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一、设备介绍、操纵面板总成该设备完全通过机械操纵、液压操纵、和气压操纵等操纵面板进行操作。
为了视野更好，操纵室能够被提高。
.、发动机操纵（参阅图）1. 停止按钮-通过切断燃料供给而正常关闭发动机。
2. 紧急停止按钮--当即关停发动机。
3. 油门--操纵发动机的速度。
4. 远程油门开关—可启动和断开远程油门。
紧急停止操纵装置建议只在紧急情形下利用，例如超速运行状态下。
启动此装置会致使严峻损坏发动机。
、BOP操纵（参照图）1. 全封锁防喷器闸杆—全封锁防喷器闸板操纵。
通常处于开位置。
当处于关闭状态时，将完全封锁通孔。
在油管或电缆处于BOP附件的位置时，不能关闭此操纵。
2. 剪切闸杆—剪切闸板操纵。
通常处于开位置。
当关闭时，切割油管。
每次利用以后应该检查切割刀片。
3. 带卡瓦的闸杆—带卡瓦的闸板操纵。
通常处于开位置。
当关闭时，闸板夹紧油管，以避免垂直移动。
4. 油管/管线操纵杆---油管和钻杆闸板操纵。
通常处于开位置。
当关闭时，闸板围绕油管环面形成气压封锁。
5. 手泵转换开关--通经常使用以开关3000 psi的手泵。
6. 推动启动按钮----通经常使用以开动手泵，以使BOP运行。
7. 防喷器压力表----显示防喷器压力，该压力应用于防喷器的回路；8.储能器压力表------显示储能器的压力，该压力存在于防喷器的回路中；、卷盘操纵（参阅图）1. 卷盘—升高或降低操纵杆—操纵卷盘-调平总成的位置。
向上或下移动水平缠绕装置2. 卷盘—制动开关操纵杆—开位置，制动启动（无压力），关位置，停止制动（一般是1100 psi）3.卷盘—进出操纵杆—操纵油管向井口输送或拉出油管,锁定的后部位置为出井位置。
4.卷盘—排管器操纵杆—操纵自动排管功能。
5. 卷盘—抑制剂喷射按钮—油管下井时，操纵向油管喷洒防锈抑制剂。
6.卷盘—调剂压力旋钮—操纵施加在卷盘马达的压力。
、链条张力操纵（参阅图）1. 压力/运行/释放开关—用来选择张力加压、运行模式、或释放压力。
国外页岩气水力压裂技术及工具一览页岩储层具有超低孔低渗特性，钻完井后需要压裂改造后才得到经济产量。
国外油田服务公司最新工具达到了很高水平，水平井裸眼封隔器投球滑套分段压裂技术用高强度低密度球级差达到1/16in，封隔器耐压差达到70MPa，TAM公司自膨胀封隔器最高可达302 °C ；泵送桥塞射孔分段压裂技术所用桥塞可分为：堵塞式、单流阀式和投球式复合桥塞，桥塞耐压差达103.4MPa，耐温232 °C ；哈里伯顿CobraMax H连续油管喷射工具系统，目前最多达到44段。
这些为国内页岩气水力压裂完井方式与压裂工具的选用打下基础。
从应用工具角度看，分段压裂工艺方面主要包括：水平井裸眼封隔器投球滑套分段压裂技术，泵送桥塞分段压裂技术，水力喷射分段压裂技术。
从压裂工具方面分析，目前页岩气压裂技术有可膨胀封隔器/裸眼封隔器+滑套多级压裂，泵送桥塞射孔压裂联作多级压裂，水力喷射压裂等。
在美国的页岩气开发技术中，可膨胀封隔器/裸眼封隔器+滑套多级压裂，泵送桥塞射孔压裂联作多级压裂技术比较成熟，使用比较广泛，可适用于较长的水平段；水力喷射压裂可实现准确定位喷射，无需机械封隔，节省作业时间，非常适合用于裸眼井、筛管井以及套管中井。
1、水平井裸眼封隔器投球滑套多级压裂系统封隔器投球滑套多级压裂技术一般采用可膨胀封隔器或者裸眼封隔器分段封隔。
根据页岩气储层开发的需要，使用封隔器将水平井段分隔成若干段，水力压裂施工时水平段最趾端滑套为压力开启式滑套，其它滑套通过投球打开，从水平段趾端第二级开始逐级投球，进行有针对性的压裂施工。
水平裸眼井多级压裂目前已经是北美页岩气压裂开采主要技术手段，并越来越受到作业者的欢迎。
水平井多级压裂技术关键在于封隔器（压裂封隔器和可膨胀封隔器）和滑套可靠性和安全性能，尤其是管外封压裂管柱的可膨胀封隔器和开启滑套的高强度低密度球材料决定技术的成功与否。
目前国外油田服务公司都有自己成熟的工具，高强度低密度球级差达到1/16in，封隔器耐压差达到70MPa，TAM公司耐高温自膨胀封隔器最高可达30 °C 。
Baker Hughes INTEQ䕉⩗⩤㏳㘸ۡ 83%&䕉⩗ऀ⩤ᱩ㘸ۡ 83$⩗ᝦڻP/N 750-500-113 Rev. D April 15, 2002ConfidentialBaker Hughes INTEQProduct Launch GroupP.O. Box 670968Houston, Tx. 77267-0968USA713-625-46941.通用脉冲器1.1通用脉冲器简介通用脉冲器是一种最早应用于小井眼钻井的励磁驱动脉冲器，但现在已应用于大井眼钻井领域。
通用脉冲器主要由主阀组件和驱动组件构成，可以适用于涡轮发电机系统（UP-UPU或UPA）或者NaviTrak电池系统（UPB），两者都需要配备已替代了NaviTrak PDM脉冲系统的励磁驱动电路模块。
当使用NaviTrak185 MWD系统时，不需要包含了主模块、驱动模块、振动侦测设备的励磁驱动电路模块。
1.2工作原理通用脉冲器在井下工作时有三种状态，即正常打开（待命）、驱动组件加电（先导阀关闭）和驱动组件断电（先导阀打开）状态。
1.2.1通用脉冲器正常打开（待命）：钻井液通过钻柱向下到达主阀组件，在主阀组件，一部分流体通过进口的筛屏转入主阀体内，其余的流体从限流环和主阀体（主阀头）之间空隙通过。
一部分流体通过进口的筛屏转入主阀体内，因此，流经主阀体内的流体的速度取决于限流环的过流面积。
流入主阀体内的流体向下到达先导阀座，从驱动组件波纹管罩上6个泄流孔流出。
1.2.2驱动组件加电（先导阀关闭）当励磁驱动电路给驱动组件线圈供电时，驱动组件铁芯在电磁力作用下与线圈极板吸合，使得驱动轴和先导阀伸出，驱动组件的电磁力不是线性的，当铁芯接近线圈极板时，电磁力显著增大。
这种成倍增大的力是克服先导阀趋近于截断先导阀座的流体产生的阻力所必需的。
当流体被截止时，主阀体内的压力几乎瞬间增大，使得主阀体内部和主阀体外部主阀头下方区域产生了很高的压差。
连续油管作业技术简述1.连续油管简述连续油管(coiled tubing,简称 CT) 装置是一种有别于传统作业方式的特种作业设备, 自上世纪 60年代初引入油田生产后,便以其高效、实用、经济的特点倍受使用者的青睐。
连续管也称柔性管，是一种强度高、塑性好、抗腐蚀较强的 ERW 焊接钢管，单根长度可达几千米，在生产线连续生产并按一定长度缠绕在卷筒上交付使用。
进入 2000 年后, 由于材质和设备制造技术的更新提高, 连续油管技术发展迅速,新型连续油管车各方面性能大为改进, 能够适应更加恶劣环境和从事更为复杂的技术。
2.连续油管设备组成连续油管设备主要包括以下几部分：（1）滚筒：储存和传送连续油管；（2）注入头：为起下连续油管提供动力；（3）操作室：设备操作手在此监测和控制连续油管；（4）动力组：操作连续油管设备所要求的液压力源；（5）井控装置：连续油管带压作业时的井口安全装置。
3.连续油管工作原理其工作原理是：车辆停靠井口处,依次吊装防喷器、注入头于井口(防喷管)上,将 CT 从绞盘上拉出经鹅颈管导向进入注入头, 由注入头链条拉紧后通过防喷器下入作业管柱中, 绞盘轴端的接头可与配套设备联接, 泵注液体或气体入井, 操作室内可远程控制 CT 起下及相关部件的动作。
4.连续油管技术的应用连续油管以其高效性、经济性以及对地层污染小等优点目前已广泛应用于钻井、完井、采油、修井和集输等各个作业领域，被称作“万能作业机”。
4.1连续油管的冲砂洗井冲砂洗井是目前最常见的连续油管修井作业。
洗井是将洗井液通过连续油管泵入井内, 使砂粒松动并将其从生产油管与连续油管的环空冲到地面上来。
连续油管由于其具有良好的挠性等特点，除进行常规的冲洗作业外，还用于解决一些比较复杂的井下管柱被卡堵情况。
这类井既无法建立循环又不能起出井下管柱，常规方法处理起来难度大。
连续油管冲砂技术可以在不压井的情况下进行快捷作业，效率高，直径小，非常适合油管作业，还可以避免因压井而产生的地层损害。
Mini-beta防砂作业流程及安全风险分析一、地层出砂危害及防砂作业的目的出砂危害：油、气井出砂如果得不到治理，就会越来越严重，致使出砂油、气井不能有效的开发。
出砂的危害主要表现在以下三个方面：（1）减产或停产作业；（2）地面和井下设备磨蚀；（3）套管损坏、油井报废，所以要进行防砂作业。
防砂目的：延长井的生产寿命；保护地面设施；降低生产井的维修费用。
二、防砂作业步骤及注意事项1、作业工具准备作业前首先需要知道井的基本数据，包括套管磅级、射孔数据、筛盲管扣型等，根据不同井的情况准备手工具和各种变扣接头。
手工具一般包括：管钳、卷尺、航空剪刀、筛规、安全卡瓦、提丝、裁纸刀、内径规、外径规、钢丝刷、锉等。
各种变扣接头主要包括：筛盲管防喷变扣（根据筛盲管尺寸定），冲管防喷变扣、座封工具与钻杆连接的变扣（视作业平台钻杆尺寸决定，7”井座封工具上部接头扣型为 2－7/8”IFB;9-5/8”井座封工具上部接头扣型为3-1/2”IFB）、循环头、试压堵头等。
2、作业流程（以一次2层9-5/8”防砂井为例）2．1、电缆座封沉砂封隔器工具组合：Baker "F-1" 沉砂封隔器 + 电缆座封工具+ CCL + 马龙头 + 电缆沉砂封隔器的坐封位置要参照测井曲线避开套管接箍。
沉砂封隔器应坐封于底层射孔段底部以下大约5～8ft处。
注意事项：电缆下入"F-1"沉砂封隔器时，关闭全船无线电通讯，停止一切电弧焊作业，平台所有人员禁止使用手机。
如果电缆坐封"F-1"沉砂封隔器有困难，可用钻杆下入液压座封工具。
钻杆下入液压座封工具步骤为：1)工具组合为："F-1"封隔器＋液压坐封工具 + 变扣 + 3-1/2"钻杆（具体柱数根据同位素的深度来定）+ 同位素接头(3-1/2" IF B ×P) + 3-1/2"钻杆。
Rotary steerable systems should deliver smooth, precise, fast drilling.Unfortunately, too many don’t…Get the superior performance you expectAutoTrak rotary steerable systemsand it's because they don't deliver on a rotary steerable's full potential.When you choose a rotary steerable system, you expect it to deliver:•a smooth, in-gauge hole•a precisely placed wellbore and fast, reliable drilling operations.Because efficiently drilling a smooth wellbore and precisely placingit in the most productive zones helps you keep costs down while enhancing your production.But most rotary steerable systems aren’t that smooth… or very precise. And you may not even know it, because instead of talking about these problems...debating the relative merits of “push-the-bit” steering versus “point-the-bit” steering. Or vice-versa.too many service providers waste your time These debates miss the point.Neither technique can consistently deliver the premium performance you need because both use a “pseudo steering” approach.pseu•do steering PUSH-THE-BIT“Push-the-bit” systems use steering pads that deflect against the wellbore in an on/off cycle that creates doglegs and an angular wellbore.POINT-THE-BIT “Point-the-bit” systems use a BHA with a fixed tilt which causes hole spiraling and a consistently over-gauge wellbore.attempting to steer with a fixed-tilt BHA or on/off pad cyclesPseudo-steering can’t consistently deliver the superior rotary steerable performance you need.High local doglegs. But it does deliver some things with consistency.And, because most systems that use pseudo-steering also restrict bit selection and flow rates, they artificially limit ROP and overall performance.That won’t deliver the results you need. Instead, you get higher well construction costs and lost production.One that delivers the quality wellbore and drilling performance you expect.There’s a better approachCONTINUOUS PROPORTIONAL STEERING Over-gauge wells.Hole spiraling. Angular wellbores.When you steer with precision-controlled pads that maintain a continuous proportional steering vector, you get superior control and a quality wellbore.And when you have the flexibility to optimize the system for the application, you get faster, more reliable drilling performance.AutoTrak systems are the only ones that use continuous proportional steering.REDUCE WELL CONSTRUCTION COSTS WITHUNSURPASSED HOLE QUALITY EXACT WELL PLACEMENTENHANCE PRODUCTION WITH FASTER, MORE RELIABLE PERFORMANCE WITH OPTIMIZED DRILLINGand completion runs.And because holes stay in-gauge, you collecthigh-quality FE data to optimize drilling, placement, and reserve estimation. In-gauge holes also minimizecuttings and maximize hole cleaning velocity.ENHANCE PRODUCTION WITH EXACT WELL PLACEMENTUsing continuous proportional steering, AutoTraksystems check azimuth and inclination everymillisecond and automatically adjust steer forcessecond-by-second for precise control.Using real-time formation evaluation, coursecorrections can be implemented with ease—adjusting the AutoTrak system’s well path withsmooth precision to keep you on target throughall formation types.The result: maximized reservoir exposure andenhanced recovery.GET FASTER, MORE RELIABLE PERFORMANCE WITH OPTIMIZED DRILLINGBecause AutoTrak systems use internal hydraulicsto power independent ribs mounted on adecoupled, slowly rotating sleeve, their steeringcontrol is not affected by drilling dynamics.As a result, the systems operate independentlyof bit pressures, flow rates and drilling fluidproperties—allowing you to optimize your bitand program design to formation challengesas opposed to competitive rotary steerableswhich often restrict BHA design and bit selection.Continuous proportional steering also providesenormous versatility and reliability in allformation types—from soft to hard—allowing you todrill the vertical, curve, and lateral in a single run.CLICK OR TAP THE TABS BELOW TO LEARN MOREA customer in the Middle East wanted to test available rotary steerable system technologies to establish which provided the best hole quality. The customer compared data from over 700 wells to isolate the effectiveness of the three types of rotary steerable system (RSS) technologies—push-the-bit systems, point-the-bit systems, and the only continuous proportional steering system on the market, the AutoTrak RSS .Results overwhelmingly concluded that using continuous proportional steering reduced tortuosity by magnitudes of 4 to 6 times when compared to push-the-bit and point-the-bit RSS methods. The AutoTrak RSS consistently delivered better hole quality in horizontal drilling.That translates into fewer stuck pipe incidents, less chance of encountering problems during completion installation, and greater production potential in both the short- and long-term.MIDDLE EASTMEASURED DEPTH (FT)W E L L B O R E I N C L I N A T I O N (D E G )Point the Bit Push the Bit Continuous Proportional Steering 93.592.591.590.589.588.587.586.585.584.583.58,5008,7008,9009,1009,3009,5009,7009,90010,10010,300Comparison of well tortuosity from the study using high resolution wireline surveys from three offset wells. The difference is unmistakable when comparing wells drilled with push-the-bit (yellow), point-the-bit (orange), and continuous proportional steering (green) technologies. The AutoTrak RSS clearly delivers substantially superior hole quality.UNSURPASSED HOLE QUALITYREAD THE FULL CASE STUDY EXACT WELL PLACEMENT OPTIMIZED DRILLINGCLICK OR TAP THE TABS BELOW TO LEARN MORE EXACT WELL PLACEMENTAn operator needed to drill a challenging well profile thatincluded a BUR of 5.8°/100 ft (30 m) and a turn rate of up to7°/100 ft (30 m), including two ESP tangent sections.The operator previously experienced steering issues inoffset wells due to the stick-slip-inducing chalk. Theoperator also required precise control to ensure exact linerplacement and avoid nearby wells in the congested field.Baker Hughes used a 6¾ in. AutoTrak eXact system withcontinuous proportional steering to execute the complexdirectional plan (a total azimuthal turn >370° was achievedwhile building from 23° to 91° inclination) with no stick-slipissues in 166 hours.UK CONTINENTAL SHELFUsing continuous proportional steering, an AutoTrak eXact system efficiently drilled a complex,corkscrew-shaped well profile that required a long turn of >370° while building from 23°-91°.READ THE FULL CASE STUDYOPTIMIZED DRILLING UNSURPASSED HOLE QUALITY11OPTIMIZED DRILLING An operator needed to drill an extended-reach lateral totaling 21,548 ft MD, targeting two different layers in a field containing hard and abrasive sands. Torsional stick-slip and high wear-and-tear on drilling equipment were expected. Working with Baker Hughes, the client chose the new 4¾ in. AutoTrak eXact system because its steering capabilities best matched the operational requirements.Despite the challenging conditions and highly-deviated well path, the system set three new records and saved 1.5 days compared to a previous record-setting run. The AutoTrak eXact system used continuous proportional steering to:• Drill up to 5% faster than the best offset• Extend the average run length by up to 15%• Achieve 7,296 ft of pay zone exposure MIDDLE EAST CLICK OR TAP THE TABS BELOW TO LEARN MOREThese operators got the performance they needed from their RSS New field re cords f or ROP and r un le ngth with AutoTrak eXact Previous ROP record (competitor RSS)Previous run length record (competitor RSS)AutoTrak eXact ROP on same deployment 05811141720500100015002000RUN LENGTH (FT)A V E R A G E R A T E O F P E N E T R A T I O N (F T /H R )2500Using an AutoTrak eXact system, an operator in the Middle East set three new records while drilling a highly deviated well path through a challenging formation.READ THE FULL CASE STUDYUNSURPASSED HOLE QUALITYEXACT WELL PLACEMENTGet the superior drilling performance you deserve. Smooth. Fast. Precise.Contact your Baker Hughes representative today to learnmore about how an AutoTrak system—the only RSS capableof delivering Continuous Proportional Steering—can help youget the drilling performance you crave.© 2020 Baker Hughes Company. All rights reserved. 81541。
Baker “SAB-3” 型承托式采油封隔器产品号. 409-07描述Array我们强力推荐…SAB-3‟ 型液力坐封采油封隔器。
它由上密封孔（方形反扣）、高温高压“Aflas ”密封元件、跨密封元件的上下卡瓦环和一个坐封活塞组成。
SAB-3 封隔器可一趟管柱下入并坐封，不需要转动或上下活动管柱从而减少事故的可能性。
SAB-3 封隔器通过K型锚定油管密封总成与油管连接，下到坐封深度后通过油管加压坐封，因此非常适合大井斜定向井。
它的设计还有强度高、坐封压力准确、可用各种合金制作适应H2S服务的特点。
特点·细长结构，防止抽吸。
可以快速下入，避免冲击损坏或者提前坐封。
一旦坐封，封隔稳定持久。
·对向双卡瓦固定，保证封隔器的稳固。
·特有的内锁式可伸缩金属背环直接与套管接触，防止密封元件被挤出。
·坐封时不需要转动或上下活动管柱，从而减少事故的可能性· O-型圈与金属背环配合使用，增加了长期密封的可靠性。
·SAB-3 封隔器可承压达10,000 psi·可用各种合金制作适应H2S·下入时和封隔器连接的密封总承在封隔器坐封后起了密封短节的功用。
“af” 型无开孔坐落短节产品号. 801-94描述在“AF” 型无开孔坐落短节密封段以下设计了一个底部止动台阶，提供选择性坐封（在同一口井内相同尺寸的坐落短节只有一个）。
锁定系统采用了SUR-SET模式，所以一个锁定可以用于多种服务-仪表挂、单向阀、临时堵塞器等的坐落。
坐落短节外径一般与过渡接头外径相同，也可以按要求制作。
Baker “CJ” 型磨铣工具产品号. H747-06CJ型磨铣工具用于磨铣和回收生产封隔器。
它有一个扑捉套结构，可以在磨铣完封隔器外面部分后回收封隔器本体。
特点·磨铣速度快.·可以容易地一次磨铣完最大尺寸的封隔器。
·磨吸引鞋在套管内被扶正，增加磨铣效率。
