1969年美国总统尼克松就职演说
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第26练现代中国外交1.1950年,美国国会通过“中国地区援助法案”修正案,允许中国留学生就学期间和毕业以后在美国工作。
1953年8月,美国总统签署“难民解救法案”,允许至少一部分留在美国的中国留学生从学生身份转为永久居民。
这些法案的出台表明( )A.科技革命促使美国招揽中国人才B.美国对新中国进行科技封锁C.祖国强大提升了留美学生的地位D.美国向新中国释放外交善意2.(2018·某某某某一模,31)在《中苏友好同盟互助条约》签订时,斯大林迫使我国签订了一项秘密的《补充协定》规定在苏联的远东和中亚地区、我国的东北和某某“不给予外国人以租让权利。
并不许第三国的资本或其他公民以直接或间接形式所参加之工业的、财政的、商业的及其他的企业、机关、会社与团体的活动。
”该《补充协定》( )A.有利于我国开展独立自主外交B.有助于“一五”计划的开展C.影响我国独立自主的外交形象D.打破了美国孤立中国的政策3.(2018·某某某某一中第八次适应性训练,30)1949年以苏联为首的几个社会主义国家成立了经济互助委员会,虽然苏联也向中国发出了邀请,但中国一直没有加入,仅以观察员身份列席会议。
这体现了中国( )A.自力更生的建设方针B.放弃了“一边倒”的方针C.维护自身的经济主权D.实行严格的计划经济体制4.(2018·某某某某一模,31)1952年周恩来认为当今世界应划分为两大阵营(帝国主义阵营和社会主义阵营)、三类国家(帝国主义国家、民族主义国家和社会主义国家),并指出世界局势不是“简单的两大阵营对立,没有什么工作可做。
”这说明当时的中国( )A.已放弃“一边倒”的外交策略B.强调独立自主政策的必要性C.不单纯以意识形态为外交准则D.切实推进新型区域外交合作5.(2018·某某某某高三模拟,31)1955年7月,美国通过英国向中国建议举行大使级会谈,中国表示同意。
8月1日,两国首次大使级会谈在日内瓦举行;9月10日双方就平民回国问题达成协议,钱学森由此踏上归国之路。
名人演讲:尼克松沉默的大多数TheGreat Silent Majority演讲者简介:理查德·米尔豪斯·尼克松(Richard Milhous Nixon,1913年1月9日-1994年4月22日),第36任美国副总统(1953年-1961年)与第37任美国总统(1969年-1974年)。
尼克松是美国史上唯一当过两届总统与两届副总统的人,但也是唯一于在位期间,以辞职的方式离开总统职位的美国总统。
演讲背景介绍:1969年,美国深陷越南战争的泥潭,为了应付国内国外的压力弄的焦头烂额。
在越南,美军损兵折将,而在国内,反战运动风起云涌(看过《阿甘正传》的应该对反战运动的“盛况”有所认识)。
越战这个烫手的山芋于是如同现在的伊拉克一般,成了食之无味而弃之可惜的鸡肋。
当时的美国总统尼克松为了应对危局,在国内寻求广泛的人民的首肯,提出了“沉默的大多数”这个说法。
尼克松说,那些站出来游行示威、强烈反对越战、甚至攻击警察机关的人们,虽然显得声势浩大,但实际上却并非是多数,而绝大多数美国人的声音却被这些激进的呼喊所掩盖;绝大多数美国人都是爱国的,不希望国家走入颓势,只是种种原因,他们并未站出来表达自己的意见,而是处于沉默状态。
虽然,也有批评人士认为这是尼克松为自己的越战政策涂脂抹粉。
但他们也不得不承认,尼克松的这番话还真取得了不俗的效果,听过其演说的人,对他的支持率将近八成,而随后1972年的大选,尼克松以压倒性的胜利获得连任,也不能不提这“沉默的大多数”的功劳。
Good evening, my fellow Americans.晚上好!亲爱的同胞们:Tonight I want to talk to you on a subject of deep concernto all Americans and to many people in all parts of the world,the war in Vietnam.今晚,我想与各位探讨一个问题,这是所有美国人和全球无数人所深切关注的一个问题——越南战争。
尼克松总统就职演讲:搭起美国与世界的桥梁1973年1月20日,美国历史上著名的尼克松总统就职演讲在华盛顿特区的国会山庄隆重举行。
这是美国政治历史上具有重大意义的一天,标志着尼克松正式宣誓就职成为美国总统。
在这个特别的场合,尼克松向全世界发表了一篇激动人心的演讲,重点强调了需要搭起美国和世界之间的桥梁,建立更加和平、繁荣、自由和友好的国际关系。
尼克松在他的演讲中认为,作为美国的总统,他的首要任务是加强国际合作,推动美国和世界各国之间的友好关系。
他强调了美国必须建立一种新的国际秩序,这个秩序必须以多边主义为基础,并且尊重各国的独立和主权。
尼克松认为,仅靠单方面的行动和利益不会产生持久的价值,只有通过合作、互惠和共同努力才能创造真正的财富、安全和幸福。
尼克松表达了对维护和平的强烈渴望。
他承诺将继续支持联合国和其他国际组织,坚持和平解决国际争端,在和平外交方面具有开创性的实践。
他强调通过减少对外军事干预、加强外交合作、积极寻求和平的解决方式来促进国际和平与安全。
他还提出了同苏联和其他世界大国展开谈判的想法,以促进相互了解、相互尊重、相互协作,并最终实现全球和平的使命。
此外,尼克松还谈到了为全球经济发展做出的贡献。
尼克松呼吁在经济的领域中加强合作,推动经济的自由化和开放化,旨在促进世界各国的共同繁荣。
他提出了建立多边贸易关系、促进技术转移以及加强技术合作的措施,以实现共同的目标。
并且,尼克松强调鼓励美国的企业家们去支持外交政策,促进美国和世界各国之间的商业合作和交流。
这将不仅为美国经济的发展带来好处,也将使美国和其他国家之间的关系变得更加友好。
总的来说,尼克松的演讲是一个极度激动人心,充满了希望和信心的演讲。
他的话语充满了对未来美国和全球和平繁荣的期望。
他提出了很多具有深远意义的想法,展示了他作为一个领袖的远见卓识和智慧。
他的演讲也成为了一道重要的标志,代表着美国的政治实力和世界领导地位。
总之,尼克松总统的就职演讲充满了意义和影响,尤其强调了美国和世界之间要建立桥梁,实现和平、繁荣、自由和友好的国际关系。
美国总统尼克松的讲话英汉对照PRESIDENT NIXON’S SPEECH1Mr. Prime Minister and all of your distinguished guests this evening,On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you2for the incomparable hospitality for which3 the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. I particularly want to pay tribute, not only to those who prepared the magnificent dinner, but also to4 those who have provided5 the splendid music. Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.Mr. Prime Minister, I wish to thank you for your very gracious and eloquent remarks. At this very moment6 through the wonder7 of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other such occasion in the whole history of the world. Yet, what we say here will not be long remembered. What we do here can change the world.As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people. If our two people are enemies the future of this world we share together is dark indeed. But if we can find common ground8to work together, the chance for world peace9is immeasurably increased.In the spirit of frankness which10 I hope will characterize our talks this week, let us recognize at the outset11 these points: we have at times in the past been enemies. We have great differences today. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise our principles. But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.So, let us, in these next five days, start a long march together, not in lockstep12, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which13 all14 may stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation, large or small, has a right to determine its own form of government, free of outside interference or domination15. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. What is the world? In a personal sense, I think of my eldest daughter whose birthday is today. As I think of her, I think of all the children in the world, in Asia, in Africa, in Europe, in the Americas, most of whom were born since the date of the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.What legacy shall we leave our children? Are they destined to die for the hatreds which have plagued the old world, or are they destined to live because we had the vision16to build a new world?There is no reason for us to be enemies. Neither of us seeks the territory of the other; neither of us seeks domination over the other, neither of us seeks to stretch out our hands and rule the world.Chairman Mao has writte n, “So many deeds cry out to be done, and always urgently; the world rolls on , time presses. Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, seize the hour!”This is the hour. This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world.In that spirit, I ask all of you present to join me in raising your glasses to Chairman Mao, to Prime Minister Chou, and to the friendship of the Chinese and American people which can lead to friendship and peace for all people in the world.美国总统尼克松的讲话总理先生及今晚在座的诸位贵宾:我谨代表你们的所有美国客人向你们表示感谢,感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待。
尼克松总统就职演讲:共同奋进的时刻尼克松总统就职演讲:共同奋进的时刻尊敬的议长先生、尊敬的尼克松夫人、尊敬的尼克松总统,以及各位尊敬的贵宾们:在这历史性的时刻,我感到无比荣幸能站在这里,代表美国人民,作为美利坚合众国的第37任总统就职。
今天是一个值得庆祝的日子,标志着我们共同奋进的时刻,一个新的篇章即将开启。
尼克松总统就职演讲的主题是“共同奋进的时刻”,这体现出了他对国家发展、国民团结的期许和承诺。
同时,这也是对历史上曾经的困境和挑战的回顾,以及未来发展的展望。
在这篇演讲中,尼克松总统传递了一种深入人心、令人动容的情感,以及他对美国未来的远见和决心。
尼克松总统在演讲中提到了过去的困境和挑战。
他说:“长久以来,我们一直面临着许多困境,内部矛盾和分歧导致了我们的不断衰退。
”这种真诚的反思,让人们不禁回想起美国历史上的苦难时期,如经济大萧条和民主制度的动荡期。
然而,尼克松总统并未止步于对问题的描述,而是呼吁全美国民众要携手共建一个更加美好的未来。
尼克松总统强调了国家团结的重要性。
他说:“团结是我们追求未来荣耀的基石。
”他明确指出,唯有在全体国民紧密团结的基础上,才能迈向更广阔的前进道路。
尼克松总统寄语全国人民,呼吁不分派别、不分敌我,彼此信任和支持,共同为国家的利益奋斗。
这种团结,不仅仅是政府和国会的团结,更是全社会各阶层的团结,包括工人、农民、学生、企业家、知识分子等。
只有当我们众志成城,释放出团结的力量,我们才能在接下来的岁月里跨越困难,赢得更大的成功。
尼克松总统还谈到了国内外的挑战。
他提到了停止战争、重建和平的重要性,同时也强调了国内经济和社会的稳定与发展。
他强调:“我们需要制定一个在对国内问题和对外政策上都能够坚守的方针。
”这体现出了他对外交政策的关注和重视。
尼克松总统的就职演讲充满着对于国家发展的理念和远见,他认为只有通过坚持和平、国内外政策的平衡,我们才能推动国家的繁荣和发展。
尼克松总统在演讲中还强调了国家的道德观念和公共负担。
2023年中考历史质检试卷(一)一、选择题(本大题共15小题,共30分)1. 1899年,日本驻华公使照会总理衙门,要求清政府不得将福建割让或租借给其他国家。
在日本的威逼下,清政府妥协屈服并发表声明:“福建省内及沿海一带均属中国要地,(除日本外)无论何国,中国断不让与或租给”。
这一声明发表的背景是A. 太平天国控制长江沿岸城镇B. 中国被迫五口通商C. 列强掀起了瓜分中国的狂潮D. 武昌城内新军起义2. 为“自强”,洋务派创办了一批军事工业;为“求富”,他们又创办了一批民用企业。
下列哪个企业是洋务派为“求富”而兴建的?()A. 江南制造总局B. 福州船政局C. 安庆内军械所D. 开平矿务局3. 1969年1月20日,尼克松在美国总统就职演说中暗示他有意改变对华政策。
根据毛泽东的安排,《人民日报》于1月28日破例刊登了尼克松的这篇演说。
这表明()A. 中美双方都有意改善两国关系B. 中美双方彻底结束了对抗状态C. 美国仍顽固坚持对华敌对态度D. 中美关系已经实现了正常化4. 18世纪中期以后的英国,倡导爱护自然的诗歌层出不穷,如彭斯的《杜河两岸》、布罗姆菲尔德的《农夫之子》均描绘了少年时代乡村自然的美丽景色,克莱尔在《致倒下的榆树》中则深情地把童年时期屋后的榆树当作朋友来看待。
这反映出当时英国()A. 社会环境问题日益突出B. 乡村教育提高了农民素养C. 政府重视保护乡村环境D. 诗歌主题以乡村生活为主5. 王家范指出:西周政治是“共主”名义下的地方分权体制……与秦以后一统的君主“独制”格局泾渭分明。
“独制”与“地方分权制”相比,其特点在于()A. 地方的治理权力得到强化B. 地方长官由世袭产生C. 郡县长官由朝廷直接任命D. 县令由郡守直接任命6. 唐太宗曾说:“凡事皆需务本。
国以民为本,民以食为本。
凡营衣食,以不失时为本……”他治理国家的政策中,最能体现这一思想的是()A. 知人善任,鼓励大臣谏言B. 轻徭薄赋,减轻农民负担C. 制定法律,减省刑罚D. 整顿吏治,考核官吏7. 历朝历代都注重加强对西北边疆地区的管辖。
历届美国总统就职演说中英双语
历届美国总统就职演说优习网> 英语听力> 听力教程> 历届美国总统就职演说
1933年罗斯福、1949年杜鲁门、1953年艾森豪威尔、1961年肯尼迪、1963年约翰逊、1969年尼克松、1974年福特、1977年卡特、1981年里根、1989年乔治·H·W·布什、1993年克林顿、2001年乔治·W·布什、2009年奥巴马就职演说!·2009年美国第44任总统奥巴马就职演说
·2001年美国总统布什就职演说
·1993年美国总统克林顿就职演说
·1989年美国总统老布什就职演说
·1981年美国总统里根就职演说
·1974年美国总统福特就职演说
·1969年美国总统尼克松就职演说
·1961年美国总统肯尼迪就职演说·1965年美国总统约翰逊就职演说·1953年美国总统艾森豪威尔就职演说·1949年美国总统杜鲁门就职演说·1933年美国总统罗斯福就职演说·1974年美国总统福特就职演说。
美国历届总统就职演讲稿美国历届总统就职演讲稿美国是世界上最强大的国家之一,每当一个新总统上任时,他都需要在国会大厦的就职典礼上发表演讲,宣誓就职并介绍他的政治愿景。
这些就职演讲稿是美国历史上一些最重要的政治讲话之一,它们描绘了该国的未来方向,同时向全世界展示该国的价值和道德标准。
现在,让我们回顾一下一些重要而难忘的美国历届总统就职演讲稿。
华盛顿的就职演讲(1789)乔治·华盛顿成为美国第一任总统时,他在1789年4月30日在联邦大厦前宣誓就职。
在他的演讲中,华盛顿强调了联邦政府的重要性,并试图消除各个州之间的分歧,奠定了美国政府的基础。
林肯第二次就职演讲(1865)林肯第二次就职演讲是美国历史上最有名的就职演讲之一。
在恢复国家的艰难时期,林肯在典礼上提出了“和平、团结、正义”的口号,他的讲话也被认为是对奴隶制度废除的胜利在道义上的肯定。
罗斯福第一次就职演讲(1933)富兰克林·罗斯福在他的第一次就职演讲中,承诺通过“新政”政策扭转大萧条的局面。
他提出了“唯有恐惧本身才是我们所应害怕的”这一名言,鼓舞了美国人的信心,促进了国家的复苏。
肯尼迪就职演讲(1961)约翰·肯尼迪的就职演讲被誉为美国历史上最具启发性和激情澎湃的演讲之一。
他在演讲中提出了“不要问国家为你们能做些什么,而要问你们可以为国家做些什么”的名言,这真正地激励了所有的美国人为自己的国家做出贡献。
尼克松第一次就职演讲(1969)理查德·尼克松在他的第一次就职演讲中,承诺结束越南战争,并带领美国人民消除一切分裂。
他表示,他的首要任务是在极其分裂的美国社会中建立和谐。
这一演讲推动了美国的社会改革,缩小了美国社会的分裂。
奥巴马第一次就职演讲(2009)巴拉克·奥巴马成为第一个非白人美国总统,并在他的第一次就职典礼典礼上表达了自己对2008年大选的胜利兴奋以及对美国人民的期望。
他的演讲中,奥巴马渲染了美国困境,特别是经济上的困境,并谈到了一个更加团结的美国。
美国历届总统就职演讲(大全)内容简介美国总统的就职演讲是美国政治的一种形式,但它已经成为了美国的一种文化,美国总统的演讲辞更成为美国、乃至世界的文化遗产。
美国是实行总统制的典型国家。
美国总统身兼国家元首和行政首脑,在三权分立的政治结构中居重要地位。
美国实行总统内阁制,每四年选举一次总统,可连选连任一次。
每当新总统当选后,便要举行庄严而隆重的就职典礼。
这是美国政治生活中的一项重大的庆典。
总统就职典礼一般有4个程序:首先是就职宣誓;宣誓之后,总统发表就职演说;演说完毕,便开始盛大的庆祝游行;最后举行舞会。
美国总统借就职演说,表明自己政见和立场,起着鼓舞人民、教育人民的作用。
为了给人民留下良好的印象,总统对演说词斟酌推敲,以求打动人心。
好的演说词常常诞生在重大历史时刻,时势造英雄,这演说词也造就了传诵千古的名篇。
这里收集的《美国历届总统就职演讲(大全)》主要参考了李其荣《美国历届总统就职演讲辞》,另有一部分是从网络媒体下载的,并增加了最新的2013年奥巴马第二次就职演讲内容。
但第二十四届第二十一任切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟、第二十九届第二十六任西奥多•罗斯福、第三十四届第三十任卡尔文-柯立芝、第四十届第三十三任哈里·杜鲁门和第四十四届第三十六任林顿·约翰逊的就职演讲译文未找到。
截至目前,这个版本应该是收集的美国总统就职演讲大全了。
另附李其荣《美国历届总统就职演讲辞》“前言”。
目录第一届第一任乔治·华盛顿(1789~1793)首次就职演讲第二届第一任乔治·华盛顿(1793~1797)第二次就职演讲第三届第二任约翰·亚当斯(1797~1801)就职演讲第四届第三任托马斯·杰斐逊(1801~1805)首次就职演讲第五届第三任托马斯·杰斐逊(1805~1809)第二次就职演讲第六届第四任詹姆斯·麦迪逊(1809~1813)首次就职演讲第七届第四任詹姆斯·麦迪逊(1813-1817)第二次就职演讲第八届第五任詹姆斯·门罗(1817-1821)首次就职演讲第九届第五任詹姆斯·门罗(1821~1825)第二次就职演讲第十届第六任约翰·昆西·亚当斯(1825~1829)就职演讲第十一届第七任安德鲁·杰克逊(1829-1833)首次就职演讲第十二届第七任安德鲁·杰克逊(1833~1837)第二次就职演讲第十三届第八任马丁·范·布伦(1837~1841)就职演讲第十四届第九任威廉·亨利·哈里森(1841)就职演讲第十四届第十任约翰·泰勒(1841~1845)就职演讲第十五届第十一任詹姆斯·波尔克(1845~1849)就职演讲第十六届第十二任扎卡里·泰勒(1849~1850)就职演讲第十六届第十三任米勒德·菲尔莫尔(1850~1853)就职演讲第十七届第十四任富兰克林·皮尔斯(1853~1857)就职演讲第十八届第十五任詹姆斯·布坎南(1857~1861)就职演讲第十九届第十六任亚伯拉罕·林肯(1861~1865)首次就职演讲第二十届第十六任亚伯拉罕·林肯(1865)第二次就职演讲第二十届第十七任安德鲁·约翰逊(1865~1869)就职演讲第二十一届第十八任尤利西斯·格兰特(1869-1873)首次就职演讲第二十二届第十八任尤利西斯·格兰特(1873~1877)第二次就职演讲第二十三届第十九任拉瑟福德·海斯(1877~1881)就职演讲第二十四届第二十任詹姆斯·加菲尔德(1881)就职演讲第二十四届第二十一任切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟(1881~1885)就职演讲(暂无演讲词)第二十五届第二十二任格罗弗·克利夫兰(1885~1889)就职演讲第二十六届第二十三任本杰明·哈里森(1889-1893)就职演讲第二十七届第二十四任格罗弗·克利夫兰(1893~1897)就职演讲第二十八届第二十五任威廉·麦金莱(1897~1901)首次就职演讲第二十九届第二十五任威廉·麦金莱(1901)第二次就职演讲第二十九届第二十六任西奥多·罗斯福(1901~1905)首次就职演讲第三十届第二十六任西奥多·罗斯福(1905~1909)第二次就职演讲第三十一届第二十七任威廉·塔夫特(1909~1913)就职演讲第三十二届第二十八任伍德罗·威尔逊(1913-1917)首次就职演讲第三十三届第二十八任伍德罗·威尔逊(1917~1921)第二次就职演讲第三十四届第二十九任华伦·哈丁(1921~1923)就职演讲第三十四届第三十任卡尔文-柯立芝(1923~1925)就职演讲第三十五届第三十任卡尔文-柯立芝(1925-1929)就职演讲第三十六届第三十一任赫伯特·胡佛(1929~1933)就职演讲第三十七届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1933~1937)首次就职演讲第三十八届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1937~1941)第二次就职演讲第三十九届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1941~1945)第三次就职演讲第四十届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1945)第四次就职演讲第四十届第三十三任哈里·杜鲁门(1945~1949)首次就职演讲(暂无演讲词)第四十一届第三十三任哈里·杜鲁门(1949~1953)第二次就职演讲第四十二届第三十四任德怀特·艾森豪威尔威尔(1953-1957)首次就职演讲第四十三届第三十四任德怀特·艾森豪威尔威尔(1957~1961)第二次就职演讲第四十四届第三十五任约翰·肯尼迪(1961~1963)就职演讲第四十四届第三十六任林顿·约翰逊(1963~1965)首次就职演讲(无演讲词)第四十五届第三十六任林顿·约翰逊(1965~1969)第二次就职演讲第四十六届第三十七任理查德德·尼克松(1969~1973)首次就职演讲第四十七届第三十七任理查德德·尼克松(1973~1974)第二次就职演讲第四十七届第三十八任杰拉德·鲁道夫·福特(1974~1977)就职演讲第四十八届第三十九任杰米·卡特(1977~1981)就职演讲第四十九届第四十任罗纳德·里根(1981-1985)首次就职演讲第五十届第四十任罗纳德·里根(1985-1989)第二次就职演讲第五十一届第四十一任乔治·布什(1989~1993)就职演讲第五十二届第四十二任比尔·克林顿(1993~1997)首次就职演讲第五十三届第四十二任比尔·克林顿(1997-2001)第二次就职演讲第五十四届第四十三任乔治·沃克·布什(2001~2005)首次就职演讲第五十五届第四十三任乔治·沃克·布什(2005~2009)第二次就职演讲第五十六届第四十四任巴拉克·奥巴马(2008~2013)首次就职演讲第五十七届第四十四任巴拉克·奥巴马(2013~2017)第二次就职演讲(注:以下所谓届、任——届:根据美国宪法,总统选举每四年举行一次,总统任期四年,任满四年为一届。
选考题强化专练-20世纪的战争与和平一、材料解析题(本大题共10小题,共50.0分)1.阅读材料,回答下列问题。
材料1945年,美国向日本的广岛和长崎投下了两颗原子弹,人们看到了核武器可怕的威力。
20世纪60年代,随着苏联和美国加紧进行核试验,完善核武器,世界上反对核扩散的舆论日益强烈。
美苏为了保住他们的核优势,乘机推动签订关于不扩散核武器条约的谈判,经过激烈的讨价还价,《不扩散核武器条约》于1968年7月1日分别在华盛顿、莫斯科、伦敦开放签字,当时有59个国家签约加入。
1970年3月5日《不扩散核武器条约》正式生效,有效期25年。
该条约的宗旨是防止核扩散,推动核裁军和促进和平利用核能的国际合作。
根据《不扩散核武器条约》的规定,只有安理会常任理事国可以拥有核武器,同样是主权国家,而其他的国家却被剥夺了发展核武器的权利。
——摘编自黄莉娜《析(不扩散核武器条约)》根据材料并结合所学知识,概括《不扩散核武器条约》签订的原因。
根据材料并结合所学知识,分析《不扩散核武器条约》的影响。
2.阅读材料,回答下列问题。
材料1944年6月6日,盟军先头部队跨越英吉利海峡,登陆诺曼底。
此前,东线的斯大林格勒战役虽然扭转了整个反法西斯战争的局势,但德国仍占领着欧洲大陆大部分地区,拥有强大的军事实力。
诺曼底登陆战役中,德军兵力损失就超过40万。
1944年12月,德军在西线战场上的兵力由原来诺曼底登陆时的60个师增加到了76个师和旅,而东线苏德战场上的德国陆军占陆军总人数的比重,从1944年初的70%下降到1945年初的57%~59%.诺曼底登陆战役打响后,德军隆美尔元帅竭力主张结束战争,同希特勒发生了激烈争论,部分高级将领还组织了暗杀希特勒的政变。
诺曼底登陆后,法国、比利时、意大利等国也掀起了大规模的反法西斯武装斗争,民族解放运动高涨。
——摘编自洪飞等《试论第二战场开辟的作用》等根据材料并结合所学知识,概括诺曼底登陆战役爆发的背景。
中考通关——《外交事业的发展》【内容标准(2022版)】(1)了解改革开放后的外交成就。
一、选择题1.(2022·安徽省·8)在中国“入世”关键阶段,中美经过多轮磋商和激烈的讨价还价,最终达成《关于中国加入世界贸易组织的双边协议》。
这说明()A.中美共同利益大于分歧 B.国际经济新秩序已经建立C.美国开始放弃霸权主义 D.发展中国家主导世界贸易2.(2022·广西百色·11)20世纪70年代初,国际形势发生了巨大变化,中美两国领导人都认为有必要结束长达20多年的敌对状态。
为此,1972年,美国总统尼克松访华,两国关系开始走向正常化。
此举()A.彻底消除了中美两国矛盾 B.使中美两国正式建立外交关系C.成为新中国外交的转折点 D.恢复中国在联合国的合法席位3.(2022·甘肃天水·7)2022年2月28日,王毅国务委员说:“两国老一辈领导人洞察世界各国对缓和国际紧张局势的期盼,顺应中美人民对两国和平友好的愿望,以巨大的政治勇气,跨越世界上最辽阔的海洋,实现了历史性的握手。
”50年前的“历史性握手”指的是()A.中美“乒乓外交”B.基辛格秘密访问中国C.美国总统尼克松访华D.中美正式建立外交关系4.(2022·广西河池·11)1971年10月25日晚,第26届联合国大会通过一项决议,表决刚结束,会议大厅一片沸腾,支持中国的国家代表用不同的语言欢呼:“我们胜利了!”这项决议是()A.恢复中国在联合国的合法席位 B.成立亚洲基础设施投资银行C.成立亚太经合组织 D.中国加入世贸组织5.(2022·河北省·6)下图所示目录节选自《百年中美关系史》一书。
目录中的“_________”处应填入()A.美国开始介入中国内战 B.美国试图调整对华政策C.中美建交与邓小平访美 D.中美军事关系不断加强6.(2022·黑龙江牡丹江·15)新中国的成立,结束了我国百年的屈辱外交,翻开了外交事业的新篇章。
重庆市2022年初中学业水平暨高中招生考试历史试题(B卷)(开卷本卷共两个大题,满分50分,与道德与法治学科共享90分钟)注意事项:1.试题的答案书写在答题卡上,不得在试题卷上直接作答。
2.作答前认真阅读答题卡上的注意事项。
3.考试结束,由监考人员将试题卷和答题卡一并收回。
一、选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题1分,共15分。
在备选答案中只有一项是符合题目要求的。
请按要求在答题卡上作答。
1. 实物史料是研究历史的重要证据。
下图所示实物遗存可以证明当时已经出现河姆渡遗址出土的稻谷和骨耜A. 原始农业B. 青铜铸造C. 纺织业D. 冶铁业【答案】A【解析】【详解】根据所学可知,稻谷炭化物,是实物遗存,是第一手资料,证明了河姆渡居民从事原始农业,A项正确;稻谷和农业工具,只能证明是农业,不是青铜铸造、纺织业、冶铁业,排除BCD三项。
故选A项。
2. 汉武帝时,将京畿以外地区分为十三州部,设刺史,每年定期巡视所部郡国。
汉武帝此举是为了A. 分化王国力量B. 提升儒学地位C. 监察地方势力D. 拓展统治范围【答案】C【解析】【详解】根据所学可知,汉武帝时,将京畿以外地区分为十三州部,设刺史,每年定期巡视所部郡国,汉武帝此举是为了监察地方势力,这样就加强了中央集权,C 项正确;推恩令是为了分化王国力量,尊崇儒术提升了儒学地位,在河西走廊设立郡县拓展了统治范围,排除ABD三项。
故选C项。
3. 西汉王朝派细君公主与乌孙和亲,随带官属侍从数百人,和亲使团包含各方面人才,这些人的技艺也随之带到乌孙。
唐朝文成公主入藏后,松赞干布派遣上层子弟入长安国子学以习诗书。
这表明A. 古代中原政权与少数民族和亲均是被迫所为B. 中原与周边少数民族地区实现了经济互补C. 和亲可能促进中原文化向少数民族地区传播D. 和亲消除了古代中原政权与少数民族贵族的矛盾【答案】C【解析】【详解】根据材料信息,“西汉王朝派细君公主与乌孙和亲,随带官属侍从数百人,和亲使团包含各方面人才,这些人的技艺也随之带到乌孙。
浅析尼克松总统的缓和国际战略在美国约巴林达葱郁的森林中,有一片飘着星条旗的建筑,上面写着“尼克松图书博物馆与出生地”,在纪念他的那块黑色墓碑上雕刻着这样一句话:历史所能赋予的最高荣誉是和平缔造者。
尼克松总统的墓志铭,节选自他的第一次就职演说。
1969年1月他宣誓成为总统后的第一次演讲,他在演讲中说到,历史可以赠予的最大荣耀就是和平缔造者的称号。
因为他已经在思考处置三个重要危机——越南战争、与苏联关系的恶化和同中国的绝交。
1969年尼克松步入白宫之时,面对着一系列的内外危机:美国深陷越战泥潭,五十多万的美国士兵在遥远的土地上与越南、中国人战斗;在约翰逊执政期间美苏关系也逐渐降温,现在承受着来自苏联的威慑;还有盟国的竞争,美国的国际地位大受挑战。
美国二战后对外政策的基本目标一直是世界霸权,在世界广泛承担“义务”,到处侵略、颠覆和干涉。
在无视自身力量限度的错误思想下,在远东挑起了两场大规模军事干涉行动。
从朝鲜战争到越南战争,美国的全球干涉达到了顶点,同时能力也达到了极限。
侵越战争的失败,是美国60年代力量衰减的最重要体现。
与此同时,苏联在核威慑能力建设方面与美国基本持平。
丧失了核优势,核威慑的能力不足支撑全球战略体系的需要。
在经济上,美国在世界上的经济霸主的优势地位不再,其占世界经济份额明显下降。
在对欧、日的关系上,由于西欧、日本经济腾飞,加速了美国经济霸权地位的衰落。
当下,美国的力量已大大下降,其对外政策丧失了国内支持——不管是普通美国民众,还是统治阶层普遍要求政府改变政策,反战呼声日益高涨;经济状况也在恶化,政局动荡,在世界上到处侵略、干涉和颠覆的方针再也无法维持下去。
在对当时的国际形势进行分析和对美国处境作出基本的判断后,尼克松在美国的外交安全政策问题上,特别是在有关战争与和平等重大问题上提出了体现个人主张的“尼克松主义”。
尼克松的目标,是美国应减少并最终结束越南战争对美国士兵的需要,以及减少在远东军事存在,将军事重心转向欧洲。
美国总统尼克松宣布辞职月日历史事件的危机美国总统尼克松宣布辞职的历史事件的危机1974年8月8日,美国总统理查德·尼克松向全国发表电视讲话宣布他将辞去总统职务,这一事件被视为美国历史上最具戏剧性的政治危机之一。
本文将回顾这一历史事件,探讨它带来的影响和启示。
I. 背景尼克松总统在1972年连任期间,面临了令人瞩目的“水门事件”丑闻。
这起事件起因于五名民主党总部的入侵者被捕,他们试图窃取竞选资料以支持尼克松的民主党对手。
然而,随着调查的深入,人们发现这个事件与尼克松政府的不当行为有关,包括对竞选对手的监听和滥用职权等。
这使得总统尼克松陷入了前所未有的政治危机。
II. 危机加深“水门事件”引起了媒体和公众的极大关注,司法调查也逐渐揭示了尼克松政府的秘密行动。
在这个过程中,出现了大量的证据,证明尼克松总统和他的高级助手参与了对立法机构的干涉和隐瞒不法行为的活动。
特别是一系列的录音带曝光,其中记录了总统直接参与并批准了对调查活动的阻挠。
这些录音带证明了尼克松的不诚实和不道德行为,引发了公众和国会的普遍愤怒。
III. 引爆点1974年初,最高法院裁定,总统须交出这些录音带作为法庭证据。
这一决定对尼克松造成了巨大的压力,因为录音带的内容可能进一步揭示他的罪行。
面对这一情况,尼克松决定采取激进措施,下令司法部长辞职,并解雇了特别检察官考克斯。
这一系列事件被称为“星期六晚上大屠杀”,引发了更广泛的公众愤怒和民主制度的危机。
IV. 公众压力“星期六晚上大屠杀”对公众产生了巨大的冲击。
人们发起了抗议活动,要求尼克松下台。
同时,国会也开始正式启动弹劾程序。
面对日益增长的公众压力和外界的呼声,尼克松感受到了他在政府中的支持正在减弱。
V. 辞职公告在辞职之前的几个月里,尼克松议会支持者逐渐减少,他们开始认识到继续支持总统可能导致更严重的政治后果。
尼克松深感困境,而且他不愿面对即将到来的弹劾程序。
因此,他最终决定在1974年8月8日宣布辞去总统职务。
First Inaugural Address of Richard Milhous NixonMONDAY, JANUARY 20, 1969Senator Dirksen, Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. Vice President, President Johnson, Vice President Humphrey, my fellow Americans--and my fellow citizens of the world community:I ask you to share with me today the majesty of this moment. In the orderly transfer of power, we celebrate the unity that keeps us free.Each moment in history is a fleeting time, precious and unique. But some stand out as moments of beginning, in which courses are set that shape decades or centuries.This can be such a moment.Forces now are converging that make possible, for the first time, the hope that many of man's deepest aspirations can at last be realized. The spiraling pace of change allows us to contemplate, within our own lifetime, advances that once would have taken centuries.In throwing wide the horizons of space, we have discovered new horizons on earth.For the first time, because the people of the world want peace, and the leaders of the world are afraid of war, the times are on the side of peace.Eight years from now America will celebrate its 200th anniversary as a nation. Within the lifetime of most people now living, mankind will celebrate that great new year which comes only once in a thousand years--the beginning of the third millennium.What kind of nation we will be, what kind of world we will live in, whether we shape the future in the image of our hopes, is ours to determine by our actions and our choices.The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons America--the chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization.If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind.This is our summons to greatness.I believe the American people are ready to answer this call.The second third of this century has been a time of proud achievement. We have made enormous strides in science and industry and agriculture. We have shared our wealth more broadly than ever. We have learned at last to manage a modern economy to assure its continued growth.We have given freedom new reach, and we have begun to make its promise real for black as well as for white.We see the hope of tomorrow in the youth of today. I know America's youth. I believe in them. We can be proud that they are better educated, more committed, more passionately driven by conscience than any generation in our history.No people has ever been so close to the achievement of a just and abundant society, or so possessed of the will to achieve it. Because our strengths are so great, we can afford to appraise our weaknesses with candor and to approach them with hope.Standing in this same place a third of a century ago, Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed a Nation ravaged by depression and gripped in fear. He could say in surveying the Nation's troubles: "They concern, thank God, only material things."Our crisis today is the reverse.We have found ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit; reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.We are caught in war, wanting peace. We are torn by division, wanting unity. We see around us empty lives, wanting fulfillment. We see tasks that need doing, waiting for hands to do them.To a crisis of the spirit, we need an answer of the spirit.To find that answer, we need only look within ourselves.When we listen to "the better angels of our nature," we find that they celebrate the simple things, the basic things--such as goodness, decency, love, kindness.Greatness comes in simple trappings.The simple things are the ones most needed today if we are to surmount what divides us, and cement what unites us.To lower our voices would be a simple thing.In these difficult years, America has suffered from a fever of words; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading.We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another--until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices.For its part, government will listen. We will strive to listen in new ways--to the voices of quiet anguish, the voicesthat speak without words, the voices of the heart--to the injured voices, the anxious voices, the voices that have despaired of being heard.Those who have been left out, we will try to bring in.Those left behind, we will help to catch up.For all of our people, we will set as our goal the decent order that makes progress possible and our lives secure.As we reach toward our hopes, our task is to build on what has gone before--not turning away from the old, but turning toward the new.In this past third of a century, government has passed more laws, spent more money, initiated more programs, than in all our previous history.In pursuing our goals of full employment, better housing, excellence in education; in rebuilding our cities and improving our rural areas; in protecting our environment and enhancing the quality of life--in all these and more, we will and must press urgently forward.We shall plan now for the day when our wealth can be transferred from the destruction of war abroad to the urgent needs of our people at home.The American dream does not come to those who fall asleep.But we are approaching the limits of what government alone can do.Our greatest need now is to reach beyond government, and to enlist the legions of the concerned and the committed.What has to be done, has to be done by government and people together or it will not be done at all. The lesson of past agony is that without the people we can do nothing; with the people we can do everything.To match the magnitude of our tasks, we need the energies of our people--enlisted not only in grand enterprises, but more importantly in those small, splendid efforts that make headlines in the neighborhood newspaper instead of the national journal.With these, we can build a great cathedral of the spirit--each of us raising it one stone at a time, as he reaches out to his neighbor, helping, caring, doing.I do not offer a life of uninspiring ease. I do not call for a life of grim sacrifice. I ask you to join in a high adventure--one as rich as humanity itself, and as exciting as the times we live in.The essence of freedom is that each of us shares in the shaping of his own destiny.Until he has been part of a cause larger than himself, no man is truly whole.The way to fulfillment is in the use of our talents; we achieve nobility in the spirit that inspires that use.As we measure what can be done, we shall promise only what we know we can produce, but as we chart our goals we shall be lifted by our dreams.No man can be fully free while his neighbor is not. To go forward at all is to go forward together.This means black and white together, as one nation, not two. The laws have caught up with our conscience. What remains is to give life to what is in the law: to ensure at last that as all are born equal in dignity before God, all are born equal in dignity before man.As we learn to go forward together at home, let us also seek to go forward together with all mankind.Let us take as our goal: where peace is unknown, make it welcome; where peace is fragile, make it strong; where peace is temporary, make it permanent.After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation.Let all nations know that during this administration our lines of communication will be open.We seek an open world--open to ideas, open to the exchange of goods and people--a world in which no people, great or small, will live in angry isolation.We cannot expect to make everyone our friend, but we can try to make no one our enemy.Those who would be our adversaries, we invite to a peaceful competition--not in conquering territory or extending dominion, but in enriching the life of man.As we explore the reaches of space, let us go to the new worlds together--not as new worlds to be conquered, but as a new adventure to be shared.With those who are willing to join, let us cooperate to reduce the burden of arms, to strengthen the structure of peace, to lift up the poor and the hungry.But to all those who would be tempted by weakness, let us leave no doubt that we will be as strong as we need to be for as long as we need to be.Over the past twenty years, since I first came to this Capital as a freshman Congressman, I have visited most of the nations of the world.I have come to know the leaders of the world, and the great forces, the hatreds, the fears that divide the world.I know that peace does not come through wishing for it--that there is no substitute for days and even years of patient and prolonged diplomacy.I also know the people of the world.I have seen the hunger of a homeless child, the pain of a man wounded in battle, the grief of a mother who has lost her son. I know these have no ideology, no race.I know America. I know the heart of America is good.I speak from my own heart, and the heart of my country, the deep concern we have for those who suffer, and those who sorrow.I have taken an oath today in the presence of God and my countrymen to uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States. To that oath I now add this sacred commitment: I shall consecrate my office, my energies, and all the wisdom I can summon, to the cause of peace among nations.Let this message be heard by strong and weak alike:The peace we seek to win is not victory over any other people, but the peace that comes "with healing in its wings"; with compassion for those who have suffered; with understanding for those who have opposed us; with the opportunity for all the peoples of this earth to choose their own destiny.Only a few short weeks ago, we shared the glory of man's first sight of the world as God sees it, as a single sphere reflecting light in the darkness.As the Apollo astronauts flew over the moon's gray surface on Christmas Eve, they spoke to us of the beauty of earth--and in that voice so clear across the lunar distance, we heard them invoke God's blessing on its goodness.In that moment, their view from the moon moved poet Archibald MacLeish to write:"To see the earth as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that eternal silence where it floats, is to see ourselves as riders on the earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal cold--brothers who know now they are truly brothers."In that moment of surpassing technological triumph, men turned their thoughts toward home and humanity--seeing in that far perspective that man's destiny on earth is not divisible; telling us that however far we reach into the cosmos, our destiny lies not in the stars but on Earth itself, in our own hands, in our own hearts.We have endured a long night of the American spirit. But as our eyes catch the dimness of the first rays of dawn, let us not curse the remaining dark. Let us gather the light.Our destiny offers, not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness-- and, "riders on the earth together," let us go forward, firm in our faith, steadfast in our purpose, cautious of the dangers; but sustained by our confidence in the will of God and the promise of man.理查德-尼克松第一次就职演讲星期一,1969年1月20日历史的每一个时刻转瞬即逝,它既珍贵又独特。
First Inaugural Address of Richard Milhous NixonMONDAY, JANUARY 20, 1969Senator Dirksen, Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. Vice President, President Johnson, Vice President Humphrey, my fellow Americans--and my fellow citizens of the world community:I ask you to share with me today the majesty of this moment. In the orderly transfer of power, we celebrate the unity that keeps us free.Each moment in history is a fleeting time, precious and unique. But some stand out as moments of beginning, in which courses are set that shape decades or centuries.This can be such a moment.Forces now are converging that make possible, for the first time, the hope that many of man's deepest aspirations can at last be realized. The spiraling pace of change allows us to contemplate, within our own lifetime, advances that once would have taken centuries.In throwing wide the horizons of space, we have discovered new horizons on earth.For the first time, because the people of the world want peace, and the leaders of the world are afraid of war, the times are on the side of peace.Eight years from now America will celebrate its 200th anniversary as a nation. Within the lifetime of most people now living, mankind will celebrate that great new year which comes only once in a thousand years--the beginning of the third millennium.What kind of nation we will be, what kind of world we will live in, whether we shape the future in the image of our hopes, is ours to determine by our actions and our choices.The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons America--the chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization.If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind.This is our summons to greatness.I believe the American people are ready to answer this call.The second third of this century has been a time of proud achievement. We have made enormous strides in science and industry and agriculture. We have shared our wealth more broadly than ever. We have learned at last to manage a modern economy to assure its continued growth.We have given freedom new reach, and we have begun to make its promise real for black as well as for white.We see the hope of tomorrow in the youth of today. I know America's youth.I believe in them. We can be proud that they are better educated, more committed, more passionately driven by conscience than any generation in our history.No people has ever been so close to the achievement of a just and abundant society, or so possessed of the will to achieve it. Because our strengths are sogreat, we can afford to appraise our weaknesses with candor and to approach them with hope.Standing in this same place a third of a century ago, Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed a Nation ravaged by depression and gripped in fear. He could say in surveying the Nation's troubles: "They concern, thank God, only material things."Our crisis today is the reverse.We have found ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit; reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.We are caught in war, wanting peace. We are torn by division, wanting unity. We see around us empty lives, wanting fulfillment. We see tasks that need doing, waiting for hands to do them.To a crisis of the spirit, we need an answer of the spirit.To find that answer, we need only look within ourselves.When we listen to "the better angels of our nature," we find that they celebrate the simple things, the basic things--such as goodness, decency, love, kindness.Greatness comes in simple trappings.The simple things are the ones most needed today if we are to surmount what divides us, and cement what unites us.To lower our voices would be a simple thing.In these difficult years, America has suffered from a fever of words; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading.We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at oneanother--until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices.For its part, government will listen. We will strive to listen in new ways--to the voices of quiet anguish, the voices that speak without words, the voices of the heart--to the injured voices, the anxious voices, the voices that have despaired of being heard.Those who have been left out, we will try to bring in.Those left behind, we will help to catch up.For all of our people, we will set as our goal the decent order that makes progress possible and our lives secure.As we reach toward our hopes, our task is to build on what has gone before--not turning away from the old, but turning toward the new.In this past third of a century, government has passed more laws, spent more money, initiated more programs, than in all our previous history.In pursuing our goals of full employment, better housing, excellence in education; in rebuilding our cities and improving our rural areas; in protecting our environment and enhancing the quality of life--in all these and more, we will and must press urgently forward.We shall plan now for the day when our wealth can be transferred from the destruction of war abroad to the urgent needs of our people at home.The American dream does not come to those who fall asleep.But we are approaching the limits of what government alone can do.Our greatest need now is to reach beyond government, and to enlist the legions of the concerned and the committed.What has to be done, has to be done by government and people together or it will not be done at all. The lesson of past agony is that without the people we can do nothing; with the people we can do everything.To match the magnitude of our tasks, we need the energies of ourpeople--enlisted not only in grand enterprises, but more importantly in those small, splendid efforts that make headlines in the neighborhood newspaper instead of the national journal.With these, we can build a great cathedral of the spirit--each of us raising it one stone at a time, as he reaches out to his neighbor, helping, caring, doing.I do not offer a life of uninspiring ease. I do not call for a life of grim sacrifice.I ask you to join in a high adventure--one as rich as humanity itself, and as exciting as the times we live in.The essence of freedom is that each of us shares in the shaping of his own destiny.Until he has been part of a cause larger than himself, no man is truly whole.The way to fulfillment is in the use of our talents; we achieve nobility in the spirit that inspires that use.As we measure what can be done, we shall promise only what we know we can produce, but as we chart our goals we shall be lifted by our dreams.No man can be fully free while his neighbor is not. To go forward at all is to go forward together.This means black and white together, as one nation, not two. The laws have caught up with our conscience. What remains is to give life to what is in the law: to ensure at last that as all are born equal in dignity before God, all are born equal in dignity before man.As we learn to go forward together at home, let us also seek to go forward together with all mankind.Let us take as our goal: where peace is unknown, make it welcome; where peace is fragile, make it strong; where peace is temporary, make it permanent.After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation.Let all nations know that during this administration our lines of communication will be open.We seek an open world--open to ideas, open to the exchange of goods and people--a world in which no people, great or small, will live in angry isolation.We cannot expect to make everyone our friend, but we can try to make no one our enemy.Those who would be our adversaries, we invite to a peacefulcompetition--not in conquering territory or extending dominion, but in enriching the life of man.As we explore the reaches of space, let us go to the new worldstogether--not as new worlds to be conquered, but as a new adventure to be shared.With those who are willing to join, let us cooperate to reduce the burden of arms, to strengthen the structure of peace, to lift up the poor and the hungry.But to all those who would be tempted by weakness, let us leave no doubt that we will be as strong as we need to be for as long as we need to be.Over the past twenty years, since I first came to this Capital as a freshman Congressman, I have visited most of the nations of the world.I have come to know the leaders of the world, and the great forces, the hatreds, the fears that divide the world.I know that peace does not come through wishing for it--that there is no substitute for days and even years of patient and prolonged diplomacy.I also know the people of the world.I have seen the hunger of a homeless child, the pain of a man wounded in battle, the grief of a mother who has lost her son. I know these have no ideology, no race.I know America. I know the heart of America is good.I speak from my own heart, and the heart of my country, the deep concern we have for those who suffer, and those who sorrow.I have taken an oath today in the presence of God and my countrymen to uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States. To that oath I now addthis sacred commitment: I shall consecrate my office, my energies, and all the wisdom I can summon, to the cause of peace among nations.Let this message be heard by strong and weak alike:The peace we seek to win is not victory over any other people, but the peace that comes "with healing in its wings"; with compassion for those who have suffered; with understanding for those who have opposed us; with the opportunity for all the peoples of this earth to choose their own destiny.Only a few short weeks ago, we shared the glory of man's first sight of the world as God sees it, as a single sphere reflecting light in the darkness.As the Apollo astronauts flew over the moon's gray surface on Christmas Eve, they spoke to us of the beauty of earth--and in that voice so clear across the lunar distance, we heard them invoke God's blessing on its goodness.In that moment, their view from the moon moved poet Archibald MacLeish to write:"To see the earth as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that eternal silence where it floats, is to see ourselves as riders on the earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal cold--brothers who know now they are truly brothers."In that moment of surpassing technological triumph, men turned their thoughts toward home and humanity--seeing in that far perspective that man's destiny on earth is not divisible; telling us that however far we reach into the cosmos, our destiny lies not in the stars but on Earth itself, in our own hands, in our own hearts.We have endured a long night of the American spirit. But as our eyes catch the dimness of the first rays of dawn, let us not curse the remaining dark. Let us gather the light.Our destiny offers, not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness-- and, "riders on the earth together," let us go forward, firm in our faith, steadfast in our purpose, cautious of the dangers; but sustained by our confidence in the will of God and the promise of man.我们都是地球的乘客-理查德-尼克松第一次就职演讲星期一,1969年1月20日历史的每一个时刻转瞬即逝,它既珍贵又独特。