下载文档原格式
上海对外经贸大学2017年翻译硕士MTI考研真题目录翻译硕士英语（211） (1)英语翻译基础（357） (1)汉语写作与百科知识（448） (2)翻译硕士英语（211）1. 选择题（20*1')，考单词为主，后面有几道语法。
单词以专八词汇为主，少量的gre词汇2. 阅读（20*1'）,四篇阅读，个人觉得很简单，文章很短，只有一面的长度吧，用专八阅读练习足够了3.改错（10*1），比专八改错简单，前几年考的是修辞和英美文化常识，或古希腊神话典故。
4.作文（50分，500字）谈谈你对对happiness的定义英语翻译基础（357）1.英译汉，75分。
今年没考哈佛商业评论上的文章，考的是一本书的序关于Samuel Johnson的2.汉译英，75分。
是于丹论语心得上的，考前有看到这篇。
“我们想想，小偷劫匪穿门打户，甚至越货杀人，你能说他不勇敢吗?但是这种没有道义约束的勇敢是世界上最大的灾害。
后来苏轼在《留侯论》中也曾经论述过勇敢，他把那种真正的勇敢叫做“大勇”。
在苏轼看来，真正的勇者有一种“过人之节”，他们能够忍受像韩信那样的胯下之辱，而成就辅佐刘邦决胜千里、扫平天下那样的大业。
他不会像平常人逞一时之勇，图一时之快。
这是因为他的内心有一种在理性制约下的自信与镇定，这是因为他有着宽广的胸怀和高远的志向。
所谓“卒然临之而不惊，无故加之而不怒”，是很难做到的。
我们可以要求自己做一个有修养的道德君子，不去冒犯别人，但当别人没有任何缘由地时常冒犯你，你能做到不怒吗?"汉语写作与百科知识（448）一. 填空（10*2）1、商朝文字：2、3古代男子以__别贵贱女子以__别婚姻4、闰年二月多少天5、6并称风骚：7、汉语普通话以什么为标准音（）8、保存最完整的宫廷建筑9、中国画按内容分类山水、人物、__10、奥林匹克发源地二. 名词解释（10*3）京剧、科举考试、古文运动、三宝殿、婵娟、四大名著、三百千、三大传统节日、六艺、牛市三. 小作文，给党的一封信，关于高等教育的40分450字四. 大作文，60分，不少于800字的议论文。
2017对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题资料一、百科知识，解释划线词1.韩素音的着作《伤残的树》描写了一个世纪前，一位比利时女子被瓷器中的中国吸引，远嫁重洋，落户动乱、饥饿的四川。
半个世纪前，她的长着高鼻梁、黑眼睛的混血女儿，历时15年，用手中的笔，书写了一部给外国人看的家族史，这是一部纠结着血缘传承、习俗差异、民族矛盾的复杂家族史，更是一部扎根在自己家族，涉及曾国藩、义和团、袁世凯、基督教、共产党的波澜壮阔的民族断代史。
2.钱钟书先生的笔记中不仅包括了《诗经》、《论语》、《史记》、《全唐诗》、《全宋词》、《红楼梦》等经典，更大量涉及历代文人诗文别集、笔记小说、野史杂谈、尺牍日札。
多种形制、各类语体的读数笔记曾伴随钱钟书走南闯北，历经风雨，充分展现了钱先生的国学水平。
3.一方面，新兴市场国家，如金砖四国，希望注资IMF。
据消息人士称，IMF需要3500亿美元来帮助西班牙和意大利等国渡过债务危机。
但西方国家认为，这次注资不应该通过减少西方国家的投票权(增加新兴市场国家的投票权会降低西方国家的投票权)来损害西方国家的利益。
4.加拿大央行行长卡尼表示，希腊问题十分重要，但鉴于更大国际背景，欧洲问题严重性甚于希腊，G20峰会需要认真解决发达国家经济弱点。
5.参加德班气候大会的中国代表团官员8日表示，随着中国“十二五”期间加强控制温室气体排放，中国有望建立自己的碳排放交易系统(ETS)。
6，还有戛纳，欧元区，新闻界的“走，转，改”具体文段想不起来。
二、应用文写作应用文写作纪念辛亥革命一百周年征稿启事写清标题，正文，落款要求有四条1.征文目的，对象，用途，意义2.征文题材体裁字数3.征文起止日期评奖办法4.邮寄方式联系人地址5.不少于450字三、大作文写作：阅读下面一则故事，写一篇800字以上短文；题目：略谈说话的艺术美国的心理学家和人际关系大师卡耐基每个季度都要在纽约的一家大旅馆租用大礼堂用以讲授社交训练课程。
全国8大分校·出题人阅卷人加盟·多对一跟踪督促·精准考研信息·考前绝密押题·复试协议保过高端状元集训营·一对一押题保分·专业课视频课程·全套真题（含解析）笔记·专业课押题卷对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语笔译考研资料-考研考博一．对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研内容分析专业招生人数初试复试英语笔译年份统考推免政治100分翻译硕士英语100分英语翻译基础150分汉语写作与百科知识150分笔试：40分钟，100分面试：100分笔试占复试成绩的50%，面试占50%201542102016339英语口译2015912020165724二．育明考研考博辅导中心孙老师解析：关于对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士2016年的招生信息最新总结：1,对外经济贸易大学近两年的复试分数线比较高，15年389分,16年388分。
这样的高分给很多同学无形中一个压力，导致很多学生不敢报考。
孙老师建议大家不要只看分数线，还要了解出题趋势和难度，大家都知道贸大很偏重经贸类的，所以复习起来还是很有方向的，这两年的题难度不大，也是高分的原因，17年的考生在报考事一点要根据自己的强狂选择。
2，从招生人数看贸大16年有很大的变化的，笔译招生40人没有变化，口译少了一个国际商务谈判方向，招生人数由80人减少55人。
增加了在职商务口笔译，招生人数30人。
实际上16年在职录取了7全国8大分校·出题人阅卷人加盟·多对一跟踪督促·精准考研信息·考前绝密押题·复试协议保过高端状元集训营·一对一押题保分·专业课视频课程·全套真题（含解析）笔记·专业课押题卷人。
育明教育考博分校针对对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士专业考研开设的辅导课程有：专业课一对一·全程集训营·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
考研之路漫长而不易，当时在论坛上看了很多学长学姐的帖子，就是黑暗里的一盏明灯，给我指了一条复习的道路。
所以下面是过来人分享的对外经济贸易大学翻硕考研经验，希望能帮到大家。
大三的时候，开始考虑毕业之后要做什么。
想过是不是要工作就业、考公务员或者考研。
参加工作其实也很好，但对于自己的专业水平，说实话没有那么大的自信，毕竟机会只留给准备好的人，而我还没有准备好。
考公务员对我来说又是一个全新的领域，而且自己不了解更不擅长，毕竟太多人去挤这座独木桥，所以更加敬而远之。
相比之下考研对于我来说就更稳妥一些。
我从初中开始在政治方面就一直不错，虽然后来在高中选择了理科，但是在考研复习时政治的备考压力也不算大。
我先是花了一些时间在网上找了一些网课，一直认为考研政治要想得高分，关键在于选择题，而做选择题的秘诀在于理解透知识点，所以认为花时间听老师讲课虽然看起来比较费时间，但是磨刀不误砍柴工。
然后大概从十月份开始每天拿出一个小时左右看一下政治大纲，虽然第一遍看之后并没有记住多少，但是这第一遍也是很重要的，当然如果大家时间比较多的话，也可以多复习几遍，这对你的选择题有很大的帮助，而且政治的分数最主要的就是从选择题来。
如果时间不多的话就做政治新时器的题吧，在做的时候不要直接把答案写在书上，书上只要标记出自己作图的题就可以了，然后你就能找到多次做错的题了，对于这种题可以抄下来重点解决。
政治大题复习最核心的就是新时器的四套卷，而且还可以提示你如何去背诵至于其他的我觉得真的没有什么必要了。
翻译硕士英语翻译英语的考试词汇大多是专八水平，语法也是专四，所以掌握好词汇还有语法考试时的单选就没有问题了。
对于阅读和写作而言的，需要保证每天有足够的的阅读数量提高也额度的速度，还要多做真题，多写写文章，并且每天都要学习，一直坚持到考前。
接下来推荐一下复习的参考书：（1）词汇:英语专业八级词汇必备13000新东方GRE词汇乱序版英语专业四级、八级词汇表（大纲书）（2）语法/改错:星火的专业四级语法词汇满分突破冲击波的专业八级改错3）阅读:星火英语专八标准阅读100篇三级笔译综合那本，红皮高级口译阅读教程（4）作文:英语专业八级考试精品范文100篇星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精练星火英语专业考研名校全真试卷（学硕基英真题，虽然比MTI难，但是还是需要好好做）星火专八全真试题与命题预测（专八真题总得做吧，还有里面附送的2000核心词汇很好）2、英语翻译基础翻译练习的时候一定要进行总结，复习的时候更要反复的复习笔记这样下一次再见到才能有影响。
外交学院翻译硕士英语口译考研信息整体复习经验经验指导1、抓住重点，快速复习2、建立框架，系统复习3、明确背诵，精确记忆4、区分主次，结合热点5、模拟训练，名师批阅6、押题模考，一战封侯一、2017年外交学院英语口译MTI考研参考书、招生信息、复试真题、录取就业信息★英语系：055102英语口译（专业学位）招生人数：40(20）含推免英语口译学费：20000元/年学制：两年1.★考试科目：①101政治②211翻译硕士英语③357英语翻译基础④448汉语写作与百科知识2.★参考书：1-《三级、二级笔译实务和综合能力》2-《英语翻译二级笔译》外研社出版3-《星火英语专业八级词汇周计划》4-《英语专业八级改错》5-《星火英语专业八级报刊阅读五大题源》6-《星火专业八级写作》7-武峰《12天突破英汉翻译》《英汉翻译教程新说》8-《翻译硕士英语真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社9-《汉语写作与百科知识真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社10-《汉语写作与百科知识》天津科技翻译出版社★★★育明教育宋宋老师解析：1.扩招：从2014年开始扩招，分数线350分左右，2015年345分。
外交学院翻译硕士难度较大，但是就业形势不错，不建议跨专业的考生报考。
1.外院侧重考时政类的东西，所以说关注时政是很关键的。
抽时间可以去看看比较新的东西，如政府工作报告、CHINA DAILY上的热词，新闻热点之类的。
推荐几个app：BBC NEWS、CHINA DAILY、环球时报、百度知道、有道词典。
前三个就是新闻，翻译累了可以看看，而且可以尝试视译。
百度知道上有很多新词的解释，自己平常遇到不懂的也可以随手查一下2.★招收同等学力：①所学专业与报考专业相同或相近；②在国家核心期刊上以第一作者身份发表过两篇以上（含两篇）与所报专业相关的学术论文；③具有大学英语六级证书或大学英语六级成绩达到550分以上。
以同等学力报考者通过初试后，须加试两门本科专业基础课，加试科目在通知复试时公布。
2017年外经贸翻译硕士真题（凯程首发）2017年外经贸翻译硕士真题（凯程首发），凯程就是翻译硕士的黄埔军校。
喜报，刚刚考完2017年翻译硕士，凯程集训营学员纷纷给凯程集训营老师打来电话，汇报真题情况，并且说翻译硕士内容是凯程集训营老师讲过的类型，凯程不愧为翻译硕士的黄埔军校。
凯程在历年考研中，每年都命中翻译硕士大量的题目，更神奇的是，有些题目是完全一致的。
凯程在2017年学员的反馈中，预示着凯程学员将取得更优异的成绩。
凯程已经开设了翻译硕士、金融硕士、会计硕士、法硕、法学、经济学、金融学、教育学、教育硕士、中传、财科所等专业和学校的复试特录班，不录取全额退费，同学们可以咨询凯程，凯程有信心扎实辅导，能够让同学们顺利考取目标院校，并且凯程官网发布了各个专业的复试和初试导学视频，免费供大家查看。
凯程2018年考研特录班、全程特录班、暑期集训营、寒假集训营，百日集训营、冲刺集训营，开始报名，定向名校，全日制封闭式高强度集训，历年成功率遥遥领先。
凯程拥有12年考研辅导经验，拥有自己的集训营，正规大学场地、教学楼、宿舍、操场、食堂、安全又卫生，班主任全程监督管理，全程名师授课。
您可以找凯程老师免费索取翻译硕士考研的相关导学班视频。
也有同学问，考研辅导班哪个好？同学们直接去该机构官网看看经验谈视频，有视频才有真相，有视频才代表有辅导经验，凯程学员视频真真实实的案例，欢迎同学们到凯程官网去查看。
2017年对外经贸大学MTI汉语百科知识与写作单项选择50+应用文写作600字+大作文1000字一、选择1、提灯天使是谁2、英国脱欧3、美国的麦迪逊大街常用来指代哪一行业4、美国哪一条修正案中，给予女性选举权利5、2016发生的美国警察被枪杀的原因6、“美即真理，真理即美”出自于那个人的什么作品7、08年汶川大地震，哪个选项不是重灾区8、天宫一号、二号、神州五号、六号，哪个第一次实现了载人航天9、《大宪章》是哪个世纪谁在位时的10、以下哪位美国作家没有获得过诺贝尔文学奖（海明威、福克纳等）11、三武宗12、《失乐园》讲了什么13、赋比兴中“兴”的含义14、以下哪个不是英国著名公学15、《女性的意识》是谁写的16、文艺复兴时期谁写的“十四行诗”……二、应用文写作关于大学生创业、创新的策划书三、大作文新媒体时代下信息传播方式的思考。
育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。
对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries thathave avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication thatthey have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industriessome of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Sovietfirms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the samecustomersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influencethan are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”andhaving a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchyof human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writingwill be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。
2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题，考研参考书，考研经验，资料笔记2016年357英语翻译基础考研真题第一部分短语翻译加解释七个选五个翻译加解释E-Cbarries to entrycar poolingspecial drawing rightscurrent accountquotaexport credittertiary industryC-E全面二孩灵猫六国跨太平洋伙伴合作协定一带一路首次公开募股国际收支平衡表投资组合理论第二部分E-C世界银行集团的风险管理C-E第一部分三个古文句子翻译1.百川汇海阔风正好扬帆（后半句不大确定了）2.同心合意，庶几有成3.急人之急，雪中送炭，是中国所推崇的处世之道第二部分，篇章翻译是关于RCEP的，貌似是李克强的一个讲话。
211翻译硕士英语单选20题考的基本上都是词义辨析改错10题不是很难阅读四篇第一篇用机器鸟赶鸽子T/F/NG第二篇关于学习英语的（FT中文网原文）四选一第三篇关于Creation的选headings的题目第四篇关于Uber的文章（没记错的话也是FT中文网的文章）选句子填空写作图表作文给了两个图，第一个是FDI的图，第二个China's trade with Georfia （记不清是不是这个国家了）通过这两个图标分析说明中国在这个地区建立自由贸易区的可行性。
百科福之祸所依是谁说的2015诺贝尔文学奖武汉的意义法国西班牙分界线孙思邈写的书获得普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖的唯一女作家狄更斯的小说晏殊的昨夜西风凋碧树中东地区矛盾冲突的原因二十四节气英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。
2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。
北京：清华大学出版社，2001。
3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。
5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。
6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。
8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。
9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。
10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。
12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。
百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。
20、《高中语文基础知识手册》，文学与文化部分。
21、张岱年，《中国文化概论》。
北京：北京师范大学出版社，2004、2010。
22、夏晓鸣，《应用文写作》。
上海：复旦大学出版社，201023、《不可不知的2000/3000/5000个常识》24、李国正主编的《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》25、世界历史地理及年度国际国内重大事件，包括文学及经济类畅销书籍，与名著有关的影视剧作，年鉴、周年纪念日等。
（平时关注网站、报刊）育明教育夏老师整理对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研资料、笔记Passage One(Europe’s Gypsies,Are They a Nation?)The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent’s Gypsies(or Roman)to be recognized as a nation,albeit one without a defined territory.And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union’s present and future countries.Some experts put the figure at4m-plus;some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as15m.Unlike Jews,Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to.Though their language is related to Hindi,their territorial origins are misty.Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon.Other Europeans(wrongly)thought them migrant Egyptians,hence the derivative Gypsy.Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the7th century.However,since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago,the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground.The International Romany Union,which says it stands for10m Gypsies in more than30countries,is fostering the idea of“self-rallying”.It is trying to promote a standard and written form of the language;it waves a Gypsy flag(green with a wheel)when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations;and in July it held a congress in Prague,The Czech capital.Where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer,Emil Scuka,was elected president of the International Tomany ter this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians,including members of parliament,mayors and local councilors from all over Europe(OSCE),to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies,but that is not saying a lot.Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress,few were democratically elected;oddly,none came from Hungary,whose Gypsies are perhaps the world’s best organized,with some450Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did,however,announce its ambition to set up a parliament,but how it would actually be elected was left undecided.So far,the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation.The might,it is feared,open a Pandora’s box already containing Basques,Corsicans and other awkward peoples.Besides,acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire,just when several countries,particularly Hungary,Slovakia and the Czech Republic,are beginning to treat them better,in order to qualify for EU membership.“The EU’s whole premise is to overcome differences,not to highlight them,”says a nervous Eurocrat.But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe’s largest continent wide minority,and one with a terrible history of persecution,is catching on.Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries.In Romania,the country that still has the largest number of them(more than1m),in the19th century they were actually enslaved.Hitler tried to wipe them out,along with the Jews.“Gypsies deserve some space within European structures,”says Jan Marinus Wiersma,a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs.Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented,perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament.That,they argue,might give them a boost.There are moves afoot to help them to get money for,among other things,a Gypsy university.One big snag is that Europe’s Gypsies are,in fact,extremely heterogeneous.They belong to many different,and often antagonistic,clans and tribes,with no common language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt.Still,says,Dimitrina Petrova,head of the European Roma Rights Center in Budapest,Gypsies’shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation;their potential unity,she says,stems from“being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe.”And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic.In Slovakia and Bulgaria,for instance,Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament.In Macedonia,a Gypsy party already has some—and even runs a municipality.Nicholas Gheorge,an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE,reckons that,spread over Central Europe,there are now about20Gypsy MPS and mayors,400-odd local councilors,and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals.That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation.But,with the Gypsy question on the EU’s agenda in Central Europe,they are making ground.26.The Best Title of this passage is[A].Gypsies Want to Form a Nation.[B].Are They a Nation.[C].EU Is Afraid of Their Growth.[C].They Are a Tribe27.Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?[A].Most probably they drifted west from India in the7th century.[B].They are scattered everywhere in the world.[C].Probably,they stemmed from Central Europe.[D].They probably came from the International Romany Union.28.What does the International Romany lobby for?[A].It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such international organizations as EU and UN.[B].It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.[C].It lobbies for the right as a nation.[D].It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.29.Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as anation?[A].It may open a Pandora’s Box.[B].Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.[C].It fears that the Basgnes,Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may raise thesame demand.[D].Gyspsies’demand may highlight the difference in the EU.30.The big problem lies in the fact that[A].Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a common languageor religion.[B].Their leaders prove corrupt.[C].Their potential unity stems from“being regarded as sub-human”.[D].They are a bit more pragmatic.Passage TwoRecent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks.Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks,Hispanics,and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.Now Congress,in apparent agreement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than$500,000do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government.Indeed,some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial.According to figures collected in1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from$77million in1972to$1.1 billion in1977.The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over53billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses,this increased patronage poses dangers for them,too. First,minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially,since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses,they often need to make substantial investments in new plants,staff,equipment,and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.If, thereafter,their subcontracts are for some reason reduced,such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders,or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns.Of course,in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures;clearly,White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone.But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as“fronts”with White backing,rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third,a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent.Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger,more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases:when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor,they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.36.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A)present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies(B)describe a situation and its potential drawbacks(C)propose a temporary solution to a problem(D)analyze a frequent source of disagreement37.The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?(A)What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority-ownedbusinesses in public works contracts?(B)To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report theirefforts to find minority subcontractors?(C)How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as“fronts”by White backersseeking to obtain subcontracts?(D)What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financiallyoverextended?38.According to the passage,civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under whichminority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have(A)been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy(B)been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors(C)not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations(D)not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers39.The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts resultquickly in orders might cause it to(A)experience frustration but not serious financial harm(B)face potentially crippling fixed expenses(C)have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government(D)increase its spending with minority subcontractors40.The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business withone large corporate customer should(A)avoid competition with larger,more established concerns by not expanding(B)concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation(C)try to expand its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation 育明教育官网：。
