大学生综合测评信息管理系统英文翻译

软件测试常用英语词汇静态测试：Non-Execution-Based Testing或Static testing代码走查：Walkthrough代码审查：Code Inspection 技术评审：Review 动态测试：Execution-Based Testing白盒测试：White-Box Testing黑盒测试：Black-Box Testing灰盒测试：Gray-Box Testing软件质量保证SQA：Software Quality Assurance软件开发生命周期：Software Development Life Cycle 冒烟测试：Smoke Test回归测试：Regression Test功能测试：Function Testing性能测试：Performance Testing压力测试：Stress Testing 负载测试：Volume Testing易用性测试：Usability Testing安装测试：Installation Testing界面测试：UI Testing配置测试：Configuration Testing 文档测试：Documentation Testing兼容性测试：Compatibility Testing安全性测试：Security Testing恢复测试：Recovery Testing单元测试：Unit Test集成测试：Integration Test系统测试：System Test验收测试：Acceptance Test测试计划应包括：测试对象：The Test Objectives测试范围：The Test Scope 测试策略：The Test Strategy 测试方法：The Test Approach, 测试过程：The test procedures, 测试环境：The Test Environment, 测试完成标准：The test Completion criteria测试用例：The Test Cases测试进度表：The Test Schedules风险：Risks接口：Interface最终用户：The End User 正式的测试环境：Formal Test Environment确认需求：Verifying The Requirements有分歧的需求：Ambiguous Requirements运行和维护：Operation and Maintenance. 可复用性：Reusability可靠性：Reliability/Availability 电机电子工程师协会IEEE：The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 正确性：Correctness实用性：Utility 健壮性：Robustness可靠性：Reliability软件需求规格说明书：SRS （software requirement specification ）概要设计：HLD （high level design ）详细设计：LLD （low level design ）统一开发流程：RUP （rational unified process ）集成产品开发：IPD （integrated product development ）能力成熟模型：CMM （capability maturity model ）能力成熟模型集成：CMMI （capability maturity model integration ）戴明环：PDCA （plan do check act ）软件工程过程组：SEPG （software engineering process group ）集成测试：IT （integration testing ）系统测试：ST （system testing ）关键过程域：KPA （key process area ）同行评审：PR （peer review ）用户验收测试：UAT （user acceptance testing ）验证和确认：V&V （verification & validation ）控制变更委员会：CCB （change control board ）图形用户界面：GUI （graphic user interface ）配置管理员：CMO （configuration management officer ）平均失效间隔时间：（MTBF mean time between failures ）平均修复时间：MTTR （mean time to restoration ）平均失效时间：MTTF （mean time to failure ）工作任务书：SOW （statement of work ）α测试：alpha testing β测试：beta testing适应性：Adaptability可用性：Availability功能规格说明书：Functional Specification软件开发中常见英文缩写和各类软件开发文档的英文缩写：英文简写文档名称MRDmarket requirement document （市场需求文档）PRDproduct requirement document （产品需求文档）SOW工作任务说明书PHBProcess Handbook (项目过程手册)ESTEstimation Sheet (估计记录)PPLProject Plan (项目计划)CMPSoftware Management Plan( 配置管理计划) QAPSoftware Quality Assurance Plan （软件质量保证计划）RMPSoftware Risk Management Plan （软件风险管理计划）TSTTest Strategy（测试策略）WBSWork Breakdown Structure （工作分解结构）BRSBusiness Requirement Specification(业务需求说明书) SRSSoftware Requirement Specification(软件需求说明书) STPSystem Testing plan (系统测试计划)STCSystem Testing Cases （系统测试用例）HLDHigh Level Design (概要设计说明书)ITPIntegration Testing plan (集成测试计划) ITCIntegration Testing Cases （集成测试用例）LLDLow Level Design (详细设计说明书)UTPUnit Testing Plan ( 单元测试计划)UTCUnit Testing Cases （单元测试用例）UTRUnit Testing Report （单元测试报告）ITRIntegration Testing Report （集成测试报告）STRSystem Testing Report （系统测试报告）RTMRequirements Traceability Matrix (需求跟踪矩阵) CSAConfiguration Status Accounting （配置状态发布）CRFChange Request Form （变更申请表）WSRWeekly Status Report （项目周报）QSRQuality Weekly Status Report （质量工作周报）QARQuality Audit Report(质量检查报告)QCLQuality Check List(质量检查表)PARPhase Assessment Report （阶段评估报告）CLRClosure Report （项目总结报告）RFFReview Finding Form (评审发现表)MOMMinutes of Meeting （会议纪要）MTXMetrics Sheet （度量表）CCFConsistanceCheckForm（一致性检查表）BAFBaseline Audit Form（基线审计表）PTFProgram Trace Form（问题跟踪表）领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /软件测试中英文对照术语表A• Abstract test case (High level test case) ：概要测试用例• Acceptance：验收• Acceptance criteria：验收标准• Acceptance testing：验收测试• Accessibility testing：易用性测试• Accuracy：精确性• Actual outcome (actual result) ：实际输出/实际结果• Ad hoc review (informal review) ：非正式评审• Ad hoc testing：随机测试• Adaptability：自适应性• Agile testing：敏捷测试• Algorithm test (branch testing) ：分支测试• Alpha testing：alpha 测试• Analyzability：易分析性• Analyzer：分析员• Anomaly：异常• Arc testing：分支测试• Attractiveness：吸引力• Audit：审计• Audit trail：审计跟踪• Automated testware：自动测试组件• Availability：可用性B• Back-to-back testing：对比测试• Baseline：基线• Basic block：基本块• Basis test set：基本测试集• Bebugging：错误撒播• Behavior：行为• Benchmark test：基准测试• Bespoke software：定制的软件• Best practice：最佳实践• Beta testing：Beta 测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Big-bang testing：集成测试• Black-box technique：黑盒技术• Black-box testing：黑盒测试• Black-box test design technique：黑盒测试设计技术• Blocked test case：被阻塞的测试用例• Bottom-up testing：自底向上测试• Boundary value：边界值• Boundary value analysis：边界值分析• Boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖率• Boundary value testing：边界值测试• Branch：分支• Branch condition：分支条件• Branch condition combination coverage：分支条件组合覆盖率• Branch condition combination testing：分支条件组合测试• Branch condition coverage：分支条件覆盖率• Branch coverage：分支覆盖率• Branch testing：分支测试• Bug：缺陷• Business process-based testing：基于商业流程的测试C• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ：能力成熟度模型• Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ：集成能力成熟度模型• Capture/playback tool：捕获/回放工具• Capture/replay tool：捕获/重放工具• CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) ：电脑辅助软件工程• CAST (Computer Aided Software Testing) ：电脑辅助软件测试• Cause-effect graph：因果图• Cause-effect graphing：因果图技术• Cause-effect analysis：因果分析• Cause-effect decision table：因果判定表• Certification：认证• Changeability：可变性• Change control：变更控制• Change control board：变更控制委员会• Checker：检查人员• Chow's coverage metrics (N-switch coverage) ：N 切换覆盖率• Classification tree method：分类树方法• Code analyzer：代码分析器• Code coverage：代码覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Code-based testing：基于代码的测试• Co-existence：共存性• Commercial off-the-shelf software：商用离岸软件• Comparator：比较器• Compiler：编译器• Complete testing：完全测试/穷尽测试• Completion criteria：完成标准• Complexity：复杂性• Compliance：一致性• Compliance testing：一致性测试• Component：组件• Component integration testing：组件集成测试• Component specification：组件规格说明• Component testing：组件测试• Compound condition：组合条件• Concrete test case (low level test case) ：详细测试用例• Concurrency testing：并发测试• Condition：条件表达式• Condition combination coverage：条件组合覆盖率• Condition coverage：条件覆盖率• Condition determination coverage：条件判定覆盖率• Condition determination testing：条件判定测试• Condition testing：条件测试• Condition outcome：条件结果• Confidence test (smoke test) ：信心测试（冒烟测试）• Configuration：配置• Configuration auditing：配置审核• Configuration control：配置控制• Configuration control board (CCB) ：配置控制委员会• Configuration identification：配置标识• Configuration item：配置项• Configuration management：配置管理• Configuration testing：配置测试• Confirmation testing：确认测试• Consistency：一致性• Control flow：控制流• Control flow graph：控制流图• Control flow path：控制流路径• Conversion testing：转换测试• COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf software) ：商业离岸软件• Coverage：覆盖率• Coverage analysis：覆盖率分析领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Coverage item：覆盖项• Coverage tool：覆盖率工具• Custom software：定制软件• Cyclomatic complexity：圈复杂度• Cyclomatic number：圈数D• Daily build：每日构建• Data definition：数据定义• Data driven testing：数据驱动测试• Data flow：数据流• Data flow analysis：数据流分析• Data flow coverage：数据流覆盖率• Data flow test：数据流测试• Data integrity testing：数据完整性测试• Database integrity testing：数据库完整性测试• Dead code：无效代码• Debugger：调试器• Debugging：调试• Debugging tool：调试工具• Decision：判定• Decision condition coverage：判定条件覆盖率• Decision condition testing：判定条件测试• Decision coverage：判定覆盖率• Decision table：判定表• Decision table testing：判定表测试• Decision testing：判定测试技术• Decision outcome：判定结果• Defect：缺陷• Defect density：缺陷密度• Defect Detection Percentage (DDP) ：缺陷发现率• Defect management：缺陷管理• Defect management tool：缺陷管理工具• Defect masking：缺陷屏蔽• Defect report：缺陷报告• Defect tracking tool：缺陷跟踪工具• Definition-use pair：定义-使用对• Deliverable：交付物• Design-based testing：基于设计的测试• Desk checking：桌面检查领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Development testing：开发测试• Deviation：偏差• Deviation report：偏差报告• Dirty testing：负面测试• Documentation testing：文档测试• Domain：域• Driver：驱动程序• Dynamic analysis：动态分析• Dynamic analysis tool：动态分析工具• Dynamic comparison：动态比较• Dynamic testing：动态测试E• Efficiency：效率• Efficiency testing：效率测试• Elementary comparison testing：基本组合测试• Emulator：仿真器、仿真程序• Entry criteria：入口标准• Entry point：入口点• Equivalence class：等价类• Equivalence partition：等价区间• Equivalence partition coverage：等价区间覆盖率• Equivalence partitioning：等价划分技术• Error：错误• Error guessing：错误猜测技术• Error seeding：错误撒播• Error tolerance：错误容限• Evaluation：评估• Exception handling：异常处理• Executable statement：可执行的语句• Exercised：可执行的• Exhaustive testing：穷尽测试• Exit criteria：出口标准• Exit point：出口点• Expected outcome：预期结果• Expected result：预期结果• Exploratory testing：探测测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /F• Fail：失败• Failure：失败• Failure mode：失败模式• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) ：失败模式和影响分析• Failure rate：失败频率• Fault：缺陷• Fault density：缺陷密度• Fault Detection Percentage (FDP) ：缺陷发现率• Fault masking：缺陷屏蔽• Fault tolerance：缺陷容限• Fault tree analysis：缺陷树分析• Feature：特征• Field testing：现场测试• Finite state machine：有限状态机• Finite state testing：有限状态测试• Formal review：正式评审• Frozen test basis：测试基线• Function Point Analysis (FPA) ：功能点分析• Functional integration：功能集成• Functional requirement：功能需求• Functional test design technique：功能测试设计技术• Functional testing：功能测试• Functionality：功能性• Functionality testing：功能性测试G• glass box testing：白盒测试H• Heuristic evaluation：启发式评估• High level test case：概要测试用例• Horizontal traceability：水平跟踪领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /I• Impact analysis：影响分析• Incremental development model：增量开发模型• Incremental testing：增量测试• Incident：事件• Incident management：事件管理• Incident management tool：事件管理工具• Incident report：事件报告• Independence：独立• Infeasible path：不可行路径• Informal review：非正式评审• Input：输入• Input domain：输入范围• Input value：输入值• Inspection：审查• Inspection leader：审查组织者• Inspector：审查人员• Installability：可安装性• Installability testing：可安装性测试• Installation guide：安装指南• Installation wizard：安装向导• Instrumentation：插装• Instrumenter：插装工具• Intake test：入口测试• Integration：集成• Integration testing：集成测试• Integration testing in the large：大范围集成测试• Integration testing in the small：小范围集成测试• Interface testing：接口测试• Interoperability：互通性• Interoperability testing：互通性测试• Invalid testing：无效性测试• Isolation testing：隔离测试• Item transmittal report：版本发布报告• Iterative development model：迭代开发模型K• Key performance indicator：关键绩效指标领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Keyword driven testing：关键字驱动测试L• Learnability：易学性• Level test plan：等级测试计划• Link testing：组件集成测试• Load testing：负载测试• Logic-coverage testing：逻辑覆盖测试• Logic-driven testing：逻辑驱动测试• Logical test case：逻辑测试用例• Low level test case：详细测试用例M• Maintenance：维护• Maintenance testing：维护测试• Maintainability：可维护性• Maintainability testing：可维护性测试• Management review：管理评审• Master test plan：综合测试计划• Maturity：成熟度• Measure：度量• Measurement：度量• Measurement scale：度量粒度• Memory leak：内存泄漏• Metric：度量• Migration testing：移植测试• Milestone：里程碑• Mistake：错误• Moderator：仲裁员• Modified condition decision coverage：改进的条件判定覆盖率• Modified condition decision testing：改进的条件判定测试•Modified multiple condition coverage：改进的多重条件判定覆盖率• Modified multiple condition testing：改进的多重条件判定测试• Module：模块• Module testing：模块测试• Monitor：监视器• Multiple condition：多重条件• Multiple condition coverage：多重条件覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Multiple condition testing：多重条件测试• Mutation analysis：变化分析• Mutation testing：变化测试N• N-switch coverage：N 切换覆盖率• N-switch testing：N 切换测试• Negative testing：负面测试• Non-conformity：不一致• Non-functional requirement：非功能需求• Non-functional testing：非功能测试• Non-functional test design techniques：非功能测试设计技术O• Off-the-shelf software：离岸软件• Operability：可操作性• Operational environment：操作环境• Operational profile testing：运行剖面测试• Operational testing：操作测试• Oracle：标准• Outcome：输出/结果• Output：输出• Output domain：输出范围• Output value：输出值P• Pair programming：结队编程• Pair testing：结队测试• Partition testing：分割测试• Pass：通过• Pass/fail criteria：通过/失败标准• Path：路径• Path coverage：路径覆盖• Path sensitizing：路径敏感性• Path testing：路径测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Peer review：同行评审• Performance：性能• Performance indicator：绩效指标• Performance testing：性能测试• Performance testing tool：性能测试工具• Phase test plan：阶段测试计划• Portability：可移植性• Portability testing：移植性测试• Postcondition：结果条件• Post-execution comparison：运行后比较• Precondition：初始条件• Predicted outcome：预期结果• Pretest：预测试• Priority：优先级• Probe effect：检测成本• Problem：问题• Problem management：问题管理• Problem report：问题报告• Process：流程• Process cycle test：处理周期测试• Product risk：产品风险• Project：项目• Project risk：项目风险• Program instrumenter：编程工具• Program testing：程序测试• Project test plan：项目测试计划• Pseudo-random：伪随机Q• Quality：质量• Quality assurance：质量保证• Quality attribute：质量属性• Quality characteristic：质量特征• Quality management：质量管理领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 / R• Random testing：随机测试• Recorder：记录员• Record/playback tool：记录/回放工具• Recoverability：可复原性• Recoverability testing：可复原性测试• Recovery testing：可复原性测试• Regression testing：回归测试• Regulation testing：一致性测试• Release note：版本说明• Reliability：可靠性• Reliability testing：可靠性测试• Replaceability：可替换性• Requirement：需求• Requirements-based testing：基于需求的测试• Requirements management tool：需求管理工具• Requirements phase：需求阶段• Resource utilization：资源利用• Resource utilization testing：资源利用测试• Result：结果• Resumption criteria：继续测试标准• Re-testing：再测试• Review：评审• Reviewer：评审人员• Review tool：评审工具• Risk：风险• Risk analysis：风险分析• Risk-based testing：基于风险的测试• Risk control：风险控制• Risk identification：风险识别• Risk management：风险管理• Risk mitigation：风险消减• Robustness：健壮性• Robustness testing：健壮性测试• Root cause：根本原因S• Safety：安全领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Safety testing：安全性测试• Sanity test：健全测试• Scalability：可测量性• Scalability testing：可测量性测试• Scenario testing：情景测试• Scribe：记录员• Scripting language：脚本语言• Security：安全性• Security testing：安全性测试• Serviceability testing：可维护性测试• Severity：严重性• Simulation：仿真• Simulator：仿真程序、仿真器• Site acceptance testing：定点验收测试• Smoke test：冒烟测试• Software：软件• Software feature：软件功能• Software quality：软件质量• Software quality characteristic：软件质量特征• Software test incident：软件测试事件• Software test incident report：软件测试事件报告• Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) ：软件可用性调查问卷• Source statement：源语句• Specification：规格说明• Specification-based testing：基于规格说明的测试• Specification-based test design technique：基于规格说明的测试设计技术• Specified input：特定输入。

英文：Student Information Management SystemOf a school, it can provide users with adequate information and efficient query tool. But there has been people using traditional artificial way, have brought many difficulties for data search, update and maintain.With the continuous improvement of the science and technology, computer science is the maturing of its powerful features has a profound understanding of people. Using a computer to manage student information, with a lot of manual management of the incomparable advantages, such as: the rapid retrieval, find a convenient, high reliability, memory capacity, security and good, long life, low cost. These advantages can the earth to improve work efficiency, therefore, to develop a student information management software is necessary. This system is to use the Visual FoxPro development and production of student information management system, has the following advantages:1) can be quickly and efficiently to achieve school student information, online query performance information;2) can easily achieve the elective operation;3) the statistics of students' basic information, and print4) just one to two management staff to the operating system, save a lot of manpower.System requirements analysis through surveys, the system needs to have the following features:1) requires a good man-machine interface to facilitate the management of the operation;2) the system using the object, requiring better management of privileges;3) the original data to modify a simple and convenient, multi-condition changes;4) to facilitate data queries, support for multi-criteria query;5) can automatically be selected and withdraw from the election operation according to the school courses.Considering this system is mainly aimed at schools, design Student Information Management System's main purpose is to use fast queries and computing capabilities of the computer, replacing the manual processing of management data, and thus the system should function, including students' basic information management, school offered by the course management, course management and performance management. The ongoing management of a variety of information of the students to achieve the modern office, we must often query the data, modify, add, delete, statistics and print and other operations by computer, therefore, the design of information management system should include these features module.Function of the system, combined with the practicality of operating convenience, the student information management system should include the system of the main module and query, maintenance, statistics, course selection and printing of several functional modules.1) the main module. This module is the main interface of the student information management, it is only that the population into the system. In the interface, thelegitimacy of the identification of system users, adding users, modify user operation, while the functional modules of the system operation method prompts.2) the query module. Query mode that the main function is to provide for the data query operation of the user interface, the user can select the appropriate query object based on the query target, and then specify the query basis, related to the query data.3) maintenance module. Maintenance module's main function is to allow users of the data in the database maintenance operations, such as add, delete, modify. The upper body of the procedure is to first select the need to maintain the object (table), then the data need to be celebrated by maintenance work.4) statistical module. The main function of the statistics module to achieve the results of the course students learn the appropriate statistical operations. Statistics in accordance with students' personal circumstances or single subject statistics.5) elective modules. The elective module courses offered by the school elective operating. In this module, provides courses to choose from, users can according to their course selection or withdraw from the election operation, elective operation can also be carried out under certain conditions, the courses can be selected credits and gate count statistics .6) Print module. Print print module real calamity for some basic information.In the implementation of this system, first of all according to the needs of different users to select the appropriate module, then the appropriate response based on the user's actions. Overall, the system is a transaction management system. Transaction processing, the system shown in Figure 2.Entities involved in database design student information management system student entity, program entities and achievements entity, which can create the corresponding database table used to store the data information of the entity. In this system, students entities and the results between the entities, the course entities and the results between the entities, a one-to-many relationship, through the index to establish the appropriate contact.The main interface of the system is the control system functional modules of the application program interface, the user can perform the various functions of the system, through the interface and the interface is still a form to.Functional sub-modules in the system query, the query on the students' basic information, course information and performance information, can form in the form of frames to the organization.1)"Student Information" query interface. Student information query interface the user can select the query conditions (name, student number, or professional) to find the students checked the students found will be displayed in the table below.2)"Course Information" query interface. The course information query interface, users can select your search criteria (course name, course number) to find the courses offered by the school, checked to find the courses will be displayed in the table below.3)"performance information" query interface. "Achievements" in the queryinterface, users can select the "Student Number" to query the results of the students in all courses, select the "Course Number" to find the results of the course students, checked the information found in the table below displayed.Syem maintenance interface is the main maintenance operations on the data in the database. The specific procedure is to first select the object (table) need to be maintained, then the need for a corresponding increase, delete, modify, and other operations.System statistics interface is mainly used for the statistics on student achievement, the main design in this system the two statistical methods, a statistics in accordance with the individual students, the other statistics in accordance with the Billing Division.System elective interface real calamity of the courses offered by the school elective operation. Offers a choice of courses in this interface, the user can according to their course selection or withdraw from the election operation, elective operation can also be carried out under certain conditions, the courses can be selected credits and gate count statistics. The interface by way of form.System print screen to print a variety of information. In the interface, you can call the form of statements in the form.Overall, this system is to use the Visual FoxPro development and design of a student information management system. School student information through the system, performance information query, modify, statistics, printing operations, and elective operation; these operations only one to two management staff to complete and save a lot of manpower, which greatly facilitates the school for students a variety of information management, improve the work efficiency, provided the conditions for the school of modern management.The following are a few examples of the application of the Visual FoxPro development and designExample one. Enrollment of new students is an important task of the annual new semester enrollment. Although admission enrollment database already has a lot of the new students’ electronic information, because of large number of guys, large amount of the data and the changes in timeliness require high, management is more complicated. If using the traditional manual processing,it is not only time-consuming, but also directly affect the quality of work and work efficiency, extremely incompatible with the management requirements of the Information Age . Therefore, in order to save manpower, time and to ensure the accuracy of management information, and subsequently to achieve the modernization of College Student Management, the development of college students in the unit rule requires the electronic registration system has become an urgent need to address the problem of the management and development of colleges and universities . VFP(Visual Foxpro)is a very good database application development software and an object-oriented programming language. It uses a visual programming system designed data access speed, compatibility, has strong portability and simple operation interface, easy to get started. In addition, due to the VFP itself NCRE two compulsory subjects, the school has a broad user base, therefore, the choice of the VFP design and development of college students in the electronic registrationsystem.Example two. Design and Implement a child care information management system developed with Visual Foxpro6.0. The system is based on C / S mode operation. Using the first to build a prototype of the local multi-user management information systems, and then promoted to the route of the C / S system development. This paper analyzes the system requirements, database design and system structure and function, and mainly discusses the key problems of the child care placement, system security control, and a sharing violation.Example three. College student should finish the photo collection unified by the Xinhua News Agency before graduation, it is sued for the diploma and on-line academic qualifications. Before the photo collection,students need to correctly fill in the “Higher education certificate image acquisition card”. The name card code, institution code, Where the campus, and other information are unfimiliar to students who are relatively unknown. Inorder to better serve students, usually bit is the school who to collate and print out the data need to fill in the information capture card data items ,then Released to the students to fill.Example four.Facing of in a wide variety of data and reports that in the evaluation process of the private enterprises, manual handling has been significantly behind the pace of modern management, the use of modern IT in the management of the assessment process is becoming a trend, based on the the VFP evaluation of management information systems, a fully object-oriented analysis and design methods, more human-friendly interface, simple and easy-to-read algorithms to achieve a convenient entry, classification, query, statistics, reports, print function, so that private enterprise assessment management can be more systematic and standardized, automation, improve work efficiency.中文：学生信息管理系统学生信息管理系统是一个学校不可缺少的部分，它能够为用户提供充足的信息和快捷的查询手段。

合肥师范学院（本科）课程设计说明书课程数据库原理题目学生综合测评管理系统姓名学号专业班级指导教师完成日期年月日学生综合测评管理系统目录1绪言........................................................................................................................................... - 2 - 2.需求分析................................................................................................................................... - 3 -2.1按角色需求分析............................................................................................................ - 3 -2.2系统子功能需求分析.................................................................................................... - 3 -3.数据库概念设计....................................................................................................................... - 4 -4.数据库逻辑设计....................................................................................................................... - 8 -4.1E-R对应关系模式 ......................................................................................................... - 8 -4.2数据库中表的设计...................................................................................................... - 11 -5.数据库物理设计..................................................................................................................... - 14 -6.系统的调试与实现................................................................................................................. - 17 -6.1数据库各表的数据...................................................................................................... - 17 -6.2数据库中相关语句的实现.......................................................................................... - 23 -7.设计总结................................................................................................................................. - 27 -1绪言在素质教育评价过程中，学生综合测评是高校普遍采用的评价手段。

国家及校级奖项、称号国家奖学金 National Scholarship国家励志奖学金 National Encouragement scholarship三好学生标兵 Pacemaker to Merit Student三好学生 Merit Student学习优秀生 Model Student of Academic Records突出才能奖 Model Student of Outstanding Capacity先进个人 Advanced Individual/Outstanding Student优秀工作者 Excellent staff优秀学生干部 Excellent Student Cadre优秀共青团员 Excellent League Member优秀毕业生 Outstanding Graduates优秀志愿者 Outstanding Volunteer先进班集体 Advanced Class优秀团干 Outstanding League Cadres学生协会优秀干部Outstanding cadres of Student Association学生协会工作优秀个人Outstanding Individual of Student Association精神文明先进个人Spiritual Advanced Individual社会工作先进个人Advanced Individual of Social Work文体活动先进个人Advanced Individual of Cultural and sports activities 道德风尚奖 Ethic Award精神文明奖 High Morality Prize最佳组织奖 Prize for The Best Organization突出贡献奖 Prize for The Outstanding Contribution工作创新奖 Prize for The Creative Working团队建设奖 Prize for The Team Contribution二、各系比赛与奖项外语系（Foreign Language Department）:数学系(Department of Mathematics )：经济管理系(The Department of Economics & Management)：政法系（Politics and Law Department）：计算机科学系（Computer Science Department）：电子科学系（Electronic Science Department）：服装系（Textile and Fashion Department）：生命科学系(Department of Life Science）：建筑与土木工程系(Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering）：中文系( Department of Chinese Language and Literature)：足球比赛 Football Match网络工程师 Network Engineer Certification全国建模比赛 National Mathematical Modeling Contest辩论赛Debate Competition软件设计大赛Software Design Competition演讲比赛Speech Contest电子设计大赛Electronic Design Contest毕业设计大赛Graduation Design Competition发表论文Publications专利证书Patent实验技能操作大赛Experiment Skill and Operation Contest友谊篮球赛 Friendship Cup Basketball Match工程测量比赛 Engineering Survey Competition学生科研创新奖 Student Award for Research and Innovation化学工程系(Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology)：旅游管理系(Tourism and Management Department):体育系(Department of Sports):音乐系 (Music Department)三、证书大学英语四级CET4 (College English Test Band 4 Certificate) 大学英语六级CET6 (College English Test Band 6 Certificate) 英语专业四级TEM4 (Test for English Major Grade 4 Certificate) 英语专业八级TEM8 (Test for English Major Grade 8 Certificate) 普通话等级考试National Mandarin Test (Level 1, 2, 3; Grade A,B,C)日语能力考试Japanese Language Proficiency Test (Level 1, ２, ３, ４)商务英语证书Business English Certificate）雅思IELTS (International English Language Testing System)托福TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) BEC初级(BEC Preliminary Level，缩略为BEC Pre.)BEC中级(BEC Vantage Level，缩略为BEC Van.)BEC高级(BEC Higher Level，缩略为BEC Hi.)全国计算机等级考试National Computer Rank Examination (NCRE)Rank I: DOS、WINDOWSRankⅡ: VISUAL BASIC，VISUAL FOXPRO，QBASIC，FORTRAN，C， FOXBASERankⅢ : PC technology、Information management、Internet technology、Data base RankⅣ: Ability to systems analysis and systems project全国计算机一级证书First-level Certificate for National Computer全国计算机二级证书Second-level Certificate for National Computer全国计算机三级证书Third-level Certificate for National Computer全国计算机四级证书Fourth-level Certificate for National ComputerCAD工程师认证证书CAD Engineer Certification电工证 Electrician certificate技工证书 Technician Certificate教师资格证 Teacher Certification心理辅导教师资格证书 Psychological Counseling Teacher Certificate驾驶证 Driver’s License计算机技术与软件专业技术（水平）资格考试 Computer Technology and Software Expertise (level) Qualification Examination网络工程师 Network Engineer软件设计师 Software Architect数据库分析师 Database Analyst网络管理员 Webmaster信息系统项目管理师 Information Systems Project Management Division校运会篮球比赛Basketball Matches in Sports-meeting of Huizhou University六、协会法律促进协会Law Promotion Association英语口语协会Oral English Institute交流会Exchange Meeting —— Make Our Voice Heard书法协会Calligraphy Association“亲近中国文化，了解汉字” Get Close to the Chinese culture, Get to Learn Chinese Characters篮球协会 Basketball Association“三人篮球赛” Three-player Basketball Match学生会Student Union团委会Youth League Committee学生社团Students’ Association体育部Sports Department文艺部Arts Department学习部Learning Department女生部Girls Department心理发展部Psychological Development Department外联部Public Relations Department宣传部Propaganda Department生活部Life Department纪检部Discipline Inspection Department秘书部Secretary Department组织部Organization Department编辑部Editorial Department学生会主席President of the Student Union团委会书记Secretary of the Youth League Committee团支书League Branch Secretary团支书Secretary of the Youth League Branch Committee副书记Vice Secretary秘书长Secretary-general学术部干事 a member of the Academic Department优秀团员Excellent League Member班长Monitor/ Class President副班长Vice-monitor文体委员Recreation & Sports Secretary学习委员Study Secretary生活委员Life Secretary宣传委员Publicity Secretary生活委员Organization Secretary勤工俭学Work-study Program青年志愿者协会Youth Volunteers Association政治辅导员Political Tutors晚会主持人Host on the entertainment / evening party礼仪队Reception Team/ Protocol Team三下乡Volunteer Activities for the Country People综合测评Comprehensive Evaluation of Students’Performance预备党员 Probationary Party Member入党积极分子 Applicant for Party Membership综合素质优秀学生 Excellent Student of Comprehensive Quality优秀青年志愿者 Outstanding Young Volunteer品学兼优的学生 Student of Good Character and Scholarship军训Military Training艺术团 Art Troupe义教 Voluntary Teaching迎新晚会 Welcome Party for the Freshmen招聘会 Job Fair广播站Broadcasting Station学生处 Students Affairs Department舍管 houseparent社会活动 social/ public activities课外活动 extracurricular activities社会实践 social practice学术活动 academic activities籍贯 native place婚姻状况 marital status家庭状况 family status可到职时间 date of availability教育程度 educational background课程 curriculum职业目标 career objective主修 major工作目标 employment objective副修 minor希望职位 position wanted优良学风班 Class of Good Style Study 团结合作 Solidarity and Cooperation 创新能力 Creative Ability沟通能力 Communicational Ability兼职 Part-time Job促销员 Sales Promoter派传单 Deliver pamphlets市场调研 Marketing Research乒乓球协会 Table Tennis Association社团艺术节 Community Festival招聘网站 Recruitment Site党支部 Party Branch家教 Tutor英语培训中心English training centre成绩优异 Outstanding Academic Results 学业技能 Academic Skills思想品行 Ideological Morality实习 Internship一、校内奖学金国家奖学金: National Scholarship国家励志奖学金：National Scholarship for Encouragement校一等奖：The First Prize Scholarship校二等奖：The Second Prize Scholarship校三等奖：The Third Prize Scholarship单项奖学金：Individual Scholarship四、优秀毕业生Outstanding Graduates Awards。

外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs(or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant effort has also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilizedin the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presentingsearch results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the completedocument selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。

一、国家及校级奖项、称号国家奖学金
国家励志奖学金
三好学生标兵
三好学生
学习优秀生
突出才能奖
先进个人
优秀工作者
优秀学生干部
优秀共青团员
优秀毕业生
优秀志愿者
先进班集体
优秀团干
学生协会优秀干部
学生协会工作优秀个人
精神文明先进个人
社会工作先进个人
文体活动先进个人
道德风尚奖
精神文明奖
最佳组织奖
突出贡献奖
工作创新奖
团队建设奖
二、各系比赛与奖项
外语系（）:
话剧比赛
英语演讲比赛
八系辩论赛
黑板报设计大赛
设计大赛
文明宿舍
杯篮球比赛
我心飞扬歌唱比赛“ ”
中文系( )：
诗歌朗诵比赛
诗歌创作比赛
摄影大赛
金话筒比赛“ ”
兴我中华演讲比赛
课件比赛
报刊比赛
足球比赛
三笔比赛
冬日环保针织比赛
数学系( )：
登山比赛
网络工程师
全国建模比赛
知识风采比赛
课件制作大赛
经济管理系( )：
辩论赛
创业大赛
政法系（）：
党团知识竞赛
政坛
金秋系列活动“ 模拟法庭
演讲比赛
征文比赛
计算机科学系（）：
网页设计大赛
辩论赛
软件设计大赛
多媒体课件设计大赛
网站设计竞赛
电子科学系（）：
演讲比赛
电子设计大赛
服装系（）：
服装创意设计大赛
毕业设计大赛
发表论文
专利证书
服装设计大赛
泳衣大赛。

外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs (or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant efforthas also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilized in the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presenting search results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the complete document selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types inturn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。

文献翻译题目学生成绩管理系统地设计与实现学生姓名专业班级院V系）软件学院指导教师（职称＞完成时间文献翻译书名：C#设计模式作者姓名：V美）麦斯科vMetsker,S.J）著出处：/ 2006-7-1 / 中国电力出版社主要内容：针对日常地软件开发问题，设计模式提供了一种优雅地、通用地可重用解决方案.程序员可以通过设计模式组织程序中地对象，使其更易于编写和修改•本书正是一本设计模式地实用指南,帮助你采用最常见地模式来编写C#程序.《C#设计模式（附光盘〉》由JamesW.Coope编著,首先简明扼要地介绍了C#面向对象编程、继承和UML图,然后分章描述了23种设计模式及各自地使用场合,并阐明了模式在大型设计中地作用•每种模式地用法都配有相应地示例程序演示，这些程序收录在随书配套光盘中，可以直接运行、测试、编辑和使用.b5E2RGbCAP简介C#C#编程语言是为开发微软公司地.NET框架上地程序而设计地.本章将简要介绍.NET 从何而来，以及它地基本架构.这只是为了确保你从正确地一步开始，让我借此机会提醒你一件可能显面易见地事情： C #地发音为see sharp1.1.120世纪90年代后期地Windows编程在20世纪90年代后期，使用微软平台地Windows编程分化成许多分支.大多数程序员在使用Visual BasicvVB）、C或C+ + .—些C和C++程序员在使用纯Win32 APl，但大多数人在使用MFCvMicrosoft Found撕on Classes微软基础类库）.其他人已经转向了COMvComponent ObjectMdodel,组件对象模型）.所有这些技术都有自己地问题•纯Win32 API不是面向对象地,而且使用它地工作量比使用VIFC地更大.MFC是面向对象地，但是它却不一致，并逐渐变得陈旧.COM虽然概念上简单，但它地实际代码复杂，并且需要很多丑陋地、不雅地底层基础代码.所有这些编程技术地另外一个缺点是它们主要针对桌面程序而不是In temet地开发.那时,Web编程还是以后地事情,而且看起来和桌面编程非常不同.plEanqFDPw[.NET（C#>]把attribute翻译成特性,用来标识类,把property翻译为属性,性质,用于存取类地字段,把markup翻译成标记，tag还是翻译成标签比较好DXDiTa9E3d[.NET（C#>].NET Framework称为公共语言运行库<CLR）或.NET运行库.它地核心是其运行库地执行环境.通常将在CLR地控制下运行地代码称为托管代码<managed code>在CLR执行开发地源代码之前,需要编译它们为中间语言<IL）,CLR再把IL 编译为平台专用地代码.RTCrpUDGiT程序集（assembly^包含编译好地，面向.NET Framework地代码地逻辑单元. 可执行代码和库代码使用相同地程序集结构.程序集地一个重要特性是它们包含地元数据描述了对应代码中定义地类型和方法.5PCzVD7HxA[.NET（C#>]ASP页面有时显示比较慢，因为服务器端代码是解释性地不是编译地. 由于ASP代码不是结构化地所以难于维护，加上ASP不支持错误处理和语法检查.而页面是结构化地.每个页面都是一个继承了.NET类System.Web.UI.Page地类.另外地后台编码功能允许进一步采用结构化地方式.页面请求是和WEB服务器在编译后高速缓存页面.jLBHrnAILg[.NET（C#>]覆盖voverride）和重载voverload）:覆盖是指子类重新定义父类地虚函数地做法.重载,是指允许存在多个同名函数，而这些函数地参数表不同<或许参数个数不同，或许参数类型不同，或许两者都不同）.其实,重载地概念并不属于面向对象编程” 重载地实现是：编译器根据函数不同地参数表，对同名函数地名称做修饰然后这些同名函数就成了不同地函数<至少对于编译器来说是这样地）.女口，有两个同名函数：fun ctio n fun c（p:i nteger>:i nteger。

常用缩写AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤ABFB, aortobifemoral bypass 主双股动脉旁路术ABI, ankle-brachial index 踝肱指数ACA, anterior cerebral artery 大脑前动脉ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme 血管紧张素转化酶ACT, activated clotting time 活化凝血时间ADA, American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病协会ADP, adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷AEF, aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠道瘘AF, atrial fibrillation 房颤AFB, aortofemoral bypass 主股旁路术AGE, advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终末产物AHA, American Heart Association 美国心脏病协会AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 健康保健研究及质量控制委员会AI,aortoiliac 主髂AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征AKA, above-knee amputation 膝上截肢术AMP, adenosine monophosphate 单磷酸腺苷APC, activated protein C 活化蛋白CAPG, air plethysmography 空气体积描记术aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time 活化部分凝血酶原时间ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARF, acute renal failure 急性肾衰ASA, acetylsalicylic acid 阿司匹林ATN, acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死ATP, adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷AVE, arteriovenous fistula 动静脉瘘AVG, arteriovenous graft 动静脉移植物AVM, arteriovenous malformation 动静脉畸形AVP, ambulatory venous pressure 非卧床静脉压bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor碱性成纤维细胞生长因子BKA, below-knee amputation 膝下截肢BSA, body surface area 体表面积BUN, blood urea nitrogen血尿素氮CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting 冠状动脉旁路术CAD, coronary artery disease 冠状动脉疾病CAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷CAS, carotid artery stenting 颈动脉支架置入术CAVH, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration连续动静脉血液滤过CAVHDF, continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration 连续动静脉血液透析滤过法CCA, common carotid artery 颈总动脉CCB, calcium channel blocker 钙通道阻滞剂CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention疾病控制和预防中心CEA, carotid endarterectomy 颈动脉内膜切除术CEAP, clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathologic [staging system] 临床的，病因学，解剖学，病理学（分级体系）CEA, common femoral artery 股总动脉CFV, common femoral vein 股总静脉cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate 环磷酸鸟苷CI, confidence interval 置信区间CIA, common iliac artery 髂总动脉CK-MB, MB isozyme of creatine kinase 肌酸激酶同工酶CLI, critical limb ischemia 严重下肢缺血CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 医疗保险和补助中心CNS, central nervous system 中枢神经系统CO, carbon monoxide 一氧化碳CO2, carbon dioxide 二氧化碳COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺疾患COX, cyclooxygenase 环氧合酶CRI, chronic renal insufficiency 慢性肾功能不全CRP, C-reactive protein C反应蛋白CRPS, complex regional pain syndrome 复杂区域性疼痛CSF, cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液CT, computed tomography 计算机断层扫描CTA, computed tomographic angiography 计算机断层扫描血管造影CTD, connective tissue disease 结缔组织病CTV, computed tomographic venography 计算机断层扫描静脉造影CVI, chronic venous insufficiency 慢性静脉功能不全CVP, central venous pressure 中心静脉压CWH, continuous venovenous hemofiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液滤过CWHDF, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液透析法2D, two-dimensional 二维3D, three-dimensional 三维DBI, digital-brachial index 趾肱指数DBP, diastolic blood pressure 舒张压DDAVP, desmopressin去氨加压素DES, drug-eluting stent 药物洗脱支架DFU, diabetic foot ulcer 糖尿病足溃疡DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation弥散性血管内凝血DM, diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸2,3-DPG, 2,3-diphosphoglvcerate 2,3二磷酸甘油酸酯DRIL, distal revascularization-interval ligation 远端血运重建间隔结扎DSA, digital subtraction angiography 数字减影血管造影DSE, dobutamine stress echocardiography 多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图DTAA, descending thoracic aortic aneurysm 降主动脉瘤DUS, duplex ultrasound 多普勒超声DVT, deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓EC，endothelial cell 内皮细胞ECA, external carotid artery 颈外动脉ECG, electrocardiogram 心电图EC-IC, extracranial-intracranial [bypass] 颅外-颅内旁路术ECM, extracellular matrix 细胞外基质ED，erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 埃勒斯－当洛综合征EDV, end-diastolic velocity 舒张末期流速EEG, electroencephalography 脑电描记法EF, ejection fraction 射血分数EIA, external iliac artery 髂外动脉ELAM-1, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 内皮细胞白细胞粘附分子-1 ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测定法ELT, euglobulin lysis time 优球蛋白溶解时间EMG, electromyography 肌电图描记术eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 内皮一氧化氮合酶ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene 膨体聚四氟乙烯ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率,血沉ESRD, end-stage renal disease 终末期肾病EVAR, endovascular aneurysm repair 腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术FDA, Food and Drug Administration 食品和药品管理局FDP, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product 纤维蛋白/纤维蛋白原降解产物FEV, forced expiratory volume in 1 second 一秒用力呼气量FFP, fresh frozen plasma 新鲜冰冻血浆FGF, fibroblast growth factor 成纤维细胞生长因子FMD, fibromuscular dysplasia 纤维肌性发育不良FRC, functional residual capacity 功能残气量FVC, forced vital capacity 最大肺活量GA, general anesthesia 全麻GFR, glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率GI, gastrointestinal 胃肠的GMP, guanosine monophosphate 单磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶GP-IIb/IIIa, glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa 糖蛋白Ilb/IIIaGSM, gray-scale median 灰度中间值GSV, great saphenous vein 大隐静脉GSW, gunshot wound 枪弹伤GTP, guanosine triphosphate三磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷GUI, graphic-user interface 图形用户界面GW, guide wire 导丝HD, hemodialysis 血液透析HDL, high-density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白HIPPA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 健康保险流通与责任法案HIT, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 肝素诱导的血小板减少症HIV, human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA, human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A羟甲基戊二酰辅酶AHR, hazard ratio 危害比HRQoL, health-related quality of life健康相关生活质量hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 高灵敏度C反应蛋白5-HT, serotonin 5-羟色胺HTN, hypertension 高血压ICA, internal carotid artery 颈内动脉ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 细胞间粘附分子-1ICAVL, Intersocietal Commission for the Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories 国家血管检查评估委员会ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage 颅内出血ICU, intensive care unit 重症监护病房IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein 中密度脂蛋白IEL, internal elastic lamina 内弹力层IFN, interferon 干扰素IFU, instructions for use 使用说明书IGF, insulin-like growth factor 胰岛素样生长因子IH, intimal hyperplasia 内膜增生IL-6, interleukin-6 白介素-6IMA, inferior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase诱生型一氧化氮合酶IOM, Institute of Medicine 医学会IPC, intermittent pneumatic compression 间断性肺压缩IPG, impedance plethysmography 阻抗体积描记法IPPB, intermittent positive pressure breathing 间断性正压呼吸I/R, ischemia-reperfusion 缺血再灌注IVC,inferior vena cava 下腔静脉IVUS, intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声JAK-2, Janus kinase-2 蛋白酪氨酸激酶-2JNK, jun N-terminal kinase N-端氨基酸激酶K/DOQI, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative 肾脏疾病预后质量测评KM, Kaplan-Meier卡普兰-迈耶曲线LAO, left anterior oblique 左前斜位LDL, low-density lipoprotein 低密度脂蛋白LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin 低分子量肝素LOS, length of stay 住院时间Lp(a), lipoprotein (a) 脂蛋白LS, lumbosacral 腰骶的LV, left ventricular 左心室LVEDP, left ventricular end diastolic pressure 左心室舒张末期压LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume 左室舒张末期容积LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy 左心室肥大MAP, mean arterial pressure 平均动脉压MCA, middle cerebral artery 大脑中动脉MI, myocardial infarction 心肌梗死MIP, maximum intensity projection 最大强度投影MMP, matrix metalloproteinase 基质金属蛋白酶MOF, multiple organ failure 多器官衰竭MRA, magnetic resonance angiography 核磁共振血管造影MR, magnetic resonance 核磁共振MRI, magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振成像MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金葡菌MRV, magnetic resonance venography 核磁共振静脉成像MTHFR, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 5,10 -亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶NAC, N-acetylcysteine N-乙酰半胱氨酸NAD*, oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide 氧化烟酰胺二核苷酸NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸,还原型辅酶INADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸,还原型辅酶ⅡNAIS, neo-aortoiliac system 新主髂动脉系统Nd:YAG, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet 钕钇铝石榴石NF-K B, nuclear factor K B核因子K BNIH, National Institutes of Health 国立卫生研究院NTS, National Inpatient Sample 全国住院样本NOS, nitric oxide synthase 一氧化氮合酶NPV, negative predictive value阴性预测值NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug非甾体抗炎药NSQIP, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 全国外科质量改进计划OR, odds ratio 优势比OTW, over-the-wire 导丝支撑的PA, pulmonary artery 腓动脉PAD, peripheral arterial disease 周围动脉疾病PAI, proximalization of arterial inflow 动脉流入道近端PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1 PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease 周围动脉闭塞性疾病PBI, penile-brachial index 阴茎-肱(动脉收缩压)指数PBRCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞PCA, posterior cerebral artery 大脑后动脉PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention 经皮冠脉介入PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen 增殖细胞核抗原PCWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure 肺动脉楔压PD, peritoneal dialysis 腹膜透析PDE, phosphodiesterase磷酸二酯酶PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor血小板源生长因子PE, pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞PECAM-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1血小板-内皮细胞粘附分子-1PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure呼气末正压通气PEG, polyethylene glycol聚乙二醇PET, positron emission tomography正电子发射体层摄影PF4, platelet factor 4血小板因子ⅣPEA, profunda femoris artery 股深动脉PFT, pulmonary function test/testing 肺功能测试PGE2, prostaglandin E2 前列腺素E2PGI2, prostaglandin I, 前列腺素IPKC, protein kinase C蛋白激酶CPMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil 多形核中性粒细胞PPG, photoplethysmography光学体积描记术PPV, positive predictive value阳性预测(价)值PRBCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞PSA, pseudoaneurysm 假性动脉瘤psi, pounds per square inch 磅/平方英寸PSV, peak systolic velocity最大收缩速度PT, prothrombin time凝血酶原时间PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 经皮腔内血管成形术PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PTT, partial thromboplastin time部分凝血致活酶时间PVI, peripheral vascular intervention 周围血管介入PVR, pulse volume recording脉搏容积记录仪QALY, quality-adjusted life year质量调整生命年QoL, quality of life 生活质量RAAA, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm 破裂腹主动脉瘤RAGE, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products高级糖基化终末产物受体RAO, right anterior oblique 右前斜位RAS, renal artery stenosis 肾动脉狭窄RBC, red blood cell 红细胞RCT, randomized controlled trial 随机对照试验Re, Reynolds number 雷诺数RFA, radiofrequency ablation射频消蚀RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp 精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸RI, resistive index 对抗指数RIND, reversible ischemic neurologic deficit 可逆性缺血性神经障碍RP, retroperitoneal 腹膜后的RR, relative risk 相对危险度RS, Raynaud's syndrome 雷诺氏综合征rt-PA, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂RUDI, revision using distal inflow 流入道远端的修复SBP, systolic blood pressure 收缩压SD, standard deviation 标准差SE, standard error 标准误SEPS, subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery 筋膜内镜下手术SF-36, Short Form (36) Health Survey 健康调查简表-36SFA, superficial femoral artery 股浅动脉SFJ, saphenofemoral junction 股隐交界处SK, streptokinase 链激酶SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus 系统性红斑狼疮SMA, superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜上动脉SMC, smooth muscle cell 平滑肌细胞SOD, superoxide dismutase超氧化物歧化酶SPECT, single-proton emission computed tomography 单光子发射计算体层摄影SPJ, saphenopopliteal junction 隐腘静脉交界处SSV, small saphenous vein 小隐静脉STEMI, ST-segment myocardial infarction ST段异常心肌梗死SVC, superior vena cava 上腔静脉SVS, Society for Vascular Surgery 血管外科协会TAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm 胸主动脉瘤TAAA, thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm 胸腹主动脉瘤TAAD, thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection 胸主动脉瘤和夹层TAO, thromboangiitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎TASC, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease 周围动脉疾病治疗的泛大西洋跨协会建议TCD, transcranial Doppler 经颅多普勒TEE, transesophageal echocardiography 经食道超声TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair 胸主动脉修复术TF, tissue factor 组织因子TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β转化生长因子-βTIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术TLR, target lesion revascularization 靶病变血管重建TMA, transmetatarsal amputation 经跖骨截肢术TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α肿瘤坏死因子-αTOS, thoracic outlet syndrome 胸廓出口综合征t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator 组织纤溶酶原激活剂TT, thrombin time 凝血酶时间TTE, transthoracic echocardiography 经胸壁超声心动图TXA2, thromboxane A2 血栓素A2UFH, unfractionated heparin 普通肝素UK, urokinase 尿激酶u-PA, urinary plasminogen activator (urokinase) 尿纤溶酶原激活物USPSTF, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force美国预防服务工作队VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery电视辅助胸腔镜手术VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1血管细胞粘附分子-1VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor 血管内皮生长因子VFI, venous filling index 静脉充盈指数VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell 血管平滑肌细胞VSS, Venous Severity Score 静脉严重性分级VTE, venous thromboembolism 静脉血栓栓塞性疾病vWF, von Willebrand factor 血管假性血友病因子WBC, 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