哲学英语(哲学专业面试所用)

哲学专业英语（the course of philosophical English）西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham’s razor奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation（sharing）分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes 四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is 是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断==judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派Ephsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans 毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/ Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fideism信仰主义（僧侣主义）hylozoism物活论Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham’s razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论（extreme/moderate）realism唯实论（extreme/moderate ）Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论（materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Apriorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相，偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter心物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身心交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论（finite/infinite）psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性（休谟）Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles 微粒说Theory of vortex 漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth of reason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason 神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori judgement先天判断A posteriori judgement 后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of judgement/ category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of judgement/ category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of judgement/ category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of judgement/ category of mode 判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正-反-合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians 青年黑格尔派Natural theology自然神学（理性神学）absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism 人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪baptism （基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie 资产阶级causationism 因果论Christianity 基督教clherentism 贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism 理神论；自然神论；自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day 上帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant’s nebular hypothesis 康德的星云假说method of exclusion 排除法method of induction 归纳法nativism 先天论，天赋论sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis （《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament 《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding 《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《工具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god 《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。

哲学专业英语(the course of philosophical English)西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modem western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective/Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham's razoi•奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation(sharing)分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance>5ustice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断=judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法Pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派印hsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fldeism信仰主义(僧侣主义)hylozoism物活论Original sin原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham's razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论(extreme/moderate) realism唯实论(extreme/moderate) Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论(materialistic/idealistic)Empiricism经验论(materialistic/idealistic) Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Aphorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相,偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身，C?交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论(finite/infinite)psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验(extemal/intemal)sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性(休谟)Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles微粒说Theory of vortex漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省Extemal/intemal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认矢口Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment'I■青感---entimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth ofreason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copemican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析■综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-fbr-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori j u dgement先天判断A posteriori judgement后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of j udgement/category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of j udgement/category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of j udgement/category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of j udgement/category of mode判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Extemalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正■反■合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians青年黑格尔派Natural theology fl然神学（理性神学）absolute ego（费希特的）绝对自我animatism物活论animism泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism禁欲主义atomism原子论，原子学说atonement赎罪baptism（基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie资产阶级causationism因果论Christianity基督教clherentism贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism理神论；自然神论：自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day±帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant's nebular hypothesis康德的星云假说method of exclusion排除法method of induction归纳法nativism先天论，天赋论sense perception感性知觉sentience感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection反映论theory of relativity相对论theory of representation表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis（《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《匚具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason《实践理性批判》Critique of j udgement《判断力批判》。

英语哲学类作文模板英文回答：What is the role of philosophy?Philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. It is a discipline that asks questions about the world around us and our place in it. Philosophy has been around for centuries, and it continues to be a vital part of our intellectual landscape.There are many different branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality,including questions about what exists, what is the natureof time and space, and what is the relationship betweenmind and matter. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including questions about what is knowledge, how do we know things, and what are the limits of our knowledge. Ethics is the study of morality, including questions about what isgood and evil, what is right and wrong, and how we should live our lives. Aesthetics is the study of beauty and art, including questions about what is beautiful, what is art, and what is the purpose of art.Philosophy is a challenging and rewarding discipline. It requires us to think critically about the world around us and to question our assumptions. Philosophy can help us to understand ourselves and the world better, and it can help us to live more meaningful lives.What are the benefits of studying philosophy?There are many benefits to studying philosophy. Philosophy can help us to:Develop our critical thinking skills。

哲学的专业英语术语有哪些哲学的专业英语术语有哪些哲学是社会意识形态之一，是关于世界观的学说。

是理论化、系统化的世界观，是自然知识、社会知识、思维知识的概括和总结，是世界观和方法论的统一。

关于哲学，总感觉是抽象的，难以理解的。

下面，还是一起来看一些哲学的专业英语术语，初步了解一下哲学。

1).philosophyAt the mention of philosophy, he seems to talk endlessly.1).n.哲学，哲理一提到哲学，他似乎有说不完的话。

2).materialismWe advocate materialism and oppose idealism2).n.唯物主义我们提倡唯物主义，而反对唯心主义。

3).idealismThe philosopher is talking historical idealism with us3).n.唯心主义，理想主义这位哲学家正在和我们讨论唯心史观。

4).world outlookOur problem is what kind of world outlook we will build4).世界观我们的问题是我们将建立什么样的世界观。

5).phenomenonIt is a common phenomenon that young people offer their seats to old people In the bus5).n.现象年轻人在公交车上给老年人让位，这是一个普遍现象。

6).essenceThe essence of this article is that we should take measures toprotect environment6).n.本质，要素，精华这篇文章的本质内容是我们应该采取措施保护环境。

7).substanceWe are surprised to find that the substance of this material is carbon.7).n.实质我们很惊奇地发现这种物质的实质成分是碳。

哲学英语哲学英语，作为一门独特的语言形式，在当今世界中扮演着重要的角色。

它不仅仅是一种语言的学习，更是一种思维方式的跨文化交流。

哲学英语的独特之处在于它的深刻与抽象，以及它所包含的哲学思想和哲学文化。

在这篇文档中，我们将探讨哲学英语的起源、发展和意义。

起源哲学英语起源于英国，在18世纪后期至19世纪初期的英国哲学家如伯克利和邓恩等人对于认识论和形而上学方面的探讨中。

他们提出了很多关于心灵、本体、存在和认识方面的新观点，这些新观点被称为哲学英语，因为它们的表达方式是一种融合了哲学思想和英语语言的独特方式。

发展随着时间的推移，哲学英语逐渐发展成为一种独特的语言形式。

它的特点在于深奥、灵活和抽象。

哲学英语的语言结构和用词往往比普通英语更为复杂和深刻，这使得哲学英语更适合于表达哲学思想和哲学概念。

许多哲学家和研究者用哲学英语来撰写论文和著作，以表达他们的深刻见解和思想。

意义哲学英语在当今世界中具有重要意义。

首先，哲学英语为人们提供了一种全新的思维方式，帮助他们更好地理解和解读复杂的哲学观点和概念。

其次，哲学英语作为一种跨文化交流的工具，有助于增进不同文化间的交流与理解。

最重要的是，哲学英语本身就蕴含着丰富的哲学思想和文化内涵，它不仅为人们提供了丰富的知识和智慧，更为人们的精神世界带来了启示与启迪。

因此，哲学英语作为一种独特的语言形式，不仅仅是一种语言的学习，更是一种思维方式的跨文化交流。

它蕴含着丰富的哲学思想和文化内涵，为人们开启了一扇通往哲学世界的大门，引领人们前行于追求真理和智慧的漫漫长路上。

愿我们在探寻哲学英语的过程中，不断汲取人类思想的智慧，不断丰富自己的内涵，不断拓展我们的智慧视野，走向更加充实和光明的未来。

哲学的英语单词philosophyn.哲学；人生哲学；哲学体系；思想体系；生活的信条例句1.我们有必要向西方哲学的某些基本假设提出质疑。

We need to challenge some of the basic assumptions of Western philosophy.2.那就是我所信奉的人生哲学。

That's a philosophy I could live by.3.他沉思着，仿佛在思索某个深奥的哲学问题。

He pondered, as if over some deep philosophical point.4.这类证据在哲学上是不足为信的。

This kind of evidence is philosophically unconvincing.5.他总结了自己的哲学，还提及了加尔文。

He summed up his philosophy, with reference to Calvin.6.心理学最初是自然哲学一个纯粹的学术分支。

Psychology began as a purely academic offshoot of natural philosophy.7.他不习惯政治或哲学讨论。

He was not accustomed to political or philosophical discussions.8.他们在哲学或是历史方面几乎一无所知。

They had little or no acquaintance with philosophy or history.9.他正试图把各种激进的哲学思想综合在一起。

He's trying to bring together various strands of radical philosophic thought.10.安妮的作品反映了她的人生哲学，即生活充满神秘色彩。

Annie's work reflects her philosophy that life is full of mysteries.11.或然性和自由意志这两个哲学问题是紧密相关的。

马克思主义哲学复试英语自我介绍English:Hello, my name is [Your Name] and I am a candidate for the second round interview for the Marxist Philosophy program. I am deeply passionate about Marxist philosophy and its principles, as I believe it provides a critical lens through which to analyze and critique social, political, and economic structures. Throughout my academic career, I have engaged with various Marxist texts and theories, and have developed a strong understanding of concepts such as historical materialism, dialectical materialism, and alienation. I am particularly interested in exploring the intersection of Marxism with other philosophical traditions, as well as applying Marxist analysis to contemporary issues such as globalization, imperialism, and ecological crisis. I am confident that my academic background, research experience, and enthusiasm for Marxist philosophy make me a strong candidate for this program.中文翻译:你好，我叫[你的名字]，是马克思主义哲学复试的候选人。

哲学专业研究生复试自我介绍英文English:Hello faculty members, my name is [Your Name], and I am thrilled to have the opportunity to introduce myself to you today as a prospective graduate student in the Philosophy program. I graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy from [Your University] where I developed a passion for critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and exploring the complexities of the human experience through philosophical inquiry. My academic journey has provided me with a strong foundation in ethical theory, epistemology, metaphysics, and logic, and I am eager to further deepen my understanding of these areas through the rigorous academic training offered by your esteemed institution. I have also actively engaged in research projects, seminars, and discussions with peers and faculty members, which have sharpened my intellectual curiosity and honed my research skills. I am particularly interested in pursuing research on the intersection of ethics and technology, as well as the philosophy of mind and consciousness. I believe that pursuing a graduate degree in Philosophy will not only allow me tocontribute meaningfully to the field but also develop the critical thinking and writing skills necessary for a successful career in academia. I am confident that your program's emphasis on interdisciplinary perspectives, rigorous methodology, and academic excellence aligns with my academic goals and aspirations, and I am excited about the opportunity to be a part of your vibrant academic community.Translated content:各位教授，我叫[你的名字]，很高兴今天有机会作为哲学专业的研究生候选人向您介绍自己。

马克思主义哲学复试英语自我介绍英文回答：Good morning/afternoon, respected professors. It is a great honor and privilege to introduce myself to you today as an applicant for the Master's program in Marxist Philosophy at your esteemed university. My academic journey has been marked by a deep fascination with the works ofKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and I am eager to delve deeper into their philosophical legacy through this program.Throughout my undergraduate studies in philosophy, I have been particularly drawn to Marx's critique ofcapitalism and his vision of a more just and equitable society. I am particularly interested in his theories of class struggle, surplus value, and alienation, and Ibelieve that these concepts provide a powerful lens through which to analyze the social and economic dynamics of our contemporary world.In addition to my coursework, I have actively engaged with Marxist scholarship through research and independent study. I have presented my findings at several undergraduate conferences and published an article in a peer-reviewed journal on the topic of Marx's theory of alienation.My passion for Marxist philosophy extends beyond the academic realm. I am an active member of several social justice organizations, where I work to promote workers' rights, fight for economic equality, and challenge systemic oppression. I believe that Marx's insights into the nature of capitalism and its impact on human society are essential for understanding and transforming the world we live in.I am confident that my academic background, research experience, and commitment to social justice make me an ideal candidate for this program. I am eager to learn from the distinguished faculty at your university and to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding Marxist philosophy. I am particularly interested in exploring the intersections between Marxism and other philosophicaltraditions, such as feminism, postcolonial theory, and critical race theory.I am confident that I can make a meaningfulcontribution to the intellectual community at your university and to the broader field of Marxist scholarship. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my application further with you.中文回答：尊敬的教授们，早上/下午好。

马克思主义哲学复试英语自我介绍英文回答：Dear esteemed professors, it is with immense honor and excitement that I present my application for the master's program in Marxist philosophy at your prestigious university. My academic pursuits and personal experiences have ignited within me a profound passion for the critical and transformative power of Marxist thought, and I am confident that your program will provide me with the intellectual foundation and analytical tools necessary to explore this field in depth.My undergraduate studies in philosophy laid the groundwork for my understanding of Western philosophical traditions, particularly the works of classical thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Kant. However, it was my encounter with Marxist philosophy that truly captivated my intellectual curiosity. The materialist and dialectical framework offered by Marx and Engels resonated deeply withmy experiences of social inequality and the struggles of marginalized communities.Through coursework, independent research, and active engagement in student organizations, I have delved into the various strands of Marxist thought, including historical materialism, political economy, and the critique of ideology. I have been particularly drawn to the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, and Antonio Gramsci, whose writings have shaped my understanding of class struggle, the dynamics of capitalism, and the potential for revolutionary social transformation.Beyond my academic endeavors, my commitment to Marxist principles extends to my involvement in community activism. As a volunteer at a local homeless shelter, I have witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of economic inequality and the systemic barriers faced by the most vulnerable members of society. This experience has reinforced my belief in the importance of a critical analysis of social structures and the need for transformative action to address the root causes ofinjustice.I am particularly interested in the program's focus on the contemporary relevance of Marxist philosophy. In an era marked by global economic crises, deepening social divisions, and the rise of far-right ideologies, I believe that Marxist thought provides us with invaluable tools for understanding the complexities of our present moment and envisioning alternative futures. I am eager to engage with the program's renowned faculty and fellow students to explore these issues further and contribute to a deeper understanding of the social, economic, and political dynamics shaping our world.I am confident that I possess the intellectual capacity, critical thinking skills, and commitment to social justice necessary to thrive in your program. My research interests center around the intersections of Marxist philosophy, political economy, and the critique of neoliberal capitalism. I am especially interested in the role of ideology in shaping social consciousness and the potential for popular resistance to challenge oppressive systems.The prospect of pursuing a master's degree in Marxist philosophy at your university fills me with great enthusiasm and anticipation. I am eager to immerse myself in the vibrant intellectual community, engage in rigorous academic research, and contribute to the transformative potential of Marxist thought. I am confident that your program will equip me with the knowledge, skills, and perspectives necessary to make a meaningful contribution to the field of Marxist philosophy and the broader strugglefor social justice.Thank you for your time and consideration. I eagerly await the opportunity to discuss my application further and demonstrate my qualifications for admission to your esteemed program.中文回答：尊敬的教授们，我怀着无比的荣幸和激动的心情提交我的马克思主义哲学硕士学位申请。