考研英语一阅读理解真题加解析1994 Passage 5

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding —the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities."All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________.[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials[D] disabled children deserve special consideration61. This passage mainly deals with ________.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisions重点词汇：denote （v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note 记录，“记录下来”→表示。

（1994）Text1核心词汇：1. market-oriented（以市场为导向的）←market市场+orient定位+ed形容词后缀。

2. embrace （v.拥抱；包含）即em+brace，em-（=in），brace词根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”→拥抱→引申为“包含”。

brace作单词意为“v.支撑n.支柱”3. coupled with 与……相结合；bid up 哄抬物价；gain control over 获得对……的控制。

难句剖析：难句1：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.这是一个有定语从句和宾语从句的复杂句。

首先要抓住的核心句为The American economic system is organized around a... economy，economy前面的定语在开始阅读时可以不看。

在economy后面是一个以in which引导的定语从句in which consumers largely determine，而这个从句中又有一个宾语从句what shall be produced。

在定语从句中又有一个by引导的分词结构spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者是如何决定应生产何种产品，而这个方式状语中又有一个定语从句that they want most。

1994年考研英语阅读理解真题答案1994年考研英语阅读理解真题答案对于考研的同学们来说，历年的英语阅读理解真题往往有很大的帮助。

下面店铺整理了1994年英语考研阅读理解真题及答案，希望对你有所帮助!1994年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. [C]2. [A]3. [A]4. [D]5. [C]6. [C]7. [B]8. [B]9. [D]10. [B]Part B (5 points)11. [D] even12. [A] obvious13. [B] had come14. [B] that of the earth15. [C] to have been invented16. [A] Much as 或 Much though17. [B] make18. [A] Unless (=if... not)19. [C] 删去but 或将believing 改为believe20. [C] a great interest inPart C (10 points)21. [C]22. [A]23. [D]24. [B]25. [D]26. [C]27. [A]28. [B]29. [B]30. [B]31. [C]32. [A]33. [B]34. [D]35. [C]36. [C]37. [D]38. [A]39. [A]40. [B]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41. [A]42. [C]43. [B]44. [D]45. [C]46. [A]47. [B]48. [C]49. [D]50. [D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51. [D]52. [D]53. [A]54. [C]55. [B]56. [C]57. [B]58. [B]59. [A]60. [C]61. [D]62. [A]63. [D]64. [D]65. [B]66. [C]67. [A]68. [C]69. [B]70. [B]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71.他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的'发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。

考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译（1994－2011）2011Part AText 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer anddownload still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is cap able of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.译文：纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议.别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的.“好啊，终于好了！” Anthony Tommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家.但是，这个任命之所以一起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名.甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为：低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质.纽约爱乐乐团迄今为止都是由像Gustav Mahler(古斯塔夫•马勒)和Pierre Boulez布列兹那样的音乐家领导的.这样去描述这个乐团的下一位指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬.就我看来，我不知道Gilbert是否是一个伟大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥.但是我能确定的是，他能表现出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出.我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打开的我的电脑从ITUNES上下载更多的唱片.那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了一些事情.当下为了获得艺术爱好者的钱，时间，关注度，古典音乐的演奏家们(其实就是指交响乐团，同意复述)不仅要和剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司和博物馆竞争，而且还需要和那些记录了20世纪的伟大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争.唱片很便宜，那里都能买到，并且比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高.进一步的讲，听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点.这些到处可以获得的唱片给传统的演出机构带来了危机.对于古典音乐演奏者而言，他们可能的一个回应就是排练出唱片上没有的曲目.Gilbert对新音乐兴趣已经被广泛的关注了：Alex Ross，一名古典音乐的批评家，就这样描述道：他能够把爱乐乐团变成一个完全不同，更加有活力的组织.但是那种不同的性质也是什么呢？可能仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的，如果Gilbert和他的乐团要进步的话，他们就必须首先改变美国最古老的乐团(就是纽约爱乐乐团)同他们想吸引的新观众间的关系.文章分析：这篇文章来自Commentary 2007年9月刊的一篇文章Selling Classical Music by TERRY TEACHOUT.这个杂志可以说知名度并不高，这可以看出命题人的出题指向性，反反命题的倾向很严重.以前的经济学人，今年只有在B节入选.这篇文章的体裁是议论文.第一二段都是一个引入.三段提出了作者的观点.四段和五段是对于三段观点进一步的递进和展开.而在第一个第二段中是不同的人对于新任指挥的看法.所以阅读文章没有什么复杂的就是关注观点！分清论点和论据！试题分析:21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has .[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.解析：如果只根据第一段的话，那么大多数人 most part是 favorable,甚至连不苟言笑的Anthony Tommasini 都发出万岁的声音.所以选C22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.解析：这个题目关键就是要学会对论点和论据的敏感：Tommasini是个具体的人提他是有目的的.问他的看法，你可以直接看这样一句：“a n unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”但是这样的句子中的：unpretentious和formidable属于难词，真正知道其词义的同学不多，无法直接得出答案而这个句子在段落中和第一句是一个递进的关系，他是进一步说明第一句的：One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known.这个句子难度不大.这个人相对来讲名气不大.A,C,D 都无从谈起了.只有modest和这个名气大不大能相关.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.解析：作者的观点：The author believes，这个是在关注定位词devoted concertgoers后的另外一个关键点；作者认为concertgoers miss the point;但具体是什么，需要看选项了.A ,忽略了现场演奏的费用，B,拒绝大多数的唱片演奏.这两个是没有根据的属于未提及选项.C有一定的干扰性：the variety of live performances，二段中是有variety 这个单词的，并且在段落中出现了好多并列的成分，这样对于很多没有读懂原文的同学其实是会产生视觉干扰的.但是the value of live performances这个宾语和动词是没有原文依据的.最后一个选项之所以正确是由于：作者在一直说唱片的好，而前面又说concertgoers认为现场演奏不会被唱片代替.这样就是论点上的正话反说了.通过排除法我们直接可以把答案定位到最后一个：高估了现场表演的价值.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.解析：这是一道典型的细节题，通过题干中的关键词：recordings定位到倒数第二段：These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s liveperformances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s c hoosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.一连串的描述就是B.干扰项是 C : They help improve the quality of music.听Kevin的分析主谓宾，回文章中定位你会发现，文章中说的是唱片中的表演的质量要比现在的好，但是并没有说：help improve the quality of music. [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.和原文表述相反.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.原文没有提及.而且only的表意太绝对了.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.解析：问作者的态度，主体是作者，对象是Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic从具体表述出发寻找相应的态度表达词：But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orch estra’s repertoire will not be enough.一个but ,一个？，一个not就把这种不确定性给出来了.于是这就是选A doubtful. Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board ofHartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avonand American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey :“I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo (PEP) a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. RobertWillumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”译文：当八月份，Liam McGee以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白.他没有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标.McGee说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的决定.两周后，他第一次和Hartford Financial Services Group的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO.他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位(下家)，使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司.这同时也就他的激情和决心，给了外界一个清晰的信号.这样做的并不只是McGee一个人.最近几周，Avon and American Express 的一些高级经理离职并解释说想需找一个CEO的职位.当董事会迫于股东的压力对一系列的计划进行审查的时候，那些计划被否定掉的经理们也会想离开.激烈的商业环境同样使得高级经理很小心，模糊的表态可能会破坏他们的声誉.当经济复苏的标志开始确定的时候，二把手们可能更愿意在没有网(新的工作)情况下换工作.第三季度，根据Liberum 的调查，CEO的更迭和一年前相比减少了23%，这是由于紧张的董事会紧盯着他们的CEO们.随着经济的复苏和好转，对有理想的头儿们，机会是很多的.离开高管的职位去寻找一个更好的职位，并不是传统的做法.多年以来，经理们和猎头们都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO的竞争是那些需要去挖来的人.Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey说道：我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事会都要求我从那些在任的CEO中寻找人选.那些没有找到工作就离开的人并不是很快就能找到顶级的职位.10年前，Tropicana被PepsiCo (PEP)收购了，她以经理的身份离职了，她说他想当CEO.但是花了一年的时间她才成为一家小型互联网交换公司的头.2005年Robert Willumstad带着想成为CEO的梦想离开了Citigroup.可是三年后他才成为了一家主要的金融机构的CEO.很多招聘的人都说对于高管而言，过去认为的丢脸的感觉(没有工作)已经慢慢消失了.金融危机已经使得跳槽，离开一个不好的工作变得更加可以接受了.一个猎头就说到：“传统的规则是待在你原来的地方会更加安全，但是现在已经彻底改变了. 那些受伤最厉害的就是那里在一个地方待太久的人.”文章分析：这篇文章来自：Business Week 商业周刊 2009年11月5日，Top Managers Are Quitting, Without a New Job by Jena McGregor：顶级经理人在离职，新工作还没着落.文章从Liam McGee的跳槽为引子开始，引出第二段中跳槽的人很多.第三段进一步的讲金融危机会引起更多的人跳槽.四段和五段回顾过去.六段回到现在.借别人的嘴强化观点：就是该跳，并且要“裸跳”，在没有找到下家就跳.“裸跳”不丢人.26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.解析：根据题干中的McGee announced his departure定位到这两句：When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation wassurprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” straight up是第一个线索，Rather than vague excuses答案直接可以锁定：B. frank.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.解析：根据题干中的关键词senior executives’ quitting，寻找原因：文章中很明确的with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.答案和原文使用了上下义词的替换；new career goals= CEO post；也是上下义词的替换.有干扰性最大的就是C了，后文确实提到了和board 之间的关系，但是是讲在计划不被批准的时候，并不是和董事会关系紧张.并且董事会的审查是在股东的压力下才执行的.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of. [B]attende d to.[C]hunted for [D ]guarded against.解析：理解这句话：I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事会都要求我从那些在任的CEO中寻找人选.这说明那些人都是要去挖的，那么对应的单词就是hunt for 了.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional ru les.解析：段落推理题.通过文章的这句话The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted.我们可以直接得出答案A.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go? [B ]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers解析：强烈的干扰项是：[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?原因在于CEO在文中出现了很多次，同学们把CEO成了主体词.这也是反反命题的一个体现.文章的主体词其实是：top manager, CEO只是他们想去成为，而不是现在就是.不是主题词.这给了我们一个启示，要从文章的大意找结构.不要被其他的所谓技巧所迷惑.去掉A 和B以后，c和d相比答案就比较容易了.只是要理解net 就是替换了new job.而原文的标题就是这样的top Managers Are Quitting, Without a New Job.Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” m edia –such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alertsabout products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. In fact，the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who makenegative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.译文：过去，市场营销的成功诀窍简而言之就是一分钱一分货.然而时过境迁.虽然传统的“付费”(paid)媒介，比如电视和广播广告、平面广告和路边广告牌等，仍然扮演着重要角色，但企业如今还可以利用许多其他形式的媒介.比如，痴迷于某种产品的消费者，可能会乐意将之推荐给朋友，从而为企业创造因产品的优良品质带来的“无偿”(earned)媒介.企业还可以利用“自有”(owned)媒介，通过邮件向其网站的注册用户发送产品和销售提示.事实上，如今消费者作出购买决定的方式，意味着市场营销的影响力来自于传统付费媒介之外的广泛因素.营销人员通过付费和自有媒介推销其产品，而在“无偿”媒介方面，营销人员就像是触发用户响应的初始催化剂.在某些情况下，某营销者的自有媒介会成为另一个营销者的付费媒介.比如，当某电子商务零售商出售其网站的广告空间时，我们就将这种“售出”媒介定义为拥有巨大流量、以致其他机构纷纷前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介.我们认为，这种趋势已蓬勃发端于零售商和航空、酒店等旅游供应商，虽然还处于初始阶段，但无疑可以走得更远.比如，强生公司创建了著名网站BabyCenter，借以推广互补性乃至竞争性产品，而其他营销者的出现不仅带来了收入，还令该网站看起来公正客观，并且使企业有机会从其他公司的营销活动中获得可贵的信息，最后还有助于扩大所有相关企业的用户流量.剧烈的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通选择，但同时也带来了更高的风险，因为激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更明显、更有害的方式来表达他们的意见.这就是与“无偿”媒介相对的“劫持”媒介：某项资产或活动变成了对某个品牌或产品不满的消费者、其他股东或积极分子的劫持物.比如，社交网络用户正领悟到，他们可以通过“劫持”媒介来对最初创建该媒介的企业施加压力.如果那种事情发生，激动的消费者试图劝服其他人共同抵制两家公司的产品，从而危及企业声誉.当这种事情发生的时候，如果企业的回应不够快或不够好，那么就可能酿成悲剧.比如，在今年较早前发生的召回危机中，丰田汽车公司采取了较快且较有序的社交媒体回应行动，包括在Twitter和社会新闻网站Digg等网站上与客户进行直接交流，从而挽回了部分损失.文章分析：这篇文章是很典型的，节选性决定了其不完整性，这篇文章的原文长度要远远长于节选的部分.第一段介绍了除开传统的媒体之外还有新的媒体earned media 产生.第二段，Paid and owned media引出了sold media,第三段和第四段就hijacked media 提出看法，这篇文章是说明性质的议论文.还是要关注论点和论据的问题.试题分析：31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote qualityproducts.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.解析：Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends同义改写了一下，把passionate about a product 和by willingly promoting it to friends变成了when they are这样答案就直接指向了：enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.这样的同意改写在表达方式上变了但是核心含义没有发生改变还是对语言多样性的考察,所以答案就是D32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.解析：根据题干关键词sold media回文定位：We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.我们就将这种“售出”媒介定义为拥有巨大流量、以致其他机构纷纷前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介.理解清楚答案：traffic除了有交通的意思外还有流量的意思是相对关键的.所以答案为：C33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.解析：回文章定位：Such hijacked media are theopposite of earned media:Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.第二句中的they can hijack media，此处的的media就是earned media .当它被劫持后就变成了hijacked media，进而成为了earned media 的反面那就是产生不利的影响,所以答案是B.34. Toyota Motor’s experienc e is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.解析：例证题，例证一定是为了某个观点服务的,这个例子对应的观点：In suc h a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. 当这种事情发生的时候，如果企业的回应不够快或不够好，那么就可能酿成悲剧.按照惯性，丰田这次就应该是酿成杯具了.但是出题人没有给出丰田杯具了的答案，因为他们也知道这样出题不符合常规且不人道.考生在这个时候可能会慌张，准备认真读例子了，但是有个单词不认识alleviated到底是表示加剧还是表示减轻呢？继续往后看，with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign这说明他们的措施是得到的，所以应该是减轻.再回看前面的那一句：如果企业的回应不够快或不够好，那么就可能酿成悲剧.那么就说明丰田的例子在从好的方面例证他，也就是要是处理好了就不会有杯具.对应第一和第四个选项，两个选项区别很明显一个是被动回应，一个是主动利用这样就可得出答案：A35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.解析：主旨题，这篇文章是说明性质的议论文，后面三个选项都只是涉及到文中说的一个细节，只有A中的Alternatives 包括了所有文章提到的几种传媒形式.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quitefair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had k ids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to i magine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.译文：毫无疑问，Jennifer Senior在有煸动意味的的杂志封面故事中表达了她的独到见解，“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们的谈兴.人们一谈到养孩子就会觉得这是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情.JenniferSenior没有指出养孩子到底是使得父母快乐呢还是痛苦呢，她倒是认为，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该是一个个瞬间的快乐组合的可以被衡量的东西；我们应该把幸福视为一种过去式的状态.尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是Jennifer Senior认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却成为我们欢乐的源泉.杂志封面上一位给力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，这种圣母与圣子(麦当娜和孩子)的图画这周在杂志上多次出现.例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲——有时是刚变成单身母亲——桑德拉布鲁克，以及那种很常见的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻.实际上，每周都有至少一位名人母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者.在一个不断地庆祝生育的社会中，承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己支持杀小猫，这难道不值得反思吗？把父母的后悔与孩子的后悔相比较，这显然并不合理.没有人会去让不情愿养孩子的父母去反思自己是否不该养孩子，但是那不幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰：“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”，显然，你们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除.当然，像美国周刊与人物这样的杂志提供的名人父母的形象是非常不切实际的.特别是像Bullock这样的单身母亲时更是如此.多项研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，而单亲家庭是最不快乐的.这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了，没有人可以依靠.然而，你听听Sandra和Britney说的话：自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常简单.(她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围有一帮人全天侯的侯着啊.)很难想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真因为Reese和Angelina这种名流使这种行为变的很光鲜，——多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是剪头发那样简单.但这确实有趣：反思一下我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人父母的生活会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满.这种方式就好像：我们有那种想成为“ the Rachel”(老友记中的单身妈妈)的心理，这种心理，使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿(Rachel 的扮演者).。

1994 Passage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal —and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities."Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have.[B] The intelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems.[D] The way they present their findings.69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of science[D] concerned about the advance of society科学技术上的发明创造被“不知内情者”看做灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性事件的结果。

1994年考研英语真题精解精析1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。

1994年试题题型与1993年相比，题型发生了很大的变化，“语法结构与词汇”分为3个部分进行考察：语法选择题、语法辩错题及词汇题。

题量减少了5题，计分也相应地减少。

总体难度方面，各部分都较1993年略有增加。

SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文讲述了语言中最小单位单词的选词问题，恰当的选词可以消除交流障碍，不慎重的词语却会造成误会。

【英汉对照】41.A.of(……的)B.at(在……点)C.for(为了)D.on(在……上)42.A.inaccessible(无法获得的) B.timely(及时地)C.likely(可能地)D.invalid(无用的)43.A.encourages(鼓励)B.prevents(阻止)C.destroys(破坏)D.offers(给予)44.A.pass out(昏倒，分发)B.take away(拿走，带走)C.back up(备份，储备)D.stir up(激励，刺激)45.A.who(指代人)B.as(正如)C.which(指代无)D.what(所……的)46.A.Moreover(而且，此外)B.However(然而)C.Preliminarily(初步地)D.Unexpectedly(意外地)47.A.that(那)B.It(它)C.so(所以)D.this(这)48.A.speech(讲话)B.sense(感觉)C.message(信息)D.meaning(意思)49.A.obscure(模糊的)B.difficult(困难的)C.impossible(不可能的)D.unable(无能的)50.A.case(事例，案例)B.means(方式)C.method(方法)D.way(方法)【核心词汇】b reakdown['breikdaun]n.崩溃；衰竭；（关系、计划或讨论等的）中断，（机械）破损，故障；垮台，破裂（break+down下→崩溃）comprehension[7kCmpri5henFEn]a.理解（力）,领悟；包含，包含力（comprehend（d）+sion 名词后缀）eliminate[i'limineit]vt.除去;淘汰;排（删,消）除;削减（人员）,杀掉，干掉（e出+limin+ate动词后缀→出门槛→删除）interfere[,intə'fiə]v.（in）干涉,干预;介入,（with）妨碍,打扰（inter相互+fer带来+e动词后缀→干涉）reception[ri5sepFEn]n.接待,招待会;接收,接受,接收效果,欢迎,欢迎会;接待处（re再+cept拿+ion名词后缀→接受）transmission[trAnz5miFEn]n.播送,发射;传动,传送，传播；传动装置，变速器（trans跨越＋miss+ion名词后缀→传送过去）transmit[trænz'mit]vt.传输＆导；转送；发射，播送，广播；传播，传染；传导vi.发射信号；发报（trans跨越＋mit→送过去→传达）utmost[5QtmEust]a.最远的;极度的；极端的n.极限,极度,最大可能【超纲词汇】inaccurate[in'ækjurət]a.错误的indefinite[in'definət]adj.不确定的；模糊的；无限的unfavorable[5Qn5feivErEbl]adj.不宜的；令人不快的；不顺利的【常用词组】break down分解；发生故障；失败；毁掉；制服interfere with干扰，干涉；触动或弄坏；乱动；与……抵触【答案与详解】41.答案→A考点→介词词组解题技巧→本文第一句提出，对于语言来说，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。

1994 Text 1Paragraph 11、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。

在这个经济体制里，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。

1.1 organize英/ˈɔ:gənaɪz/ 美/ɔrɡənˌaɪz/vi. 组织起来；成立组织vt. 组织；使有系统化；给予生机；组织成立工会等1.2 basically英/'beɪsɪk(ə)lɪ/ 美/'besɪkli/adv. 主要地，基本上1.3 oriented英/'ɔːrɪentɪd/ 美/'orɪɛntɪd/v. 调整；使朝向（orient的过去分词）；确定…的方位adj. 导向的；定向的；以…为方向的1.4 determine英/dɪ'tɜːmɪn/ 美/dɪ'tɝmɪn/v. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定vt. 决定，确定；判定，判决；限定vi. 确定；决定；判决，终止；[主用于法律]了结，终止，结束2、Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. 为了获取利润，私有企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。

1994 年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at[C] for[D] on2. [A] inaccessible[B] timely[C] likely[D] invalid3. [A] encourages[B] prevents[C] destroys[D] offers4. [A] pass out[B] take away[C] back up[D] stir up5. [A] who[B] as[C] which[D] what6. [A] Moreover[B] However[C] Preliminarily[D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that[B] it[C] so[D] this8. [A] speech[B] sense[C] message[D] meaning9. [A] obscure[B] difficult[C] impossible[D] unable10. [A] case[B] means[C] method[D] way一、文章结构总体分析语言中的首要的以及最小的单位是单词。

考研英语阅读理解真题答案及解析CONTENTSPREFACE ..................................................D I 2006 TEXT 1 . (1)2006 TEXT 2 (3)2006 TEXT 3 (6)2006 TEXT 4 (8)2005 TEXT 1 (10)2005 TEXT 2 (12)2005 TEXT 3 (13)2005 TEXT 4 (15)2004 TEXT 1 (18)2004 TEXT 2 (19)2004 TEXT 3 (21)2004 TEXT 4 (22)2003 TEXT 1 (25)2003 TEXT 2 (28)2003 TEXT 3 (30)2003 TEXT 4 (33)2002 TEXT 1 (36)2002 TEXT 2 (39)2002 TEXT 3 (41)2002 TEXT 4 (44)2001 PASSAGE 1 (47)2001 PASSAGE 2 (49)2001 PASSAGE 3 (52)2001 PASSAGE 4 (54)2001 PASSAGE 5 (56)2000 PASSAGE 1 (59)2000 PASSAGE 2 (62)2000 PASSAGE 3 (64)2000 PASSAGE 4 (67)2000 PASSAGE 5 (69)1999 PASSAGE 1 (72)1999 PASSAGE 2 (74)1999 PASSAGE 3 (77)1999 PASSAGE 4 (79)1999 PASSAGE 5 ......................................... 821998 PASSAGE 1 .. (85)1998 PASSAGE 2 (87)1998 PASSAGE 3 (90)1998 PASSAGE 4 (93)1998 PASSAGE 5 (95)1997 PASSAGE 1 (97)1997 PASSAGE 2 (100)1997 PASSAGE 3 (102)1997 PASSAGE 4 (104)1997 PASSAGE 5 (107)1996 PASSAGE 1 (109)1996 PASSAGE 2 (111)1996 PASSAGE 3 (113)1996 PASSAGE 4 (116)1996 PASSAGE 5 (118)1995 PASSAGE 1 (120)1995 PASSAGE 2 (121)1995 PASSAGE 3 (123)1995 PASSAGE 4 (126)1995 PASSAGE 5 (128)1994 PASSAGE 1 (130)1994 PASSAGE 2 (131)1994 PASSAGE 3 (133)1994 PASSAGE 4 (135)1994 PASSAGE 5 (137)PREFACE一本书最后写成却被安放在最前面的部分叫―前言‖。

1994年考研英语真题阅读理解精读笔记Text 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private enterprise， market oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.Private businessmen，striving to make profits， produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive， operating under competitive pressures，largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers， coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.In the American economy， this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller producers.If the products is in short supply relative to the demand， the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller producers， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.Thus， price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property)， and they are permitted to hire labor， gain control over natural resources， and produce goods and services for sale at a profit.In the American economy， the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights，including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51. In Line 7， Paragraph 1，“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means .［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .［A］ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production［B］ consumers can express their demands through producers［C］ producers decide the prices of products［D］ supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage， a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .［A］ private property and rights concerned［B］ manpower and natural resources control［C］ ownership of productive resources［D］ free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about .［A］ how American goods are produced［B］ how American consumers buy their goods［C］ how American economic system works［D］ how American businessmen make their profitsText 1allow 10/E5lau/v.允许，准许；承认；让……得到，使……得以发生bid 4/bid/v.出价；投标；努力争取；n.买方的出价；投标；努力争取characterize 8/5kAriktEraiz/v.表示……的特性；描述……的特性commodity 6/kE5mCditi/n.商品，物品competition 16/kCmpi5tiFEn/n.比赛；竞争competitive 9/kEm5petitiv/a.竞争的，比赛的concept 15/5kCnsept/n.概念，观念，思想concern 20/kEn5sE:n/v.涉及，关系到；（常与with，about，in连用）关心，挂念；担心，担忧；n.（利害）关系；关心，挂念；担心，担忧contract 4/5kCntrAkt/n.契约，合同，包工；v.缩小，缩短；订（约）economic 33/7i:kE5nCmik/a.经济（上）的，经济学的economy 29/i(:)5kCnEmi/n.节约；经济eliminate 5/i5limineit/v.消除embrace 1/im5breis/v.拥抱；包含enterprise 5/5entEpraiz/n.事业，企（事）业单位；事业心，进取心express 8/iks5pres/v.表达，表示；a.特快的，快速的；n.快车，快运factor 13/5fAktE/n.因素，要素goods 9/gudz/n.商品，货物individual 23/7indi5vidjuEl/a.个人的，单独的；独特的；n.个人，个体largely 12/5lB:dVli/ad.主要地，基本上；大量地，大规模地lower 7/5lEuE/a.较低的，下级的，下游的；v.降下，放低mechanism 6/5mekEnizEm/n.机械装置，机构；机制motive 2/5mEutiv/n.动机，目的；a.发动的，运动的organize 5/5C:gEnaiz/v.组织，编组orient 4/5C:riEnt/n.［the O-］东方；v.定……的方位ownership 5/5EunEFip/n.所有（权），所有制pressure 10/5preFE(r)/n.压（力）；强制，压迫，压强；v.强制，迫使private 11/5praivit/a.私人的，个人的，秘密的，私下的process 40/prE5ses/n.过程，进程；工序，制作法；工艺；v.加工，处理product 14/5prCdQkt/n.产品，产物；乘积；结果，后果productive 5/prE5dQktiv/a.生产（性）的，能产的，多产的profit 6/5prCfit/n.利润，收益，益处；v.（by，from）得利，获益；利用；有利于property 7/5prCpEti/n.财产，资产，所有物；性质，特性purchase 6/5pE:tFEs/v.买，购买；n.购买的物品；购买regulate 4/5regjuleit/v.管制，控制；调节，校准relative 6/5relEtiv/a.（to）相对的，比较的；有关系的，相关的；n.亲属，亲戚resource 7/ri5sC:s/n.［pl.］资源，财力；办法，智谋；应变之才；设备respond 8/ris5pCnd/v.回答，答复；（to）响应response 9/ris5pCns/n.回答，回音；反应，响应result 50/ri5zQlt/n.结果，成果，成绩；v.（in）导致，结果是；（from）起因于，因……而造成sentence 14/5sentEns/n.句子；判决，宣判；v.宣判，判决strive 5/straiv/v.奋斗，努力system 35/5sistEm/n.系统，体系；制度，体制tend 30/tend/v.趋向，往往是；照料，看护basically 1/5beisikEli/ad.基本上，主要地businessman 8/5biznismAn/n.商人consumer 20/kEn5sju:mE/n.消费者mainly 14/5meinli/ad.大体上，主要地manpower 4/5mAnpauE/n.人力marketplace 2/5mB:kit5pleis/n.集会场所，市场maximize 1/5mAksmaiz/vt.最大值，最佳化mechanize 1/5mekEnaiz/v.机械化overstate 1/5EuvE5steit/vt.夸大，夸张producer 3/prE5dju:sE/n.生产者，制作者，演出人，（电影）制片人seller 4/5selE/n.售货者难句1 The American economic system is organized around a basically private enterprise， market oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.【语法分析】1．核心句为：The American economic system is organized around a...economy。

1994年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文阅读Text 1美国的经济体制建立在私营为主的企业和市场经济的基础之上，消费者通过在市场花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务来对应该生产什么起主要决定作用。

私营业主在与同行的竞争中为追求利润而生产、提供这些产品和服务。

运作于竞争压力下的利润驱动极大程度地决定着这些产品及服务的生产方式。

因此，在美国经济体制下，个人消费者的需要，加之企业家对最大利润的追求以及个人对使收入取得最大收益的渴望，共同决定着该生产什么以及资源该如何使用来进行生产。

市场为主导的经济的一个重要因素是这样一个机制。

通过该机制，消费者能够表达自己的意愿，生产商也能对此做出反应。

在美国经济中，该机制通过价格体系得以实现。

在这个过程中，价格随着消费者的相对需求和销售商——生产商的供给状况而升降。

如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会被抬高，一些消费者将被挤出市场。

另一方面，如果商品的大量生产带来成本的降低，这极易提高销售商——生产商的供给，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。

因此，价格是美国经济体系中的制约机制。

私营企业经济的重要因素是个人被允许拥有生产资料（私人财产），他们在获准雇佣劳动力，控制自然资源，为获利销售而生产产品和提供服务。

在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，包括对产品的定价权或与另一私营者鉴定自由合同的权利。

Text 21.13亿美国人每人至少拥有一张银行信用卡。

它们为持卡人在商店、饭店、宾馆，无论是在本地、全国、还是国外，提供自动信用。

信用卡也使许多银行业务得以展开。

越来越多的信用卡可被自动识读，不管当地的分支银行是否开门营业，人们都可以在分散的各处存钱取款。

对我们很多人来说“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。

计算机向消费者提供这些便利的同时，也给商家带来了诸多好处。

电子现金出纳机（收款机）可做之事远远超过将销售情况简单予以记录。

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word.In speaking,the choice of words is1the utmost importance.Proper selection will eliminate one source of2breakdown is in the communication cycle.Too often,careless use of words __3a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener.The words used by the speaker may ___4unfavorable reactions in the listener5interfere with his comprehension;hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.6__,inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7difficult for the listener to understand the8which is being transmitted to him.The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be9to explain or describe in a10that can be understood by his listeners.1.[A]of[B]at[C]for[D]on2.[A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely[D]invalid3.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroys[D]offers4.[A]pass out[B]take away[C]back up[D]stir up5.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what6.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily[D]Unexpectedly7.[A]that[B]it[C]so[D]this8.[A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning9.[A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible[D]unable10.[A]case[B]means[C]method[D]waySectionⅡReading ComprehensionPassage1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.Private businessmen, striving to make profits,produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive,operating under competitive pressures,largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.In the American economy,this mechanism is provided by a price system,a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.If the product is in short supply relative to the demand,the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.Thus,price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to ownproductive resources(private property),and they are permitted to hire labor,gain control over natural resources,and produce goods and services for sale at a profit.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.11.In Line11,Para1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means__.[A]Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B]Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C]Americans want to have their incomes increased[D]Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes12.The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A]producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B]consumers can express their demands through producers[C]producers decide the prices of products[D]supply and demand regulate prices13.According to the passage,a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.[A]private property and rights concerned[B]manpower and natural resources control[C]ownership of productive resources[D]free contracts and prices14.The passage is mainly about__.[A]how American goods are produced[B]how American consumers buy their goods[C]how American economic system works[D]how American businessmen make their profitsPassage2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card.They give their owners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,and hotels,at home,across the country, and even abroad,and they make many banking services available as well.More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically,making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations,whether or not the local branch bank is open.For many of us the“cashless society”is not on the horizon—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers,they have many advantages for sellers too.Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales.They can keep a wide range of records,including who sold what,when,and to whom.This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for puters are relied on by manufacturers for similar puter-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now,which to develop for the future,and which to puters keep track of goods in stock,of raw materials on hand,and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises,from theaters to magazine publishers,from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient services to consumers throughthe use of computers.15.According to the passage,the credit card enables its owner to__.[A]withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B]obtain more convenient services than other people do[C]enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D]cash money wherever he wishes to16.From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that__.[A]in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B]credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C]nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D]it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before17.The phrase"ring up sales"(Line3,Para.2)most probably means“___”.[A]make an order of goods[B]record sales on a cash register[C]call the sales manager[D]keep track of the goods in stock18.What is this passage mainly about?[A]Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B]Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C]Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D]Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.For these children to develop to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children,we find ourselves describing their environment as well.While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention,we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development.And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge,hopes,and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society.In that minor we can see the strengths,the weaknesses,the hopes,the prejudices,and the central values of the culture itself.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.”We’ve heard it many times,but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society.Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law,it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity,whether that capacity be small or great.Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.In response,schools are modifying their programs,adapting instruction to children who are exceptional,to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.19.In Paragraph2,the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____.[A]the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B]exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C]exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D]the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children20.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.[A]they are expected to be leaders of the society[B]they might become a burden of the society[C]they should fully develop their potentials[D]disabled children deserve special consideration21.This passage mainly deals with__.[A]the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B]the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C]the special educational programs for exceptional children[D]the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children22.From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children___.[A]is now enjoying legal support[B]disagrees with the tradition of the country[C]was clearly stated by the country’s founders[D]will exert great influence over court decisionsPassage4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,”says microbiologist Robert Weinberg,an expert on cancer.“But,”he cautions,“Some people have the idea that once one understands the causes,the cure will rapidly follow.Consider Pasteur.He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections,but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”This year,50percent of the910,000people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years.In the year2000,the National Cancer Institute estimates,that figure will be75percent.For some skin cancers,the five-year survival rate is as high as90percent.But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13percent for lung cancer,and2percent for cancer of the pancreas(胰腺).With as many as120varieties in existence,discovering how cancer works is not easy.The researchers made great progress in the early1970s,when they discovered that oncogenes,which are cancer-causing genes(基因),are inactive in normal cells.Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene,but how remains unknown.If several oncogenes are driven into action,the cell,unable to turn them off,becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious,but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,”says oncologist William Haywar.Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated;as Hayward points out,“We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure,though still distant,are brighter."First,we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself.Second,we have todetermine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble.If we can understand how cancer works,we can counteract its action."23.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.[A].predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B]indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C]prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D]warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered24.The author implies that by the year2000,__.[A]there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B]90percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C]the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D]there won’t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients25.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__.[A]that are always in operation in a healthy person[B]which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C]that can be driven out of normal cells[D]which normal cells can’t turn off26.The word"dormant"in the third paragraph most probably means__.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive[D]potentialPassage5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by“untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.Sir Alexander Fleming did not,as legend would have it,look at the mold(霉)on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error.Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal —and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach.Everybody gets ideas,but innovators work consciously on theirs and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise.What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions,professional innovators see as solid possibilities."Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,"wrote Rudolph Flesch,a language authority.This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:"How come nobody thought of that before?"The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything.Faced with getting from A to B,the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route.The innovator will search for alternate courses,which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.27.What does the author probably mean by"untaught mind"in the first paragraph?[A]A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B]A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C]A person who has had no education.[D]An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.28.According to the author,what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A]The variety of ideas they have.[B]The intelligence they possess.[C]The way they deal with problems.[D]The way they present their findings.29.The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph3because__.[A]Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B]the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things.[C]the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view[D]the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented30.The phrase“march to a different drummer”(the last line of the passage)suggests that highly creative individuals are__.[A]diligent in pursuing their goals[B]reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C]devoted to the progress of science[D]concerned about the advance of societyPartⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationAccording to the new school of scientists,technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.(31)Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(32)“In short”,a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(33)Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to,and derived great benefit from,craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes,genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution.The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy,an astronomer of the second century,whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(34)Galileo’s greatest glory was that in1609he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.But the real hero of the story,according to the new school of scientists,was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs.genius dispute.(35)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.PartⅣWriting(15points)DIRECTIONS:A.Title:ON MAKING FRIENDSB.TIME LIMIT:40minutesC.Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:“As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.”E.Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:l.The need for friends2.True friendship3.My principle in making friends。