asked how often during the past week: one, I enjoyed life; two, I was happy; three, I felt hopeful about the future; and four, I felt that I was just as good as other people. The 60 percent of people who scored highly on all four questions were rated as happy, while the rest were designated unhappy. People with the most social connections were also the happiest, the data showed.Each additional happy person makes you happier. Your happiness depends on what is going on around you. It is not just happy people connecting with happy people, which they do. Above and beyond, there is this contagious process going on.And they discovered happiness is more contagious than unhappiness. If a social contact is happy, it increases the likelihood that you are happy by 15%. A friend of a friend, or a friend of a spouse or a sibling, if they are happy, increase your chances by 10%. But every extra unhappy friend increases the likelihood that you'll be unhappy by 7%. The finding is interesting but useful on the other hand. Among other benefits, happiness has been shown to have an important effect on reduced mortality, pain reduction, and improved cardiac function. So better understanding of how happiness spreads can help us learn how to promote a healthier society. The study also fits in with other data that suggested that in 1984 having $ 5,000 extra increased a person's chances of becominghappier by about 2%. "A happy friend is worth about $ 20,000," Christakis said. His team also is examining the spread of depression, loneliness, and drinking behavior.6. The word "contagious" (Para. 1) in the passage probably means ________.A．stretchingB．relaxingC．extendingD．spreading7. Which of the following contagious behaviors is not examined by Christakis' research team?A．Getting fatB．GamblingC．DrinkingD．Smoking8. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Happiness is contagious because it's an emotional stampede.B. The finding is from an analysis of tracking sheets of 4,700 children volunteers.C. The 40 % of volunteers scored highly on all four questions.D. The more people a person knows, the happier he would be.9. Which of the following about the contagiousness of happiness is not true?A. Happy social connections will increase the possibility of one's happiness.B. Even unhappy friends will be influenced and become happy.C. People can benefit a lot from happiness on health.D. Money will increase a person's chance of having more social connections.10. What's the passage mainly about?A. How happiness functions among people.B. How happiness spread among people.C. How happiness is closely related to health.D. How Christakis researches happiness.Passage ThreeAfter Susan Joyce was laid off from Digital Equipment Corp. , she was horrified to hear of two suicides in her layoff group. Then she learned about a colleague who stabbed his wife to death and hung himself.These cases may sound extreme, but being fired or laid off is undeniably one of life' s biggest blows and can lead to clinical depression, violence and alcohol abuse, as well as strokes and heart attacks. Even the fear of losing a job produces more doctor visits and health worries. In short, the recent news about rising unemployment and job insecurity may be bad news for our health.Layoffs create a sense of hopelessness. Stress - related complaints such as insomnia and headaches tend to follow, lingering even after victims find new jobs, says University of Michigan psychologist Richard Price, who tracked more than 700 layoff victims for two years. Research based on 17 years of Pennsylvania unemployment records concluded that employees affected by a mass layoff at a plant were 15 percent more likely to die of any cause over the next two decades. Experts blame the cascade (大量倾泻) of misfortune that often follows after a layoff, including the loss of health insurance.Your health can suffer simply from fear of losing your job, says Sarah Burgard, a sociologist at the University of Michigan. She concluded that chronic job insecurity over atwo - year period rivals the anxiety of a job loss or a major illness. Even people who are not typically worriers report worse health when they believe their jobs are in danger. Fears of poor job prospects may have similar consequences.Economic stress may even show up in national public -health measures, although experts disagree about how to calculate those effects. Harvey Brenner, professor emeritus ([大学教师]退休后仍保留头衔的，荣誉退休的) at Johns Hopkins's Bloomberg School of Public Health and a professor of public health at the University of North Texas, argues that the 1 percentage point increase in unemployment since a year ago could have serious health repercussions (持续影响，反响) for the next two years. According to Brenner' s projections, there could be as many as 47,000 more deaths than would have otherwise occurred, including 1,200 more suicides, as well as nearly 26,000 more heart attacks. Should unemployment continue to rise, these numbers are likely to increase, too.Prepare financially by cutting costs and building up adversity funds. Get help if you or a loved one can't shake the blues. Watch for signs of depression: changes in eating and sleeping habits, significant changes in weight, loss of interest in sex or other pleasures. And, if possible, make health insurance a priority, as you may be more vulnerable to illness.11. According to the examples in the beginning of the passage, when suffering the life's biggest blows, one would do the following except______?A. commit suicideB. feel depressedC. help seekingD. weight change12. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Suicide becomes a common choice among layoff groups.B. Strokes and heart attacks are mainly caused by being fired or laid off.C. People afraid of losing their jobs would visit doctors more than usual.D. Long-time job insecurity is less than the anxiety of a job loss or a major illness.13. Economic stress shows up in national public-health measures, which probably means _____________.A. unemployment is closely related to the health repercussionB. the number of deaths due to working-related disease increasesC. bad economic situation will reduce people's health expenditureD. government will cut down the budget on public health to boom economy14. The following are the signs of depression the author mentions in the passage, except ____________.A. when one suddenly changes his eating habitsB. when one indulges himself in drinking and smokingC. when one keeps on losing weight in short timeD. when one gets bored about some pleasures15. This passage is mainly about _______.A. how to keep people away from depressionB. how death closely relate to unemploymentC. how to get out of the woe from unemploymentD. how to cope with the difficulties of layoffSection Two (10 points)Direction: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on the Answer Sheet.No one really thrives in a wholly institutionalized (制度化的) environment or in a purely intellectual career. This truth might have been found long ago by observing babies, from whom much can be learned about human nature. The need is not a temporary one; it begins in infancy and continues throughout life. As the most materialistic science in the world, the science of medicine has been forced to admit that the human baby must be loved in order to live. He has fewer chances to survive in the sterilized (已灭菌的) ward than in a house full of germs. The baby needs personal affection more than anything else. He must be “mothered” by a mother who is all his own. A baby left without this is likely to die from sheer emotional starvation, or else grow up into a distorted (扭曲的) soul—a source of anxiety to everybody.The love impulse later undergoes an evolutionary growth, but it does not vanish. The baby is a creature that must be loved rather than a creature capable of loving. To develop this second ability, he needs to live in an atmosphere in which this mature kind of love is practiced. If his parents failed to chew, to walk or to speak, he would probably be backward in the acquisition of these arts. If his parents fail to furnish them with the example of love, he is desperately off. He may see the neighbors walk, and talk, and chew; but the subtle art of generous affection is usually demonstrated best before one’s own family.At the adult level, nobody can live wholly in a job. Too many persons are trying to do so. They can exist without intimate relationships and get along with the casual personal contacts of the job and the club. How much better if we admit our need of love and affection and then try to build up these relationships in the full light of self-knowledge? Personal attachments are necessary. Why call the world heartless if we have never looked for hearts in the only place where they occur—in the individual human bosom?Love means sacrifice, but it produces a well-balanced personality. The importance of love is demonstrated more by the disasters which follow up its absence than by the things which happen when it takes its normal place in life. As with many other vital necessities, we are scarcely conscious of its presence. But let it once cease, and the personality falls into disintegration. Love is not cheap, but we must choose to pay the cost, for life demands at least that much heroism from all of us.16. Why do people fail to thrive in a wholly institutionalized environment or in a purelyintellectual career?17. Is the need for love to survive temporary?18. If a baby were living in an environment without love, they would _______________.19. How can we help babies develop the ability to love others?20. The importance of love can be most felt when ______________________________.Part IV Writing (30 points)Direction:Samuel Ullman wrote in his essay, "Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind." How do you understand this? Please develop the topic into a three-paragraph essay on the ANSWER SHEET with at least 300 words.。

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浙江师范大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2013年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第一部分百科知识{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}选择题{{/B}}(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.太阳系中体积最大、自转最快的行星是______。

∙ A.木星∙ B.土星∙ C.天王星∙ D.金星（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.狮子座流星雨得名的缘由是______。

∙ A.所有的流星都来自狮子座∙ B.其发现者就是狮子座的命名者∙ C.流星雨的方位与狮子座在天球上的投影相重叠∙ D.发生于每年7月23日至8月22日，即狮子座入主黄道期间（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.以下不属于“初唐四杰”的是______。

∙ A.卢照邻∙ B.骆宾王∙ C.王勃∙ D.贾岛（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.古希腊神话中，波塞冬(Poseidon)与宙斯是______关系。

∙ A.连襟∙ B.兄弟∙ C.父子（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.第一届现代奥运会于______年在希腊雅典举行。

∙ A.1892∙ B.1896∙ C.1900∙ D.1904（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.“格雷欣法则”(Gresham's Law)是指______。

∙ A.劣币驱逐良币的规律∙ B.通货膨胀的规律∙ C.股市大盘涨跌的规律∙ D.绩优股升值规律（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.《长生殿》是我国清代著名的悲剧，其作者是______。

∙ A.孔尚任∙ B.李玉∙ C.方成培∙ D.洪升（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.“一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来”是唐代著名诗人______《过华清宫绝句》中的名句。

∙ A.杜甫∙ B.李白∙ C.杜牧（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.我国人口最少的少数民族是______族。

∙ A.珞巴∙ B.哈尼∙ C.独龙∙ D.仫佬（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.20世纪中叶的朝鲜战争始于______年，终于______年。

全国211翻译硕士英语样题I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choiceDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. Thousan ds of people turned out into the streets to _________ against the local authorities’ decision to build a highway across the field.A. contradictB. reformC. counterD. protest2. The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _________.A. minorityB. scarcityC. rarityD. minimum3. Professor Johnson’s retirement ________ from next January.A. carries into effectB. takes effectC. has effectD. puts into effect4. The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to ________ government spending.A. financeB. expandC. enlargeD. budget5. The heat in summer is no less _________ here in this mountain region.A. concentratedB. extensiveC. intenseD. intensive6. Taking photographs is strictly ________ here, as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A. forbiddenB. rejectedC. excludedD. denied7. Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will _________.A. pull backB. pull upC. pull throughD. pull out8. Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the custo mer’s _________ rather than the company’s.A. benefitB. availabilityC. suitabilityD. convenience9. The priest made the ________ of the cross when he entered the church.A. markB. signalC. signD. gesture10. This spacious room is ________ furnished with just a few articles in it.A. lightlyB. sparselyC. hardlyD. rarely11. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. were12. With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks, it is really hard to tell they are gay or _________.A. straightB. homosexualC. beautifulD. sad13. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.A. so as toB. such as toC. such toD. as much as to14. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. came15. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will be16. Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install _________ solar heating device in our home.A. some type ofB. some types of aC. some type of aD. some types of17. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ________ the journey in exactly two days.A. must takeB. must have madeC. was able to makeD. could make18. I know he failed his last test, but really he’s _________ stupid.A. something butB. anything butC. nothing butD. not but19. Do you know Tim’s brother? He is _________ than Tim.A. much more sportsmanB. more of a sportsmanC. more of sportsmanD. more a sportsman20. That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.A. betrayed…takeB. had betrayed… tookC. has betrayed…tookD. has betrayed… takeII. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of K ing Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front ofus echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfa n continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”1. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.2. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.4. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because thesudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promise s of the 20th century. The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of t he 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’ 401(k) acco unts. That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to. But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment op tions they were offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening agai n may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.6. Why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.B. Because such events would never happen again.C. Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA. people’s outlook on life.B. people’s life styles.C. people’s living standard.D. people’s social values.8. Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA. the corporate lay-offs.B. the government cuts in welfare spending.C. the economic restructuring.D. the warning power of labors unions.9. Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA. the 401(k) made them responsible for their own future.B. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D. Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10. Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A. The 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D. Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3For 40 years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself. But the 2,400 school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition. The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on on e weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season, when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’ chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs. They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn, when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well established. Organisers of the event, which is led by about 400 Territorial Army volunteers, say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the 55-mile trek. Dartmoor is home to 10 rare species of ground-nesting birds, including golden plovers, dunlins and lapwings. In some cases, species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin, South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB, took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She said the society had no objections to the event itself but simply wanted it moved to another time of year. “It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but, having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal,” she said. “We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over. There is a risk of destruction and disturbance. If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.” Helen Booker, an RSPB upland conservation officer, said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental. “If people are tramping past continual ly it can harm the chances of successful nesting. There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.” A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July, and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March, when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period. There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in 2004, “but until then any change was unlikely. The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline, it would increase pressure to move the C hallenge,” he said.Major Mike Pether, secretary of the army committee that organises the Challenge, said the event could be moved if there was the popular will. “The Ten Tors has been running for 42 years and it has always been at this time of the year. It is almost in table ts of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour. However, although the RSPB would like it moved, 75 per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is,” he said. Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season, most of the children were on holiday in the summer, and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some 54 sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops knownas “Tors” with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching 621m. The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker. The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range. The origin of the event stretches back to 1959 when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers. In the first year 203 youngsters took up the challenges. Since then teams, depending on age and ability, face hikes of 35, 45 or 55 miles between 10 nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.1. What is the Ten Tors Challenge? Give a brief introduction of its location and history.2. Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?3. What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons?Questions 4～5Mike and Adam Hurewitz grew up together on Long Island, in the suburbs of New York City. They were very close, even for brothers. So when Adam’s liver started failing, Mike offered to give him half of his. The operation saved Adam’s life. But Mike, who went into the hospital in seemingly excellent health, developed a complication—perhaps a blood colt—and died last week. He was 57. Mike Hurewitz’s death has prompted a lot of soul searching in the transplant community. Was it a tragic fluke or a sign that transplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit? The Mount Sinai Medical Center, the New York City hospital where the complex double operation was performed, has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplant program, pending a review of Hu rewitz’s death. Mount Sinai has performed about 100 such operations in the past three years.A 1-in-100 risk of dyi ng may not seem like bad odds, but there’s more to this ethical dilemma than a simple ratio. The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm. “For a normal healthy person a mortality rate 1% is hard to justify,” says Dr. John Fung, chief of tra nsplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. “If the rate stays at 1%, it’s just not going to be accepted.” On the other hand, there’s an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have died in accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks. If family members fully understand the risks and are willing to proceed, is there any reason to stand in their way? Indeed, a recent survey showed that most people will accept a mortality rate for living organ donors as high as 20%. The odds, thankfully, aren’t nearly that bad. For kidney donors, for example, the risk ranges from 1 in 2, 500 to 1 in 4, 000 for a healthy volunteer. That helps explain why nearly 40% of kidney transplants in the U.S. come from living donors.The operation to transplant a liver, however, is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney. Not only is the liver packed with blood vessels, but it also makes lots of proteins that need to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive. When organs from the recently deceased are used, the surgeon gets to pick which part of the donated liver looks the best and to take as much of it as needed. Assuming all goes well, a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ is missing, sometimes within a month.A living-donor transplant works particularly well when an adult donates a modest portion of the liver to a child. Usually only the left lobe of the organ is required, leading to a mortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of 1 in 500 to 1 in 1, 000. But when the recipient is another adult, as much as 60% of the donor’s liver has to be removed. “There really is very little marginfor error,” says Dr. Fung. By way of analogy, he suggests, think of a tree. “An adult-to-child living-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With an adult-to-adult transplant, you’re splitting the trunk in half and trying to keep both halves alive.”Even if a potential donor understand and accepts these risks, that doesn’t necessarily mean the operation should proceed. All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such a decision, says Dr. Mark Siegler, director of the MacLean for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago. “Sometimes the sicker the patient, the greater the pressure and the more willing the donor will be to accept risks.” If you feel you can’t say no, is your decision truly voluntary? And if not, is it the medical community’s responsibility to save you from your own best intentions?Transplant centers have developed screening programs to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of their decision. But unexamined, for the most part, is the larger issue of just how much a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being. So far, we seem to be sa ying some risk is acceptable, although we’re still vaguer about where the cutoff should be. There will always be family members like Mike Hurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a loved one. What the medical profession and society must decide is if it’s appropriate to let them do so.4. Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mike and Adam.5. What is the major issue raised in the article?III. Writing (30’)Some people see education simply as going to school or college, or as a means to secure good jobs; other people view education as a lifelong process. In your opinion, how important is education to people in the modern society?Write a composition of about 400 words on your view of the topic.。

目　录2011年浙江师范大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2012年浙江师范大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2013年浙江师范大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2011年浙江师范大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I. Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15 points, 1 point each) 1．Babel【答案】巴别塔2．intralingual translation【答案】语际翻译3．equivalence【答案】对等4．patronage【答案】赞助人5．polysystem【答案】多元系统6．simultaneous interpreting【答案】同声传译7．untranslatability【答案】不可译性8．domesticating strategy【答案】归化策略9．translation norms【答案】翻译规范10．Lawrence Venuti【答案】劳伦斯·韦努蒂11．pseudotranslation【答案】伪译12．SL texts【答案】原文本13．prescriptive approach【答案】规定性方法14．skopos theory【答案】目的论15．deconstruction【答案】解构II. Translate the following terms into English. (15 points, 1 point each) 1．可接受性【答案】acceptability2．改编【答案】adaption3．回译【答案】back-translation4．计算机辅助翻译【答案】CAT(Computer Aided Translation)5．异化【答案】foreignization6．语义翻译【答案】semantic translation7．社群传译【答案】community interpreting8．文化转向【答案】cultural turn9．国际译联【答案】FIT(International Federation of Translators) 10．功能对等【答案】functional equivalence11．不确定性【答案】uncertainty12．联络传译【答案】contact interpretation13．操纵学派【答案】Manipulation School14．显性翻译【答案】explicit translation15．平行语料库【答案】parallel corpusIII. Translate the following passage into Chinese. (60 points)The Big Bull Market was dead. Billions of dollars’ worth of profits and paper profits had disappeared. The grocer, the window-cleaner and the seamstress had lost their capital. In every town there were families which had suddenly dropped from showy affluence into debt. Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes now found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches. Day by day the newspapers printed the grim report of suicides.Coolidge-Hoover Prosperity was not yet dead, but it was dying. Under the impact of shock of panic, a multitude of ills which hitherto had passed unnoticed or had been offset by stock-market optimism began to beset the body economic, as poisons seep through the human system when a vital organ has ceased to function normally. Although the liquidation of nearly 3 billion dollars of brokers’ loans contracted credit, and Reserve Banks lowered the rediscount rate, and the way in which the larger banks and corporations of the country had survived the emergency without a single failure of large proportions offered real encouragement, nevertheless the poisons were there: over production of capital; over-ambitious expansion of business concerns; overproduction of commodities under the stimulus of installment buying and buying with stock-market profits; the maintenance of an artificial price level for many commodities; the depressed condition of European trade. No matter how many soothsayers of high finance proclaimed that all was well, no matter how earnestly the president set to work to repair the damage with soft words and White House conferences, a major depression was inevitably under way.【参考译文】大牛市崩盘了。

浙江师范大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题(A卷)科目代码: 211科目名称: 翻译硕士英语适用专业: 055200翻译硕士专业学位提示：1、请将所有答案写于答题纸上，写在试题上的不给分；2、请填写准考证号后6位：____________。

I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30%, 1.5 points each)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers onyour ANSWER SHEET.1. These small firms ________not long ago in order to meet the increasing demandsfor more electrical appliances.A. clusteredB. assembledC. linkedD. amalgamated2. My aunt has decided to spend her ________years in the suburbs of Shanghai.A. diminishingB. decliningC. reducingD. dwindling3. The matter is not to be ____.A. watched forB. waited onC. taken overD. trifled with4. At the immortal touch of thy hands my little heart loses its limits in joy and givesbirth to utterance ________.A. touchableB. irresistibleC. marvelousD. ineffable5. From the _______of the negotiations, it was clear that it would be hard for the twosides to reach an agreement.A. outbreakB. outlookC. outsetD. onset6.____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been7. As the train will not leave until one hour later, we ____grab a bite at the snack bar.A. may wellB. just as wellC. might as wellD. as well8. She resorted to ____ when she had no money to buy foods for her children.A. have stolenB. stealC. stoleD. stealing9.____money, she is quite rich. However, this does not mean that she is happy.A. ConcerningB. As toC. In terms ofD. In the light of10. It is ____with the customer not to let the shop assistants guess what she reallylikes and wants until the last moment.A. in her honorB. on her honorC. a point of honorD. an honor11. An institution that properly carries the name university is a more comprehensiveand complex institution than any other kind of higher education____.A. settlementB. establishmentC. constructionD. structure12. Jack is so ____to his appearance that he never has his clothes pressed.A. adverseB. anonymousC. indifferentD. casual13. I ____with the Browns during my stay in New York City.A. put inB. put downC. put onD. put up14. Outside my office window there is a fire ____ on the right.A. escapeB. ladderC. stepsD. stairs15. Our civilization cannot be thought of as ____in a short period of time.A. to have been createdB. to be createdC. having been createdD. being created16. He might have been killed ____the timely arrival of the ambulance.A. but forB. except forC. besidesD. except17. Their happiness was very____.A. crispB. brittleC. delicateD. fragile18. Do you know Johnson’s brother? He is _________ than Johnson.A. much more businessmanB. more of a businessmanC. more of businessmanD. more a businessman19. That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________strong actions against him.A. betrayed… takeB. had betrayed… tookC. has betrayed… tookD. has betrayed… take。

浙江师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学I Vocabulary（25%）Directions:In this part you must complete the following sentences by choosing one suitable word or phrase from the four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1.She had just_____the shell of the hard­boiled egg and was starting to peel it off.A.snappedB.crackedC.fracturedD.smashed2.New mineral resources may be discovered during the forthcoming Antarctic_______.A.excursion B．voyageC.expeditionD.migration3.The bully tried to take away the younger boy’s violin but the youngster____him with considerable courage.A.disobeyed B．challengedC.expeditionD.defied4.He was tried for forgery in a law court but was lucky enough to_____.A.get off B．get onC.get throughD.get by5.Far more should be done to_____the sufferings of unwanted domestic pets.A.alleviateB.improveC.remedyD.remove6.The kitchen was small and______so that the disabled woman could reach everything without difficulty.pletepact浙江师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学7.Because outlaws were denied protection under medieval law,anyone could raisea hand against them with legal ______.8.Elegantly­dressed people were strolling along the many tree­lined ______through the park.9.One of the problems local authorities have to deal with is the _____of the plastic containers.10.Driving with ______brakes endangers not only yourself but also all other road users you encounter.11.Many countries have now succeeded in _____the malarial mosquito.12.He is considered to be an outstanding artist,but I consider his work to be quite _____.C.containedpositeA.authorityB.consentC.validityD.impunityA.avenuesB.alloysC.passagesD.alliesA.disposalB.dissolutionC.dispersalD.dispositionA.insufficientB.deficientC.defectiveD.degradedA.erasingB.obligatingC.eradicatingD.demolishingA.mediumB.mediocremonD.intermediate浙江师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学13.After his long illness,the old man appeared so thin and_____that a gust of wind might have blown him away.A.faintB.witheredC.frailD.powerless14.No human being is____but Alistair Allington made very few mistakes.A.fallaciousB.intelligentC.plausibleD.infallible15.The Romans_____a large part of Europe and the Middle East.A.surpassedB.oppressedC.submitD.subdued16.The teacher was_______both in his marking of homework and in his treatment of offenders.A.lenientB.forgivingC.sympatheticD.pitiful17.The bishop preached a farewell sermon to a(n)______that filled the church to overflowing.A.audienceB.processionC.crowdD.congregation18.Besides washing that cut,put some____on it in case you have got some dirt in it.A.antisepticB.capsuleC.deodorantD.pill19.During periods of social and cultural stability,many art academies are so firmly controlledby dogmatists that all real creative work must be done by the_______.浙江师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学A.managers B.disenfranchisedC.reactionariesD.elite20._____of half­starving wolves were roaming the snow­covered countries.A.FlocksB.ShoalsC.SwarmsD.Packs21.The dentist had to____the tooth as it was badly decayed.A.pull outB.releaseC.extractD.extricate22.The interpreters gave only a_____version of the old man’s long rambling account.A.condensedB.marginalC.miniatureD.minimum23.The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were______.A.illiterateB.inscrutableC.illegibleD.indelible24.A____acceptance of contemporary forms of social behavior has misled a few into believing that values in conflict with the present age are for all practical purposes superseded.A.superficialB.plaintiveplacentD.cautious25.The floods did not start to______until two days after the rain had stopped.A.retireB.sinkC.retreatD.recede浙江师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学II Proofreading&Error Correction(30%)Directions:Proofread the following two passages and correct errors in them.Each indicated line contains a maximum of one error.Y ou should write your answers on the ASNWER SHEET in the way the example shows:EXAMPLE:It is impossible any sentence in one language to have exactly the[1]___same meaning as any single sentence in another language.It is also[2]___impossible for any sentence in a particular language to have exactly[3]___the same meaning as the other sentence in that language.[4]___On the ANSWER SHEET,you should write your answers like this(Do not write the sentences in the brackets on your ANSWER SHEET)：1.impossible∧any sentence－for(Note：For a missing word,mark the position with a“∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing after the dash.)2.any single sentence—single(Note:For an unnecessary word,write it after the dash and cross it with a slash“”.)3.√(Note:The sign“√”means this line is free of error.)4.the other sentence—any(Note:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one after the dash.)Now,proofread the following two passages and write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学Passage1Through a series of experiments an American scientist hasobtained an understanding of the social structure of the mostcomplex of ant societies.The ants are examined are the only26._____________ creatures different than man to have given up hunting and27._____________ collecting as a completely agricultural way of life.In28._____________ their underground nests they cultivate gardens on soil madefrom finely chopped leaves.This is a complex operationrequired considerable division of labor.The workers of29._____________ this type of ants can be divided into four groups according tosize.Each of the groups performs a particular set of jobs.The making and care of the gardens and the nursing ofthe young ants are done by the smallest workers.Slightlylarge workers are responsible for chopping up leaves to30._____________ make them suitable for use in the gardens and for cleaningthe nest.A third group of even still larger ants do the construction31._____________ work and collect fresh leaves from out the nest.The32._____________ largest are the solider ants,responsible for defending the nest.To find out how good the various size groups are with33._____________ different tasks,the scientists measured the amount of workdone by the ants for the amount of energy they used.34._____________ He examined first the gathering and carrying of leaves.He selected one of the size group and measured howefficiently these ants could find leaves and run back to the入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学nest.Y et,he repeated the experiment for each of the other35._____________size groups.In this way he could see whether any groupcould do the job more efficiently than the group normallyundertaking itPassage2The first important jazz band was a group led by BuddyBolden,a barber.In1895and1896Bolden was knownas the“king”among New Orlean musicians.When Boldenplayed for outdoor dancing in a park,his playing waspowerfully enough to attract all the dancers from another36._____________park a block away.“Callin’my children home”was what37._____________ Bolden described this.For Bolden’s band and others who grew up around it38._____________in New Orleans,each player could write his music39._____________while he was playing it;the music was impoverished,notwritten in ually there was not piano because40._____________these bands served many purposes:playing for dancesat night,marching in daytime parades,playing for funeralsor riding around the city in wagons to advertise products.41._____________As a result,the piano in jazz developed in a separate lineof its own until1920s.Since the nineteenth century became the twentieth,42._____________Black bands were being heard more and more on the入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学of New Orleans.Including in the crowd of43.____________listeners who followed them were black youngsterssuch as Louis Armstrong.The new music also excited young44.____________white musicians,too,and soon there were white bandstry to copy this Black style of playing.45.____________III Reading Comprehension（40%）Directions:In this part there are five passages followed by a total of20multiple­choice questions,each with four suggested answers marked with A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE you think is the best answer and then write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.AThe earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photography’s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely being a practical art.Throughout the nineteenth century,the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art.Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality,photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing,a revolt against commonplace vision,and no less worthy an art than paintings.Ironically,now that photography is safely established as a fine art,many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such.Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording,impartially observing,witnessing events,exploring themselves－anything but making works of art.In the nineteenth century,photography’s association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art:late in the twentieth century an ambivalent relation exists because of the modernist heritage in art.Those important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or not an fine art,except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art,shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism:the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers’disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of thecontemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or not is art.For example,those入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学photographers who suppose that,by taking pictures,they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting.Much of photography’s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art,particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the1960s.Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by the abstract art.Classical Modernist painting,that is,abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso,Candinsky and Matisse,presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art,photography,like pop painting,reassures viewers that art is not hard:photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, however,has developed all the anxieties and self­consciousness of a classic Modernist art.Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activit y－in short,an art.46.In the passage,the author is primarily concerned with_______.A.defining the Modernist attitude toward artB.explaining how photography emerged as a fine art after the controversies of the nineteenth centuryC.explaining the attitudes of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical contextD.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches47.Which of the following adjectives best describes“the concept of art imposed by the triumph of入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学Modernism”as the author represents it in Paragraph2?A.ObjectiveB.MechanicalC.SuperficialD.Paradoxical48.The author introduces Abstract Expressionist painters(Paragraph3)in order to____.A.provide an example of artists who,like serious contemporary photographers,disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modern artB.call attention to artists whose works often bear a physical resemblance to the works of seriouscontemporary photographersC.set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist painterD.provide a contrast to Pop artists and others who created works that exemplify the Modernist heritage in art49.According to the author,the nineteenth­century defenders of photography mentioned in the passage stressed that photography was_____.A.a means of making people familiar with remote locales and unfamiliar thingsB.a technologically advanced activityC.a device for observing the world impartiallyD.an art comparable to painting50.According to the passage,which of the following best explains the reaction of serious contemporary photographers to the question of whether photography is an art?A.The photographer’s belief that their reliance on an impersonal machine to produce their art requires the surrender of the authority of their personal vision.B.The photographers’fear that serious photography may not be accepted as an art by the contemporary入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学art public.C.The influence of Abstract Expressionist painting and Pop Art on the subject matter of the modernphotograph.D.The photographers’belief that the best art is subversive of art as it has previously been defined.B“Aggression”means a mixture of three features:injury(real or symbolic),intent,and emotion. Having a toe trodden upon may or may not make you the object of aggression:it all depends on the emotion and intent of the man inside the boot.One recurring question is the exact nature of the motivation.If the answers to this and similar questions were known,better solutions might be offered. Instead,the experts continue to offer contradictory opinions.It has been suggested that competitive sports decrease aggression.But many have suggested that such sports may cause it.Similar conflicting opinions have been offered about violence on film and television.How do we begin to make sense of the rival views?One way is by looking at how the ideas developed historically.When Freud first considered human aggression,he suggested that it originated from the blocking of a pleasure­seeking drive.He later changed his mind,suggesting that the aggressive drive was something independent of the blocking of pleasure,and that aggression was an inherent part of human condition.These two very different views have formed the basis of contemporary thinking on the nature of aggression.Freud’s earlier idea that it originated from the blocking of a pleasurable drive,led to the frustration theory.It suggested that interference with any pleasure inducing,or rewarding activity,once this had begun,would produce a state of frustration,which would then evoke anger.The frustration theory has stimulated much research on both humans and animals.But its limitations in explaining all of human aggression are now very apparent.If you are frustrated,for example,by someone not turning up to an appointment on time,anger is indeed a likely outcome.But so are other reactions:anxiety and nervousness,trying to find the missing person,or making the light of the situation by joking.Freud’s later idea—that there is a separate aggressive drive—influenced a totally different setof ideas.Most important among these is the notion that the act of violence can release a tension whichhas previously built up within someone.Ideas of this sort not only have a long history,but also have anintuitive appeal because of the feeling of relief that often follows an emotional act,such as an aggressive入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学outburst.The later Freud saw aggression as a drive building up spontaneously until the act occurred, which then reduced the tension.This embodies a profoundly pessimistic belief about human nature.It led Freud to comment that it is fruitless to try to eliminate human violence,but that we can only provide safe outlets for it.One extension of the frustration approach is my own discrepancy theory,which I originally put forward to explain animal fighting.Animals fight in response to sudden pain or novelty or frustration. All three situations can be thought of in terms of the animal finding a large discrepancy between events it encounters and what it is expecting on the basis of its past experience.When this happens,either fear or aggression is likely to occur,though many additional factors will determine which of the two takes place in a given situation.On this view,aggression occurs because the animal compares events in its environment with its experiences built up from past experience.The same idea can be extended to human aggression.We are likely to become angry when our expectations,wishes,beliefs or attitudes are not fulfilled by what we experience.One very clear example occurs after a person has lost a marriage partner,close relative or friend.There is distress,and attempts to escape,at first.These are replaced later by aggression.51.Freud thought later on that human aggression was cause by_________.A.the blocking of a pleasurable driveB.an inherent aggressive driveC.frustrations,anger and anxietyD.unexpected failure52.Freud thought that since tension was released by a violent act,to_______.A.attempt to eliminate violence was a waste of time.B.seek safe outlets for violence was fruitlessC.attempt to eliminate violence was vitalD.find other ways of reducing tension was vital53.The writer’s own theory is influenced by_______.A.Freud’s later idesB.Freud’s earlier idea入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学C.Research on animalsD.Studies on frustrationCScotland Yard’s top fingerprint expert,Detective Chief Superintendent Gerald Lambourne had a request from the British Museum’s Prehistoric Department to focus his magnifying glass on a mystery “somewhat outside my usual beat”.This was not a question of Whodunit,but Who Was It.The blunt instruments he pored over were antlers of red deer,dated by radio­carbon examination as being up to5,000years old.They were used as mining picks by Neolithic man to hack flits and chalk,and the fingerprints he was looking for were of our remote ancestors who had last wielded them.The antlers were unearthed in July during the British Museum’s five­year­long excavation at Grime’s Graves,near Thetford,Northfolk,a93­acre site containing more than600vertical shafts in the chalk some40feet deep.From artifacts found in many parts of Britain it is evident that flint was extensively used by Neolithic man as he slowly learned how to farm land in the period from3,000to 1,500B.C.Flint was especially used for axeheads to clear forests for agriculture,and the quality of the flint on the Norfolk site suggests that the miners there were kept busy with many orders.What excited Mr.G.de G.Sieveking,the museum’s deputy director of the excavations,was the dried mud still sticking to some of them.“Our deduction is that miners coated the base of the antlers with mud so that they could get a better grip,”he says.“The exciting possibility was that fingerprints left in this mud might at last identify individuals as a people who have left few relics,who could read and write,but who may have had much more intelligence than has been supposed in the past.”Chief Superintend Lambourne,who four years ago had“assisted”the British Museum by taking the fingerprints of a4,000­year­old Egyptian mummy,spent two hours last week examining about50antlers. On some he found minute marks indicating a human grip in the mud.Then on one he found the full imprint of the“ridge structure”of a human hand—that part of the hand just below the fingers where most pressure would be brought to bear in wielding a pick.After25years’specialisation in the yard’s fingerprints department,Chief Superintendent Lambourne knows all about ridge structures—technically known as the“tri­radiate section”.It was his identification of that part of the hand that helped to incriminate some of the Great Train Robbers.In1955,he discovered similar handprints on a bloodstained tee­marker on a golf­course where入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学a woman had been brutally murdered.They eventually led to the killer,after4,065handprints had been taken.Chief Superintendent Lambourne has agreed to visit the Norfolk site during further excavations next summer,when it is hoped that further hand­marked antlers will come to light.But he is cautious about the historic significance of his findings.“Fingerprints and handprints are unique to each individual but they can tell us nothing about the age,physical characteristics,even sex of the person who left them,”he says.“Even the fingerprints of a gorilla could be mistaken for those of a man.But if a number of imprinted antlers are recovered from given shafts on this site I could at least determine which antlers were handled by the same man,and from there might be deduced the number of miners employed in a team.“As an indication of intelligence I might determine which way up the miners held the antlers and how they wielded them.”To Mr.Sieveking and his museum colleagues any such findings will be added to their dossier of what might appear to the layman as trivial and unrelated facts but from which might emerge one day an impressive new image of our remote ancestors.mbourne is said to have regarded the examination of the antlers as a task__________.A.rather more difficult than his usual dutiesB.different in nature from routine investigationsC.causing him to leave his usual headquartersD.involving a different technique from the one in which he was qualified55.The Museum’s deputy director is very interested in the prints becauseeful facts about this remote period can be learned from them.B.they are valuable records of intelligent but illiterate people.C.very few objects of this remote period have been found.D.the antlers serve as a link with actual people who lived at that time.56.What does the term“tri­radiate section”refer to?A.a print of the hand used in classifying individualsB.the upper part of the palm of the hand入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语言文学及应用语言学C.the hand­print left on objects which have been heldD.that part of the hand from which lines strike out in three directions57.Why is Lambourne cautious about the value of his work to archaeology?A.The prints are useless in the assessment of a person’s ability.B.The prints may not even belong to human beings.C.It gives no information about the individual to whom the prints belong.D.Any information derived from a print can apply only to the individual who made it.58.What is the ultimate value of Lambourne’s work?A.It can assist in filling in an increasingly detailed picture.B.It has no value as so little of importance can be deduced.C.the hand­print left on objects which have been heldD.that part of the hand from which lines strike out in three directionsDFederal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan laid forth the intellectual basis for the likely continued aggressive easing in monetary policy in the weeks ahead in his semi­annual monetary policy report to Congress.The broader point in his prepared testimony is that the improved information and production controls evident in the new economy induce companies to respond more quickly and in tandem to changes in their business.Mistakes are still made as is evidenced by the unwanted buildup of inventories at the end of last year,but any mistakes are more aggressively addressed than in the past,as is evidenced by manufacturers’recent slashing of production.Moreover,the increasingly dramatic shifts in economic activity are particularly hard on confidence.Consumers and business literally freeze up due to the heightened uncertainty,and run from any perceived risks and curtail their spending and investment.If confidence deflates by enough,then a recession will ensue.Confidence has also been under extraordinary pressure in recent months due to surging energy prices and weaker stock prices.Higher energy bills have acted much like a tax increase,save the checks are largely being written to foreign energy producers.The lower stock prices are having a magnified impact due to the dramatic increase in stock wealth since the mid­1990s.入学考试试题综合英语英语语言文学考试科目：(含英汉互译)报考学科、专业：外国语语言文学及应用语言学The conduct of monetary policy must adjust to all of this,and thus respond more quickly and aggressively than in the past in an effort to shore up confidence.This explains the dramatic and unprecedented action(at least by a Greenspan­led Federal Reserve)to cut the federal funds rate target by100basis points in January.This also suggests that substantially more easing is on the way in the weeks ahead.Just when and by how much will depend on whether confidence continues to fall.The chairman made a point to note that policymakers have significant latitude to ease policy aggressively since inflation remains low and tame.Despite surging energy prices,fluctuation and inflation expectations remain containedThe Federal Reserve’s economic projections for this year provided as part of testimony support this non­recessionary view.Real GDP is expected to grow by between2%and2.5%between the fourth quarter of2000and the fourth quarter of this year.Since this is below the economy’s potential growth, the jobless rate will rise to approximately4.5%by year’s end.Inflation will moderate somewhat in response.Recession risks are rising and as high as they have been since the last downturn almost a decade ago.The key buffer between a soft economy and a recessionary one is confidence,and today’s testimony by the Federal Reserve chairman clearly indicates that policymakers will be as aggressive as they need to be to ensure that confidence erodes no further.With just a bit of luck they will succeed.59.The new monetary policy is likely_______.A.to be more aggressiveB.to be bold adjustmentC.to be less aggressiveD.to result in great pains60.According to this passage,_____have contributed least to the deflation of confidence.A.surging energy priceB.weaker stock pricesrmation controlsD.perceived recession risks。

杭州师范大学2019年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码： 211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1.Mr. Jeffrey had just___________ the shell of the boiled crab and was starting to peel it off.A.crackedB.burstC.fracturedD.clankedst week the bishop preached a farewell sermon to a(n) ___________ that have known himvery well since he moved here.A.congregationB.audienceC.progressionD.population3.I don’t doubt ___________ the plan will be well implemented.A.howB.thatC.whichD.whether4.The old woman had an ___________ habit of emptying ash trays out of her upstairs windowonto my doorstep.A.offendingB.offensiveC.uneducatedD.objectionable5.The physician reassured me that the pain in my leg would ___________ one hour after I tookthe medicine as I was told.A.wear awayB.wear offC.wear downD.wear out6.The phone call my parents just gave me aroused a(n) ___________ feeling of homesicknessin me.A.intenseB.intensiveC.hopelessD.forceful7.The professor said that he would translate a Chinese fiction if he could find a(n)___________ to help him proof-read his translation.A.collaboratorB.accompliceC.allyD.confederate8.Although WildAid has been trying to stop the slaughter of sharks for their fins, currentregulations rarely curtail ___________ to the degree needed to restore shark population.A.sharks are huntedB.the hunting of sharksC.to hunt sharksD.sharks hunted9.The mere prospect of a performance of one of their operas was enough to set them to runningup bills amounting to ___________ their prospective royalties.A.ten times the number ofB.ten times the amount ofC.the number of ten timesD.as ten times as the amount of10.The ___________ of plastic containers is one of the problems that the local environmentalagency has to deal with.A.dispositionB.dispersalC.disposalD.dissolution11.The forecast predicted ___________ weather with rain, sunshine, thunder and wind and thatis just what they have had.A.fluctuatingB.differingC.rangingD.variable12.The research involves a study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes ofpassion, ___________ it is difficult to find a way.A.of whichB.from whichC.out of whichD.through which13.The miserable family have had a ___________ of misfortunes.A.continuationB.successionC.repetitionD.contingency14.Mr. White would have been more amicable and civilized if he had changed a little bit,___________?A.wouldn’t heB.hasn’t heC.didn’t heD.hadn’t he15.In Japanese cities, traffic jams are ___________ because citizens in suburb have to driveevery day to central business areas to work.A.propagatedB.activatedC.aggravatedD.irritated16.As an experienced politician, he has to have the ___________ of inspiring confidence in hislisteners.A.flukeB.frenzyC.museD.knack17.You had the ___________ situation in which Florida had more listed public bathing beachesthan the whole of the United Kingdom.A.luminousB.luculentC.lubricantD.ludicrous18.Much of what the lecturer said was beyond her comprehension but she managed tounderstand the ___________ of his remarks.A.tactB.tenorC.tannerD.manner19.Little ___________ about his own safety, though he himself was in great danger.A.he caredB.he may careC.may he careD.did he care20.One woman was feared dead last night after a helicopter ___________ off course into an oilplatform and ditched into the sea.A.veeredB.instigatedC.falsifiedD.blandishedSection B Proofreading and error correction (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing word mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” signand write the word you believe to be missing in theblank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen art museum wants a new exhibit,(1)WhenΛart → anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs(2)It never buys → neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it.(3) exhibition →exhibit Science was once seen as the stuffy domain of pale malescientists spent far too much of their time in the laboratory(1)__________ concocting potions in test tubes while avoiding sunlight andhuman interaction. Occasionally they would venture out of thelab to give lectures and impart their wisdom with science students.(2)__________But they would rarely confront with the general public. Now, (3)__________ thanks to the growing number of science festivals, scientistsare engaging with people in unique, innovative—and oftensurprising—way.Science communication has evolved in recent years, broken(4)__________the age-old tradition of the elite scientist imparting knowledge tothe interested layman. Thanks to the increasing emphasis inacademia on public engagement, it is now expected that learningabout science in an open, democratic process—something shaped(5)__________by professionals, but led by the public.Today the language of science communication is repleted(6)__________with words such as create, experience, participate and journey.It all makes participation in public science feel more like a funday out as a classroom chore.(7)__________ Public science events date back to the days of the AncientGreeks when the like of Plato and Aristotle would speak in public (8)__________about their theories of science and philosophy. It was theEdinburgh International Science Festival which coined the term (9)__________“science festival” at its incept in 1989.(10)_________II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions:In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage AA Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, Robert Louis Stevenson was born at 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh Scotland, on 13 November 1850. It has been more than 100 years since his death. Stevenson was a writer who caused conflicting opinions about his works. On one hand, he was often highly praised for his expert prose and style by many English-language critics. On the other hand, pothers criticized the religious themes in his works, often misunderstanding Stevenson’s own religious beliefs. Since his death a century before, critics and biographers have disagreed on the legacy of Stevenson’s writing. Two biographers, KF and CP, wrote a biography about Stevenson with a clear focus. They chose not to criticize aspects of Stevenson’s personal life. Instead, they focused on his writing, and gave high praise to his writing style and skill.The literary pendulum has a swung these days. Different critics have different opinions towards Robert Louis Stevenson’s works. Though today, Stevenson is one of the most translated authors in the world, his works have sustained a wide variety of negative criticism throughout his life. it was like a complete reversal of polarity---from highly positive to slightly less positive to clearly negative; after being highly praised as a great writer, he became an example of an author with corrupt ethics and lack of moral. Many literary critics passed his works off as children’s stories or horror stories, and thought to have little social value in an educational setting. Stevenson’s works were often excluded from literature curriculum because of its controversial nature. These debates remain, and many critics still assert that despite his skill, his literary works still lack moral value.One of the main reasons why Stevenson’s literary works attracted so much criticism was due to the genre of his writing. Stevenson mainly wrote adventure stories, which was part of a popular and entertaining writing fad at the time. Many of us believe adventure stories are exciting, offers engaging characters, action, and mystery but ultimately can’t teach moral principles. The plot points are one-dimensional and rarely offer a deeper moral meaning, instead focusing on exciting and shocking plot twists and thrilling events. His works were even criticized by fellow authors. Though Stevenson’s works have deeply influenced Oscar Wilde, Wilde often joked that Stevenson would have written better works if he wasn’t born in Scotland. Other authors came to Stevenson’s defence, including Galsworthy who claimed that Stevenson is a greater writer than Thomas Hardy.Despite Wilde’s criticism, Stevenson’s Scottish identity was integral part of his writing works. Although Stevenson’s works were not popular in Scotland when he was alive, many modern Scottish literary critics claim that Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson are the most influential writers in the history of Scotland. While many critics exalt Sir Walter Scott as a literary genius because of his technical ability, others argue that Stevenson deserves the same recognition for his natural ability to capture stories and characters in words. Many of Scott’s works were taken more seriously as literature for their depth due to their tragic themes, but fans of Stevenson praise his unique style of story-telling and capture of human nature. Stevenson’s works, unlike other British authors, captured the unique day to day life of average Scottish people. Many literary critics point to this as a flaw of his works. According to the critics, truly important literature should translate local culture and stories. However, many critics praise the local taste of his literature. To this day, Stevenson’s works provide valuable insight to life in Scotland during the 19th century.Despite much debate of Stevenson’s writing topics, his writing was not the only source of attention for critics. Stevenson’s personal life often attracted a lot of attention from his fans and critics alike. Some even argue that his personal life eventually outshone his writing. Stevenson had been plagued with health problems his whole life, and often had to live in much warmer climates than the cold, dreary weather of Scotland in order to recover, so he took his family to a south pacific island Samoa, which was a controversial decision at that time. However, Stevenson didn’t regret the decision. The sea air and thrill of adventure complimented the themes of his writing, and for a time restored his health. From there, Stevenson gained a love of travelling, and for nearly three years he wandered the eastern and central Pacific. Much of his works reflected this love of travel and adventure that Stevenson experienced in the Pacific islands. It was as a result of this biographical attention that the feeling grew that interest in Stevenson’s life had taken the place of interest in his works. Whether critics focus on his writing subjects, his religious beliefs, or his eccentric lifestyle of travel and adventure, people from the past and present have different opinions about Stevenson as an author. Today, he remains a controversial yet widely popular figure in western literature.1. Stevenson’s biographers KF and CP .A. underestimated the role family played in Stevenson’s life.B. overestimated the writer’s works in the literature history.C. exaggerated Stevenson’s religious belief in his works.D. elevated Stevenson’s role as a writer.2. The main point of the second paragraph is .A. the public give a more fair criticism to Stevenson’s works.B. recent criticism has been justified.C. the style of Stevenson’s works overweigh his faults in his life.D. Stevenson’s works’ drawback is lack of ethical nature.3. According to the author, adventure stories .A. do not provide plot twists well.B. cannot be used by writers to show moral values.C. are more fashionable art form.D. can be found in other’s works but not in Stevenson’s.4. What does the author say about Stevenson’s works?A. They describe the life of people in Scotland.B. They are commonly regarded as real literature.C. They were popular during Stevenson’s life.D. They transcend the local culture and stories.5. The lifestyle of Stevenson .A. made his family envy him so much.B. should be responsible for his death.C. gained more attention from the public than his works.D. didn’t well prepare his life in Samoa.Passage BIn Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of GeorgeⅢ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine”, invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.Watt’s steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which make possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gas-lit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the industrial revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up undergreat weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand, in some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, where being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the first passage?A. Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.B. The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.C. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.D. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.7. According to paragraph 2, the “atmospheric engine” was slow because .A. it had been designed to be used in coal minesB. the cylinder had to cool between each strokeC. it made use of expanding steam to raise the piston in its cylinderD. it could be operated only when a large supply of fuel was available8. In paragraph 3, the author mentions William Murdoch’s invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to .A. indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt’s steam engineB. make the point that Watt’s steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial RevolutionC. illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial RevolutionD. provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true?A. They were used for the production of paper but not for printing.B. By 1800, significant numbers of them were produced outside of Britain.C. They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.D. They were used in the construction of canals and turnpikes.10. According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horse involvedcombining which two previously ingredients?A. Turnpikes and canalsB. Stationary steam engines and wagons with flanged wheelsC. Metal rails in road beds and wagons capable of carrying heavy loadsD. Canal boats and heavily laden wagonsSection 2 Answering questions(20’)Directions:Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choices are good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who don’t can always just ignore the 273versions cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that, psychological, this assumption is wrong, with 5% lower percentage announcing they are happy. Although some choices are undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less.Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between “maximisers” (those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and “satisfiers” ( those who aim for good enough whether or not better selection might be out there).In particular, we composed a set of statements---the Maximisation Scale---to diagnose people’s propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from completely disagree to completely agree) on such statements as “I never settle for second best.”We also evaluated their sense of satisfaction with their decisions. We didn’t define a sharp cutoff to separate maximisers from satisfiers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scale’s midpoint) as maximisers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisfiers. People who score highest on the test---the greatest maximisers---engage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisfiers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximisers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others.We found that the greatest maximisers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisfiers do.Does it follow that maximisers are less happy in general than satisfiers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of well-being. As might be expected, individuals with high maximisation scores experienced less satisfactionwith life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline of clinical range.Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are “opportunity costs.”The quality f any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the “costs” of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. Early Decision Making Research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision.The problem of opportunity costs will be better for a satisfier. The latter’s “good enough” philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the “good enough” standard leads to much less searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximiser’s “best” standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract.Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settled on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximisers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximisers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret.In a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theatre company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount. Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances than discount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that thefull-price payers would experience more regret if they didn’t use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial.1. What is the aim of the Maximisation Scale composed by the researchers? Who tend to be least happy when making choices?2. Why were the full-price ticket payers more likely to show up at the performances?3. According to the passage, what can be done to increase the sense of happiness when making a better choice?Questions 4-5The raging battle over SOPA and PIPA, the proposed anti-privacy laws, is looking more and more likely to end in favor of Internet freedom-but it won’t be the last battle of its kind. Although, ethereal as it is, the internet seems destined to survive in some form or another, experts warn that there are many threats to its status quo existence, and there is much about it that could be ruined or lost.Physical destructionA vast behemoth that can route around outages and self-heal, the Internet has grown physically invulnerable to destruction by bombs, fires or natural disasters---within countries, at least. It’s “very richly interconnected,” said David Clark, a computer scientist at MIT who was a leader in the development of the Internet in the 1970s. “You would have to work really hard to find a small number of places where you could seriously disrupt connectivity.”On 9/11, for example, the destruction of the major switching center in south Manhattan disrupted service locally. But service was restored about 15 minutes later when the center “healed” as the built-in protocols routed users and information around the outage.However, while it’s essentially impossible to cripple connectivity internally in a country, Clark said it is conceivable that one country could block another’s access to its share of the Internet cloud; this could be done by severing the actual cables that carry Internet data between the two countries. Thousands of miles of undersea fiber-optic cables that convey data from continent to continent rise out of the ocean in only a few dozen locations, branching out from those hubs to connect to millions of computers. But if someone were to blow up one of these hubs—the station in Miami, for example, which handles some 90 percent of the Internet traffic between North American and Latin America, the Internet connection between the two would be severely hampered until the infrastructure was repaired.Such a move would be “an act of cyber war,” Clark told Life’s Little Mysteries, a sister site to Livescience.content cacheEven an extreme disruption of international connectivity would not seriously threaten the survival of Web content itself. A “hard” copy of most data is stored in nonvolatile memory, which sticks around with or without power, and whether you have Internet access to it or not. Furthermore, according to William Lehr, an MIT economist who studies the economics and regulatory policy of the Internet-infrastructure industries, the corporate data centers that harbor Web content-everything from your enemies to this article have sophisticated ways to back up and diversely store the data, including simply storing copies in multiple locations.Google even stores cached copies of all Wikipedia pages; these were accessible on Jan.18 when Wikipedia took its own versions of the pages offline in protest of SOPA and PIPA. This diversified storage plan keeps the content itself safe, but it also offers some protection against loss of access to any one copy of the data in the event of a cyber war. For example, if power were cut to a server, you may be unable to reach a website on its home server, but you may find a cached version of the content stored on another, accessible server. Or, “if you wanted data that was not available from a server in country X, you may be able to get substantively the same data from a server in country Y.” Lehr said.Internet arms race。