【宝山】For a sight of an evolving technology that promises to shake video gaming to its foundation, check out ―Throw Trucks With Your Mind‖.Unlike most video games, it doesn't rely solely on a mouse. Instead, its players also put on a headset that enables them to throw trucks or other virtual objects simply by thinking.And that's just for starters. Advocates of so-called neurogaming（交感神经游戏）say the concept in a few years will combine a wide variety of physiological factors, from a player's heart rate and hand gestures to pupil dilation(瞳孔扩张) and emotions. Moreover, they imagine many such games being developed to improve the health, brainpower and skills of those playing them.The electroencephalography(脑电波仪), or EEG, headset used to throw trucks and other objects onto enemies was made by San Jose, California.-based NeuroSky. It measures separate brainwave frequencies that reflect how focused the player is and how calm they are, according to Lat Ware of Emeryville, California., who developed the game. The game, which can be purchased at , costs $25, or $99 with the headset.Ware, 29, said it's possible to move a pear or other small virtual object if the player is calm, but not focused, or vice versa. But he said both mental states are essential to flatten an enemy with a huge truck, which takes considerable concentration.Although only a few neurogames have been introduced so far and their action tends to be fairly limited, the games are expected to become far more challenging - and multipurpose - as the software and related technology improves.One concept being explored is to develop games that adjust their action according to the player's changing emotions. These are measured by such factors as their facial expressions, eye movement and skin-conductance(皮肤导电) levels. Another approach is to make games that influence how the player thinks and feels.Consider Los Angeles-based Melon, which, like "Throw Trucks With Your Mind," was recently launched via the online fundraising site Kickstarter. Melon officials say their first game-- which challenges players to fold origami（折纸）with their mind, using NeuroSky's EEG headset -- helps people "learn how to focus, relax and meditate better."78. According to this article, what is the purpose of developing the new kind of games?79. The function of brainwave frequencies measured by EEG made by San Jose is to _________.80. According to Ware, if you want to throw something such as a truck, you must be __________.81.What is the new idea being studied to develop more challenging and multipurpose games? (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN ELEVEN WORDS)【崇明】Students in Finland won‘t have to study subjects. Soon, their classrooms would resemble conferences where ―topics‖ are discussed.The education system in Finland is about to undergo a revolutionary and fundamental change, although it enjoys the reputation of being one of the best in the world. The education department has decided to abandon the old method of ―teaching by subject.‖ Instead, the country will now involve the children to help them learn and question by evolving to ―teaching by topic‖, shared Liisa Pohjolainen, who is in charge of youth and adult education in Helsinki –the capital city leading the reform program, ―This is going to be a big change in education in Finland that we‘re just beginning.‖The education system, though appearing to be revolutionary, is quite logical, explained Pasi Silander, the city‘s development manager, ―What we need now is a different kind of education to prepare people for working life. Young people use quite advanced computers. In the past thebanks had lots of bank clerks adding up figures but now that has totally changed. We therefore have to make the changes in education that are necessary for industry and modern society.‖How does Finland plan to apply the method of teaching by topic? Evidently all-round vocational training and accumulated skill develop ment take up priority over ―lessons.‖ Those in their late teens are already being engaged in what Finland refers to as ―phenomenon teaching‖ – or teaching by topic. For example, ―cafeteria services‖ lessons will include elements of finance, languages (to help serve foreign customers), writing skills and communication skills.Students will slowly be taught cross-subject topics which would have varying elements of multiple ―subjects.‖ These elements will vary with the ―topic‖ or ―skill‖ the student is learnin g. Apart from the same, students will move away from the traditional sitting and evaluation techniques as well. Students will sit in smaller groups and work collectively to solve problems, all the while improving upon their communication skills. They won‘t be made to sit in rows and asked questions individually to assess their progress. Instead, a group whose collaborative efforts bring out results faster will be promoted.The education system needs a thorough reform, owing to the fact that traditional teaching techniques were based on traditional tools that were quite limited in availability and accessibility. With modern world being extensively connected, isn‘t it time for the students to learn how to step ahead of mere fact-based learning that promotes memory expansion rather than mental development?(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. Finland is launching its education reform by _________.79. What‘s the purpose of Finland‘s education reform?80. What ar e two of the main features of ―teaching by topic‖?81. Finland decides to reform its education because traditional teaching _________.【奉贤】All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility（敌意）than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation（通货膨胀）. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of lawsuit filer that makes the legal system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam(律师资格考). This leaves today‘s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work extremely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly an essential enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can take it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically（道德上）.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms‘ efficiency.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS)78.Students who ____________________ are tempted to take up law as their profession.79.The underlined word them in Para. 4 refers to _______________________________.80.In addition to shortening the allowance time to take the bar exam, the system reformshould include ________________________________________________________.81.Why is the guild-like ownership structure of the legal system considered restrictive?____________________________________________________________________【虹口】Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.The greatest recent social changes have been in the lives of women in America, or probably in the world.During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the proportion of a woman's life spent in caring for the children. A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties? And would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children. Usually a woman's youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened by modern living conditions.This important change in women's life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women's economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Very many more afterwards return to full-or-part-time work.Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. At what age did most women get married in the late nineteenth century?______________________________________________.79. A women today can still take care of her children when doing paid work in their forties because of ______________________________________.80. Of ―such changes‖ today, one is that many more mothers _________________________ after their first child is born.81. What are the factors that cause a couple to share economic and family affairs in an equal way?______________________________________________.【黄埔】Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.By the mid-19th century most of Europe was in the first stage of the demographic(人口的) transition. Death rate had decreased, as wars, famines(饥荒) and diseases had; local food shortages were rarer, thanks to better economic organization and transport; public health, medical care and the control of infectious diseases had improved. The population increased rapidly, as Malthus had predicted. Between 1800 and 1900 Europe‘s population doubled, to over 400 million, whereas that of Asia, further behind in the demographic transition, increased by less than 50%, to about 950 million.But something else was happening there that would have taken Malthus by surprise: as people came to expect to live longer, and better, they started to have fewer children. They realised they no longer needed several babies just to ensure that two or three would survive. And as they moved from country to town, they also found that children were no longer an economic property that could be set to work at an early age, but a responsibility to be fed, housed and (some of them) educated, for years. Worse, with too many children, a mother would find it hard to take and keep a job, to add to the family income. Nor were the young any longer a guarantee against a poor old age: in the new industrial society, they were likelier to go their own way.Thanks to Europe‘s newborn limitation, in the past 100 years or so its population has risen o nly 80%, to 730 million, and most countries‘ birth rate is now so low that numbers are unchanging or falling. But their composition is very different from the past: better living standards, health condition and medical treatment are multiplying old heads, even as the number of young ones shrinks.In contrast, Asia‘s population over the same time has nearly increased four times, to more than 3.6 billion. North America‘s too has grown almost as fast, but largely thanks to immigration. Africa‘s has multiplied5 times, and Latin America‘s nearly sevenfold.Why these differences? From around 1950, death rate in developing countries also began to fall, and much faster than it ever had in Europe. The knowledge about how to avoid premature death of small children travelled so readily that life expectancy in many poor countries is now not far behind the rich world‘s. But the attitudes and values that persuade people to have fewer children are taking longer to adjust.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What prediction did Malthus make?79. Give one reason to explain why people started to have fewer children according to paragraph2.80. Besides medical treatment, are the other two factors that contribute to theincreasing number of old people.81. Why has the population in developing countries increased faster than it has in Europe in thelast century?【闵行】When e-mail first came into general use about twenty years ago, there was a lot of talk about the arrival of the paperless office. However, it seems that e-mail has yet to revolutionize office communication. According to communications analyst Richard Metcalf, some offices have actually seen an increase in paper as a result of e-mail. ―Information in the form of e-mail messages now floods our computer screens. These messages can be sent so quickly that memos tend to be distributed in the hundreds. For those secretaries whose bosses ask them to print out all their e-mails and leave them in their in-trays, this means using up a great deal of paper every month,‖ Metcalf says.Metcalf has found that because some e-mails get lost in cyberspace, important documents are increasingly likely to be asked by clients and colleagues to send all important documents both by e-mail and by fax. This highlights a further potential problem with e-mail in today‘s offices ─ it is taking up time rather than saving it. ―With e-mail, communication is much easier, but there is also more room for misunderstandings,‖ says psychologist Dr David Lewis. Generally, much less care is taken with e-mails than with letters or faxes and the sender will probably print the document and reread it before putting it in an envelope or sending it by fax.More worrying is still the increasing misuse of e-mail for sending ―flame-mail‖ ─inappropriate e-mail messages. Recent research in several companies suggests that aggressive communications like this are on the increase. E-mail has become the perfect medium for conveying workplace dissatisfaction because it is so instant.E-mail can also be a problem in other ways. Staffs all too often make the mistake of thinking that the contents of the e-mail, like things said over the phone, are private and not permanent. But it is not only possible for an employer to read all your e-mails, it is also perfectly legal. E-mail messages can be traced back to their origin for a period of at least two years, so you might want to rethink e-mailing your dissatisfaction about your boss to your friends. The advice is to keep personal e-mails out of the office.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12 WORDS) 78. The promise of paperless office has not come true in many offices mainly because manysecretaries are asked to _____________.79. Why has e-mailing taken up time rather than saved it?80. There is an increasing concern that e-mails are misused by some employees to express_____________.81. It is advised that employees should not use company e-mails as a way of ___________.【浦东】Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements inthe fewest possible words.While some dictionaries define the word ―right‖ as ―a privilege,‖ when used in the context of ―human rights,‖ we are talking about something more basic. Originally, people had rights only because of their membership in a group, such as a family. Then, in 539 BC, Cyrus the Great, after conquering the city of Babylon, did something totally unexpected—he set all slaves free and let them return home. Moreover, he declared peopl e should choose their own religion. Cyrus‘ statements are about the first ―human rights‖ declaration in history.Every person is entitled to certain fundamental rights, simply by the fact of being human. These are called ―human rights‖ rather than a privilege, which can be taken away at someone‘s sudden desire. They are ―rights‖ because they are things you are allowed to be, to do or to have. These rights are there for your protection against people who might want to harm or hurt you. They are also there to help us get along with each other and live in peace.Yet many people, when asked to name their rights, will list only freedom of speech and belief and perhaps one or two others. There is no question that these are important rights, but the full scope of human rights is very broad. They mean choice and opportunity. They mean the freedom to get a job, adopt a career, select a partner of one‘s choice and raise children. They include the right to travel widely and the right to work without trouble, abuse and threat of arbitrary (霸道) dismissal. They even embrace the right to leisure.In ages past, there were no human rights. Then the idea turned up that people should have certain freedoms. And that idea, in the wake of World War II, resulted finally in the document called the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the thirty rights to which all people are entitled.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in No more than 10 words)78. In 539 BC, people were greatly surprised by Cyrus’s _____________________________.79. A privilege is different from Human rights in that it _____________________________.80. How long have human rights officially existed?81. What’s the main idea of the passage?【普陀】Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Dolphins have been declared the world‘s second most intelligent creatures after humans, with scientists suggesting they are so bright that they should be treated as ―non-human persons‖.Studies into dolphin behavior have highlighted how similar their communications are to those of humans and that they are brighter than chimpanzees. These have been backed up by anatomical (解剖学) research showing that dolphin brains have many key features associated with high intelligence. Recently, a series of behavioral studies has suggested that dolphins, especially species such as the bottlenose, whose brains weigh about 5lb, could even be brighter than chimps, which some studies have found can reach the intelligence levels of three-year-old children. The studies show how dolphins have distinct personalities, a strong sense of self and can think about the future.It has also become clear that dolphins are ―culture‖animals, meaning that new types of behavior can quickly be picked up by one dolphin from another. In one study, Diana Reiss, professor of psychology at Hunter College, City University of New York, showed that bottlenose dolphins could recognize themselves in a mirror and use it to inspect various parts of their bodies, an ability that had been thought limited to humans and great apes. In another, she found that they also had theability to learn an elementary symbol-based language.Other research has shown dolphins can solve difficult problems, while those living in the wild cooperate in ways that imply complex social structures and a high level of emotions. In one recent case, a dolphin rescued from the wild was taught to tail-walk for three weeks in a dolphinarium (海豚宫) in Australia. After she was released, scientists were astonished to see the trick spreading among wild dolphins who had learnt it from the former captive (被俘的). Such observations have prompted questions about the brain structures of dolphins.Researchers have found that brain size varies hugely from around 7oz for the small species to more than 19lb for the sperm whales, whose brains are the largest on the planet. Human brains, by contrast, range from 21lb-4lb. When it comes to intelligence, however, brain size is less important than its size relative to the body.oz: an ounce in weight (1oz=28g)lb: a pound in weight (1lb=454g=16oz)(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in no more than twelve words.)78. The which in the 2nd paragraph refers to _________.79. What do bottlenose dolphins do to make Diana Reiss believe they are ―culture‖ animals?80. The spreading of tail-walk shows wild dolphins have _________.81. What is the main factor that decides the level of intelligence according to the last paragraph?【徐汇】【松江】【金山】Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.____________________________________________Technology means different things to different people. A physician might think of technology as a way to produce a new medicine. To a space engineer, it might mean making better rocket engines. Technology is so widespread that it is part of everyone‘s life. Originally, the word technology comes from the Greek word techne, which means ―art‖. You might think that art means only paintings or sculpture. But the Greeks believed an artist could make useful products from natural materials such as trees, rocks, and plants.What school subjects are related to technology?Though people‘s opinions vary on what groups of technology should be broken down to, you, when in school, may have the question: Why should you study technology? That question is easy to answer. Technology is fun, rewarding, and exciting. It is fun because you get to work with your hands. It is rewarding because you get to see the results of your work. Each day it brings new ideas and new challenges, which make technology exciting. Studying technology will also help you develop your problem-solving skills. You can learn to identify a problem and come up with a solution. You will also find that technology is related to other subjects that you study in school such as:MathematicsScienceSocial studiesEnglish language artsArtYou might enjoy all of your classes more after you begin to see the relationships between technology and other subjects.Do you know what “technologically literate” means?Technology is often in the news. A journalist might report on a particular electrical power plant, a food additive, or a safety device on an automobile. It is important that you understand theimportance of technology. Every day in many ways, technology affects the lives of people around the world. For example, automobile air bags have saved many lives in collisions. However, they inflate so quickly that they have caused injury and death in some cases. As a result, the federal government allows car owners to install an on/off switch for the air bags. Do you think the government should let people do this? To answer this question, you first need to know something about the technology being discussed.Does working on a small engine sound difficult to you? With a basic understanding of technology, it might not be as hard as you think. Being technologically literate means understanding technology and feeling comfortable with it. Sometimes there is no one correct answer to a problem. You need to think about and evaluate each situation, and then make a decision. When you can do this, you will be technologically literate.51.What can the title of the first paragraph be to match the other two?_________________________________________________________________.52.You can have ____________, since when studying technology, every day you work with yourhands, see the results of your work, and have new ideas and new challenges.53.Why are car owners allowed to switch off their air bags?________________________________________________________________________. 54.A technological literate can be a person who ____________________________________. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in No More Than Fifteen Words.)【杨浦】Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Do you feel stressed if your phone is not in sight?Don‘t be. Just the sight of your mobile phone can distract（转移，分心）you – even if you have turned it off and put it on the table, researchers from the University of Southern Maine in the US have found.The researchers asked two groups of students to carry out two different tasks which require paying attention.First, they were given a page of 20 rows of numbers and asked to circle one number in particular whenever they saw it.Second, they had to do the same and also cross off any two numbers in different rows that were next to each other and added up to the target number.During both experiments, half the students kept their phones on their desks and the other half put them out of sight.Those who put their phones in their pocket or their bag got an average of 20 percent higher in the test.We love using phones so much that it‘s becoming a problem, previous studies have found.An Android app followed how many times its 150,000 users checked their phone per day in 2013. The average figure was 110 times.A team at Baylor University in the US published a study in September saying that female students spent an average of 10 hours a day texting, e-mailing and on social media, while male students spent nearly eight.Why are we behaving like this? People want a ―constant connectivity‖, said Bill Thornton, a social psychologist at the University of Southern Maine in the US. Many ―check their phones when they wake up and as the last thing befor e they go to bed‖, he told the Daily Mail.Such behavior is bad for ―our ability to maintain attention‖, he added. Also, we react more slowly as a result.If you are always getting distracted by your phone, here‘s some advice for you: create a no-phone time zone.First, find out at least two hours of your day when you‘re most productive. Then turn off your phone and stay completely dedicated to the work you have to do.Oh yes, and don‘t forget to put the phone away as well.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. The result of the two experiments shows that ______________________________________.79. Girl students ______________________ than boys in texting, e-mailing and on social media.80. According to social psychologists, what leads to the high frequency of checking phones andlong screen time?_________________________________________________________________81. How can people avoid being distracted in their most productive hours?_________________________________________________________________【闸北】Directions:Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Few would argue that there has not been significant technological progress in the field of self-driving cars in recent years. Aside from the technology question, the legislative issue gives the world a worse headache. The content of the trouble centres on the question of who is to blame in a crash. The legal field tends to have the owners take responsibility for the messes their cold lifeless machine makes, for which case an explosion of lawsuits are well expected.Today, many of the car manufacturers and their suppliers are researching self-driving technology, but it is unclear why they would want to roll it out quickly. A consumer in America, for example, uses his or her car for approximately one hour per day. There is, therefore, a large amount of "free capacity" in the personal vehicle use market. Imagine a world where you can be driven to work, and where your car can then turn around and drive home so that your partner or anybody else can use it during the day. This shared use pattern could certainly stop the need to own a second car. Taken to its logical conclusion, it could even be the biggest reason to eliminate the need to own a car at all. The effects on car sales volumes could be destructive.The possible violation of privacy is also a big issue on the map. We all know that consumer data is big business. A self-driving car would easily log where you visited, the time of the day you went, and much more. Though your purchase preferences might escape secret peeping, the leakage of your whereabouts s eems inevitable as it‘s hard to do what you are always doing to your smartphone toward the sole tool of transportation. Power off the big steel fellow and you are stuck on the road. The now excitedly expecting public are sure to be annoyed soon.Much discussed, the poor application of the technology outweighs the previous factors. In car industry, new vehicle features take a long time to get to broad market mass. Features are typically launched first on high-end vehicles, and then trickle down once there is sufficient space in the market to generate the scale affordable for the volume vehicles. With a car model's life cycle being between five and seven years, it is hard to see self-driving technology being fitted as standards of the mass-market brands.We still have a long way off from a world of completely self-driving cars.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHTWORDS.)。
