The influence of survey duration on estimates of food intakes

Supply chain collaborationTheoretical perspectives and empirical evidenceTage Skjoett-LarsenDepartment of Operations Management,Copenhagen Business School,Frederiksberg,Denmark Christian Thernøe and Claus AndresenSupply Chain Management Group,Copenhagen Ø,DenmarkKeywords Planned economies,Forecasting,Network analysis,Transaction costsAbstract Presents a theoretical framework for analysing interorganizational collaboration.Argues that Collaborative Planning,Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR)should be viewed as ageneral approach to coordination of processes between participants in a supply chain,rather thanfollowing a slavish step-by-step model,as suggested by the organization Voluntary Inter-IndustryCommerce Standards (VICS).This approach demands a deeper analysis of both integration depthand scope of various collaboration forms.This is done primarily from a theoretical perspective,butsupported by an empirical study of Danish companies’attitudes towards interorganizationalcollaboration.IntroductionThe traditional form of business exchange has been based on transactionalrelations focusing on the single product transaction with limited informationsharing (Jagdev and Thoben,2001).The 1970s and 1980s were characterized bysuch trade exchanges,which,due to the recession and oil crisis,involved toughprice negotiations where seller and buyer looked at their customers andsuppliers as adversaries that had to be squeezed as much as possible toincrease the individual company’s profit margin.These trading relations,alsoknown as “arm’s-length”relations,are often characterized by distrust andcompetition.At the end of the 1980s and 1990s,a significant change in trading relationstook place.With companies such as Wal-Mart and Proctor &Gamble at theforefront,new Japanese-inspired trading relations entered the world trade.Theprevious “arm’s-length”relations were replaced by “durable arm’s-length”relations and ”strategic partnerships”(Dyer et al.,1998)characterized by a highdegree of information exchange.The idea was to create more streamlinedbusiness processes through an open exchange of information,which,in turn,would lead to large cost reductions.In accordance with the great focus on information-sharing collaboration,theconcept of supply chain management (SCM)was introduced in the 1980s.In1992,the organization Efficient Consumer Response Movement (ECR)published a report that identified four core business areas in whichThe Emerald Research Register for this journal is available atThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at /researchregister /0960-0035.htmSupply chain collaboration 531International Journal of Physical Distribution &Logistics Management Vol.33No.6,2003pp.531-549q MCB UP Limited0960-0035DOI 10.1108/09600030310492788significant efficiency effects could be achieved through a close integrated collaboration among firms.These areas were:efficient replenishment,efficient promotion,efficient product introduction and efficient store assortment (Salmon,1993).Since 1995,we have seen new forms of collaboration taking regular information-sharing relations and their concepts one step further.These formsextend their focus on the supply chain to include not only a passive exchange of information between the partners,but also a more proactive approach through common planning and synchronisation of activities and business processes (Jagdev and Thoben,2001).Such collaboration requires a great deal of co-ordination and face-to-face meetings.In 1995,the concept Collaborative Planning,Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR)was introduced in connection with a pilot project between Wal-Mart,Warner-Lambert,Benchmarking Partners,SAP and Manugistics (Cooke,1998).Subsequently,the organization Voluntary Inter-Industry Commerce Standards (VICS)developed a nine-step process model as a guideline for CPFR collaboration ().Compared with previous ECR-related business practices,such as Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)and Continuous Replenishment (CR),this concept has a more comprehensive focus including planning,forecast and replenishment processes.As more information has to be exchanged and the co-ordinating meetings are more frequent,integration becomes stronger.VICS (1998)defines CPFR as:A collection of new business practices that leverage the Internet and electronic data interchange in order to radically reduce inventories and expenses while improving customer service.ECR Europe’s (2002)definition focuses less on the technological aspects,as they see CPFR as:A cross-industry initiative designed to improve the supplier/manufacturer/retailer relationship through co-managed planning processes and shared information.Objective,relevance and structureMuch of the research on the CPFR-concept is based on the VICS process model.However,in this article,we will consider different degrees of collaboration rather than follow a slavish step-by-step model as suggested by VICS.We define CPFR or collaborative relationships as “Collaboration where two or more parties in the supply chain jointly plan a number of promotional activities and work out synchronised forecasts,on the basis of which the production and replenishment processes are determined”.The objective is to discuss the various types of collaboration forms from different theoretical perspectives.We will use an economic perspective,represented by transaction cost economics,and a strategic relationship management perspective,represented by theIJPDLM 33,6532network approach.The two perspectives provide different understandings of the form and content of interorganizational collaboration.The theoretical and conceptual discussion will be supported by an empirical study of Danishfirms’attitudes towards interorganizational collaboration.This study is mainly exploratory and more rigorous studies are necessary to get more solid knowledge about howfirms in supply chains are collaborating.Our main proposition is that CPFR is not a question of either/or.The CPFR concept can be differentiated,both in terms of scope and depth of collaboration. The proposition has both theoretical and practical implications.The theoretical implication is that we need different theoretical perspectives to explain and understand CPFR at different levels.The practical implication is that implementation of the CPFR concept is a dynamic process.In the beginning,it often only involves a few business processes and a limited integration with trading partners,but gradually it starts to include more and more processes and a higher level of integration.First,we will present a literature review.Since the pilot projects in1995,the CPFR concept has been widely promoted by VICS,ECR committees and consultancyfirms,but with limited success.Then,we will present a three-step model of CPFR,encompassing basic CPFR,developed CPFR and advanced CPFR.The three levels represent different scopes and depths of collaboration. This is followed by a theoretical discussion of the differences between the three collaboration forms.The discussion will reflect a transaction cost approach (TCA)about efficient boundaries of thefirm and a network perspective on exchange and adaptation processes.Next,we will present thefindings of an empirical study of Danishfirms’attitudes towards interorganizational collaboration.In conclusion,we will indicate some managerial implications of our study.Literature reviewBased on VICS’guidelines and definition of CPFR,a number of researchers have studied the use and implementation of CPFR.Stank et al.(1999)reveal that a large number of CPFR implementations are related to process changes and information system capabilities.However,a correlation between CPFR implementation and achievement of performance goals is not supported.The authors conclude that the lack of correlation is due to the fact that CPFR only involves sales and marketing personnel nominally.The real potential of CPFR lies in integrating collaborative plans into operational changes,i.e.the criteria for a successful implementation of CPFR is a deeper involvement in terms of scope and integration of collaborative partners.Noekkentved(2000)argues that,whereas the SCOR model tells us what processes to include in collaboration,the VICS guidelines explain how to do it. He also states that not all business-to-business(B2B)relationships are suitable for CPFR implementation.A many-to-many relationship would be more Supply chain collaboration533appropriate for products where price is the primary factor of purchase.Generally,CPFR works best where the focus is on long-term relationships involving highly differentiated products with limited sources of supply.According to Noekkentved (2000),implementation considerations are primarily monitored by trust relationships,power and exception-based management.Similar to VICS,Barratt and Oliviera (2001)argue that CPFR is an evolutionof ECR and covers the gaps left by previous business practices.The authors conducted a survey (see the Appendix)among the members of VICS’CPFR contact list to examine the CPFR implementation process and get a better understanding of the inhibitors and enablers identified during implementation of the various CPFR pilots and rollout projects.The results showed that all respondents had a theoretical knowledge of CPFR,77per cent had at least two years of experience in collaborating with trading partners and 97per cent had experienced at least one CPFR pilot project.Most of the identified barriers related to the partners’lack of visibility in the supply chain.But the survey also indicated barriers of a more organizational nature,such as issues of trust,lack of discipline and collaborative goals in relation to the partners.Barratt and Oliviera (2001)found that enablers of the CPFR process involved defining the agenda for collaboration in terms of stabilising the collaborative goals and expanding the collaborative projects in terms of complexity and scope.Other enablers were trust in the relationship and ensuring information sharing.A recent report from ECR Europe (2002)gives an overview of the progress of CPFR in Europe.The report includes a survey of companies currently involved in CPFR initiatives.However,only 20per cent of initiatives involved the exchange of point-of-sale data,while 80per cent of the CPFR initiatives exchange data at the distribution centre level.The report also includes more detailed case studies of CPFR pilot companies in six different European countries.As expected,the report ends up with an optimistic view of the future prospects of CPFR by suggesting that “the use of collaborative practices will certainly accelerate and the next few years will,without doubt,present a wave of scaled implementations that fully endorse CPFR’s status as a supply chain best practice for retail and consumer goods businesses across the globe”.The same optimistic tune has for a long time been stroked regarding the implementation of ECR.Although the results of previous pilot implementations of CPFR have been available in the SCM literature,the authors have found very few examples of implementations that follow the VICS’guidelines completely.We believe it indicates a gap between VICS’and ECR Europe’s understanding of CPFR and implementation in practice.Several authors in trade journals point out that the adoption of CPFR remains slow.AMR Research estimates that 45to 65retailers and 100to 150manufacturers are piloting or implementing some form of CPFR in the USA (Sliwa,2002).Procter &Gamble,one of the earliest adopters of CPFR,is doing collaborative planning with several hundreds of retailers,but is only performing full CPFR with a handful of retailers (Sliwa,2002).At theIJPDLM 33,6534Retail Systems 2002Conference,the CIOs for a number of retail organizations were discussing the slow progress of CPFR.The CIO of Longs Drug Stores,identified cultural biases against information sharing as an impediment to collaborative progress.He stated:Traditionally,retailers and suppliers just don’t like to share supply chain information with each other.They’re more inclined to guard that valuable data than to give it away,even when sharing it would be in their own best interest (Scheraga,2002).Holmstro¨m et al.(2002)suggest that collaborative planning will only be successful if it involves very little extra work for the retailers.Collaborative planning cannot just be a solution between close partners.The goal must be solutions that enable mass collaboration in order to obtain economies of scale.They propose category forecasting using rank and share as an efficient approach,which requires only little extra work,if the retailer already has a working category management process.There seems to be a need for a deeper theoretical analysis of CPFR in terms of the degree of integration and scope of collaboration to differentiate the concept and give us a better understanding of CPFR implementations.CPFR in a theoretical perspectiveIn its conceptual origin,CPFR is relatively comprehensive,considering the amount of processes and relations involved.Therefore,CPFR can,with advantage,be divided into three levels depending on the integration and extent of the collaboration.In Figure 1,the scope of collaboration is shown on the y -axis indicating the number of business processes in the collaboration.The x -axis shows the depth of collaboration measuring the integration of the processes in the collaboration.Basic CPFRBasic CPFR collaboration only involves few business processes and a limited integration with trading partners.The supply chain actors who have adopted this approach to CPFR will usually choose a few key processes relevant toFigure 1.DifferentlevelsSupply chain collaboration 535precisely their form of collaboration with customers or suppliers.An example might be a supplier who enters into a collaborative relation with a retailer based on exchange of stock level data.The data are used in connection with the respective partners’order planning .The collaboration comprises one single business process –order planning –but the parties neither co-ordinate nor synchronize the process.Therefore,the collaborative relationship reflects a lowdegree of integration.Frequently,this form of collaboration is the starting point of all collaborative initiatives.The reason why a firm enters into basic CPFR-collaboration is the advantage of increased information exchange,minimizing the costs of transactions.However,from a theoretical perspective,it is the trade-off between the benefits from close collaboration with chosen partners and the drawbacks from being tied to certain partners that decides whether a firm will proceed with increased integration.In this way,we can say that the supply chain actors who participate in basic CPFR-collaboration have a transaction theoretical approach to collaboration.Developed CPFRCompared to the basic CPFR model,developed CPFR-collaboration is characterized by increased integration in several collaboration areas.When the collaborative parties start to co-ordinate data and information exchange by making agreements about what type of information to exchange and how they should respond to the exchanged data,integration increases.Two supply chain actors who establish an exchange of stock level and forecast data might illustrate developed CPFR.Increased integration in collaboration might,for example,be to hand over the responsibility for replenishment to the supplier.The incentive to enter into this type of collaboration is primarily based on a wish to make delivery faster and more precise,which is more feasible with a frequent exchange of information.The motive in basic CPFR was very focused on costs,whereas the approach of developed CPFR is more focused on improving client services as a way to increase trade.However,cost considerations still play a role,as more accurate forecast figures will improve the use of capacity and stock keeping.We may say that the supply chain actors who enter into developed CPFR-collaboration have a network approach,focusing primarily on frequent exchange of information and generation of trust in the relationships.Advanced CPFRAn advanced CPFR-model differs from developed CPFR by taking collaboration a little further than mere data exchange.In addition to the exchange of data,collaboration deals with synchronizing the dialogue between the parties.The collaboration has been expanded to co-ordinate processes within forecasting,replenishment and planning.The planning processes mayIJPDLM 33,6536be additionally decomposed to involve collaboration on production planning, product development,transport planning and marketing activities.At frequent meetings,all relevant business processes are co-ordinated on the basis of a joint objective.The joint objective usually focuses on developing a certain group of products,even though the respective parties may have different goals.As long as their goals are somewhat complementary, e.g.if they have a certain connection that makes it easier to achieve the respective goals through closer collaboration,there is a good basis for CPFR-like collaboration.If we look at an ordinary producer-retailer relationship,the producer will enter into collaboration on forecasting and replenishment to improve production planning and reduce stock levels,which,in turn,should reduce the running costs.The retailer’s goal,on the other hand,is to have the right goods in the right place at the right time to increase sales.In other words,we see how CPFR-collaboration may completely fulfil different goals.Apart from improving planning,which will lead to increased sales and minimized costs in the supply chain,the motive for entering advanced CPFR-collaboration also includes a wish to develop qualifications to continue improvement of the company’s processes.Such a learning process leads to a more agile and changeable supply chain,which is why it tends to be more competitive than rival in nature.Supply chain,actors who enter into this type of collaboration have a fundamental network-theoretical approach to collaboration.However,the approach is combined with a resource-based perspective/competency perspective that emphasizes development of competencies and learning betweenfirms.Based on the discussion above,the central differences in the contents of the three forms of CPFR are illustrated in Table I.Efficient governance structuresAll three levels of CPFR collaboration start with transaction costs determined through negotiating with other independentfirms.Transaction costs are not only related to buying and selling goods,they may just as well be related to Dimensions Basic CPFR Developed CPFR Advanced CPFRShared information Sales orders andconfirmationInventory data Demand dataOrder planning dataPromotion dataProduction dataDemand dataOrder planning dataPromotion dataProduction dataDegree of discussion No Some Frequently Co-ordination/synchronization No Some All activities Competence development No No KnowledgeEvaluation No No ExperiencesType of relationship Transactional Information sharing Mutual learning Theoretical explanation TCA Network Resource-andcompetence-basedTable I. Dimensions of the different levels ofCPFR Supply chain collaboration537information exchange and payment flows,where information exchange is a central part of the CPFR-collaboration.Transaction costs can be divided into costs from establishing contact with the new trade partner (searching costs),costs from working out a new contract with the partner (bargaining costs)and costs related to monitoring the partner’s fulfilment of the contract (control costs).The level of the costs depends on three characteristics related to thetransactions:the level of uncertainty under which the transaction is carried out,the frequency of the transactions and the degree of asset specificity (Williamson,1985).Because the transaction cost theory implies the risk of opportunistic behaviour,there will always be uncertainty.If actors act opportunistic,it means that their actions might be based on their own interests in a conflict of goals,perhaps by cheating or detaining information.Based on the assumption that there will always be some uncertainty in a relationship,it is possible to place the three forms of CPFR in the framework in Figure 2,determined by the dimensions frequency and degree of asset-specific investments.The reason why the parties want to develop a closer form of collaboration is the high frequency of transactions between the parties.Therefore,the differences between the CPFR forms must be found by looking at the bottom part of the framework before focusing on the investment characteristics.The investment in idiosyncratic assets between the collaboration partners functions as a safeguard,ensuring that none of the partners will act in an opportunistic way.In a basic CPFR-relation,the investments are not very specific and might often be applied to other relations.The investments may be simple technical data exchanging programmes that are only geared to deal with a limited amount of data.In relation to Williamson’s governance structure,basic CPFR will be managed through market regulations (or classical contract).However,in developed and advanced CPFR,the investments for both parties will be greater owing to the high level of information exchange.We distinguish between ”hard investments”and ”soft investments”.By hard investments,we mean investments in material resources that can only be applied to one CPFR-relation,e.g.technical investments such as IT-software to carry out aFigure 2.Governance structuresand transactioncharacteristicsIJPDLM 33,6538specific CPFR-collaboration.Soft investments,which are more intangible,but extremely important,are investments in human resources.The employees must have the necessary knowledge enabling them to handle the new IT-based processes of data exchange within planning,forecasting and replenishment.In a similar way,it may be necessary to invest in good social relations between the parties.The more complex developed CPFR will be based on a bilateral governance structure and advanced CPFR will be approaching a unified structure.According to this division,we might say that a safeguard against opportunistic behaviour in the simple form of CPFR-collaboration might be part of a traditional legal contract.However,developed and advanced CPFR implies that the parties are fairly integrated.Moreover,it is assumed that a joint spirit of collaboration exists,which will keep the parties from acting opportunistically. That is why it is only necessary to work out so-called relational contracts,where the spirit behind the contract is more important than the terms of the contract itself.An alternative safeguard in relation to contracts is private agreements, where the parties can enter into joint ventures or make symmetric investments in the relationship(credible commitments).In some cases,this form of regulation may be more relevant than contracts in CPFR collaboration,where the relationship is constantly developing and regularly taking on new shapes, making it difficult to specify the terms of relationship in a contract. Process exchange and adaptationCPFR may also be viewed from a strategic perspective.Gadde and Ha˚kansson (2001)operate with two strategic roles:the rationalisation role and the development role.The rationalisation role comprises all the day-to-day activities performed to reduce costs successfully.Here,the view of the trading partners as separate units approaching the problem from different angles predominates.Johansson and Mattsson(1987)distinguish between exchange processes and adaptation processes.In this approach,exchange processes are most interesting in terms of CPFR.The IMP Group(1982)lists four forms of exchange processes:(1)exchange of products or service;(2)exchange of information;(3)financial exchange;and(4)social exchange.In relation to CPFR,the process of information exchange is the most interesting.In basic CPFR,the exchange of information is relatively limited, whereas developed and advanced CPFR are capable of dealing with information concerning:.business plan;.promotion plan;Supply chain collaboration539.new product introduction information;.inventory data;.POS data and forecast;.production and capacity plan;and .lead-time information.In addition,current adjustments to the plans and forecasts are made.This exchange of information should lead to efficiency improvement and cost reductions,but it does not focus sufficiently on the advantages of common competence development.Looking at the strategic development role,the rationale is that collaborating firms must develop together as one unit with a high degree of synchronization to survive in future competition.This role focuses on adaptation processes,which are highly relevant in the advanced CPFR form.One issue comprises the technical adaptation process and another the more organizational processes such as structure and culture adaptation.The structure adaptation between the actors takes place in cross-organizational teams and projects,where the employees from both parties participate to achieve a greater process orientation in the supply chain.The culture adaptation may involve changing the attitude of the employees from looking at retailers/customers from a power and price negotiation perspective to looking at them as “partners”from a positive collaboration perspective[1].Simultaneously,the employees must participate in a training activity explaining the rationale for close and integrated collaboration and providing them with the skills needed to handle the new IT-tools and processes.In terms of operational adaptation processes,the parties in a CPFR-relationship must put their heads together and work out a joint business plan for their specific relationship.For instance,plans for marketing activities,rules about stock changes,opening and closing hours for sales and product changes within every product category may be developed.As mentioned above,both the exchange of data and the adaptation processes meet the joint collaboration objective to create new knowledge and competence,to which the network approach attaches great importance.Ha˚kansson et al.(1999)emphasise that firms can learn in two ways:through their own experiences or through the experiences of other organizations.In a relationship,there will always be some kind of learning.The creation of competencies has to be seen in light of the synergy effects:two organizations are more capable of creating knowledge than one organization alone.The knowledge may include information about customer needs or product development needs and opportunities.At the same time,goal congruence and role descriptions for the future supply chain constitute a good approach for a dialogue about what processes are necessary for future development.IJPDLM 33,6540In this way,the general advantages of working in relations such as CPFR or other networks are strengthened as all thefirms become increasingly involved in the relationship.Ha˚kansson and Ford(2002)and Gummesson(2002)argue that a business develops through greater involvement in the relationship, primarily due to the social interaction between the partners.To create adaptive processes,a business will have to increase its understanding of the relationship through a continuous development of the relation between the parties.The presumption that the relationship may lead to a better mutual understanding between the parties implies that thefirms try to look at the relationship from the collaboration partners’point of view.An empirical study of CPFR in DenmarkIn this section,we will present the results of a large questionnaire survey among218Danish companies about SCM and CPFR.The purpose of the study is tofind a general perception on interorganizational collaboration.Primarily, we will analyse the companies’views on aspects that are significant to the level of integration between collaboration partners.In addition,we will analyse how the companies look at the number of processes included in collaborations. Research designThe criterion for selecting the companies in the survey was yearly revenue of more than25million DKK(about3.2million Euro).The questionnaire was sent via e-mail,which further limited the participants tofirms with an e-mail address registered in the business database used(Dun and Bradstreet).These criteria limited the original group of companies to about3,000companies.A pilot-test was performed to validate the formulations of questions in the questionnaire and avoid possible misunderstandings that might lead to misinterpretations of the answers.Therefore,ten logistics/supply chain managers from companies representative of the group were selected to correct any possible ambiguity in the questionnaire.The questionnaire was subsequently adjusted according to the comments from the pilot study.For time and economy reasons,the data collection was done by an “e-mail-out–e-mail return”method,on which Rutner and Gibson(2001)report an expected response rate of5.7per cent.There are several reasons for the relatively low response rate.First,the respondents are not informed about the survey prior to receiving the questionnaire.Second,respondents who do not return the questionnaire will not be contacted,and third,respondents can be subordinated to IT-policies that prohibit them to open any documents from unknown senders.Fourth,many respondents are not familiar with this method of survey.Fifth,respondents are in general tired of answering questionnaires from many sources.To achieve a satisfying sample size,the questionnaire was distributed to a fairly high number offirms.The questionnaire was addressed to the Supply chain collaboration541。

学生锻炼情况调查英语作文The issue of student exercise habits has become a growing concern in recent years as increasing numbers of young people adopt sedentary lifestyles and engage in less physical activity. In order to better understand this trend, a survey was conducted to examine the exercise habits of students at a local high school. The results provide valuable insights into the factors influencing student participation in physical activity and point to the need for more comprehensive strategies to promote active and healthy lifestyles among the youth population.The survey sample consisted of 500 students ranging in age from 14 to 18 years old. Participants were asked to report on the frequency and duration of their exercise routines as well as the types of physical activities they engaged in. The results revealed that only 35% of students engaged in the recommended 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per day as suggested by health authorities. Furthermore, nearly half of the respondents reported exercising fewer than three times per week.When examining the specific exercise habits of students, the data showed that the most common physical activities were team sports such as soccer, basketball, and volleyball, with 47% of participants reporting regular involvement. This was followed by individual fitness activities like running, cycling, and swimming, which were practiced by 32% of students. Worryingly, 21% of respondents indicated that they did not participate in any regular exercise at all.Several key factors appeared to influence the exercise habits of students. Firstly, academic workload and time constraints were cited as major barriers, with 62% of participants reporting that they struggled to balance their studies with physical activity. This was particularly pronounced among older students in their junior and senior years who faced increasing academic pressures. Secondly, access to exercise facilities and programs was identified as a challenge, especially for students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds whose families may not be able to afford gym memberships or extracurricular sports fees.Gender also emerged as a significant factor, with the survey data showing that male students were significantly more likely to engage in regular exercise compared to their female counterparts. 43% of male students met the recommended activity guidelines, compared to only 27% of female students. This disparity may be attributed to sociocultural norms and expectations that often discourage girlsfrom participating in certain sports and physical activities.The findings of this survey underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to promoting physical activity among students. Schools must play a central role by ensuring that physical education is a core component of the curriculum and by providing accessible and engaging exercise programs that cater to a diverse range of interests and abilities. Educators should also work to address the time management challenges faced by students by incorporating physical activity breaks into the school day and encouraging the integration of exercise into academic tasks.Beyond the school environment, community-based initiatives and public-private partnerships can help to expand access to affordable exercise facilities and programs, particularly in underserved areas. Targeted outreach and mentorship programs may also be effective in encouraging greater participation among female students and challenging gender stereotypes that discourage physical activity.Ultimately, fostering a culture of active and healthy lifestyles among young people requires a collaborative effort involving schools, families, and communities. By addressing the key barriers identified in this survey and implementing comprehensive strategies to promote physical activity, we can empower students to developlifelong habits of exercise and wellness that will serve them well into adulthood.。

Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Mechanical Engineering 2003(ICME2003) 26- 28 December 2003, Dhaka, BangladeshICME03-AM-46APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS IN SHIP DESIGNOmar bin Yaakob and Lim Shiau NeeFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia,81310 UTM Skudai,MalaysiaABSTRACTReports on shipping casualties show the persistence of a poor maritime safety record and despite theinfluence of the technical degradation of an ageing fleet, the fact remains that the human factors areresponsible for the majority of shipping accidents. Ship designers can play a role in reducing factors thatmay lead to fatigue and hence human errors in operation of ships and its equipment. Proper ergonomicsdesign of ships is important from safety and comfort aspects. This paper reviews the application ofergonomics; particularly habitability standards in ship design and presents a case study of its implementation on a Malaysian patrol vessel. A patrol vessel was chosen and measurements were madeand compared with standard ABS guidelines. The results shows that in most areas, the design of the patrolboat fails to comply with ergonomics design guidelines.Keywords: human factors, patrol boats, habitability1. INTRODUCTIONErgonomics is the study of the interaction of humans and their environment. Many engineering systems, which may not have appropriately considered the human element, have been shown to contain features that can lead or have led to errors committed by humans duringconstruction, maintenance and/or operation. Therefore, it is important to consider the ergonomics aspects when designing the components and systems such as that it is safe for human to construct, maintain and operate. Proper ergonomics design of ships is no exception. Reports on shipping casualties show the persistence of a poor maritime safety record and despite the influence of the technical degradation of an ageing fleet, the fact remains that the human factors are responsible for the majority of shipping accidents. This paper review the application of ergonomics in ship designs and presents a case study of its implementation on a Malaysian patrol vessel.2. HUMAN FACTORS IN SHIP DESIGN2.1 INTRODUCTIONIt is often stated that human element accounts for at least 80% of all catastrophic marine casualties [1]. The importance of addressing the human element in maritime safety has been recognised by the International Mari time Organisation (IMO). However, IMO’s primary effort so far have concentrated on operations, management and training issues. This has led to the implementation of International Safety Management Code (ISM Code) and the 1995 amendments to the Standard for Training, Certification and Watch keeping Convention (STCW 95) [2].IMO has also devoted some attention to the human element during design. The sub-committee on Design and Equipment is currently developing the Guidelines for Engine-Room Layout, Design and Arrangement. The subcommittee on Safety of Navigation has a correspondence group working on Ergonomic Criteria for Bridge Equipment and Layout. However, these efforts are not as comprehensive as those previously devoted to safety management and training [2]. The efforts towards improving working conditions in land-based working areas have been more forth coming. In Malaysia for example, the Occupational Safety and Health Act [3} was promulgated in 1994. Amongst others, the Act stipulates a number of measures that employers must take to ensure safety, health, comfort and welfare of their employees. However the law does not apply to ships in operation.2.2 Human FatigueHuman fatigue has been identified as the primary cause and a major contributing factor of numerous maritime mishaps, such as Exxon Valdez and Herald Of Free Enterprise [2]. Unfortunately, most of ship design and construction rules, such as those published by classification societies, do not adequately address this human element. The guidelines allow for harsh shipboard environments that are noisy, dimly lit, and have high levels of vibration. These conditions disrupt sleep, cause fatigue and intensify its effects.Adequate sleep is important for operational effectiveness of the crew. Unfortunately, most shipboard operators are not able to get this much sleep. According to Ref. [4], almost 50% of Australian seafarers, while underway, only had four to six hours of sleep a night. Consecutive nights of short sleep duration results in the development of a cumulative sleep debt. This condition lowers initial energy levels and increases the effects of fatigue felt throughout the day, sometimes leading to human errors with disastrous consequences. A proper sleeping environment is critical in ensuring that sleep is restorative. The design of the shipboard sleeping environment is directly controlled by naval architects and marine engineers and as such, they havea great role to play.3. FACTORS FOR ERGONOMICS SHIP DESIGNBy far, the most comprehensive guidelines for ergonomics design is that recommended by American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) [2]. The guidelines cover such aspects as proper design and layout of the workspace and creation of a conducive working and living environment for the crew. Details regarding habitability standards are given in [5]. Proper design of workstation, recreational, work and sleeping environment will contribute towards alertness on watch and reduction of fatigue. For that purpose, four design factors must be considered viz. lighting, noise, vibration and indoor climate [2]. Ref [4] added ship motion as a factor whilst this is already considered as the low-frequency part of whole body vibration described in ABS guidelines [2,5] 3.1 NoiseNoise is present in most compartments of a ship and it is difficult to avoid. Noise comes from numerous sources including engines, generators, pumps, and air conditioners. Mariners working in a noisy environment tend to be moody, irritable, and unable to effectively deal with minor frustrations. Noise causes blood pressure to go up, increases heart and breathing rates, accelerates the metabolism, and a low-level muscular tension takes over the body ("fight or flight" effects). If the noise continues for long periods, the factors compound and it becomes harder to relax. The factors increase as the noise levels increase [4].The effect that noise has on sleep challenges designers of shipboard general arrangements. Finding the optimal location for sleeping quarters and crew recreation compartments is critical. The levels recommended by American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) [2] are shown in Table 1.3.2 LIGHTINGShipboard operators work in a 24-hour environment. Watch schedules frequently change and individuals work under incandescent or florescent lighting throughout the night. Unfortunately, the lighting that is typically installed aboard ships is not stimulating and Current design standards and guidelines on illumination levels in ship compartments are inadequate for maintaining watch-stander alertness and do not mitigate fatigue. ABS guidelines for lighting provide recommended illumination levels for all the types of compartments on a ship.3.3 VibrationMariners experience shipboard vibrations caused by machinery, marine equipment and the ship’s response to the environment. Vibrations resonate throughout the hull structure and the entire crew can be affected. The propagation of these vibrations along the decks and bulkheads subject the crew to whole body vibration and noise [6].Short-term exposure can lead to headaches, stress, and fatigue. Long-term exposure leads to hearing loss and causes constant body agitation. Maritime vibration guidelines keep levels low enough to prevent bodily injury but the recommended levels can cause fatigue and disrupt sleeping patterns. ABS Guidelines [5] give maximum weighted root-mean-square acceleration level in the frequency range 0.5-80Hz as 0.4 m/s and 0.315 m/s for task-performance and comfort criteria respectively.. 4. CASE STUDY BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGYFor the purpose of this ergonomics case study, a fast patrol craft belonging to one Malaysian Government agency was chosen to be the subject, Figure 1. The craft is 22.5 metre Aluminium Fast Patrol Craft built in year 2001.In conducting the case study, measurements were conducted onboard the ship to measure allthe environmental condition i.e. lighting level, noise level, vibration level, and thermal condition when the ship was cruising at its normal operating speed. The equipment used for the measurement is shown in Table 2.Measurements were made on 18th January 2002 when the patrol boat was on a regular patrol duty in Malaysian waters. The duration of the study was five hours.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION5.1 LightingResults for lighting survey is shown in Table 3. All the shipboard operators of the patrol boat are working in the 24-hour environment and thus the luminance level should be enough to stimulate the body and help to maintain crew alertness. Looking into the comparison between average lux and minimum lux standard from Table 3, it is found that almost all of the average lux values do not even reach to the minimum lux requirement of ABS standard. This situation is considered poor since the duty on watch at night especially need high alertness of officers but the average lux at the wheelhouse is so low that may not help to maintain crew alertness. As for the other areas, the lux levels are markedly quite low as well. Although this is not critical from the safety aspect, the need for comfortable working environment is not fulfilled.As a result, the lighting design of this craft can be said not ergonomic and there are rooms for improvement.5.2 NoiseResults shown in Table 4 indicate that every reading of noise level (dB) has exceeded the maximum level of ABS Standard. Some significant high noise levels from Table 5 are, about 80 dB at wheelhouse, 77 dB at radio room, 102 dB at stern deck, and 120 dB at engine room. These are the main areas where the crew spends most of their time, except engine room that is not continuously manned. Exposure to such high noise level over a period can produce pathological side effects and thus can comprise a health hazard. The excessive noisy environment has provoked crew awareness. Surveys by Lim in Ref [6] indicated that the crew were unhappy5.3 Thermal comfortThe thermal environment is determined by four physical factors: air temperature, humidity, air movement, and temperature of surfaces that exchanges energy by radiation [7]. The combination of these factors determines the physical conditions of the climate and our perception of the climate. According to ABS ergonomics guidance notes [2], the optimum range of dry-bulb temperature for accomplishing light work while dressed appropriately is 21-27 degrees C (70-80 degrees F) for warm climate. The optimum comfortable temperature is 22 degrees C. Meanwhile the humidity should be maintained between 20% ~ 60% with an optimum relative humidity of 45% at 21 degrees C (70 degrees F) if possible. Results of temperature and humidity measurement are shown in Table 5.The result shows, the range of dry bulb temperature is 25 –28 degrees C and the humidity range is 65% – 88%. Compared to the ABS ergonomics standard, in some cases, the temperature and humidity are higher and do not meet the ergonomic range. It is stated that the humidity should decrease with rising temperatures, but should remain above 20% to prevent irritation and drying of the body. Therefore, in order to have a better thermal comfort, the temperature should be decreased to say 21 –26 degrees C.The effective temperature at the engine room was not included in the above discussion since the chart is based on wearing customary indoor clothingand performing light muscular or sedentary work. Although its temperature and humidity is high, it is still in the acceptable zone and it is not critical since the engine room not continuously manned. In the survey by Lim [6], the crew complains of non-uniform distribution of air-conditioning flow. This parameter is indicated in ABS guidelines as vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. However, system in the cabin was not uniformly distributed and that is why they felt uncomfortable. Thus, the flow of the air-conditioning system should be designed to distribute the flow more uniform.The issue that needs attention is the high temperature and humidity in the crew cabin sincehaving a good sleeping environment would help improve the working spirit and reduce fatigue.5.4 VibrationFrom Table 6, RMS values of AZ acceleration are between 0.383 m/sand 1.138 m/s .Comparison with the vibration exposure limits in shows that the ship vibration level is not good, particularly at the stern deck and the engine.Looking into the level to maintain proficiency as an average, it is apparent that the vibration levels at the main working place, wheelhouse and radio room are too high for the crew to maintain proficiency for more than 4 hours. Staying in the engine longer than half an hour is expected to be very uncomfortable.6. CONCLUDING REMARKSMeasurements carried out on a Malaysian Patrol Craft have indicated many areas that need improvement. The designed lighting system on the patrol boat is not ergonomics. It was observed that one reason is the poor distribution of light that is influenced by the reflectance of the walls, ceilings, and other room surface. The grey coloured wall (except the engine room) reflectance is quite low. Thus in order to contribute to the effective distribution and utilization of light, it is desirable to use rather lighter coloured walls, ceilings, and other surface. The noise level measured was high, and thus hearing protectors need to be used with noise level greater than 85 dB. Although noise is an unavoidable issue in maritime operations, steps can be taken in the design stages of a ship to decrease noise effects. Post-production measures can also be taken to reduce noise levels.From the data collected, the humidity in cabin is quite high and may be causing discomfort to the crew. The condition should be improved by reducing the temperature level and directly reduce the relative humidity. The vibration level measured onboard the patrol boat was rather high compared to the ABS Ergonomic Guidance Notes. The source of vibration however has to be identified before applying the solution. Vibrations created by engines, generators, and pumps can be reduced through damping and isolation. The methods used to reduce vibrations are similar to those used to reduce noise.Work reported in this paper is part of an on-going study on implementation of ergonomics guidelines in the design of Malaysian ships. Further work is being done to study other aspects of ergonomics such as anthropometrics as well as carrying out measurements on other types of ships and boats.7. REFERENCES[1]Thomas B. Sheridan and William R. Ferrell, Man-Machine Systems: Information, Control, and Decision Models of Human Performance, The MIT Press, United States of America, 1974.[2]Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems, American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, April 2003.[3]Government of Malaysia, Occupational Safety and Health Act, Act no: 514, 1994.[4]Calhoun, S. R., Human Factor in Ship Design: Preventing and Reducing Shipboard Operator Fatigue, Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Chesapeake Section Meeting, 15th December 2003.[5]Guide for Crew Habitability on Ships, American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, December 2001.[6]Lim, S.N., Ergonomics in Malaysian Boat Design, unpublished Final Year Project Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2002.[7]Anderson, D. E., Overman, F. R., Malone, T. B., Baker, C. C., Influence of Human Engineering on Manning Levels and Human Performance on Ships, NA VSEA Association of Scientist and Engineers, April, 1996..。

第50卷第5期电力系统保护与控制Vol.50 No.5 2022年3月1日 Power System Protection and Control Mar. 1, 2022 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.210628考虑季节特性的多时间尺度电动汽车负荷预测模型牛牧童，廖 凯，杨健维，向悦萍(西南交通大学电气工程学院，四川 成都 611756)摘要：当前对电动汽车(Electric Vehicle, EV)充电负荷预测的研究大多集中在短期单一时间尺度，且鲜有考虑在较长时间尺度下不同季节电动汽车充电负荷存在的差异。

基于此，提出一种考虑季节特性的多时间尺度电动汽车负荷预测模型。

首先，考虑季节特性对EV的电池最大载电量、里程耗电量和空调耗电量的影响，结合时空分布规律建立短期日内的电动汽车充电负荷预测模型。

其次，为了展现从短期(短时间尺度)到中长期(长时间尺度)的多时间尺度特性，建立考虑多种因素影响的Bass修正模型预测未来不同年份的EV保有量。

结合短期EV充电负荷预测模型，可延展至中长期EV充电负荷的预测，从而实现综合短期、中长期的多时间尺度EV负荷预测。

最后，采用上海市气温信息及行车数据进行仿真验证。

结果表明，所提模型可以有效地预测未来数年EV发展趋势以及考虑季节特性的多时间尺度EV充电负荷。

关键词：电动汽车；负荷预测；Bass模型；多时间尺度；季节特性Multi-time-scale electric vehicle load forecasting model considering seasonal characteristicsNIU Mutong, LIAO Kai, YANG Jianwei, XIANG Yueping(School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China)Abstract: Current research on electric vehicle (EV) charging load forecasting is mostly focused on a short-term single time-scale, and few consider the differences of electric vehicle charging load in different seasons on a longer time scale.Therefore, a multi-time-scale electric vehicle load forecasting method considering seasonal characteristics is proposed.First, a short-term day-to-day electric vehicle charging load prediction model is established taking into account the influence of seasonal characteristics on the initial battery power, mileage power and air-conditioning power consumption of the EV, and combining time and space distribution rules. Secondly, in order to show the characteristics of multiple time scales from short-term (within a day) to medium-and long-term (years), a modified Bass model that takes into account the influence of multiple factors is built to predict the EV holdings in different years in the future. Combined with short-term EV, the charging load forecasting model can be extended to mid-to-long-term EV charging load forecasting, thereby achieving multi-time-scale EV load forecasting and integrating short-term and mid-to-long-term. Finally, through simulation verification with the temperature information and driving data of Shanghai, the results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to effectively predict the EV development trend over the next few years and the EV charging load under multiple time scales considering seasonal characteristics.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51977180).Key words: electric vehicle; load forecasting; Bass model; multi-time-scale; seasonal characteristics0 引言以电动汽车(Electric Vehicle, EV)为代表的新能源动力交通工具是解决化石能源危机与环境污染问题的重要措施之一[1-2]。

Smartphone Reading Habits Among College Students: An Investigative StudyIn the era of digital transformation, smartphones have become an integral part of our daily lives, particularly among college students. These handheld devices offer convenient access to a wide range of information and entertainment, making them an ideal choice for reading materials. However, the rise of smartphone reading among college students raises several questions about its impact on their academic performance, reading habits, and overall well-being. To gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, an investigative study was conducted among college students regarding their smartphone reading habits. The study aimed to explore the frequency and duration of smartphone reading among college students, the types of content they prefer to read on their devices, and the factors that influence their reading choices. A survey was distributed among a sample population of college students, asking them to provide insights into their smartphone reading habits. The survey included questions about theirdaily reading time, preferred genres, and the devices they use for reading.The results of the survey revealed that most college students engage in smartphone reading on a daily basis. The majority preferred reading novels, short stories, and articles related to their academic courses. However, a significant number of students also admitted to spending considerable time reading social media feeds and online news.When asked about the factors influencing their reading choices, the students cited convenience, accessibility, and the availability of a wide range of content as the primary reasons for preferring smartphone reading. Many also mentioned that they found it easier to multitask while reading on their phones, such as checking emails or social media notifications.However, concerns were raised about the potential negative impacts of smartphone reading. Some students expressed worry that their attention spans were decreasing due to the constant stream of information and notifications on their phones. Others mentioned that they found itdifficult to focus on longer texts or academic readings on their small screens.Despite these concerns, the study also highlighted the potential benefits of smartphone reading. Students mentioned that they were able to access a diverse range of reading materials, including those not available in traditional bookstores. They also appreciated the convenience of carrying a library of books and articles in their pockets, making it easier to read on the go.The study concluded that smartphone reading has become a prevalent habit among college students, offering both benefits and challenges. While it provides convenient access to a wealth of information and entertainment, it also poses potential risks to attention spans and reading comprehension. It is essential for college students to strike a balance between smartphone reading and traditional reading methods to ensure optimal academic performance and personal development.**大学生手机阅读习惯的调查研究**在数字化转型的时代，智能手机已经成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分，尤其是对大学生而言。

科学调查重要性英语作文The Importance of Scientific Investigation。

Scientific investigation is a crucial component of modern society. It is a process by which scientists gather data, analyze it, and draw conclusions based on evidence. Without scientific investigation, we would not have the technology, medicine, and other advancements that have transformed our lives.One of the most important reasons for scientific investigation is to advance our understanding of the world around us. Scientists use a variety of methods to investigate everything from the smallest particles to the largest structures in the universe. By studying these phenomena, we can gain a better understanding of how they work and how they interact with each other.Another important reason for scientific investigation is to solve problems. Scientists use their knowledge andskills to address issues such as climate change, disease, and pollution. By conducting experiments and analyzing data, they can develop new technologies and techniques to help solve these problems.Scientific investigation also plays a critical role in education. Students learn about the scientific method and how to conduct experiments in order to gain a better understanding of the world around them. This knowledgehelps them to become critical thinkers and problem solvers, skills that are essential in many areas of life.Finally, scientific investigation is important for the economy. Many of the advancements that have transformed our lives, such as computers, smartphones, and medical treatments, were developed through scientific investigation. This has created jobs and stimulated economic growth.In conclusion, scientific investigation is a vital part of modern society. It helps us to understand the world around us, solve problems, educate future generations, and stimulate economic growth. By supporting scientificinvestigation, we can continue to make progress and improve our lives.。

关于调查的英语作文Title: The Importance of Surveys in Understanding Society。

In our increasingly interconnected world, understanding the dynamics of society has become crucial for policymakers, businesses, researchers, and individuals alike. Surveysplay a pivotal role in this understanding by providing valuable insights into various aspects of human behavior, preferences, and opinions. In this essay, we will delveinto the significance of surveys in unraveling the complexities of society.First and foremost, surveys serve as a tool for gathering data on a wide range of topics, including but not limited to demographics, consumer preferences, political attitudes, and social behaviors. By collecting data from a representative sample of the population, surveys enable researchers to generalize their findings to the broader population with a certain degree of confidence. Thisstatistical rigor is essential for making informed decisions in various domains, from public policy formulation to marketing strategies.Moreover, surveys allow researchers to track changes over time, providing valuable insights into societal trends and developments. Longitudinal surveys, in particular, follow the same individuals or households over an extended period, enabling researchers to observe how attitudes, behaviors, and circumstances evolve over time. This longitudinal perspective is invaluable for understanding the dynamics of social change and for assessing the impact of various interventions and policies.Furthermore, surveys play a crucial role in giving voice to marginalized or underrepresented groups within society. By ensuring that diverse perspectives are captured and represented in survey samples, researchers can shed light on the experiences and concerns of populations that may otherwise be overlooked. This inclusivity is essential for promoting social justice and equity, as it allows policymakers and stakeholders to address the needs of allsegments of the population.In addition to providing descriptive insights into society, surveys also serve as a means of hypothesistesting and theory building in the social sciences. By formulating research questions and hypotheses based on existing theories or empirical observations, researchers can design surveys to collect data that can either support or refute these hypotheses. Through rigorous data analysis and interpretation, surveys contribute to the advancement of knowledge in fields such as sociology, psychology, economics, and political science.Furthermore, surveys play a vital role in informing evidence-based decision-making in both the public and private sectors. Policymakers rely on survey data to assess the effectiveness of existing policies, identify emerging issues, and prioritize areas for intervention. Similarly, businesses use surveys to understand consumer preferences, assess market demand, and tailor their products and services to meet customer needs effectively.However, it is essential to recognize that surveys are not without their limitations and challenges. Sampling bias, nonresponse bias, and measurement error are just a few of the potential sources of error that can affect the validity and reliability of survey findings. Moreover, survey research is subject to ethical considerations, such as ensuring participant confidentiality and informed consent, which must be carefully addressed to uphold the integrityof the research process.In conclusion, surveys play a pivotal role in understanding the complexities of society by providing valuable data on a wide range of topics, tracking changes over time, giving voice to marginalized groups, testing hypotheses, and informing evidence-based decision-making. While surveys have their limitations and challenges, their contribution to advancing knowledge and promoting social welfare cannot be overstated. As we continue to grapplewith the myriad challenges facing our global society, the importance of surveys in shedding light on these issues and informing effective responses cannot be understated.。

暑期学生旅游调查英语作文要求The summer vacation is a highly anticipated time for students around the world. After months of rigorous academic work, this period provides a much-needed respite and an opportunity to explore new horizons. To better understand the travel experiences and preferences of students during the summer break, a comprehensive survey was conducted. The findings of this survey shed light on the diverse range of activities, destinations, and motivations that drive student travel during this time of the year.One of the most striking observations from the survey was the sheer variety of travel destinations chosen by students. While some opted for domestic locations within their home countries, a significant portion of respondents reported venturing abroad. Popular international destinations included major cities, scenic natural landscapes, and cultural hotspots. Europe, with its rich history and diverse cultural offerings, emerged as a particularly appealing region, with cities like Paris, London, and Rome topping the list of preferred destinations. Similarly, the allure of Asia's vibrant cities and breathtaking natural wonders, such as the Great Wall of China andthe beaches of Thailand, attracted a considerable number of student travelers.Interestingly, the survey also revealed that the choice of travel destination was often influenced by the individual's academic and personal interests. Students pursuing degrees in fields like history, art, or architecture tended to gravitate towards destinations that offered opportunities to immerse themselves in these areas of study. For instance, art enthusiasts were drawn to cities renowned for their museums and galleries, while history buffs sought out destinations with well-preserved historical sites and landmarks.Beyond the choice of destination, the survey also explored the various modes of transportation utilized by students during their summer travels. While air travel remained the most popular option for long-distance journeys, a significant number of respondents reported using alternative modes of transportation, such as trains, buses, and even personal vehicles. The appeal of these alternative modes often stemmed from factors like cost-effectiveness, the ability to explore scenic routes, and the opportunity to interact with local communities along the way.Regarding the duration of travel, the survey findings indicated that the length of summer vacations played a crucial role in shaping student travel patterns. Respondents with longer breaks tended toembark on more extensive trips, often spanning several weeks or even months. These extended journeys allowed students to delve deeper into the local cultures, engage in language immersion programs, or even pursue internships or volunteer opportunities abroad. In contrast, students with shorter vacation periods were more inclined to opt for shorter trips, focusing on specific destinations or engaging in more focused activities.Interestingly, the survey also shed light on the diverse motivations that drive student travel during the summer. While some students sought out opportunities for personal growth and self-discovery, others were driven by a desire to broaden their cultural horizons and gain a better understanding of the world around them. Additionally, a significant number of respondents reported travel as a means of pursuing their academic or professional interests, whether through research, internships, or educational programs.Regardless of the specific motivations, the survey findings highlighted the profound impact that summer travel can have on the personal and professional development of students. Many respondents reported gaining invaluable life skills, such as adaptability, problem-solving, and cross-cultural communication, through their travel experiences. These skills not only enriched their academic pursuits but also proved to be highly valuable in the job market, as employers increasingly seek candidates with a globalmindset and the ability to navigate diverse cultural contexts.Furthermore, the survey revealed that student travel during the summer vacation often served as a catalyst for lifelong passions and career aspirations. For some respondents, encounters with new cultures and experiences sparked an interest in fields like international relations, sustainable development, or social entrepreneurship. These revelations not only shaped the students' academic and professional trajectories but also had the potential to drive positive change on a global scale.In conclusion, the survey of student travel during the summer vacation has provided invaluable insights into the diverse experiences, preferences, and motivations of this dynamic demographic. From the choice of destinations to the modes of transportation and the duration of travel, the findings underscore the richness and complexity of student travel experiences. Moreover, the survey highlights the profound impact that these experiences can have on the personal and professional development of students, as well as their potential to inspire future leaders and change-makers. As the world continues to evolve, understanding and supporting the travel aspirations of students will undoubtedly play a crucial role in nurturing a generation of globally-minded, culturally-aware, and adaptable individuals.。

体育锻炼方式调查英语作文Physical Exercise Preferences Among Students: A Survey Analysis.In recent years, the importance of physical exercise in maintaining a healthy lifestyle has been increasingly recognized by individuals across all ages. This recognition is particularly pertinent among students, who often face the dual challenges of academic pressures and the demands of extracurricular activities. To gain a deeper understanding of the preferred exercise routines among students and the factors that influence their choices, a comprehensive survey was conducted.The survey, which encompassed a diverse range of students from different educational backgrounds and ages, aimed to explore their exercise preferences, the frequency and duration of their workouts, and the barriers they face in maintaining a regular exercise routine. The questionnaire was designed to be both comprehensive anduser-friendly, allowing participants to easily share their experiences and opinions.One of the key findings of the survey was the diversity in exercise preferences among students. Some preferred the intensity and challenge of gym-based workouts, while others favored the relaxation and peacefulness of outdooractivities like hiking or cycling. Some students even chose to engage in sports such as swimming or tennis, which not only kept them physically active but also provided an opportunity to socialize and build team spirit.The survey also revealed that the frequency and duration of exercise varied significantly among students. Some students were able to maintain a regular exercise routine, exercising several times a week for extended periods. However, a significant number of students admitted to having an irregular exercise schedule, with workouts being sporadic and often interrupted by busy schedules or lack of motivation.When asked about the barriers they faced in maintaininga regular exercise routine, students cited various reasons. The most common reason was the lack of time, with academic workload and extracurricular commitments often taking precedence over physical activities. Others mentioned the lack of access to suitable exercise facilities or the presence of physical injuries or health conditions that made certain exercises difficult or impossible.Interestingly, the survey also uncovered a strong correlation between exercise preferences and the students' perceived health status. Students who were already in good physical shape tended to prefer more challenging workouts, while those who were overweight or obese were more inclined to choose gentler forms of exercise. This finding underscores the importance of tailored exercise programs that cater to the individual's physical condition and capabilities.The survey also highlighted the role of peer influence in shaping exercise preferences. Many students mentioned that they were influenced by their friends or classmates to try new forms of exercise or join them in group workoutsessions. This social aspect of exercise was particularly significant in motivating students to maintain a regular routine.In conclusion, the survey provided valuable insights into the exercise preferences and challenges faced by students. The findings underscore the need for a holistic approach to promoting physical activity among students, one that takes into account their varying preferences, schedules, and health conditions. By providing access to a range of exercise options and creating a supportive environment that encourages regular physical activity, we can help students establish healthy lifestyle habits that will benefit them throughout their lives.。

Internet Usage Among Adolescents: ASchool-Based SurveyIn the digital age, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, especially for the younger generation. Its influence on adolescents is profound, shaping their social interactions, academic performances, and even psychological well-being. To gain a deeper understanding of how adolescents use the internet and its potential impacts, our school conducted a comprehensive survey among its student population.The survey was designed to cover a wide range of topics, including the frequency and duration of internet use, types of activities performed online, and the sources of internet access. It also aimed to explore the reasons behind their internet usage and the potential challenges they face while using it.The results of the survey were revealing. Most adolescents reported using the internet daily, with the average usage time exceeding two hours per day. Socialmedia platforms were the most popular online destination, followed by online gaming and video streaming services.While the internet provided a platform for social connection and entertainment, it was also used for educational purposes, such as online learning and research. However, concerns about internet addiction and its negative effects on adolescents' health and academics emerged. Some students admitted to staying up late to surf the internet, leading to poor sleep quality and reduced concentration in class. Others struggled with managingtheir online time, finding it difficult to balance between online and offline activities.The survey also highlighted the issue of internet safety. While most students were aware of the need to protect their personal information online, many admitted to sharing sensitive details with strangers or clicking on unverified links. This put them at risk of falling victim to cyberbullying, privacy breaches, and even online scams. Based on the survey findings, our school has decided to implement several measures to promote healthy internet usage among adolescents. These include providing educational workshops on internet safety and addiction, enforcing strict rules on internet usage during schoolhours, and encouraging parents to monitor their children's online activities.In conclusion, the internet plays a crucial role in the lives of adolescents. While it offers many benefits, it also poses significant challenges. It is crucial for schools, parents, and society to work together to ensure that adolescents can safely and responsibly navigate the online world.**青少年网络使用情况的学校调查**在数字时代，互联网已成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分，尤其是对于年轻一代。