(完整版)创新思维2

【思维模式训练】创新思维训练(二)跳出思维定势【思维模式训练】创新思维训练(二):跳出思维定势在长期的思维实践中，每个人都形成了自己习惯的、格式化的思维模式。

当我们面对外部事物或实际问题时，我们可以不经过思考就把它们放到特定的思维框架中，沿着特定的思维路径去思考和处理它们。

这就是心态。

1、跳出“从众定势”从众的根源在于人是社会动物。

为了维持群体生活，每个人都必须遵循“个人服从群体，少数服从多数”的原则；然而，这一标准很快就会成为一种普遍的思维原则和“群体环境”。

从众定势使得个人有归宿感和安全感，以众人之是非为是非，人云亦云随大流，即使错了，也无须独自承担责任。

人们大部分的行为选择其实都是从众的结果，而很少经过自己独立的深思熟虑。

在传统社会中，统治阶级不断强化人们的从众意识，从而排斥那些骇人听闻的言行和特立独行的人物。

2、跳出“经验定势”经验和创新思维之间的关系是一个更复杂的问题。

经验具有不断增长和更新的特点，因此我们可以通过比较看到它们的相关性，发现它们的局限性，从而拓宽我们的视野，增强我们的创新能力。

经验是相对稳定的，因此可能会导致他们崇拜，形成固定的思维模式，削弱想象力，导致创新能力下降。

思维上的“经验定势”在以下方面构成了“思维枷锁”。

第一，经验本身是一种限定或框架，“任何肯定即否定”，因而使人难以想到框架之外的事物；第二，以往的经验与当今的现实并不能完全吻合，也不一定能适用于现在和未来，因此扼杀人的创新思维。

为了削弱“经验集”或从根本上防止其形成，人们应该经常进行创新思维训练，以便灵活运用现有的知识和经验，使其与自己的智慧同步成长。

李开复谈创新思维2（上）创新的要素是什么What are the key elements of innovation第⼀我想毫⽆疑问的No doubt the first thing we have to mention我们谈到创新When we talk about innovation⼀定要创新颖的东西We have to create something new and unique很多⼈误解了Many people misunderstood this point新颖不代表的Unique does not mean你要发明⼀个相对论That you have to invent the才是新颖Theory of relativity to be unique所以我认为最好的创新者So what I think that an innovator他是⼀个既有新颖想法的⼈Is someone with unique ideas能够知道Someone who can understand the理解⽤户和他们需要和价值Need and value of his users并且他是⼀个实践者In the meantime he has to practice his ideas这⾥我⼀共列了五种不同的I have listed here five different kinds of elements创新之路的过程中That is important during the process of innovation必须要能够执⾏的五个特点That has to be carried out during the process第⼀个洞悉未来First is vision for the future第⼆个是打破陈规Second is breaking down conventions第三常造成的⼀个误解就是说The third is the misconception that每⼀个创新都是很难的Innovation is extremely as difficult as像相对论⼀样难The invention of the theory of relativity但是有时候But sometimes⼀个简单的创新会更美A simple innovation has its own beauty我想请在座的九位I would like to ask all nine of you sitting here to拿起⾯前的纸pick up the piece of paper in front of you画九个圈排成三⾏Draw 9 circles and line them up in 3 rows现在我要请你们做的是Now I would like you to能不能够把笔放下去Pickup your pen连续地画四条直线Continuously draw 4 straight lines然后覆盖这九个点And cover all nine points给你们⼀分钟试试看I'll give you one minute请孔同学来解⼀下这个问题Now let's have Student Kong to show this to us 对了Okay我记得我⼩时候I remember when I was little我的⽗亲在⼏个孩⼦⾯前My dad gave us kids a question出了⼀个脑筋急转弯的问题A mentally challenging question给你六个⽕柴棒You are given 6 matches希望你能做成四个And you are asked to make that into four⼀模⼀样⼤⼩的三⾓形Exactly same-sized triangles然后他说这个问题解不出来的He told us it is almost impossible to do⾮常困难Very difficult现在我们来玩玩这个游戏Now let's play this same game这个问题应该是难不倒你们的And I don't think it is too hard for you guys我们试试看Let's give it a try⾮常好Very good我相信你们做这个问题稀松平常I believe this problem is a small dish for you你想想看⼀个五岁的⼩孩But when you think a 5-year-old child解决了⼀个很困难的问题He solved a very difficult problem所以给我带来了⼀种⾃信It gave me confidence所以我认为什么事情不确定的时候So I think whenever there is uncertainty不如试试看试试看你就会实践You should try实践之后你可以从中学到理解You'll learn from trying下⾯我们想做的Now the next we want to do是⼀个实践Is an experiment刚才我们谈到了我来试试看We mentioned just now that we will give it a try现在就请三组同学Now let's have three groups of students要请你们做⼀个有趣的游戏You will be asked to try an interesting game下⾯我们想先放⼀段视频Let's start by watching a video clip来让你们看⼀看It is to show you⽤什么样的题⽬What kind of questions来挑战你们的创新能⼒Will challenge your innovative abilities先让我们看⼀下Let's take a look⾼中⽣每天的⽣活At the routine life of a high-school student从早上六点起床匆忙洗漱He gets up at six in the morning and washes up 赶到教室上早⾃习Hurry to school for morning studies全天整整⼗⼆到⼗三个⼩时Spends about twelve to thirteen hours全部待在教室⾥At the classroom三餐饭都是跑步进⾏Wolf down his three meals in a hurry等到满⾝疲惫回到寝室And return home exhausted已是将近晚上⼗⼀点Usually at close to 11pm天天如此的急⾏军Such routine day in and day out睡眠严重不⾜Causes serious sleep deficiency就是想睡觉Feeling sleepy all the time⼲什么都想睡觉Sleepy-headed on whatever you do据中国青少年研究中⼼Based on a research conducted⼀项调查显⽰By the Chinese Adolescent Research Center⾼中⽣平均睡眠时间The average sleep time for high-schoolers is only 仅有七⼩时Seven hours per day⾼三年级学⽣None of the high school seniors⽆⼈达到标准睡眠时间Reaches the standard sleep time needed⼤约六成的学⽣出现About 60% of students experience⽇间困倦和精⼒不⾜等Oscitancy and anenergia during the day睡眠障碍的问题The problem of sleep obstruction现在很怕在教室⾥⾯Causes a loathing to classrooms感觉如果在教室⾥⾯不读书的话If you do not study in the classroomsIt is an uneasy feeling⼤家都会很扎实⾃⼰不扎实Others may not feel it but you will feel it我就觉得有⼀种罪恶感I think it gives a certain level of guilt从学业负担来看Looking at the burden for students课本资料Textbooks study materials习题试卷Homework exercises and tests每个学⽣的桌上堆得像⼩⼭All of those pile up on the students'desk节节课是Each class is conducted by满堂灌Cramming information to the students今天考试明天测验With exams on one day and a test on the other考好了担⼼下次考不好Students worry about the test results all the time 考差了怕家长And the criticism they could get from either the⽼师批评Teachers or the parents if they do not do well整天在分数中战战兢兢Students panic about their test scores everyday 离⾼考⼜近了Esp. during college entrance exams我怕失败我怕考砸Worry about failure worry about mess-ups我天天在退步别⼈天天在进步Worry about others getting ahead of me我开始失眠Insomnia starts from there我为什么怕Why am I worried我怕别⼈笑Because I do not want to get laughed at我怕⽗母骂I am worried about the scolding from parents我怕失败And failure⾼考就如College entrance exam is千军万马过独⽊桥Like an army on a single foot log压⼒再⼤谁也不敢掉以轻⼼No one can afford to take it lightly它告诉我们的是What he is telling us is你们已经离开多年的这种That you have been away for many years from the 困难的⾼三的⽇⼦Difficult times of the high school senior years我们下⾯想请三组Next we want to ask three groups⽤下⾯的⼆⼗分钟设计⼀个装置To design a device in the next 20 minutesThat can be placed⾼三的教室中in the high school seniors'classroom能够帮助⾼三的学⽣And help students有效缓解他们的Effectively reduce the学习压⼒Pressure the get from their studies让他们的学习更有效率And improve their efficiency⼆⼗分钟Twenty minutes⼤家理解了吗Everybody understand那我们就开始了Let's start对不起各位同学I am sorry everyone我们暂停⼀下Let's pause for a moment你们确定没有问题吗Are you sure you do not have questions我觉得要做⼀个创新的话I think to achieve a new innovation可能要更理解It is important to understand最后我们会看什么地⽅Where to start如何衡量等等And how to measure etc你们有没有问题Do you have questions我们刚才谈到的创新的能⼒We just talked about the ability for innovations 要发问要常发问You need to ask questions all the time我觉得你们没有⾜够地发问I don't think you have asked enough questions 这样做出来的创新The innovation you have created有可能会你认为很好的May be what you think the best但是也许有些误差But could deviate from the perfect in your mind 那我就发问⼀下In that case I would like to ask a question我想明确⼀下这个装置I would like to know for this device你所评估它的那个价值What you think the value is根据什么标准来衡量它的价值And what is that value based on第⼆个问题就是说My second questions is你觉得这个装置What do you think for this device你会给我们多少预算The budget you would give us⾮常好Very good⿎励⼀下Let's give some applause我觉得我们衡量的⽅式I think the way to measure its value应该是刚才我们所谈到的那三点Is based on the three points we mentioned earlier 新颖是有价值的有⽤的New and Unique Functional还有第三个它是有可⾏性的And the third it is practically useful所以不能说我去找⼀个天使So you cannot just go and find an angel来保佑所有的同学Ask the angel to bless and protect all the students 然后就解决问题了And consider that problem solved那是不⾏的That's not going to work这三个的⽐重How to balance the three elements' importance 待会⼉在座的观众要评⽐的The audience will give their uation later你们认为新颖If you think novelty and uniqueness should应该⽐重⾼⼀点的Carry more weight请举⼿Please raise your hand认为价值应该⽐重⾼⼀点的If you think value should carry more weight请举⼿Please raise your hands认为可⾏性较⾼的If you think practicality is more important请举⼿Raise your hands我们的观众都认为All of our audiences think⼀定要有价值可⾏That value and practicality is very important今天既然是观众投票Since we will have audience vote today我们就⽤观众来定的标准We will use the standard the audience decided 来评估你们的To uate your innovation经费的话Regarding the budget⼀台机器不能超过⼀万元⼈民币左右好吗Let's say it is not over RMB10,000还有别的问题吗王同学Is that okay Any more questions Student Wang 我想请问⼀下I would like to know that this device这种装置主要是在课堂上Is it mainly used in class上课的时候起作⽤Functions while the class is in session还是在课下起作⽤Or is it used after class是必须在教室吗Does it have to be used in the classroom还是可以在⾛廊Or can it be placed at the hallway除了放在In addition to having to be placed教室⾥⾯之外Inside the classroom没有任何的限制There are other restrictions成都的同学有问题吗Any questions from students from Chengdu没有问题No more questions好现在正式⼆⼗分钟开始了Okay the twenty minutes starts from now谢谢你们很好的问题Thank you for the great questions⼤家不要忘记了Please be reminded everyone让学习更有效率That the device is to increase learning efficiency 然后我们要衡量的是And we will be measuring新颖有价值可⾏性Its uniqueness its value and its practicality好欢迎回到我们的节⽬Good Welcome back to our program⾸先我想请A组I would like to first invite students from group A 来对他们的创新做⼀个介绍To give us an introduction to their innovation我们的流程⼤概是这样的Our procedure is like this每⼀组介绍过以后Each group presents their innovation first我们让另外两组来问⼀些问题And then the other groups ask questions或者挑战⼀下这个创新Or they can challenge the innovation然后我们就让And then we will ask观众打分The audience to give their scores我先不作点评I will hold my comments这样不会影响⼤家的投票So that it would not influence everyone's vote我们两分钟We have two minutes从你画完开始Start from when you finish your drawing我画的这个图是⼀个教室I have drawn the picture of a classroom这边是⼀个⿊板A blackboard is on this side这是两边的墙壁And then the walls on both sides墙壁上都挂满了图⽚There are pictures on the walls⿊板上⾯也有图⽚There are pictures on the blackboard是哪种图⽚以及它的作⽤是什么What kind of pictures and what they are for我想请我队友来陈述⼀下I'll ask my teammate to explain那个图⽚刚才我们讨论了⼀下That picture we had a discussion earlier⼤概放的应该都是Most of the pictures should be我们所希望（报考）的we would hope to attend⼤学的图⽚Pictures of the universities that然后这些学⽣的⽔平And then the level of students我们可以认为We can assume我们现在考虑百分之九⼗七的学⽣We consider 97% of the students他都在这个范围之内They all belong to that category现在我们要给的学校Now the universities we want to show是哪些学校呢What kind of universities并不是这些学校Not the ordinary schools因为这些学校不起到激励的作⽤Because that will not bring about any inspiration 他们本⾝就能考到这些学校⾥They can easily get into those schools他们不需要So they do not need those pictures我们所给的学校的范围是这些学校The universities we provide are these schools 这些学校能起到什么作⽤What is the purpose of these schools起到激励的作⽤Because they inspire因为这些学⽣本⾝Because these students他的分数段是在这个范围之内的Their scores are within such categories不是硬性地说It is not to say that你必须考⾼You have to achieve a higher score⽽是我们通过⼀种隐性的⽅式But using an implicit method来影响他们To influence them在他们意识⾥告诉他们And create an implicit message in their mind 他们可以考到这些That they are able to be good enough to enter 更好的学校⾥来Some of these better universities教室的后⾯⼀半空间The space at the back half of the classroom 我们的设计就是We have designed it into把这些都隔成⼀个个⼩隔间Small separate cells然后⼩隔间⾥就有镜⼦放在⾥⾯There are mirrors in the cells请我队友来讲解⼀下Functions of the mirrors镜⼦的功能I'll ask my teammate to explain the⼤家可以设想⼀下Let's imagine that我现在⼀个⾼三的学⽣I am a high school senior假如说我现在上了半天课了Supposed I have had half-day of classes我特别特别困特别特别累I am very sleepy and tired那我现在需要什么What do I need most now⼤家肯定都觉得I am sure everyone thinks that最需要的是休息对吧What I need most is rest right这个隔间是完全隔⾳的All the cells are sound-proof我需要的就是睡眠What I need is sleep我进来我就是睡觉来了I come in her to sleep我现在考砸了But I messed up in my exams那我怎么办What should I do我⾮常失望对不对I am very disappointed我现在要⼲嘛What do I want to do now我现在要发泄I need to vent for release但我应该对谁发泄呢But who should I vent my frustration on这时候我⾯对的是镜⼦What I face now is a mirror在这个空间⾥只有我⾃⼰I am the only one in this space我只需要⾯对我⾃⼰All I need to do is to face myself第⼆个效果The second purpose它就可以达到发泄的作⽤It can be used for anger release⾯对镜⼦我们可以⼲什么What can I do in front of a mirror我们可以倾诉I can confide就像在教堂⾥Just like in a church很多⼈会去教堂Many people go to church对着牧师Confide in front of a priest那在这⾥我们还是⼀样的It is the same concept here我们只需要⾯对⾃⼰We just need to face ourselves我们就可以达到那个减压的效果It will allow us to reduce the stress⼤家看到Everyone can see that我们这有可能不是⼀个装置What we have created may not be a device ⽽是⼀个装饰But a decorative item这种静态的It is stationary它课堂上⾯和课下都可以使⽤It can be used both in and out of class都可以起到⼀定的And it can achieve certain激励作⽤Levels of inspiration and stimulation外在的这种照⽚The pictures on the outside能够转化成⼀种内在的动⼒Can be turned into an inner force⽽且这个是更长久That is going to be a long-term force更持久的⼀种东西A more persistent element我觉得我们装置最⼤的特点就是I think the main characteristic of our device is 可以适合同时有That it can be used by多个⼈使⽤Multiple people at the same time⽽且我们装置功能性也很强It is very useful有激励美观Serves to inspire is aesthetically designed 缓解压⼒等等And reduces stress应该是很实⽤的Should be very practical最重要的⼀点是它成本很低An important point is that it is very low-cost 如果要推⼴这个装置的话If we want promote the device应该我想是没有什么阻⼒的I don't see any reason for resistance谢谢Thank you好谢谢Okay Thanks那么我们现在先请B组Now let's invited students from group B对A组的创意提⼀些问题To raise questions about group A's innovation 质疑也好夸奖也好You can question it or compliment it我认为A组的创意I think the innovation by group A真的是⾮常省钱Is indeed cost-efficient应该是推⼴起来⾮常容易Should be easy to promote我有⼀个要质疑的⽅⾯I do have a question这个忏悔的原理There is a difference in the basics of confession 和缓解压⼒原理And stress-release还不⼀样Not the same因为忏悔Because for confessions他其实是因为内⼼有羞耻It involves the feelings of guilt所以他不希望有⼈看见They you do not want people to see you希望很封闭Want to be in confinement⽽真正有压⼒There is real pressure很痛苦很焦虑的时候A time of much pain and anxiety他需要共情In need of sympathy需要别⼈有同理⼼And someone to share their pain去理解他To seek understanding他现在究竟是⼀个什么样的感受He is studying the feelings now果然不愧是⼼理学院的学⽣A typical psychology major好请A组回答Okay group A please answer the question 教室⾥有这么多⼈There are many people in the classroom 现在我们不是缺少沟通We are not in lack of communication我们现在需要的是⾃⼰的⼀个空间We are in need for a space for the self我们在⾼三的时候When we were high school seniors很少有⾃⼰的空间We did not have much space to ourselves 成天⽼师盯着你The teachers give you pressure家长盯着你And parents give you pressure我们没有空间We did not have space我们需要的是空间We need space在相互交流⽅⾯In respect to inter-personal communications 这个镜⼦不是最好的效果The mirrors are not the best solution但是他们如果需要相互交流But if they need communications他们可以不进去They do not need to go in他们直接找⼈They can just talk to people就OK了And everything would be okay我们的镜⼦还可以达到其他的三个效果Our mirrors serve three other purposes还是⼀样成⽴的They all apply对吧Right。