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UNIT 11.It’s a matter of time.2.He has the will to engage in management.3.I’m sure he knows more than he’s letting on.4.Now that dinner is ready, wash your hands.5.He is home on leave from the navy.6.See to it that you are not late again.7.She laughed out loud ,since it was she who had set the pace.8.He subject us to a very difficult test.9.I feel as though/ as if we never parted.10.I’m on/off duty on Friday.11.He coughed and clear his throat again and looked up at the clerk.12.Tom’s face seemed to come (back) to life.13.A lot of the children have been deprive of a normal life.14.His display of kindness to her open the floodgates15.Jack tuck his skirt in.16.Her hair was turned up at the end.UNIT 21.I feel like I’m sixteen again.2.He must simply have said it for effect.3.This will lead to endless trouble.4.I believed that I was on the verge of a major discovery.5.She has to have two teeth pulled out6.He must have plenty of money if he can take 500 yuan so lightly7.When he refused her request ,she burst into tears.8.Mary held back her tears with difficulty.9.He has put the matter in a different light.UNIT 31.This kind of work calls for a lot of patience.2.She channeled all energies into her career.3.Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.4.I dare not enter into c onversation with him.5.Elizabeth Ⅱis queen in her own right6.Did the movie live up to your expectation?7.He was brave in the face of danger.8.Don’t refer to your sister as a silly cow.9.She didn’t see herself as brave.10.It was so noisy that it was hard to carry on a conversation.11.He dropped out of college after only two weeks.12.She gave away all her money to the poor.13.We hit the road early in the morning.14.Time is running out.15.They gave up without a fight.16.We hope to improve sales both at home and abroad.UNIT 41.He slipped and broke his leg. As a result ,profits have greatly declined.2.Don’t be fooled somebody into believing their promises.3.In a way,it’s nice to be working alone.4.The story of Helen Keller’s life opened up a whole new world to him.5.The final decision rests with the President.6.be addicted to something7.There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, for instance, traininglions.8.I think I’ll hold on to the records, but you can have the tapes.9.She can sing, and in addition , she can dance.10.Their disagreement stems from a misunderstanding.11.Her views are backed up by the new scientific discovery.12.His heart attack could be related to the car crash last year.13.I’m really f ed up with this constant rain.14.My job has to do with computer.15.On average we would be spending $20 per day.16.Carol decided to take a short cut home.UNIT 51.His failure is tied up with his poor work habits.2.This fear dates back to his having been bitten by a large dog.3.The trip to Italy might be called off4.The car slowed, and came to a halt opposite her.5.He stopped the car on (the) top of a small hill.6.I ran into an old friend at the supermarket this morning.7.I’ll find the address for you right away.8.She can always dream up some new reasons for doing anythingunpleasant.9.I hear from him every now and then10.They worked through a series of problems.UNIT 61.He picked up the case and moved away from the door.2.My mother still regards me as a child.3.Above all ,I want my daughter to be confident.4.We eat out several times a week.5.I gave him credit for his judgment.6.Too much of this report is taken up with out-of-date figures.UNIT 71.She started telling me about her bad back ,her headache, and so forth2.Don’t go against your parents’ wishes.3.Candidates must go through a process of selection.4.The advice will hold true throughout your life.5.Why do you insist on leaving your books all over the floor?6.Many a strong man has weakened before such a challenge.7.We do not think that they should have been put to this trouble.8.I think they have gone to the airport to see their daughter off.9.All the people in the buildings came to send me off.10.She slipped into unconsciousness and died the next day.11.She managed to smooth over the bad feelings between them.12.When did you start out as a lawyer?13.He takes great pride in his children’s achievements.14.He wants to speak to you with regard to your financial situation.15.When a moving object catches their attention, babies are apt to focus on it.16.The singer was at her best during the performance.17.The party didn’t break up until after midnight.18.I don’t want you to follow my lead and rush into marriage.19.I’ve always left financial decisions to my wife.20.You weren’t boring me. On the contrary, you were interesting me.21.The conference gets under way later today with a debate on the family.22.Each group acted in accordance with its own set of objectives.23.The truth was known to no one other than herself.24.His advisers told him to tone down his speech.翻译UNIT 11.他走得慢是因为腿有毛病。
对话部分的场景设置大致可分为8 种（以2005-2012 年专业四级考试为分析对象）：场景一：面试招聘此类场景在对话听力考试中共出现过 3 次，由于该场景的词汇简单，且招聘与面试是几乎每个学生都要接触到的事件，所以该场景在专四听力对话试题中出现的频率较大。
场景常用词汇及表达：A. 校园与专业：major in 专业（动）,major 主修,minor 辅修,courses 课程,courses taken 所学课程‘recreational activities 娱乐活动,interest 兴趣,academic activities 学术活动,president 校长,dean 院长,professor 教授,degree 学位,post doctorate 博士后,doctor 博士, master 硕士, bachelor 学士, university 大学,educational background 教育背景, curriculum 课程, scholarship 奖学金, subject 科目, specialization 专业, specialized 专业的, specialize in 专业（动）, social practice 社会实践B. 工作与经历 :objective 目标,career objective 职业目标,position wanted 希望的职位,due to （close-down of company, expiry of employment …）由于（公司倒闭，雇佣期满…），work experience 工作经历,occupational history 工作经历,link with 与...有关,employment 雇佣,achievements 成就,accomplish 完成,appointed 被任命, adept in 善于,assistant助理,break the record 打破纪录,be promoted to 被提升为,be proposed as被提名为C. 个人品质:adaptable适应性强的，ambitious雄心壮志的，amiable和蔼的，analytical善于分析的，apprehensive 有理解力的，capable有能力的，careful小心谨慎的，competent有能力的，constructive建设性的，cooperative合作的, creative 创造性的, dedicated 奉献的, disciplined 守纪律的, well-educated 受过良好教育的, efficient 有效率的, energetic 精力充沛的, enthusiastic 充满热情的, expressive 善于表达的, generous 慷慨大方的, genteel 有教养的,independent独立的‘intelligen t聪明的，modest谦虚的，precise精确的‘responsible负责的，strict严格的, temperate 温和的试题演练：Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. （TEM4-2007）Now, listen to the conversation.1. At the university Mr. Robinson specialized inA. maths.B. physics.C. water management.D. geography.2. Mr. Robinson worked for the Indian Government because ofA. university links.B. government agreements.C. company projects.D. degree requirements.3. After Mr. Robinson returned from India, heA. changed jobs several times.B. went to live in Manchester.C. did similar work as in India.D. became head of a research team.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation,you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. （TEM-2011）Now, listen to the conversation.4. John has worked in all the following places EXCEPTA. a book shop.B. a paper factory.C. a school.D. a fastfood restaurant.5. From the conversation, we learn that JohnA. has no interest.B. has only one interest.C. has two interests.D. has quite a few interests.6. Sue Green seems to be more interested in John's experience ofA. working in a paper factoryB. working in a youth club.C. looking after his brother and sisterD. looking after his young friends.解析：1. M: I went to the Manchester University and got an engineering degree, with water management as myspecialization.由划线部分可知Mr. Robinson的专业是water management,因此第一题选择C.2. M: No, no. My university had links with an Indian Engineering University. So it was organized at that level.Mr. Robinson为印度政府工作是因为他的大学和印度的一所工程大学有联系，固第二题选择 A.3. M: No. It was a three-year water irrigation project.M: Ah, I' m working n water irrigation again, this time as a project researcher assistant. 听至寸again 和thistime,可推断出第三题选 C.4. M: Yes, I had a job in a paper factory for a few months after I left school. Then I worked in the summer holidaysin the university, first in a fastfood restaurant, then in a book shop. 只有学校没有被提至U, 因此第四题选择C.5. M: Interests? Well, I like traveling. I play a lot of sports and I play the piano. 由戈H线部分可知他的兴趣爱好不少，第五题选择D.6. W: A youth club?此处疑问语气，表示感兴趣，好奇。
会话中威胁面子的行为及调控策略会话是人们日常生活中最普遍的交流方式。
会话涉及到交谈双方，但双方各自不同的利益使言语交际产生威胁面子的行为。
Leech的礼貌原则虽广泛用于调控威胁面子行为，但该原则并未明确指出具体的调控策略，仅提供了一个基本理论框架。
本文在此基础上总结了会话中常见的几种调控策略，如礼貌标记词“请”、疑问句、情态词、模糊限制语和移情人称指示语。
标签：面子威胁面子调控策略礼貌原则一、引言“面子”指的是人的脸面，即人的公众形象。
何自然、冉永平（2006）认为，“面子”就是有选择行为的自主权以及自己的观点能得到对方的认可，具体地说，“面子”就是每个人意欲为自己争取的公共的自我形象。
如果说话人的言语行为本质上威胁听话人的面子，就是一种威胁面子的行为，即FTAs（face threatening acts）。
Lakoff、Brown & Levinson以及Leech等人都曾提出礼貌理论，本文基于Leech的礼貌原则，进一步阐释威胁面子行为的调控策略。
二、威胁面子行为的调控策略Brown和Levison（1978）基于面子概念提出面子管理理论（face management view），指出礼貌的目的是为了保全交际双方的面子，即礼貌有助于减少面子威胁行为。
迄今为止，发展较为完善、被普遍认可的礼貌原则有Lakoff的礼貌规则（politeness rules）、Brown & Levinson的礼貌与面子观（politeness and face view）以及Leech的礼貌原则（politeness principle）。
礼貌强调的是交际对方（order），即听话人和第三者，而非说话人自己（self），说话人讲话时往往都尽量多给别人一点方便，尽量让自己多吃一点亏，从而在交际中使双方感到受尊重，同时反过来获得对方对自己的好感（冉永平，2001）。
Grice的合作原则（Cooperation principle）及Leech的礼貌原则皆提倡以听话人为中心。
高中英语新课标短语必修①Unit 1 Friendship1.合计add up2.平静下来calm down3.关心；挂念be concerned about4.不得不have got to5.遛狗walk the dog6.经历go through7.躲藏hide away8.放下；记下set down9.一系列 a series of10.故意on purpose 11.为了in order to12.面对面地face to face13.按照according to14.与……相处get along with15.相爱fall in love16.参加join in/take part in17.与……交流communicate with18.对……狂热be crazy about19.碰巧happen to20.把……收起来put awayUnit 2 English around the world1.超过more than2.与……不同be different from3.起作用play a part in4.因为because of5.……的数目the number of6.例如such as/for example7.走近come up8.以……为基础be based on 9.离……近close to10.利用make use of11.许多 a number of12.被用作be used for13.即使even if14.在左边on the left15.在电视上on TV16.在二十世纪九十年代in the 1990sUnit 3 Travel journal1.坚持insist on2.决定做某事be determined to do3.改变主意change one’s mind4.屈服give in5.查明find out6.从……毕业graduate from7.长大grow up8.关心care about9.下定决心make up one’s mind10.起先at first11.最后in the end/at last12.单程票one way ticket13.搭起帐篷put up one’s tent14.当心look out/be careful 15.玩得愉快have fun/enjoy oneself16.梦想dream of/about17.使人感兴趣get sb. interestedUnit 4 Earthquakes1.立刻right away/at once2.结束；终结at an end3.掘出；发现dig out4.许多；大量的 a number of/lots of5.分发；发出give out6.成千上万的thousands of7.三分之一one third8.数量；数目the number of9.代替instead of10.从……跑出去run out of11.像往常一样as usual 12.成为废墟lie in ruins13.倒塌fall down14.刮走blow away15.失去希望lose hope16.脱离危险out of danger17.为……感到自豪be proud of18.在这特殊的一天on this special day19.同时at the same time20.同……交谈have a conversation with21.作为……而著名be known asUnit5 Nelson Mandela-------modern hero1.丧失勇气lose heart2.处于不幸中in trouble3.担心worry about4.失业out of work5.青年团Y outh League6.事实上as a matter of fact/in fact7.使充气；爆炸blow up8.把……投入监狱put ……into prison9.当权come to power10.设立set up11.被判处be sentenced to death 12.为……而战斗fight for13.就……出主意advice on14.有……多远be……away15.信仰；信任believe in16.为……而献身devote oneself to17.放弃give up18.还；也as well as19.阻止……做……stop…from doing prevent…from doing keep…(from)doing20.第一次for the first time必修②Unit 1 Cultural relics1.调查look into2.属于belong to3.寻找in search of4.作为报答in return5.处于交战状态at war6.拆开take apart7.看重think highly of8.在我看来as far as I can see/inmy opinion9.被制成be made into 10.其余的the rest11.迷路了be lost12.当作serve as13.为……做好准备prepare for14.而不是rather than15.超过more than16.例如for example17.即使even if18.说实话to be honest19.同意这个观点agree to this viewUnit 2 The Olympic Games1.一套 a set of2.一个一个地one after another3.竞争……compete for4.同……比赛compete against5.作为……被接受be admitted as6.获准做……be admitted to do7.和……结婚marry sb.8.过去常做…… used to do9.每四年every four years10.全世界all over the world11.不但……而且……not only…but also…Unit 3 Computers1.在那时at that time2.自从20世纪70年代since the 1970’s3.从一个地方到另一个地方from place to place4.算出答案work out the answer5.作决定make a decision6.聚会get together7.编造make up8.从……时起from…on9.结果as a result10.在某种程度上in a way11.在……帮助下with the help of12.对付deal with13.监视watch overUnit 4 Wildlife protection1.结果as a result2.灭亡die out3.和平地in peace4.在危险中in danger5.申请apply for6.保护……不受protect…from7.注意pay attention to8.对……有影响have an effect on9.形成come into being10.穿衣服get dressed 11.被用来做be used to do12.即使even if13.建立set up14.太多too much15.穿上put on16.转身turn around17.突然笑起来burst into laughter18.按照according to19.像往常一样as usualUnit 5 Music1.最重要above all2.坚持stick to3.分类sort out4.偶然by chance5.打碎break up6.大约or so7.戏弄play jokes on8.对……说老实话to be honest with 9.梦见dream of 10.在……前面in front of11.演奏音乐play music12.以……为基础base on13.一……就…… as soon as14.好像as if15.为……付钱pay for16.与……相连connect…with17.就……达成一致agree on18.提出come up with必修③Unit 1 Festivals around the world1.列表make a list (of)2.尊重；以……为荣honor sb. by doing sth.honor sb. with sth.3.对……满意be satisfied with4.伤害，危害……do harm to5.提供给某人某物offer sb. sth./offer sth. to sb.6.为纪念……，为追悼……in memory of7.穿上正装，打扮dress up8.被……威胁be frightened by9.捉弄某人，开某人玩笑play a trick on sb/play tricks on sb.10.装饰，布置，美化be decorated with11.因……而钦佩某人admire sb. for sth.12.期望；盼望look forward to…13.做……的方法the way to do sththe way of doing sth14.与……有关；与……有联系be connected with15.想要；愿意would like to do16.扮演……的角色play the part/role of…17.准备做…… get/be ready to do sth18.至少，最起码at (the) least19.信守诺言keep one’s word20.屏住呼吸hold one’s breath21.出发，动身set off22.提醒某人某事remind sb. of sthUnit 2 Healthy eating1.节食be on a diet/go on a diet2.提供给某人某物provide sth. for sbprovide sb. for sth.3.保持平衡keep one’s balance4.充满be full of/be filled with5.对……感到厌烦，厌倦be tired of6.减肥lose weight7.从事/进行/作研究do research on8.不愿意做某事be unwilling to do sth.9.从事锻炼take exercise10.爱好，喜欢be fond of11.毕竟，终究，到底after all12.欠债in debt13.怒目注视glare at14.从……中获益benefit from15.被接纳进入（机构、组织）be admitted into16.放弃give up 17.谋生earn one’s living18.有点儿；相当 a bit/a little19.与……结合combine…with20.而不，宁可，情愿rather than21.减少，降低，缩短cut down22.增加体重put on weight23.最好had betterUnit 3 The Million Pound Bank Note1.以……不基础base on2.了解；知道；听说know about3.培养；抚养；养育bring up4.因……而著名be known for5.许多，大量 a large sum of6.依靠……生存survive on7.此刻；正在那时at that time8.前进，有进展go ahead9.偶然地，碰巧by accident10.凝视，盯着看；注视stare at11.解释；说明account for12.寻找；寻求；探索；追求seek after/for 13.一种 a sort of14.相反地on the contrary15.在途中，在路上one the/one’s way16.一部分part of17.轮流做某事take turns to do sth.18.被用来做为……be used as19.好像，似乎seem like…20.想要would like to do21.大量的 a large amount of22.利用机会，踫运气，冒险take a chance23.像，好像，似乎as if24.第一次……for the first timeUnit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars1.考虑；琢磨think about2.把……和……搭配起来、调和起来match to/with3.对……感兴趣take/have/feel an interest in 4.以……为开始，先从……做起begin with5.向……方向in the direction of6.及时；迟早in time7.对……有害be harmful to…8.充满，装满fill with9.将……喂给…… feed sb/sth on sth10.轮到某人；接着in one’s turn11.从……逃脱escape from12.做研究工作do some research on13.提供某人某物supply sb with sth/supply sth. to sb 14.依靠，依赖depend on 15.不再no longer16.抓住机会take chance17.接近；靠近；快要到get close/near to18.一点 a bit of19.既然now that20.看到……感到惊恐be frightened at…Unit 5 Canada----“The True North”1.把……与……进行比较compare…with…2.一路上；从远道而来；从头到尾all the way3.被某人/物包围be surrounded by/ with sb/sth4.按照某人的尺寸做……make sth to one’s measure5.使安坐；定居下来settle down6.设法（去）做成manage to do7.看到；发现catch sight of8.因……而出名，因……而著称be famous for9.与……竞赛（竞争）compete against/with10.把……比作……compare…to…11.把……描绘成……，把……说成describe…as12.而不愿rather than13.在……顶部，上端at the top of14.对……感到惊奇be surprised at15.负责，管理in charge of16.大量的 a large amount of17.越来越……，越来越多的more and more18.被……吓一跳be terrified at/with19.鼓励某人（做某事）encourage sb to do sth20.在（较）远处in the distance21.靠近，临近be close to22.对……感到惊奇wonder at必修④Unit 1 Women of achievement1.离开，走开move off2.为……辩护argue for3.建立set up4.过着……的生活lead a …life5.（记忆、想法等）涌入脑海crowd in6.把……献给devote…to7.打扮成dress oneself as8.把……赶出去drive…out of9.处以死刑be put to death10.瞧不起look down upon/on11.提到；指的是refer to12.偶尔；偶然by chance13.偶然相遇come across 14.关心care about15.接生deliver a baby16.继续开展carry on17.取得很在成就make a great achievement18.填表fill in/out19.在二十世纪初in the early twentieth century20.忙于做某事be busy with21.在某方面是专家be a specialist in22.用于做某事be intended for23.次于be second toUnit 2 Working the land1.幸亏；由于thanks to2.摆脱rid of3.对……感到满意be satisfied with4.宁愿would rather5.在许多方面in many ways6.有机会做某事have a/the chance to do sth 7.在刚刚过去的五十年里in the past five decades 8.毕业于……graduate from9.怀着……的希望with the hope of10.富含……be rich in11.年复一年year after year12.使摆脱，免除keep…free from/of13.每两三年every two or three years14.逐渐增加build up15.集中focus onUnit 3 A taste of English humor1.穷的；缺少的badly off2.切断；断绝cut off3.担任主角；主演star in4.破门而入break into5.到现在为止up to now6.挑出；辨别出pick out7.去野营go camping8.开某人的玩笑play jokes on sb 9.嘲笑；取笑make fun of10.作为……而被铭记be remembered as11.被困于；遭遇be caught in12.在户外in the open air13.对……满足feel/be content with14.与……相配match…withUnit 4 Body language1.舒适；快活；自由自在at ease2.很可能……；有希望……be likely to do3.背对turn one’s back4.防守defend against5.对……感兴趣be interested in6.把……介绍……给……introduce…to7.跟……相似be similar to8.趋向；有……趋向tend to 9.专为某人准备be intended for sb10.因……而惩罚某人punish sb for11.正视某人（的眼睛）look sb. in the eye12.吻某人脸颊kiss sb on the cheek13.伸手reach one’s hand out14.采取行动take action15.丢脸lose face16.总的来说in generalUnit 5 Theme parks1.主题公园theme parks2.为某人提供某物provide sb with sth/provide sth for sb3.以……而闻名be famous for4.不仅仅more than5.多种多样a variety of6.根据……模仿；仿造be modelled after 7.难怪；不足为奇no wonder8.少数的a minority of9.提前in advance10.接近；靠近get close to11.苏醒过来；活跃起来come to life12.成为现实come true13.面对面face to face必修⑤Unit 1 Great scientists1.查清楚，弄明白find out2.提出put forward3.得出结论draw a conclusion4.除……之外apart from5.信仰believe in6.调查，研究look into7.也，另外in addition8.将……和……联系起来link…to9.通向lead to 10.有意义make sense11.毫无疑问地with certainty12.组成，构成make up13.使慢下来slow down14.易于……的，乐意做（某事）be ready to do sth15.解决问题solve the problem16.被传染的人the infected people17.态度，观点point of view18.对……严格be strict withUnit 2 The United Kindom1.由……组成consist of2.被分成be divided into3.提及，指的是refer to4.代替take the place of5.令人惊讶的是to one’s surprise6.代替……，而不是…… instead of7.逃脱，挣脱，逃离break away from8.关于……；和……相关in/with relation to9.在你方便的时候at your convenience10.定居，习惯于某种生活或工作settle down 11.以……命名name after12.吸引某人的注意attract one’s attention13.为……争论debate about14.被……连接起来be linked by15.在建设中be under construction16.受到……的影响under the influence of17.明显的，显而易见的in evidence18.很值得做……be well worth doing19.遗漏；排除leave…out20.拾起，捡起pick upUnit 3 Life in the future1.加速speed up2.拿起，接受take up3.使某人记起某事remind sb of sth4.因此as a result5.继续干某事keep doing sth6.对做某事忐忑不安be nervous about doing sth7.穿上put on 8.好像as though/as if9.立刻in no time10.看起来像look like11.向四面八方in all directions12.看不见lose sight of13.打扫，横扫sweep up14.瞥见catch sight of15.帮助assist inUnit 4 Making the news1.热爱be enthusiasm for2.作为一名记者as a reporter3.对……有好的影响have a good influence on4.独自，独立地on one’s own5.（内行人的）诀窍a trick of the trade6.有一个对……非常敏感的“嗅觉”have a good nose for 7.不需要某物there is no need for sth.8.专心于（做）某事concentrate on sth9.为了，以便于so as to10.确保，务必注意make sure11.渴望做某事be eager to do sth12.指控某人犯某罪accuse sb of…13.应当，必须be supposed toUnit 5 First aid1.（对伤患者的）急救first aid2. 触电；电休克electric shock3. 榨出；挤出squeeze out4. 反复；多次over and over again5. 有适当的位置；适当in place6. 具有一种……知识have a knowledge of 7. 把……涂抹在……上apply…to8. 把……颁发给…… present…to…9. 粘在……上stick to10. 烧伤get burned11. 感染get infected12. 生病fall ill选修⑥Unit 1 Art1.代替；取代take the place of2.集中focus on3.突然离开，脱离，放弃break away from4.另一方面；但是on the other hand 5.同时at the same time6.宁愿would rather7.活着的，本人in the flesh8.一直，始终all the time9.脱落come offUnit 2 Poems1.童谣nursery rhyme2.用完run out of3.轻松；不紧张；从容take it easy4.浏览go over5.有道理make sense6.受……欢迎be popular with7.擅长be good at8.偶尔；偶然by chance9.改变主意change one’s mindUnit 3 A healthy life1.由于due to2.对……作出决定decide on3.不管……；不顾in spite of4.想要（做）……feel like (doing) …5.对……有瘾be addicted to6.习惯于…… be accustomed to7.冒险take a risk8.处于危险之中at risk9.陷入；染上（坏习惯）get into10.代表；支持stand forUnit 4 Global warming1.依靠；依赖depend on2.大量的quantities of3.逐步建立；增加；增进build up4.大体是；基本上on the whole5.忍受；容忍put up with6.等等and so on7.发生；造成come about8.导致result in 9.继续keep on10.有关系；有影响make a difference11.只要as/so long as12.应受遣责；对……负责be to blame13.总计add up toUnit 5 The power of nature1.前往make one’s way2.匆匆看一遍glance through3.努力make an effort4.由……到……不等vary from……to5.完全透明的crystal clear6.全部焚毁burn down7.与……分享……share…with8.将要……be about to9.自然保护区nature reserve10.生产give birth to选修⑦Unit 1 Lining well1.换句话说in other words2.撞到……bump into3.适应adapt to4.上气不接下气out of breath5.离开……；缺席be absent from6.取笑make fun of7.（口语）（祝你）一切顺利all the best8.总而言之all in all9.尤其；特别in particularUnit 2 Robots1.考验test out2.打电话给ring up3.转向，回转turn around4.不管，别惹，让一个人待着leave…alone5.伸手够到reach for6.从……摔下来fall off7.认真对待take…serious ly8.爱上fall(be) in love with9.将……放在一边，为……节省或保留（钱或时间）set asideUnit 3 Under the sea1.在……前面ahead of2.在此期间，与此同时in the meanwhile3.帮助……(摆脱困难或危难)help out4.对……知道、明白；意识到……be aware of 5.上下翻转过来的（地）；颠倒的(地)；乱七八糟的（地）upside down6.吓死了be scared to death7.整理，分类sort out8.在远处，在远方in the distance9.瞄准aim atUnit 4 Sharing1.收到……的来信hear from2.极想；渴望be dying for3.偶然遇到或发现；碰见come across4.（指河流、井等）干涸dry up5.对……有任何关系/影响make any difference to 6.（把……）坚持到底；伸出，突出，显眼，继续stick out7.（使浸水等物）完全变干；干透dry out8.无疑；肯定for sure9.在困难中；在危急中in need10.开张；立业；建立set upUnit 5 Travelling abroad1.适应，调节adjust to2.对……适应，习惯be used to doing sth3.安顿下来settle down4.梦见/到dream of5.相适应，相结合fit in6.如在家里一样，不拘束feel at home7.使忙于……；使从事于……be occupied in doing sth8.同……一样in common with选修⑧Unit 1 A land of diversity1.借助；用……办法by means of2.到……为止by the time3.保持，保存keep up4.与……合作或一起工作team up with 5.除……之外in addition to6.包括；吸收take in7.某人自己的of one’s own8.与……作战fight against9.划线标出……界线mark outUnit 2 Cloning1.使沮丧cast down2.反对object to3.赞成；支持in favor of4.一定，注定be bound to5.回顾look back to6.复活bring…back to life7.对……谨慎小心be cautious about8.不时；偶尔from time to timeUnit 3 Inventors and inventions1.给……打电话call up2.(以防)万一in case3.迅速把手伸入；一心投入dive into4.开始干get down to sth5.杂乱不堪的in a mess6.一次at a time7.次序颠倒，发生故障out of order8.提出come up with9.把……看作think of…as10.挂断电话ring offUnit 4 Pygmalion1.伪装的；假扮的in disguise2.（某人）冒充……pass…off as3.结识；与……相见make one’s acquaintance4.惊愕地in amazement5.一般来说generally speaking6.就……来说；从……角度in terms of…7.带或领进来show… in8.几天前the other day9.带走；取走take away10.再一次once more11.需要……in need of…12.(声音、画面)逐渐模糊，渐淡fade outUnit 5 Meeting your ancestors1.不管；不顾regardless of2.向前看；为将来打算look ahead3.关在门外，不准入内keep out4.填充，填补fill in5.集中concentrate on6.寻找search for7.因为due to8.轮流干某事take turns to do sth9.结果是turn out。
处理会话英文Handling a conversation with someone can be both exciting and challenging. It involves not only verbal communication but also non-verbal cues such as body language and facial expressions. Additionally, it requires active listening and empathy to truly understand the other person's thoughts and feelings.处理与他人的对话可能会令人兴奋，也可能具有挑战性。
这不仅涉及口头交流，还包括身体语言和面部表情等非语言暗示。
此外，它需要积极倾听和同情心，才能真正理解对方的思想和感情。
When engaging in a conversation, it's important to be attentive and responsive. This means giving the person your full attention and actively participating in the discussion. It's crucial to avoid distractions and show genuine interest in what the other person is saying. This not only helps to build rapport but also fosters a sense of understanding and connection.参与对话时，专注和回应是很重要的。
这意味着需要全神贯注地聆听对方，并积极参与讨论。
Conversation用法总结1. 概述Conversation是一种人与机器之间进行对话的方式，它允许用户提出问题或发表陈述，并从机器中获取有关特定主题的信息。
在人工智能领域，Conversation被广泛应用于各种任务，如聊天机器人、智能助手和客服系统等。
通过理解和生成自然语言，Conversation使得机器能够模拟人类对话，为用户提供个性化的服务和支持。
2. Conversation的重要观点2.1 自然语言理解（Natural Language Understanding, NLU）自然语言理解是Conversation中的重要环节，它涉及将用户输入的自然语言文本转换为可理解和处理的形式。
NLU技术通常包括词法分析、句法分析、语义分析等子任务，旨在从文本中提取出关键信息，并确定用户意图和上下文。
2.2 对话管理（Dialog Management）对话管理是Conversation中的关键组成部分，它负责根据用户输入和系统状态来决定如何生成回复。
对话管理涉及到对上下文进行建模和维护，以便能够正确地响应用户，并采取适当的行动。
常用的对话管理方法包括基于规则、基于有限状态机和基于强化学习的方法。
2.3 自然语言生成（Natural Language Generation, NLG）自然语言生成是Conversation中的另一个重要环节，它负责将机器生成的信息转换为自然语言文本，以便向用户传达回复。
NLG技术通常涉及到文本生成、语音合成等任务，旨在产生流畅、连贯且符合语法规则的输出。
2.4 多轮对话（Multi-turn Conversation）多轮对话是Conversation中常见的场景之一，它涉及到用户和机器之间进行多次交互来完成一个任务。
在多轮对话中，对话管理起着至关重要的作用，需要能够正确地理解上下文、处理用户意图并生成合适的回复。
2.5 评估与优化（Evaluation and Optimization）评估与优化是Conversation系统开发过程中必不可少的一环。
"Conversation" 是英语中的一个词，意为“对话”或“交谈”，它可以用作名词或动词。
下面是该词的一些用法和例句：作为名词：1.对话/交谈：–We had a long conversation about the future of the company.（我们就公司的未来进行了一场长时间的对话。
）2.会话（特指在线对话或电子对话）：–I saved the conversation for future reference.（我保存了这次对话以备将来参考。
）3.社交互动：–She's great at starting conversations at parties.（她非常擅长在聚会上开始社交互动。
）作为动词：1.交谈/对话：–They conversed for hours on a variety of topics.（他们就各种话题进行了几个小时的交谈。
）2.谈论/讨论：–Let's sit down and converse about the issues at hand.（让我们坐下来谈一谈手头的问题。
）3.通过交流来了解：–He prefers to converse with people face to face.（他更喜欢面对面地与人交流。
）4.进行对话记录：–The detective conversed with the witness to gather more information.（侦探与目击者进行了对话以收集更多信息。
）例句：1.During the business conference, there were many conversations among theparticipants about market trends.（在商务会议期间，与会者之间就市场趋势进行了许多交流。
）2.I overheard an interesting conversation on the bus about a new movie that justcame out.（我在公交车上偶然听到了一段关于一部新上映电影的有趣对话。
2322018年15期总第403期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS网络脱口秀节目《吐槽大会》中的面子威胁行为及礼貌策略分析文/范思颖【摘要】“面子”在日常交流中起着重要作用，这要求对话双方尽量维护对方面子，以保证交流顺利。
面子理论表明人们有不同的面子需求，而《吐槽大会》中却出现了大量面子威胁行为。
本文以《吐槽大会》第一季节目为语料，在面子理论的指导下对节目中威胁面子的言语行为及相关的礼貌策略进行了语用分析。
结果表明节目中涉及的面子威胁行为包括对言者或听者的积极面子构成威胁，缓解面子威胁行为的策略则主要包括不采取补救策略、积极礼貌策略和非公开实施策略。
采用适当的礼貌策略能在交际中维护谈话双方的面子，维系友好的社会关系。
【关键词】《吐槽大会》；面子理论；面子威胁行为；礼貌策略【作者简介】范思颖(1995.4- )，湖北鄂州人，西安交通大学外国语学院硕士研究生，研究方向为应用语言学。
一、引言“面子”在日常交际中扮演重要角色。
对话双方都应注意对方面子以使交谈顺畅。
这要求对话者尽力维护他人面子并避免面子威胁行为，但脱口秀节目《吐槽大会》却违反了这一原则。
该节目自2017年开播以来引起了巨大反响，每期节目邀请一位自带热点话题的明星作为主咖，接受圈中好友的吐槽，主咖和嘉宾在自黑和他黑中完成节目。
已有学者从传播学和新闻学视角来分析《吐槽大会》的文化传播策略及节目特征，仅有一篇文章从语言学角度研究修辞在《吐槽大会》节目语言表达中的作用。
本文以《吐槽大会》第一季十期节目为语料，在面子理论指导下分析节目中主持人、嘉宾与主咖的话语中威胁自己或他人面子的言语行为，同时也探讨缓解面子威胁言语行为的礼貌策略。
二、理论基础Brown 和 Levinson 认为，“面子即是每个社会成员意欲为自己挣得的那种在公众中的个人形象。
”面子可分为积极面子和消极面子。
积极面子指人们渴望他人的赞赏和肯定；消极面子指人们有不被别人干预、妨碍的自由。
conver sation作文英文回答:Conversation is an essential part of human interaction. It allows us to express our thoughts, share ideas, and connect with others. Whether it's a casual chat withfriends or a formal discussion in a professional setting, conversation plays a crucial role in our daily lives.In my opinion, conversation is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps build relationships. When we engage in conversation with someone, we establish a connection and get to know them on a deeper level. For example, I recently had a conversation with a colleague at work about our shared love for travel. This conversation led to us planning a trip together and strengthened our friendship.Secondly, conversation is a valuable learning tool. Through conversation, we can exchange knowledge and gainnew insights. For instance, I often have conversations with my language exchange partner to improve my Mandarin skills. During these conversations, I not only learn new vocabulary and grammar structures but also gain a better understanding of Chinese culture and customs.Furthermore, conversation promotes effective communication. It allows us to express our thoughts, feelings, and opinions clearly and concisely. For example, when I had a disagreement with a friend, we sat down and had a conversation to discuss our perspectives. Throughthis conversation, we were able to understand each other better and find a resolution to our conflict.Lastly, conversation is a form of self-expression. It gives us a platform to share our ideas, dreams, and aspirations. For instance, I recently had a conversation with my family about my career goals. By expressing my ambitions and discussing them with my loved ones, I felt supported and motivated to pursue my dreams.中文回答：对我来说，对话是人类互动的重要组成部分。
