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备战中考英语书面表达第二章说明文说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章类型,一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能,解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等.说明类文章注重条理清晰、中心突出,所以在写作时要注重以下几个方面：1.说明顺序.通常有时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序三种.时间和空间顺序是说明文常见的两种说明顺序,逻辑顺序包括总分式、承接式和递进式三种。
2.说明方法.说明文讲究客观性,以客观的角度说明事物或事理,在写说明文时,可以采取以下方法来增加文章的客观性－下定义、打比方、作比较、举例子、列数字等。
3.时态.说明文主要用来说明事物或事理的特点等,因而其描述的通常是一般状态,所以说明文的写作中常用一般现在时。
Part 1事物说明文.写法点拨在事物说明文写作过程中,我们可以通过以下三部分进行：1.给事物下定义.第一部分是文章的开头部分,写作时,应向读者展示出说明的主体,并给这个主体下一个简单而又清楚的定义.2.顺序展开说明.说明时,要遵循一定的说明顺序,并要采用一些说明方法,如举例子、打比方、作比较等,增加文章的逻辑性和条理性.3.回应主题,总结事物.文章的最后,要对事物的整体特点做一个简单的回顾,并对主题进行一定的回应.必备词汇1 表先后顺序First of all/at first/firstly首先secondly/then/next其次,然后,之后In the end/finally/eventually/at last终于,最终,最后Last but not least最后但同样重要的是2 表示时间now现在then然后afterwards以后；后来Five minutes later五分钟后Before long不久之后Shortly after that之后不久Soon after supper晚饭后To this day直到这天Just now刚才Just then在那时3 表示递进besides除此以外what's more而且In addition除此以外even甚至Once more再来一次what's worse更糟糕的是4 人物说明fat肥胖的thin瘦的slim苗条的big大的small小的Of medium build中等身材strong强壮的beautiful美丽的pretty漂亮的good-looking好看的charming有魅力的sweet甜蜜的handsome英俊的funny有趣的ugly丑陋的peculiar奇怪的5 表示总结In conclusion总之In short/in a word总而言之In general一般来说Generally speaking一般来说As you know如你所知finally/in the end最后必备句型1 给事物下定义(1) Beijing is in the north of China.北京在中国的北部.(2) The city is located/situated on the eastern coast of the United States.这座城市位于美国的东部海岸.(3) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom.教室前面有一块黑板.(4) My mother is a kind and gentle woman.我妈妈是一个和蔼温柔的女人.(5) He is the person who can always tells jokes.他是那种总是能说笑话的人.2 顺序展开说明(1) The bridge is 20 meters long, 10 meters wide.这座桥20米长,10米宽.(2) This is made of metal and plastic.这是由金属和塑料制成的.(3) It covers an area of 7.6 million square kilometers.它有着760万平方公里的面积.(4) She is charming when she smiles.她微笑的时候很迷人.(5) It is rich in natural resources such as coal and gold mine.这里自然资源丰富,比如说煤矿和金矿.3 回应主题,总结事物(1) Whenever you are in trouble, she can help you.无论你什么时候陷入困难中,她都能帮助你.(2) People from all over the world would like to visit it.全世界的人们都想要来参观它.(3) He is so warm-hearted that everyone admires him.他很热心,所有人都很钦佩他.(4) He is popular with the teenagers.他在青少年中很受欢迎.(5) She is considered to be one of the greatest scientists in China.她被认为是中国最伟大的科学家之一.美文引路题目:请根据下面的提示要点,写一篇介绍长城的小短文,词数不得少于80词.要点：1.长城有着2000多年的历史.2.是世界上最长的城墙,长6000多公里.3.建筑材料主要为石头、砖头,修建工作都是人工完成的.4.长城现已成为名胜古迹,每年吸引了很多外国游客到长城观光旅游.思路导航第1步：例文审题主体人称题目要求介绍长城,故主体人称应为第三人称“it”.主体时态由于文章要求介绍长城的基本情况,故主体时态用一般现在时.写作贴士题目出了4个要点,写作时要组合运用,注意逻辑的连贯；注意文章词数的写作要求,不得少于80词.(1)整体介绍长城的概况；(2)详细说明长城的特点；(3)叙述长城的地位.第3步：参考词句(1) be known to; all over the world; history...(2) more than; longest; be made of; stones; bricks; construction; machine; undreds of; take part in...(3) places of interest; attract; foreign...第4步：连句成篇The Great WallThe Great Wall is known to people all over the world. It has a history of more than 2,000 years.The Great Wall, which is more than 6,000 kilometers long, is the longest wall in the world. It is made of stones and bricks and almost all the construction was done by hand without any machines. And it took hundreds of years to build it. What’s more, millions of workers have taken part in the construction.Today, the Great Wall has become one of the most famous places of interest in China and it attracts many foreign visitors every year.参考译文长城长城被世界人们所熟知.它有着2000多年的历史.长城,有6000多公里长,是世界上最长的城墙.它由石头和砖头组成,几乎所有的建造工作都是由人工完成的,没有依靠任何的机器.建造长城花了几百年的时间.还有就是,上百万的工人参加了建造工作.如今,长城已经成为了中国最著名的名胜古迹之一,它每年都吸引着很多外国游客.介绍人物范文1Miss BlackMiss Black is an excellent teacher. She is a good-looking woman, with gentle manners and a kind smile.Miss Black likes her work very much. She works very hard and tries her best to make every class perfect. Listening to her lessons is an artistic entertainment. Indeed, she treats her students as her own children. She is very strict with their study, but in the daily lives, she is kind to them. She always shows deep concern for them and makes great efforts to make them more independent.She is so nice that all the students respect her very much.参考译文布莱克老师布莱克老师是一位出色的老师.她长得很好看,有着温柔的行为举止和和蔼的微笑.布莱克老师非常喜欢她的工作.她工作非常努力,力求每节课都完美.听她讲课就是一种艺术的享受.实际上,她对待学生就像对待她自己的孩子.她对他们学习的要求非常严格,但是在日常生活中,她对他们非常友好.她总是很关心他们,努力使他们更独立.她是这样的友好,所有的学生都非常尊重她.亮点词汇1 good-looking /adj.好看的2 manner/n.行为举止3 artistic/adj.艺术的4 independent /adj.独立的5 respect /v.尊重出彩句型1 She is a good-looking woman, with... 她是一位长得很好看的女士,有着······2 ...is an artistic entertainment.······是艺术的享受.3 She treats...as...她将·····当作······对待.4 She is kind to...她对······很和蔼.5 She always shows deep concern for... 她总是很关心......高分点评在作者形象生动的介绍之下,一个和蔼可亲的老师形象跃然纸上.文章主要对布莱克老师的外貌、教学、育人等方面展开了介绍,详略得当,说明过程有条有理.文章运用的短语多姿多彩,如“try one's best”“be kind to”“show deep concern”等.范文2Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin was born in 1889 in London. He came from a family of artists. His mother was an actress and his father was an actor.He started dancing and singing for money in 1894. At that time, he lived a poor life. In 1904, he went to America and he became a film director in 1914. He made many funny films from 1914 to 1966. And he also starred in many silent comedies, like Modern Times. He died in 1977. Hearing the news, lots of people were very sad. People all over the world will remember him forever.Until now, people are still attracted by him and his movies.参考译文查理·卓别林查理·卓别林于1889年出生于伦敦.他来自一个艺术家家庭.他的父母亲都是演员.1894年,他开始通过跳舞、唱歌赚钱.那时,他过着贫穷的生活.1904年,他去了美国,1914年,他成为了一名电影导演.1914年到1966年间,他制作了很多搞笑的电影.他也主演了很多无声喜剧,如《摩登时代》.他逝于1977年.听到这个消息,很多人都非常伤心.全世界的人们将永远记住他.直到现在,人们仍被他和他的电影所吸引着.亮点词汇1 come from a family of...来自······的家庭2 artist /n.艺术家3 actress/ n.女演员4 film director 电影导演5 star in...主演······6 silent/adj.沉默的出彩句型1 He came from a family of artists.他来自一个艺术家家庭.2 He started doing...他开始做······3 He lived a poor life.他过着贫穷的生活.4 He made many funny films.他制作了很多有趣的电影.5 People are still attracted by...人们仍被···...吸引着.高分点评本文以时间为轴线,截取了查理·卓别林人生中的几个片段进行描述,体现了他伟大的艺术成就和对人们的影响.从结构上看,文章分成了三个部分,详略得当,叙述具体.从词句上看,表达非常地道,如“star in”“live a poor life”“People all over the world will remember him forever”等.介绍地方范文1Dear Laura,Thanks for your letter.Now I'll tell you something about our school and our school life. Our school is very big, with over 2,500 students and about 200 teachers. There are many high buildings in it. On the campus, you can see many green trees and beautiful flowers. In our school, there are many clubs. Every afternoon, we can take part in all kinds of activities, such as basketball, table tennis, and painting. We can read newspapers and books in the school library. And we can also go online in the school computer labs. I've been in the school for more than two years. I am deeply attracted by everything in the school.Yours,Vera 参考译文亲爱的劳拉：谢谢你的来信.现在我将跟你说说我们的学校和校园生活.我们的学校很大,有超过2500名学生和大约200位老师.学校里有很多高的建筑物.在校园里,你可以看到很多绿树和美丽的花朵.在我们的学校,有很多社团.每天下午,我们可以参加各种各样的活动,比如篮球、乒乓球和画画.我们可以在学校图书馆里看报纸和书.我们还可以在学校的电脑房上网.我已经在这个学校超过两年了.我被学校里的一切深深地吸引着.你的,薇拉亮点词汇1 building /n.建筑物2 campus/n.校园3 take part in 参加4 go online 上网出彩句型1 I'll tell you something about...我要告诉你一些关于·····2 There are many buildings in it.校园里有很多建筑物.3 We can take part in all kinds of activities.我们可以参加各种各样的活动.4 I am deeply attracted by...我被······深深地吸引着.高分点评本文采取动静结合的描述手法,向读者展现了“我”的校园的美丽风光以及丰富多彩的校园生活,条理清晰,明确具体.此外,句式、短语的多样运用,也是一大成功之处.范文2AustraliaAustralia lies on the west of the Pacific Ocean. It covers an area of 7.6 million square kilometers. And it hasa population of over 10 million.Most of them live in the east of the country by the sea, because the weather in those places is more favorable and comfortable. In the center of Australia, there is a large area of desert. Canberra, the capital of Australia, is a beautiful city. Sydney is one of the biggest cities in Australia. It has many places of interest. The Sydney Opera House is famous all over the world.If you ever visit Australia, you will be fascinated by it.参考译文澳大利亚澳大利亚位于太平洋的西边.它的面积是760万平方公里.人口超过一千万.很多人住在澳大利亚东面的海边,因为那些地方的天气更加适宜和舒服.在澳大利亚的中部,有很大面积的沙漠.堪培拉,澳大利亚的首都,是一个漂亮的城市.悉尼是澳大利亚最大的城市之一.它有很多风景名胜.悉尼歌剧院就闻名于全世界.如果你游览过澳大利亚,你就会被它吸引.亮点词汇1 Pacific Ocean 太平洋2 cover /v. 覆盖3 favorable/adj.讨人喜欢的4 desert /n.沙漠5 places of interest 风景名胜出彩句型1 It covers an area of... 它面积有······.2 It has a population of...它人口····.3 The weather in those places is more favorable and comfortable.那些地方的天气更加适宜和舒服.4 In the center of Australia, there is...在澳大利亚的中部,有着···.··.5 Sydney is one of the biggest cities in Australia.悉尼是澳大利亚最大的城市之一.高分点评本文选取了澳大利亚作为介绍的主体,其中采取了由面到点的叙述手法,将澳大利亚的位置、面积、气候、人文风情一一呈现在了我们面前.值得一提的是,作者的写作语言非常地道,原汁原味,如面积的表达“It covers an area of...”,又如人口的表达“It has a population of over 10 million”等.介绍事物范文1Chinese FoodChina is very famous for its food all over the world. There are all kinds of cuisines in China, such as Cantonese cuisine, Sichuan cuisine, Shanghai cuisine and so on.Cantonese cuisine is a bit light, but it is very delicious. Sichuan cuisine is very hot and spicy while Shanghaicuisine is rather oily. In the north of China, people are accustomed to eating noodles and dumplings. In the south of China, people are used to eating rice and seafood.Chinese food is good in color, smell and taste. So I like it very much.参考译文中国菜中国菜在全世界都很出名.中国有各种各样的菜系,比如说广东菜、四川菜、上海菜,等等.广东菜味道较清淡,但是非常美味.四川菜非常烫和辣,而上海菜却较油腻.在中国的北方,人们习惯于吃面条和饺子.在中国的南方,人们习惯于吃米饭和海鲜.中国菜色、香、味俱全.所以我非常喜欢它.亮点词汇1 all over the world 全世界2 cuisine /n.莱式；菜肴3 delicious /adj.美味的；可口的4 spicy /adj.辛辣的5 oily/adj.多油的；含油的6 be accustomed to doing... 习惯于做······7 seafood /n.海产食品出彩句型1 China is very famous for...中国因······而著名.2 There are all kinds of...有各种各样的··.···3 People are accustomed to doing...人们习惯于做·····4 People are used to doing...人们习惯于做······5 Chinese food is good in color, smell and taste. 中国菜色、香、味俱全.高分点评中国菜博大精深,种类繁多.作者在介绍时能很好地抓住中国菜最主要的特点进行展开,展示了中国菜的多样性以及诱人的一面.文章词句均较为新颖,是一大出彩之处,如短语“be accustomed to”“ to”“be used to"”等,可供读者借鉴学习.范文2Mini CarsThe mini car is designed mainly for Chinese families.The car is in a popular and fashionable style with four seats, and it can travel for a long distance. In addition, the proper size of the car makes it easy to drive. Usually, its highest speed is 160 kilometers per hour. The price, RMB 100,000, is lower than that of the same kind both at home and abroad.It is certainly a wise choice to buy a mini car. Anyone who owns a mini car will enjoy it very much.参考译文迷你汽车迷你汽车主要是为中国的家庭设计的.这种车有四个座位,兼具流行、时尚的风格于一身.它可以用于长途旅行(驾驶很长的时间).除此以外,合适的大小让它很容易驾驶.通常,它最高的速度为每小时160千米.价格为100000元人民币,比国内外同类的汽车价格要低.买一辆迷你汽车确实是明智的选择.任何拥有迷你汽车的人都会很喜欢它.亮点词汇1 design /v.设计2 distance /n.距离3 in addition 除此以外4 proper/adj.适宜的；适合的5 speed /n.速度6 at home and abroad 国内外；中外7 wise /adj.明智的出彩句型1 The mini car is designed mainly for...迷你汽车主要是为······设计的.2 The car is in...style.这种车是······风格.3 It can travel for a long distance.它可以用于长途旅行.4 The price is lower than that of the same kind both at home and abroad.价格比国内外同类的汽车价格要低.5 It is certainly a wise choice to...做···.··确实是一个明智的选择.高分点评本文作者对迷你汽车做了细致入微的介绍,让我们对它的风格、形状、速度、价格等有了直观的认识,显示出作者丰富的汽车知识.除此以外,作者的语言能力也较为出色,遣词造句皆是信手拈来,如“be designed mainly for..."“It is certainly a wise choice to...”等,均大大增加了文章的魅力.。
2020届中考阅读理解说明文专练（一）Hong Kong﹣Zhuhai﹣Macao Bridge（HZMB）opened on October 24，2018．It's the longest cross﹣sea bridge in the world．The bridge is 55 kilometers long．It connects Hong Kong and Macao to the Chinese mainland city of Zhuhai．Construction（建筑工程）on the HZMB began in 2009．It is considered as one of the "seven wonders（奇迹）of the modern world"．The HZMB is the only one in many ways．It can withstand wind speeds of up to 185km/h and earthquakes with magnitude（震级）of up to8．It's designed to have a service life（寿命）of 120 years，20 years longer than most bridges．And It' s not just a bridge，but also part tunnel（隧道）and part island．In one section（部分），the bridge tums into a 6.7﹣km undersea tunnel．And the tunnel passes through two man﹣made islands．The tunnel is the world's longest undersea tunnel for road traffic，allowing large ships to continue passing through the sea area above the tunnel．The HZMB makes it more convenient to travel between the three areas．It can shorten （缩短）the traveling time from Hong Kong to Zhuhai．People used to spend four hours，but now it takes about 45 minutes．By making local cities and areas closer together，the HZMB helps the areas' development．It can develop the economy （经济）of Hong Kong，Macao and nine Guangdong cities．（1）When did the HZMB open？A．On October 24 ，2009．B．On November 24，2009．C．On October 24，2018．D．On December 24 ，2018．（2）what does the underlined word"withstand" mean in Chinese？A．坚守B．躲避C．减轻D．承受（3）The bridge can help the three areas in many ways EXCEPT．A．developing the economy of the three areasB．making the three areas have fewer earthquakesC．making local cities and the three areas closer togetherD．shortening the traveling time from Hong Kong to Zhuhai（4）How long does it take to travel from Hong Kong to Zhuhai according to the passage？A．About 45 minutes．B．About 55 minutes．C．About 2 hours．D．About 4 hours．（5）Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage？A．The bridge is 55 kilometers long．B．Construction on the HZMB began in 2009．C．The service life of the HzMB is 20 years shorter than most bridge．D．In one section，the undersea tunnel passes through two man made islands．（1）A （2）D（3）B （4）A（5）C（二）When it comes to helping developing countries，we often think about offering money in order that they can build schools and hospitals，buy food and medicine，or find clean water supplies. These seem to be the most important basic needs in their lives. However，it's far from enough. We have to come up with better ideas.A man called Nicholas Negroponte invented a cheap laptop computer，which he decided toinvent after he visited a school in Cambodia. The laptop which Mr. Negroponte has designed is not the same as the normal one that you can buy in the shops. One difference is that it will becovered in rubber so that it is strong and won't be damaged easily .As an electricitysupply can bea problem in developing countries，the computer also has a special handle in order that childrencan wind the computer up to give it extra power when needed.This special laptop computer will cost less than 100 US dollars and Mr.Negroponte wants toproduce as many as 15 million laptop computers in the first year .The idea is that these computerswill help the children's education as they will be able to access the Internet .These computersmight not benefit the people in developing countries immediately，but by improving children'seducation they should help people to find their own solutions to their problems in the long term.Another idea to help children in developing countries is to recycle old mobile phones so thathey can be used again. In the UK. and probably in many other countries too，millions of mobilephones are thrown away every year. The waste crested by throwing away thee old phones is verybed for the environment，so it seems to be an excellent idea to achieve two important goals at the same time，We will reduce the waste we produce and help others .In other words ,we will be able to" kill two birds with one ”and that is always a good thing.根据短文内容，选择最佳选项。
中考英语阅读理解-说明文练习(带答案)C.XXX小题2】Accordingtothepassage,readingbooks______.A.XXXB.XXXXXX小题3】Whatcanreadingbooksdoforus,accordingtothepassage?A.XXXB.XXXC.XXX小题4】XXXpassage?A.Readingbooksisfun.B.XXX.XXX.小题5】XXXlastparagraph?A.XXX.B.XXX.XXX.小题6】XXX"XXX.XXX.XXX and their children go。
the n XXX show。
"Where Are We Going。
Dad?" Last week。
the show headed overseas for a special nal episode。
with the entry taking place in New Zealand。
It is expected to XXX n for Chinese fans of the show。
If you don't know much about New Zealand but would like to explore it。
check out our travel guide to see what kinds of activities might interest you.Nature and Wildlife EncountersNew Zealand was the last country on Earth to be settled by humans。
As such。
it is a paradise for XXX.Possible ItineraryDay 1: XXX the city。
Visit the Sky Tower for panoramic views of the city.Day 2: Take a boat tour to watch XXX.Day 3: Drive to XXX.Day 4: XXX.Day 5: Drive to XXX.Day 6: Take a XXX Sound and see the fjords.Day 7: Visit the rdland nal Park and go hiking.Day 8: Fly back to XXX and depart.1.Auckland: XXX project where you can spot bellbirds.2.XXX: XXX.3.XXX: XXX.4.Wellington (Matiu/Somes Island): Visit the island to see the red-crowned parakeet。
2024年中考英语复习模拟精练与真题演练—阅读理解之说明文（含解析）（2023·江西南昌·南昌市八一中学校考模拟预测）Have you ever heard of expressive writing?Writing about a terrible or difficult situation is called“expressive writing”.People who do this,record their deepest thoughts and feelings.Doctor Pan,leader of this study of expressive writing as a highly effective way to deal with painful experiences,says these people often show excellent mental and physical condition afterwards.Expressive writing is effective because it allows you to make sense out of an upsetting and even heart-breaking experience.As you write,you are recognizing what is happening around,and accepting that something is bothering you is an important first step.Next,translating that experience into language forces you to organize your thoughts and gives you a sense of control.Thinking or talking about an event seems useful.However,the more you think or talk about it,the more likely you will find yourself in a mess.As a result,you get completely lost in your own emotions and finally lose self-control.Writing works differently as it makes you slow down.The act of labeling a feeling of putting words to an emotion can ease(缓解)the neural(神经系统的)activities in the brain.What if you don’t consider yourself“a writer”?Don’t worry about spelling or grammar.Take it easy when you choose the words or expressions.Only dig into your inner self.The goal of the exercise is to find meaning in an upsetting event.Many people have tried this method.After his father was rushed to the hospital because of a serious heart attack,43-year-old Alex began to panic.So he did the one thing that would calm himself:he wrote.He thinks of it as a captain’s life buoy(救生衣).“My expressive writing gave me the courage I need to face my fear and move on,”Alex says.There are a few who are against this approach.According to them,expressive writing isn’t a magical solution. People shouldn’t fully trust the effect of expressive writing.Neither should they think of using it to replace other treatments.People who are faced with a serious mental disaster may not find it useful to do on their own,withoutmedicine.1．What’s the first step of expressive writing?A．To write down what is bothering you.B．To train yourself into an excellent writer.C．To talk about your feelings to others.D．To think about the bad experience carefully.2．Who is Alex?A．A captain on a ship.B．The son of a patient who has a serious heart attack.C．A doctor in a hospital.D．The leader of a study about expressive writing.3．What does the underlined word“panic”mean according to the passage?A．Complain.B．Fear.C．Doubt.D．Guard.4．What benefits does expressive writing have?a.It has a sense out of an upsetting experience.b.It’s easy to lose your own emotions and self-control.c.It forces you to organize your thoughts when writing.d.It gives courage to face fear.A．abc B．bcd C．acd D．abd5．What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?A．Expressive writing can deal with all kinds of problems.B．Some people don’t think expressive writing as a perfect way.C．Expressive writing can help with serious mental disasters.D．Medicine is not useful when someone has a mental disaster.【答案】1．A2．B3．B4．C5．B【导语】本文主要介绍了表达性写作。
重难点 10 阅读理解之说明文【命题趋势】中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。
要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从 A, B, C, D 四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。
文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟 40-50 个词。
主要涉及到记叙文，说明文，应用文等。
【满分技巧】1.主旨题 解题技巧为：找主题句。
应先通读全文，理解大意，充分理解主题句的意义。
主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。
2. 细节题解题技巧为：快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、数字等，划出相关句子，进行对照。
3. 推断题解题技巧为：寻找线索，悟出字里行间的意思。
4.猜测词义题解题技巧为：通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义。
【热点话题】说明文热衷话题有：旅游、环保、广告类等。
【限时检测】（建议用时：30 分钟）A【2019 • 湖南省郴州市】话题：环保难度：★★建议用时：6 分In today’s world, almost everyone knows that air pollution and water pollution are harmful topeople’s health. However, not all the people know that noise is also a kind of pollution, andthat is harmful to human health, too.People who work and live under noisy conditions usually become deaf. Today, scientists believethat 10% of the workers in Britain are becoming deaf because of the noise where they work. Manyof the workers who print newspapers and who weave cloth（织布）become deaf. Plenty of people livingnear airports also become deaf. Recently it was discovered that many teenagers in America couldhear no better than 65-year-old persons, because these young people like to listen to pop musicand most of pop music is a kind of noise. Besides, noise which is produced by jet planes or machineswill make people’s life difficult and unpleasant. It can make people ill or even drive them mad.1It is said that a continuous noise of more than 85 decibels（分贝）can cause deafness. Now thegovernments in many countries have made laws to control noise and make it less than 85 decibels.In China, the government is trying to solve not only air and water pollution problems but alsonoise pollution problems.1. Scientists believe 10% of the workers _____________ are becoming deaf because of their noisyworkplaces.A. in AmericaB. in ChinaC. in Britain2. _____________ will probably become deaf.A. Workers who print newspapersB. People who live far from airportsC. Students who like listening to soft music3. According to the passage, noise from jet planes or machines can _____________.A. make people sleepyB. drive people madC. cause people to die4. The underlined word "continuous" means _____________ in Chinese.A. 正常的B. 持续的C. 清晰的5. What’s the best title of this passage?A. Air PollutionB. Water PollutionC. Noise Pollution【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，说明了在今天的世界上，几乎每个人都知道空气污染对人们身体有害，然而，并不是所有人都知道噪声污染也对身体有害，声音超过 85 分贝，可以导致耳聋，所以在每个国家制定法律减少或控制噪音使它小于 85 分贝。
初中中考英语阅读理解之说明文.doc阅读理解之说明文Obesity （肥胖症）is becoming a problem in our busy society , and almost onein three American adults isnow considered to be obese. an all-time high.Obesity means being very obese, you have too much body fat.If you eat more food than your body can use, weight.Food that your body Children obesity is also at overweight.If you are this will make you put on does not need will be stored( 储存)as fat by your body.The following are the major factors(因素)thatincrease the risk of obesity.What you eat plays a major role in weight gain.Eating a lot of fast food such ashamburgers, sweetdrinks,ice creams and other sweet food can increase the risk ofbecoming obese.If you do not do enough exercise,you will puton weight as the food you eat isnot being used to make energy for physical activities.The chances of you being obese are greater ifyour parents are obese.There are many psychological（心理的)factorsthat cause people to eat toomuch. People who areworried,unhappy or bored will often eat to make themselves feel better.This is known as comfort eating.Age is another factor,as you tend( 趋于 )to beless active when you get older.When you get older,you need to eat less,and if you do not eat less,you will puton weight.Obesity can cause many healthproblems such as heart problems, highblood pressure and many other serious medical conditions.66.The underlined sentence in paragraph 1 means that ________.A.obesity does not do harm to health.B.all the American children are obese.C.there are more obese children than before.D.there are less obese children in the USA.67.According to the passage, there are ________ major factors thatincrease the risk of obesity.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six68.What will the writer most probably talk about following thelast paragraphA.How to avoid obesity.B.How to live in the busy USA.C.What illnesses are caused by obesity.D.How doctors treat heart problems.英语阅读之说明文“英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。
阅读理解（说明文）（2024·安徽合肥·二模）The opening ceremony (开幕式) of the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou was held on September 23rd, 2023. People could see the electronic fireworks (烟花) in the night sky above the Hangzhou Olympic Sports Center Stadium. It showed us beautiful pictures, creative ideas, the latest technologies and environmental thoughts.“The electronic fireworks paid attention to environmental protection,” said Sha Xiaolan, the director of the opening ceremony. “As long as fireworks are set off, there will be smoke in the air. It will cause pollution. Compared with normal fireworks which we usually set off, electronic fireworks never produce smoke and noise.”Why did they use this kind of f ireworks? Because they were “green”, and Sha Xiaolan hoped to show environmental protection to the world. It did not mean there would be less excitement of the opening ceremony. According to the digital technology, 3D pictures, AR technology and more, the electronic fireworks have left a deep thinking on the people. “People have rich feelings while they are watching the fireworks. Today is the first time I have seen electronic fireworks, and they are more special than normal fireworks.” He told China News reporters.“High technologies helped produce environmental-friendly fireworks,” She said. “The research team designed fireworks with 3D technology. Then they did many experiments so that the fireworks had the best show without pollution.”1．What did the electronic fireworks pay attention to?A．Beautiful pictures. B．The latest technologies.C．Creative ideas. D．Environmental protection.2．Why do people have a deep thinking about the electronic fireworks?A．Because the electronic fireworks have beautiful colors.B．Because the electronic fireworks use modern technology.C．Because the electronic fireworks can protect the environment.D．Because the electronic fireworks are less special.3．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．It’s bad for the environment to make electronic fireworks.B．There was no need to do many experiments.C．The electronic fireworks were the best in China.D．The research team made many efforts for electronic fireworks.【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D【导语】本文为一篇说明文。
备战2022年中考英语考前时事热点话题阅读+题型专练热点40 人类火星探测的新进展一、阅读理解1For a long time, humans have used technology (科技) to study the world around us, and Mars is the latest place we’re using machines to explore. Besides the earth, the “red planet” is seen, as the one pl ace in our solar system most likely to have life.Early last month, the first American robot, Spirit, landed on Mars without any problem. Opportunity, the second robot, landed on the planet more than a week ago. Scientists are very excited about these mac hines’ safe landing on Mars. It means that now we have an excellent chance to look for water and other signs of life. So far, the robots have found some stones that could show Mars was once a wet and warm planet.But the trips made by Spirit and Opportuni ty were dangerous. Mars is often called the “death planet”, because in the past its environment has been unfriendly to the robot explorers. Before Spirit and Opportunity, nearly forty spaceships had been sent to Mars since the 1960s. Two-thirds of them failed. The first spaceship, Korabl, sent in 1962 by Russia was among them. It broke apart (分裂) near the earth.1. For a long time humans think ________.A. they can surely find life on MarsB. there may be life on MarsC. it’s too late for them to explor e Mars nowD. Mars is the only planet that has life on it2. The two robots ________.A. have found out that it is warm and wet on MarsB. were sent to Mars to find some stonesC. were the first two American robots that landed on MarsD. are the only machines that have landed on Mars so far3. The third paragraph mainly tell us ________.A. it’s a very hard and dangerous trip for spaceships to MarsB. two-thirds of the spaceships sent to Mars have failedC. Spirit and Opportunity landed on Mars successfullyD. Mars is called the “death planet”【答案】BCA【解析】这篇短文讲述的是人类对火星的探索。
考点40 短文填空之自由填空把语法知识测试全部放在语篇中进行，旨在考查考生在语篇中综合运用语言知识的能力。
它不但要求考生有扎实的词汇、语法等基础知识和对句型结构的灵活运用能力，而且还要求考生有良好的语感和一定的阅读理解能力。
自由填空是中考短文填空中难度最大的，这种题目因题型的开放性和综合性而备受关注。
试题特点是一篇短文挖空8—10个单词，且没有任何提示，让考生根据短文内容自由填词，难度较大，主观性较强，有时可能出现多种答案。
1. 解题步骤：（1）快速浏览，了解大意。
对于简单把握的空，可以先填出来；（2）上下求索，填出答案。
根据上下文及空格前后的逻辑关系，填出正确的词以及正确的形式；（3）通读全文，检查确认。
特别要注意，根据文章意思，有些空是否要加入否定前缀。
无提示词的空格一般需要填入冠词、代词、介词、连词（并列连词和从属连词）等虚词。
（1）名词前面一般用冠词、代词或介词等。
（2）如果需要填入代词，就要考虑到是人称代词的主格、宾格或物主代词的变化、指示代词的用法；（3）并列的两个或多个单词，短语，或句子之间设空，一般填入并列连词and, but, or等；（4）两句之间，如果不是并列句，则很可能是主从句，因此需要填入从属连词（what,which, who, how, when等）。
或者是宾语从句，定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。
这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构，分析到底是什么从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。
Passage1Mr. Happy always woke up with a sunny smile. He was one of the most cheerful men in the world. His smilewas even ___1___ than the sun. However, he had one secret that made him sad, ___2___ nobody knew about it. Then one day, while going out for a walk, Mr. Happy met Miss Beautiful. Mr. Happy smiled as ___3___ and Miss Beautiful smiled back. But then she sto pped and looked at Mr. Happy angrily. “ ___4___ rude you are!” she shouted. “Young man, don’t you know that you should raise your ___5___ when you meet a lady?”For ___6___ first time in his life, Mr. Happy lost his smile. “I’m sorry, Miss Beautiful.” Rep lied Mr. Happy, “But ___7___ my hat on, I’m not very good-looking and that makes me sad.”“Really?” asked Miss Beautiful. “Well, let me see. I promise to ___8___ the secret. Mr. Happy took off his hat. He had only three hairs on his head!”“Is that all you’re worried about?” asked Miss Beautiful. “Why? ___9___ loves you because of your bright smile, not of the hairs you have!” Miss Beautiful smiled.Ever since that day, Mr. Happy hasn’t stopped ____10____. He is always quick to raise his hat to everyone he meets.Passage2请阅读下面短文，根据文章内容，在空白处填入一个恰当的单词，使短文通顺、连贯。
2020年高考英语备考中等生提升系列专题19 阅读理解——说明文类（教师版）题型介绍：材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。
具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。
这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。
为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
命题形式：命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。
方法概述高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。
科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡【试题特点】①注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡②贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡③能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡(4)科学方法图示判断题科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关学—科—网系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。
解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。
分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。
命题方式考点一、细节事实理解。
一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。
阅读理解之说明文Obesity （肥胖症） is becoming a problem in our busy society , and almost one in three American adults is now considered to be obese. Children obesity is also at an all-time high.Obesity means being very overweight. If you are obese, you have toomuch body fat. If you eat more food than your body can use, this will make youput on weight. Food that your body does not need will be stored( 储存 )as fat by your body.The following are the major factors( 因素 )that increase the risk of obesity. What you eat plays a major role in weight gain. Eating a lot of fast food such as hamburgers, sweet drinks, ice creams and other sweet food can increase the riskof becoming obese.If you do not do enough exercise, you will put on weight as the food you eatis not being used to make energy for physical activities.The chances of you being obese are greater if your parents are obese. Thereare many psychological（心理的 ) factors that cause people to eat toomuch. People who are worried, unhappy or bored will often eat to make themselves feel better. This is known as comfort eating.Age is another factor, as you tend(趋于 )to be less active when you get older. When you get older, you need to eat less, and if you do not eat less, you will puton weight. Obesity can cause many health problems such as heart problems,high blood pressure and many other serious medical conditions.66.The underlined sentence in paragraph 1 means that ________.A.obesity does not do harm to health.B.all the American children are obese.C.there are more obese children than before.D.there are less obese children in the USA.67.According to the passage, there are ________ major factors that increase the risk of obesity.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six68.What will the writer most probably talk about following the last paragraph?A.How to avoid obesity.B.How to live in the busy USA.C.What illnesses are caused by obesity.D.How doctors treat heart problems.英语阅读之说明文“英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。
阅读理解之说明文Obesity （肥胖症） is becoming a problem in our busy society , and almost onein three American adults isnow considered to be obese. an all-time high.Obesity means being very obese, you have too much body fat.If you eat more food than your body can use, weight.Food that your body Children obesity is also at overweight.If you arethis will make you put on does not need will be stored( 储存)as fat by your body.The following are the major factors(因素)thatincrease the risk of obesity.What you eat plays a major role in weight gain.Eating a lot of fast food such ashamburgers, sweetdrinks,ice creams and other sweet food can increase the risk ofbecoming obese.If you do not do enough exercise,you will puton weight as the food you eat isnot being used to make energy for physical activities.The chances of you being obese are greater ifyour parents are obese.There are many psychological（心理的)factorsthat cause people to eat toomuch. People who areworried,unhappy or bored will often eat to make themselves feel better.This is known as comfort eating.Age is another factor,as you tend( 趋于 )to beless active when you get older.When you get older,you need to eat less,and if you do not eat less,you will puton weight.Obesity can cause many healthproblems such as heart problems, highblood pressure and many other serious medical conditions.66.The underlined sentence in paragraph 1 means that ________.A.obesity does not do harm to health.B.all the American children are obese.C.there are more obese children than before.D.there are less obese children in the USA.67.According to the passage, there are ________ major factors thatincrease the risk of obesity.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six68.What will the writer most probably talk about following thelast paragraphA.How to avoid obesity.B.How to live in the busy USA.C.What illnesses are caused by obesity.D.How doctors treat heart problems.英语阅读之说明文“英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。
2020年高考英语重难点突破训练：阅读理解之说明文【含解析】A team of international scientists is due to set off for the world’s biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by the British Antarctic Survey( BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved (崩解) away, forming a huge iceberg-A68--which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.“The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change,” she said. “It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”Professor D avid Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold (大胆的) on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic.Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, said, “At the current rate, the world’s ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg?A. To study how the iceberg was formed.B. To study a newly discovered ecosystem.C. To explore a new way to prevent climate change.D. To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf.2. What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to?A. The Larsen C ice shelf.B. Climate change in Antarctica.C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it.D. The condition of animal species in Antarctica.3. What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text?A. It is as big as London.B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic.C. It will disappear in a very short time.D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica.4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica.B. The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate.C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change.D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。
2020年高考英语重难点03 阅读理【命题趋势】最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。
由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。
阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。
说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。
词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。
不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
【满分技巧】高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。
高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。
其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。
历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。
解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。
判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。
运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词2.根据因果关系猜测词义3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义4.通过句法功能来推测词义5.通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。
这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。
专题9 阅读理解——说明文类方法与技巧题型介绍：材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。
具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。
这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
2. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
3. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。
为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
命题形式：命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。
方法概述高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。
科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡【试题特点】①注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡②贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡③能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡(4)科学方法图示判断题科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关学—科—网系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。
解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。
分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。
命题方式考点一、细节事实理解。
一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。
考点40 阅读理解之说明文＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。
它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。
它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。
说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。
说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。
说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。
然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。
高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。
因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who → what → when → where → how → why。
1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。
边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。
AWelcome to London! Now let me tell you something about this wonderful city. London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is the biggest city in Western Europe with over 7 million people. It sits by the River Thames. London has a history of more than 2000 years. Because all over the world are familiar with the city’s red double-decker (双层的) buses and black taxis.PeopleThe British Empire used to rule around the world, so many people from around the world moved to London. They have brought with them their own languages and cultures. More than 300 different languages are spoken in London.CultureLondon is known for its museums. One important museum is British Museum. It is the oldest public museum in the world. There are two main art museums in London: the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery. Besides, London is also home to arts, such as theatre and music. The Globe Theatre, which was popular in the late 16th and 17th centuries, was opened for performances of William Shakespeare’s central London.Tourist attractionsLondon has many wonderful places to visit. For example, the well-known Clock Tower, a 320-foot-high tower, was called the Big Ben. Another famous London building is Buckingham Palace. The members of royal (皇家的) family of England live there. Besides, Hyde Park is the largest open area in central London.1. What’s the population of London?A. Less than 7 million.B. Only 7 million.C. More than 7 million.D. Nearly 7 million.2. How many museums are there in London according to the passage?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five3. The members of royal family of England live in ________.A. the Big BenB. Buckingham PalaceC. Hyde ParkD. British Museum4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned (提及) in the passage?A. The Location of London.B. The history of London.C. The interesting places in London.D. The food in London.5. From the passage, we can know that ________.A. more than 300 different languages are spoken in LondonB. the Globe Theatre has less than 300 years’ historyC. the Big Ben is a 320-foot-high clockD. London is the biggest city in EuropeBDifferent gestures (手势) mean different things in different countries. Sometimes a gesture that is polite in one country is not polite in another and should not be used. Different meanings of gestures can also cause problems in understanding what another person is trying to say. A gesture that many people do not understand is one that uses the thumb. Most westerners will sometimes show that they like something by holding out a closed hand with the thumb lifting in the air. This is called give someone or something ＂the thumbs up＂. Often, only one thumb is used, so it should be ＂the thumb up＂.The usual explanation (解释) for the origin of this gesture is not really correct. It says that in ancient Roman times, when people were pleased with the way a gladiator (角斗士) had fought, they showed their thumbs up. When they were not pleased, they gave the thumbs down. When a gladiator was given the thumbs up, the emperor allowed him to live. When a gladiator was given the thumbs down, the emperor ordered him to be killed.The truth is, however, it was translated into a wrong meaning by mistake. If people wanted to save the gladiator, they put out their hands and hid their thumbs in their hands. If they wanted the gladiator to die, they pointed their thumbs straight at him.1. Westerners lift their thumbs when they ________.A. want someone to dieB. like somethingC. want to go to a playgroundD. want someone to live2. Most people think that in ancient Rome, ＂thumbs up＂meant that ________.A. the emperor could dieB. the people wanted the gladiator to liveC. the fighting could continueD. the people were not pleased3. In fact, if people wanted a gladiator to live, they ________.A. hid their thumbsB. pointed their thumbs downC. lifted their thumbs upD. pointed their thumbs at him4. From the article we know that ________.A. different gestures have different meanings in different countriesB. a friendly gesture is always the same in different countriesC. the meaning of ＂thumbs up＂is the same both now and the pastD. we should often use the thumbs5. The main idea of this article is about ________.A. gestures around the worldB. closed thumbsC. gestures in ancient RomeD. the thumbs-up gesture（一）【2019 •重庆市中考】Cinyee Chiu, an artist from Taiwan, is always happy to try something new. Her amazing works won lots of prizes. Among them, ＂24 Solar Terms(节气)＂is the most popular.Ancient Chinese divided a year into 24 parts according to the changes of the weather. It’s the 24 solar terms. But not everyone knows them well. Cinyee Chiu put the 24 solar terns in pictures to help people understand them better.Cinyee turned each solar term into an animal. But these animals are not just animals. You can also find seasonal fruits, vegetables or beautiful flowers on them.When spring comes, water gets warm and fish start to swim around. So Cinyee chose fish as a symbol of Start of Spring. Also, she drew spring vegetables, Chinese chives on the back of the fish.White Dew falls on about Sept. 8. It shows the beginning of the cool autumn. There are colorful leaves and cooler nights at this time of year. As the temperature falls, white dew(露珠) is often seen on the grass and trees at night. For White Dew, Cinyee chose a raccoon—a small animal with thick hair. She drew white spots(小圆点) on the raccoon to show dew. And she used the dragon fruit to show the rich colors in autumn.The young artist really gave the ancient Chinese culture a new look.1. The writer gave ___________ examples to show Cinyee’s ＂24 Solar Terms＂.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five2. From Paragraph 5, we know that ___________.A. a raccoon likes fishB. Start of Spring falls on about Dec. 8C. White Dew shows the end of the autumnD. Cinyee used white spots to show dew3. According to the passage, Picture ___________ can’t be from Cinyee’s ＂24 Solar Terms＂.A. B. C. D.4. The writer mainly wants to talk about ___________.A. why Cinyee made herself knownB. who divided a year into 24 partsC. how Cinyee showed the 24 solar termsD. what Start of Spring and White Dew mean（二）【2019 •浙江省温州市】Many objects in the universe are invisible, but they send radio waves. The radio telescope thus appeared, and it is considered one of the greatest inventions in the twentieth century. Reber built the world’s first radio telescope in 1937. Ryle and Hewish developed radio telescope systems for the location of weak radio sources, and they shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974.A radio telescope is usually made up of:One or more antennas to collect the radio waves. Most antennas are made in the shape of a dish to collect and reflect, the radio waves to the sub-reflector, in the same way as a curved mirror focuses visible light to one point.A receiver and amplifier to receive the radio waves from the sub-reflector, and make these weak radio waves strong enough to be recorded and turned into electronic signals. To make an amplifier sensitive enough, it is usually cooled to, very low temperatures (e. g. as low as -270℃）.A recorder to keep a record of the electronic signals. Most: radio telescopes today keep the signals to the computer’s memory disk for astronomers to analyze later.Radio wavelengths are much longer than those of visible light, and the radio waves from deep space are always weak. To catch Radio wavelengths are much longer than those of visible light, and the radio waves from deep space are always weak. To catch these waves, radio telescopes usually have huge antennas. The sizes of most antennas in use today are around 50 to 300 metres in diameter. The antenna of FAST in Guizhou, China, the latest and largest radio telescope in the world, is 500 metres in diameter, as large as the size of 30 football fields.To avoid interferences, and keep the telescopes sensitive, radio telescopes are built in placeswhere there are no human radio waves or electronic signals. For example, FAST is 5 kilometres away from the closest village and 25 kilometres away from the nearest town.Radio telescopes create pictures of the sky, not in visible light, but in radio waves. This is extremely useful, because there are objects that can’t be seen, objects that we wouldn’t even know without radio telescopes.5. Radio telescopes help collect ___________ from the universeA. lightB. objectsC. radio wavesD. visible signals6. Most antennas of radio telescopes are made in the shape of a dish to ___________.A. make the antennas strong enoughB. increase the number of radio wavesC. turn radio waves into electronic signalsD. focus radio waves on the sub-reflector7. The underlined word "interferences" in the passage refers to ___________.A. the noises made by villagers and animalsB. the sounds from the radios and televisionsC. the people who go to Guizhou to watch FAST workD. the radio waves and electronic signals from humans8. What have we done with the help of radio telescopes?A. We have received pictures of deep space.B. We have discovered unknown lives in the universe.C. We have found some unknown objects in the universe.D. We have turned the radio waves from space into light.（三）【2019 •浙江省衢州市】The world has a plastics problem. And not just with bottles. Straws(吸管), toothbrushes, toys—all kinds of plastics are placed in landfills. There are 5 billion tons of plastic waste in the world. Landfills have a large part of it. By 2050, they could have 13 billion tons.Much of plastic rubbish finds its way into the ocean. Scientists say 165 million tons of plastic pieces are floating around out there. And most plastic won’t disappear itself. It will remain in the ocean forever. Whales get caught in plastic fishing nets. Birds die because of eating plastic straws and bottle caps. It endangers ocean life. Plastic rubbish even ends up in the food we eat.Governments are realizing that recycling may not be enough. They are taking more actions. Though it is hard work, it is still a solvable problem. In Britain, people are not allowed to use plasticbags except in hospitals. Scotland and several coastal cities in the US stop people from using plastic straws as well. The US alone throws away some 500 million plastic straws a day. That’s enough to circle the Earth twice. ＂Saying no to a plastic straw is an easy way to make a big difference,＂Dana Lofflin who started said. ＂Do we really want to pass on to our children a world harmed by plastic?＂People have found some tasty ways to reduce waste. A company in India made the first-ever spoon that people can eat. You don’t have to eat the spoon. You can throw it away. It decomposes(分解) in just a few days. David Edwards, a scientist at Harvard University, designed an eatable bag which can protect the food or drink inside. It is a delicious replacement for plastic ones.9. According to the write, birds die because they ___________.A. eat bottle caps and strawsB. get caught in fishing netsC. feed on ocean animalsD. have the spoons in India10. The underlined word "endangers " in Paragraph 2 probably means ___________.A. bringsB. losesC. harmsD. saves11. The purpose of the passage is mainly to ___________.A. introduce some ways to recycle wasteB. tell readers about the problem with plasticsC. compare air pollution and plastic pollutionD. describe how the US is reducing plastic waste12. From the passage, we can tell that the plastics problem ___________.A. is too big for people to solveB. can be solved by recycling aloneC. can be solved, but it won’t be easyD. will have to be solved by future scientists（四）（2018年浙江金华中考）Teenagers are known for being creative and full of new ideas. Let’s have a look at these teenage inventions that might change the world.smallest places, where humans or dogs can’t go. It will be used for finding people in a fire or an earthquake.Remya Jose, a 14-year-old from India, found it tiring and boring to handwash clothes in the nearby river. She reused some bicycle parts and created a washing machine that saves time, energy and keeps people fit at the same time.Kenneth Shinozuku, a 15-year-old from New York, noticed that his grandfather who got Alzheimer＇s disease（老年痴呆）would often leave home and get lost. So he invented the wearable sensors(感应器)to help people find their family members like his grandfather.16. What is the passage mainly about?A. Popular adsB. Useful machinesC. Strange pictures.D. Teenage inventions17. The earthworm robot by David Cohen can _________.A. make things stay freshB. help people wash clothesC. go into the smallest placesD. take care of the old people18. Which of the following is TRUEA. Plates and cups are made of fresh banana leaves.B. Remya’s washing machine can also keep people fit.C. David Cohen is a middle school student from India.D. Kenneth’s wearable sensors will keep old people at home.A（2017学年瑞安市玉海实验中学九年级上期中）About 96% of young people in the UK usually use the internet to communicate according to a survey of 24,000 British people aged 9-11.A report shows that only 40% of young people know that personal information shared online stays online forever. There are about 250 million tweets generated every day and around 800 million Facebook users—that means a lot of information is shared online. So are young using the internet safely?Do you know how to change your privacy settings on social media? For example, you can click the ＂flower’ icon＂or ＂settings＂on Facebook to get to your privacy settings. Then you can decide who sees your posts and personal information: friends, friends of friends or everyone. Do you want everyone in the world to be able to see your email address or just friends?The BBC Share Take Care campaign is all about helping everybody, from little kids to the over 55s, to make their online activity safer and protect themselves on the web. The campaign says adults and teenagers need to be more careful with personal information and images online.Everybody knows that we should be polite and kind to people in real life and online. Unluckily this doesn’t always happen. Where can you report online abuse or unkind messages to yourself or your friends? Do you know how to report such messages online? For example, if you see an unkind tweet on Twitter you can click on＂more＂and then choose ＂Report tweet＂. You then block all further tweets from that user.1. How many young people know shared information stays online forever according to the report?A. Very few.B. Less than a half.C. More than a half.D. Almost everyone2. The second paragraph mainly tells us _________.A. how to use FacebookB. how to change our email addressC. how to change our privacy settingsD. how to protect our personal information3. What’s the purpose of the BBC Share Take Care campaign?A. To help adults to surf the Internet.B. To help people to stay safe online.C. To help kids to protect themselves online.D. To help teenagers to be careful with their information4. When you see an unkind message, you are advised to ___________.A. save itB. forget itC. ignore itD. report itBThe Lantern Festival falls on the 15th of the first month of the lunar calendar. This day is always the first full moon in the New Year. Ancient people also called it Shangyuan Festival. Celebrations and traditions on this day began from the Han Dynasty and became popular in the Tang Dynasty.Watching the red lanterns is one of the main traditions. Lanterns of different shapes and sizes are usually put on trees, or along river banks on show. It is said that sky lanterns were first used by Zhuge Kongming to ask for help when he was in trouble. Today, when the lanterns slowly rise into the air, people make wishes.Another tradition is guessing lantern riddles. The riddles are usually short, wise, and sometimes humorous. The answer to a riddle can be a Chinese character, a famous person’s name, or a place name.The most important thing is to eat sweet dumplings with different tastes. In northern China, they are called yuan xiao while in southern part they’re named tang yuan. Because making sweet dumplings is like a game or an activity, they are usually done happily by a group of friends or family members.In old times, the Lantern Festival was also romantic. Watching lanterns gave young people a chance to meet each other. A line from Xin Qiji a poet during the Song Dynasty, shows this;Hundreds and thousands of times I searched for her in the crowed. Suddenly I turned，and there she stood，in the dim light.1. What were sky lanterns first used for by Zhuge Kongming in ancient times?A. Making wishes.B. Celebrating birthdays.C. Playing gamesD. Asking for help.2. The line from Xin Qiji in the passage shows the Lantern Festival was in old times.A. boringB. humorousC. romanticD. popularCIn June, three students from the same high school in Wujiashan High School, Hubei Provinceeach won a gold medal at an important invention trade show in the United States.One of them is Wang Y ujie. Her invention can control the oxygen level itself in pools day and night. Usually, fish keepers increase oxygen in fish pools by hand, and it’s hard work, but now they can save a lot of strength.Another winner Xue Jigang is also in the first year of high school. Xue’s invention is an in-car system(系统). The third winner’s invention could be used more widely. Zhong Juncheng told the local newspaper that his idea of an automatic(自动的) toilet came from an unpleasant experience at a service center on the expressway(高速路)when his father took him back to his home province Fujian during a summer vacation about a year ago. ＂I found some toilets had no water and had a terrible smell. I thought I should invent something.＂he said. ＂It’s great to win the medal,＂he said. ＂I hope one day my invention can develop into a product and serve more people.＂Wujiashan High School started an inventing program in 2004 and made ＂life and invention＂a necessary course for its students. Its students have developed more than 4,700 inventions. Nearly 500 have won invention prizes in China. He Jianming, the school head, said. ＂The inventing program helps students become active and creative in thinking.＂1. The three students who won gold medals are from ___________.A. the different schoolsB. the same schoolC. the different classes.D. the same class2. We can learn that the service center on the express way to Zhong Juncheng’s hometown had a really_____ condition.A. simpleB. poorC. comfortableD. excellent3. ___________ invention is used in a car.A. Wang Yujie’sB. Xue Jigang’sC. Zhong Juncheng’sD. He Jianming’s4. Which of the following is TRUE about the three inventors?A. Xue Jigang’s invention is useful for fish keepers.B. Wang Yujie is in Grade Two in Wujiashan High School.C. Zhong Juncheng’s hometown is in Hubei Province.D. Zhong Juncheng’s invention helps a lot in the bathroom.5. We can learn from the last paragraph that the inventing program in the school .A. is a great successB. is famous in the world nowC. has been on for twenty yearsD. helps to change students’ life跟踪训练A【文章大意】文章介绍了伦敦的语言、文化和名胜古迹。
