英概考试：名词解释

英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1.Puritanism : the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom wereCalvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) and that self-control and hard work are important and that pleasure is wrong or unnecessary2. The Declaration of Independence: is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.3. George Washington: served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is highly revered by Americans as the "Father of Our Country".4. WASP: stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is an informal term used in the United States and Canada[1] in reference to an ethnic elite with high social status and presumed power.5. Three Faiths in the US: Americans were considered to come in 3 basic varieties : Protestant,Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6. Religious liberty in the US: freedom of religion is a constitutionally guaranteed right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state7. The “Lost Generation”: in the aftermath of ww1,many novelists produced a literature of lived abroad and known as the lost generation.: one of the great US writers of the 20th century, who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954. He wrote many novels and short stories in a simple and direct style, and his books are often about typically male activities like war and hunting. His novels include A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. He died by shooting himself.9. High education in the US :10 The civil rights movement: refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states.11. Martin Luther . : United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)12. The House of Lords and Commons in the UK : British Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. the House of Commons, whose members are each elected to represent a particular official area of the country, or its members or the place where it meets13. Romanticism : a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; "Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality"representative persons include keats,byron and shelley.14. Shakespeare : English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, include the famous four comedies and four tragedies.15. the British Commonwealth : is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.16. Terra Nullius : in Australia, the legal idea that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore they were free to live there.17. The “Washminster” form policy in Australia : washington and westminster as britain and american political on a federation of states and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a prime minister.18. The Bloc Quebecois: a coalition of MPs from the main French-speaking province of Quebec who were dedicated to the task of winning important concessions from the rest of Canada.19. the Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.20. Unilateralism (the US) : Unilateralism is used to refer to a policy in which one country or group involved in a situation takes a decision or action on its own, without the agreement of the other countries or groups involved.20. London : the capital and largest city of England,the country’s governmental, financial and and cultural center.21. Percy Bysshe Shelley : was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. "Ode to the West Wind”22. the relationship between the UK and the US: close during and after ww2,and today agree on many issues…23. the Great Barrier Reef : is the world's largest reef system, stretching for over 2,000 kilometres along the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia.24. the Dreaming (Australia) : the most enduring religion in Australia ,is over 10,000 years old.25. James Joyce : Irish ,was one of the greatest writers in the twentieth century, whose works and“ stream of consciousness” had an important effect on the whole world.。

T he British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced b y the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.The C ommonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties whit in the commonwealth (1991).Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolu tion of 1688. According to this system, the C onstitu tion is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of C ommons. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitu tion in the United Kingdom. The British C onstitu tion is not set ou t in any single document, but made up of statu te law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.parliament (legislature)Parliament is the British legislature,where proposals for new laws are introduced, discussed and either rejected or accepted, where existing laws are amended or abolished, and where votes are taken on taxing and spending. Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.T he House of LordsThe House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 24 senior bishops of the C hurch of England.The main function of the House of Lords is to b ring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.T he House of CommonsThe House of Commons is elected b y universal adult suffrage and consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest nu mber of seats becomes theoffcial Opposition, with its own leader and“shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Oppositionare to contribute to the formulation of policy andlegislation, to oppose government proposals, toseek amendments to government bills, and to pu tforward its own policies in order to win the nextgeneral election.Quality papersQuality papers are directed at readers who wantfull information on a wide range of publicmatters.There are 5 quality dailies: FinancialTimes, The Daily Telegraph,The Guardian, TheIndependent, and The Times.tabloidsTabloids appeal to people wanting news of moreentertaining character, presented moreconcisely.There are 5 tabloids:Daily Mail, DailyExpress,Daily Mirror,Daily Star and The Sun.SkySky provides television and broadband internetservices, fixed line and mobile telephoneservices to consumers and businesses in theUnited Kingdom.Sky is a b rand name forsatellite television providers and channels acrossthe world, owned by News Corporation. TheBritish Sky Broadcasting Group is a publicsatellite broadcasting company operating in theUnited Kingdom and Ireland. It is the largestpay-TV broadcaster in The United Kingdom withapproximately 9,860,000 subscribers.BBCThe british broadcasting corporation,the UKorganization responsible for making antransmitting of its own television and radioprograms.A welfare stateA welfare state is a system of g overnment-ru norganisations that help everyone to have a goodquality of life by providing a safety-net ofprovisions to ensure people’s welfare.the NHSThe National Health Service was established inthe UK in 1948 and based first on Acts ofParliament. This Service provides for everyresident a full range of medical services. It isbased upon the principle that there should be fullrange of publicly provided services designed tohelp the individual stay healthy. It is now alargely free service.T ripartite SystemThe 1944 Education Act created a tripartitesystem for England and Wales in which allchildren were given the right to free secondaryeducation. A “tripartite”system of secondarymodern, technical and g rammar schools selected11 year-old children at the end of their primaryeducation by means of an exam (eleven plus).E lev en plusUnder the old selective system, children take anexamination ,called the “eleven plus", in theirlast year at primary school. The results of thisexamination determine the kind of secondaryschooling each child will receive.comprehensiv e schoolsIn the 1960s, C omprehensive schools wereintroduced all over the country and are the mostpopular secondary schools in Britain today. Suchschools admit children withou t reference to theiracademic abilities and provide a generaleducation. Pupils can study everything fromacademic subjects like literature to morepractical subjects like cooking.public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a repu tation for theirhigh academic standards, as well as theirexclusiveness and snobbery. The b oys’publicschools include such well-known schools as Etonand Harrow, and girls’ famous schools includeRoedean. Most of the members of the BritishEstablishment were educated at a public school.GCSE(中等教育普通证书)The General Certificate of Secondary Education(GCSE) is an academically rig orous,internationally recognised qualification awardedin a specified subject, generally taken in anumber of subjects by pupils in secondaryeducation in England and W ales over two years(three years in certain schools). It is the mainexamination that all students should take at 16.A-L ev el (进阶级课程):Some students continue in the same school for afurther 2 years of study (Sixth Form) leading tothe examination of the General Certificate ofEducation, Advanced level (GCE A level).Usually 3 or 4 academic subjects are studied & 1general studies paper. This is the main examinationrequired for university entrance.Open univ ersityThe Open University is founded in Britain in the1960s for people who might not get the opportunityfor hig her education. It is a distance learning andresearch university where the students’previousacademic achievements are not taken intoconsideration for entry. It provides a wide range ofshort and long-term undergraduate and postgraduateprograms to students of all ages in the world in variedlearning places from on-campus to off-campus.Learning takes place through a variety of media fromprinted materials, b ooks, audio/video cassettes, TV,radio to software and wet-site. It has become theacademic institution in the United Kingdom by studentnumber.T he Russell GroupThe Russell Grou p is a self-selected association oftwenty-four public research universities in the UnitedKingdom. The group is headquartered in London andwas established in 1994 to represent its members'interests, principally to government and parliament. In2010, Russell Group members received approximatelytwo-thirds of all university research grant and contractincome in the United Kingdom. The group is widelyperceived as representing the best universities in thecountry.。

The first English settlement in North AmericaThe first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King.The colonists settled in Virginia and survied bu imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobcco into the colony of virginia.in 1619,the settlers elected their delegates and set up the house of Burgesse,and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants.These two events greatly influenced the political and development of the United states later.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and the wanted to purify the Church of English.They believe that human beings were predestined by god before they were born.So were god’s chosen people while others were damned to hell，no church nor good works could save people.the sign of being god’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with god,these beliefs had great impact on American culture.The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adoped by the Congress on July 4,1776.when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighing for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The decument declared that all men were aqual and that they were entitiled to have some unalienable rights such as life.liberty and the pursuit of happines.It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution maimly came from John Locke.George WashingtonGeorge Washington was the one of the founding farthers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-chief of the Comtinental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United state.Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of thefounding farthers of the United statesof American.He participated inwriting the Declaration ofindependence and making the USConstitutionThe articles of of comfederationAfter the war of Independence waswon,the new nation of the UnitedStates was organized under theagreement of the Articles ofconfederration with a weak nationalgovernment called the Congress.Eachstate had its own government,made itown laws and handled its internalaffairs.The states did not cooperatewith the Congress and with eachother.The Congress had no power toforce any state to contribute money tothe national government and theCongress could not tax any citizeneither.As a result,the The articles ofof comfederation failed.A federal systemA federal system is one of in whichpower is shared between a centralauthority and its owm constituentparts,with some rights reserved toeach.The making of the US ConstitutionThe Articles of confederationfailed.The Congress decided to hold aconstitutional convention to revisethe Artiles of Confederation.thedelegates from 12 states gathered inPhiladelphia in 1787.and ended up inwriting a new constitution and set afederal system with a strong centralgovernment.The Constitution providedthat an eletion of the president wouldbe called,federal laws would be madeonly by a The Congress made up of theHouse of Representatives and theSenate and a Supreme Court would be setup.This new Constitution was finallyapproved by the majority of thecitizens in over 9 of the 13 states andwas officially put into effect in1787.The executiveThe chief executive is thepresident,who is elected to afour-year term.a president can beelected to only two terms according toan amendent passed in 1951.thepredident can propose legislation toCongress.he can veto any bill passedby Congress. The veto can be overiddenby a two-third vote in both houses.thepresident can appoint federal judgesas vacancies occur.The president isthe commander in chief of the armedforces.The precident has other broadauthorties in running the governmentdepartment and handing foreinralation.The Bill of rightsThe Bill of rights consists of thefirst 10 amendments which wereadded to the Constitution in 1791.theBill of right was passed to guaranteefreedom and individual rights such asfreedom of speech,the right toassemble in public place.the right toown weapons an so on.Religious libery in the USThe Declaration of independenceguaranted the basic right ofreligious freeedom and this right wasa political nacessity.The firstAmendment to the US constitutionexplicitly forbade the federalgovernment to give special favors toany religious or to hinder the freepractice,or exercise,ofreligion.when disputes about therelationship between government andreligion arise.American courts mustsettle them.But American institutionspresuppose a Supreme Being.thereforeChriatianity is ofen,in practice,morefavored than other religions.Three faith in the USBy the 1950s,the three faiths model ofAmerican religion haddeveloped.Americans were consideredto come in three basicvarieties:Protestant,Catholic andJewish.in the terms of numbers,theProtestants are the strongest,theCatholics are next to the Protestantand the Jewish are the smallest amongthe three groups.。

英美国家概括名词解释英国部分英美国家概括名词解释The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit 11.LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.2.Robin Hood罗宾汉，英国传说中的一位著名绿林好汉，在森林里盘踞，以劫富济贫杀贪官污吏为宗旨。

Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions压迫from the Normans, he became an outlaw反叛者and hid himself with his band of “merry men” in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.3.Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊They were two groups of Germanic日耳曼peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.4.King Arthur 亚瑟国王，6世纪时英格兰统治者，圆桌骑士的领袖，有关他的传说很多。

Themes and Concepts in Contemporary British Culture and SocietyChapter 1 Introductiona group of islands off the northwestern coast of Continental Europe, including, geographically, the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and adjacent smaller islands, and politically, the UK and Ireland.不列颠群岛。

地理上包括：大不列颠群岛和爱尔兰及其附属岛屿。

政治意义上指联合王国及爱尔兰共和国。

the oldest part of the City of Londonsituated on the north bank of the River Thames between Tower Bridge and London Bridge.伦敦金融城，伦敦最古老的一部分。

位于泰晤士河北岸的伦敦桥和伦敦塔之间。

the capital and the largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center.英国首都，也是英国最大的城市。

位于英国东南部，毗邻泰晤士河。

是英国的工业和金融中心Chapter 2 Family and Personal Relationships (1)a person living alone, or a group of people living together as a unit (a family). 住户：一名独居者或一群同居者（家庭）构成的单位a kind of culture characterized by rebellious teenagers and identified by a particular style of clothing, music and sometimes hairstyles.青少年亚文化，包括青少年特有的服饰、音乐、价值观等等。

英概Chapter4一、选择题1、The name Wars of Roses was, in fact, coined by the great 19th century novelist Walter Scott.2、The Puritain Revolution overthrow the feudal system in England and is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.3、The purpose of Henry VIII’ s reform was the following EXCEPT ______A_____.A、to alter theology in any wayB、to get rid of papal interferenceC、to make an independent Church of EnglandD、to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope.4、The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly after the Hundred Years’ War.5、The wars between the House of Lancaster and the House of York from 1455 to 1485 have been known as Wars of the Roses.6、Which statement about the “Wars of Roses“is not true? (B)A、The King’s power now became supreme.B、Ordinary people were seriously affected.C、The wars were waged intermittently for 30 years.D、From these wars feudalism received its death blow.7、The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at Bosworth Field in 1485.8、Henry VII was a very different type of king from any European monarchs of that time because he did not have total power.9、The Tudor monarchy ruled England and Wales for just over two hundred years following the end of the Wars of the Roses.10、The Tudor monarchy was founded by William.11、Henry VIII’ s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the pope and to make an independent Church of England.12、The Religious Reformation in England was led by King Henry VIII, and the direct cause was his divorce case with Catherine of Aragon.13、Henry VIII started the practice of appointing Justices of the Peace and gave them full power over law and administration in the provinces.14、The religious reform in England in the 16th century increased the importance of Parliament because its active participation in the reform.15、Mary Tudor is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.16、Elizabeth I’ s religious reform was a compromise of views.17、Elizabeth I’ s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.18、Elizabeth I was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland who was also known as James I of England .19、England showed its superiority as a naval power by destroying the Spanish in Armada Elizabeth I’ s time.20、The Armada was defeated by England in 1588.21、Which is not the characteristic of the English Renaissance? （B）A、England followed a course of history greatly independent of the others inEurope.B、The native literature was sufficiently subjected by foreign influences.C、English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic rather than philosophical and scholarly.D、The Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.22、Hamlet is the tragedy of Shakespeare.23、Christopher Marlowe established blank verse in plays.24、During the Civil Wars Charles I’ s men were called Cavaliers.25、English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution.26、One of Cromwell’s first acts after declaring England a Commonwealth, was to crush a rebellion in Ireland.27、In English history the “Rump” referred to the Cavaliers who supported CharlesI who voted for Charles I’ s execution.28、After Charles I was executed England became known as the Commonwealth.29、The T est Act passed after Restoration excluded all Catholics from public office.30、After Restoration, Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code.31、The Disabling Act forbade any Catholics to sit in either House of Parliament.32、Constitutional monarchy is system under which the powers of the king or queen are limited by Parliament or the constitution.33、England and Scotland was officially united into Great Britain by the Act of Union.34、Irish Catholics associate 1690 with William of Orange’ s punishment of them by confiscating their lands.二、简答题1、How did the Wars of Roses get its name?Its name was coined by Sir Walter Scott; the House of Lancaster was symbolized by the red roses and the House of York, by the white.2、What was the result of the Wars of Roses?The House of Lancaster won the war and T udor monarchs’ rule began.3、What were the three causes of Henry VIII’ s religious reform?The three causes were: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come, and Henry wanted get money from the wealth of the church.4、Who were Justices of the Peace in Henry VIII’ s time?Justices of the Peace were appointed by the king from the gentry. They were given full power to carry out law and do administrations work in the provinces.5、What did Henry VIII do in his religious reform?He got rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope. He made an independent Church of England. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries. He made himself Supreme Head of the Church of England.6、What made the relationship between Parliament and Elizabeth I turbulent? The two factors that made Elizabeth’ s relationship with Parliament turbulent wereas follows: Parliament wished its customary right of speech confirmed in writing; and it wanted to be allowed to start discussion of important questions at will, not by invitation. Elizabeth would not permit either thing.7、How do you describe the relationship between Elizabeth I and Parliament? Elizabeth was able to work with Parliament, but her relationship with Parliament was often turbulent.8、What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.9、What were the two countries Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years?France and Spain were the two countries that Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years.10、How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain a friendly relationship with France? Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth I managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France.11、How did the Renaissances begin in England?In England, the Renaissance was usually though of as beginning with the accession of the House of T udor to the throne in 1485.12、Who were the finest exponents of the English Renaissance?The finest exponents were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson.13、What was Puritanism noted for?It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian attitudes.14、What did the Restoration refer to in English history?After the death of Cromwell, the regime he established began immediately to collapse. The Parliament elected in 1660 decided to solve the Crisis by asking Charles I’ s son to return and to become King Charles II. This has been called the Restoration.15、What was the direct result of the Glorious Revolution?The result was that a constitutional monarchy was last founded in England.16、Which war was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King in Britain?It is the Glorious Revolution.17、What were the contents of the Bill of Rights passed by the English Parliament in 1689?It excluded any Roman Catholics from the succession to the English throne. It confirmed the supreme power of the Parliament and guaranteed free speech within the Parliament.二、名词解释1、Henry VIII: He was a great king and is usually remembered for his religious reform of the church . His reform stressed the power of the monarch and strengthened the Parliament’s importance.2、Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’ s daughter and she was a Catholic. After shebecame Queen, she persecuted many people for their Protestant religious views and some were put to death. As a result, people call her “Bloody Mary”.3、Elizabeth I: One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.4、William Shakespeare: He is the greatest writer in the English language. As a poet and dramatist, he wrote over 100 sonnets and 37 plays including comedies such as Merchant of Venice, tragedies such as Hamlet and historical plays.5、Roundheads: Roundheads were supporters of Parliament in the English Civil Wars. They were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.。

英语国家概况名词解释英国部分Chapter1◆Official name 官方名称：The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.◆British Empire 大英帝国：About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.◆Commonwealth of Nations/the British Commonwealth 英联邦：It’s a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was established in 1931, replacing the former British Empire. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special power. The decision to became a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation .At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.Chapter2◆Heptarchy七王国：During the Anglo—Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East,Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria. They were giventhe name of Heptarchy.◆Alfred the Great 亚尔弗雷得大帝：Alfred was the King of Wessex, who was strong enough to defeat the invading Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy” .He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He established schools and formulated a legal system. He translated books from Latin into English.◆William the Conqueror 征服者威廉：He was also known as William, Duke of Normandy. In 1066, he invaded England, defeated and killed Harold near Hastings in Sussex and conquered England. He confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Chapter3◆Domesday Book 末日审判书：It’s a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086.The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it’s kept in the Public Records Office in London.◆The Great Charter[Magna Carta]大宪章： The Great Charter has been also known as Magan Carta which King John was forced to sign in 1215.The Great Charter has been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and the spirit of it was the limitation of the powers of the King.◆Joan of Arc 圣女贞德：Joan of Arc was a national heroine in French history. She led and encouraged the French in driving the English out of France in the HundredYear’s War.Chapter4◆The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争：The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485.Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors, From these wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.◆Bloody Mary血腥玛丽：It’s the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry Ⅷ.She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that shi is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Bloody Mary.◆The English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴：(1)Renaissance was a cultural movement in Europe from the 14th century to the 16th century.(2)It originated in Italy and began to come to England in the late 15th century.(3)The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in poetry, drama and prose.(4)The greatest literary writer of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare.Chapter5◆The Reform Act of 1832 改革法案： (1)It’ s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832, it was passed by Parliament in 1832.(2)According to the Act, “rotten boroughs” were abolished, and parliament seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing industrial towns.(3)It also gave the vote to many householder and tenants who were required to have certain property.◆Charles Darwin 查尔斯­达文：(1)A famous British scientist in the 19th century.(2)He has been especially remembered for his important book“the Origins of Species” in which he developed his theory of evolution.(3)The theory of evolution caused evident reaction of the Victorians and contributed to the decay of Victorianism.◆The Victorian Age 维多利亚时期：(1)It refers to monarchy of Britain under Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in British history.(2)The Victorian Age was an age of national development and national optimism.(3)The Victorians were very religious and conservative in family life. It was also, in its later stages, an age of imperialism.◆The State of Westminster 威斯敏斯特条例：(1)In 1931, the British Parliament passed a bill which later has been known as the Statute of Westminster, according to which, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Southern Ireland, New Foundland and South Africa turned into “Dominions”.(2)These self­government both internally and externally, although they still regarded the British monarch as their head of state .(3)This marked the disruption of the British Empire and the establishment of the British Commonwealth.◆The Europe Economic Community 欧共体：(1)Also known as the Common Market, it was established by the Treaty of Rome on January 1,1958.(2)Originally it was composed of six Western Europe countries—France, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg.(3)Britain didn’t become a full member of the Community until 1973. Today, there are altogether 12 member in the Community.Chapter7◆The Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制：It’s a political system that has been practiced in Britain since the Glorious Revolution of 1688.According to this system; the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but doesn’t rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact in the House of Commons.◆The British Constitution英国宪法：It’s not written in any single document. It’ s made up of Statute Law, common law and Conventions. It’s more flexible than the written constitution of other countries.◆British Parliament 英国议会：It includes three elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It’s the Supreme law­making authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.Chapter9◆The Church of England 英格兰国教：(1)Also called the Anglican Church, it’s one of the many Protestant sects which broke away from Roman Catholic church during the Reformation tin the 16th century.(2)It’s an established church which means that it represents the official state religion.(3)Its religious leader is the Archbishop of Canterbury and its secular leader is the British Monarch.◆Free Churches 自由教会：(1)Also known as Non­Conformist Churches in England, Free churches are protestant sect that have separated from the established church of England.(2)These include the Methodist, the Congregational, the Baptist,an the Quakers, and many others.(3)All these sects agree on the essentials of Christianity, but have different forms of service and points of emphasis.◆The Quakers 贵格派：(1)Also known as the Religious Society of Friends. The Quakers are a Protestant group that originated in England in the 17th century, under George Fox.(2)They refuse to participate in the church of England services.(3)They advocate simple living and hard work and believe in complete equality and fraternity.Chapter10◆The eleven­plus 十一岁附加考试：（1）Under the old selective system of secondary education in Britain, the “eleven­plus” is the examination taken by children in their last year at primary school.(2)The results of this examination determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive.(3)Those with the highest marks go to grammar school ;other children may go to technical schools or secondary modern schools.(4)In the 1960s and 70s, this examination was abolished and has ever since gradually been replaced by comprehensive schools which take children of all abilities.◆Grammar schools 语法学校： (1)It’ s a type of state secondary schools in Britain. It has been in existence since the 16th century.(2)These schools concentrate on academic subjects and expect many of their children to take higher examinations and go on to universities.(3)Now, its importance in the British educational system has been largely diminished due to the growth of comprehensive schools.◆Public school公学：(1)It’s a kind of independent privately­owned secondary boarding schools in Britain.(2)These schools are financially supported by tuition fees and private funds.(3)Most of their students come from rich families and arevery likely to go on to famous universities.(4)The word “public” is a traditional one with little meaning today since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.◆Prep schools 准备学校：(1)Also called preparatory schools. They are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public schools.(2)The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the state junior schools, and there is a distinctive emphasis on classical subjects.(3)At the age of thirteen, the pupils will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a public school.◆Open University 开放大学：(1)As a new type of higher education, Open University only appeared in Britain in 1969.(2)It’ s open to everybody, especially to people who have missed the opportunity for higher education.(3)It doesn’t demand the same formal qualification as the other universities.(4)It uses modern communications means such as television, radio or correspondence.(5)It’s non­residential although there is a network of study centers throughout the country for contact with tutors and fellow students.(6)After passing the examinations of all required course, students are awarded a university degree.◆Comprehensive schools 综合中学：Comprehensive schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide­ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.◆The Times 泰晤士报： (1)It’ s the most famous of all British national newspapers and is read by the most important British all over the world.(2)Politically it is independent, though it is traditionally inclined to be more sympathetic to the Conservative Party.(3)It’s not an organ of the British government and has areputation for extreme caution is its attitude.◆BBC 英国广播公司：(1)It’s the abbreviation of British Broadcasting Corporation.(2)It has both radio and television services.(3)For radio broadcasting, it uses 39 languages and broadcasts to the whole world.(4)There is no advertisement on any BBC program.(5)It’s financed by payments which must be made by all people who own television sets.(6)It has a Board of Governors, who are appointed by the Government.美国部分Chapter14WASPs：Traditionally, the mainstreams American were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo—Saxon Protestants.◆Indentured Servants 契约劳工：Indentured servants refer to some immigrants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross—Atlantic fare and debts.◆Ellis Island 爱利斯岛：Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1980s and at the turn of the century.Sunbelt areas 阳光地带：Chapter15◆Bill of Right 人权法案：(1)In 1789,James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification.(2)Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and this first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bill of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.◆Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋：It’s written by Beecher Stowe’s novelUncle Tom’s Cabin, public feeling against slavery was increased. Many people joined the abolitionists. They considered slavery inhuman and brutal.◆Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言：Lincoln issues it during the Civil War, when Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making war a just war against slavery. Under the Emancipation of Proclamation, all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy were freed.◆Abolitionists 废奴主义者：They were people, mostly Northern humanitarians, who strongly opposed slavery and aimed to abolish the system.◆The Constitutional Convention制宪会议：(1)Since 1781, the thirteen states had been governed by the Articles of Confederation which set up a very weak central government.(2)In May,1787,the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation.(3)After much debate, the Constitution was later ratified.◆The “Great Compromise”大妥协： On the American constitutional Convention, contradictions emerged between the bigger and smaller states, between the industrial—commercial interests and landed interests, etc. The Great Compromise of July 16,1787,gave each state an equal vote in the Senate, making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.◆The Federalist Papers 联邦文集：(1)During the ratification period, beginning on October 27,1787, the newspapers of New York City carried at short intervals a total of 85 letters to the public written under the name of Publius.(2) Later it was known that these letters were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay and they came to be called the Federalist Papers.◆The Compromise of 1850 1850 年妥协：(1)With the territorial expansiontowards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas arose. (2)The compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for or against slavery and more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.◆The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件：In 1773,when ships carried tea reached Boston, the governor decided to protest the distribution of tea. Several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw the tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party ”.Chapter16◆The Muckrakers 揭丑者：The Muckrakers, a group of reform—minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.◆The Progressive Movement 进步运动：The Progressive Movement, a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country .The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms.◆The Big Four 四大列强：It refers to the four most influential countries after the WWI. They were the United State, Britain, France, and Italy.`◆Henry Ford 亨利­福特： Henry Ford was one of the most admired businessmen in the 1920s.He introduced the assembly line into automobile production.◆The Red Scare 红色恐惧：Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened in American where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalismexisted. On November 7,1919, and January 2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4,000 suspected communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the United States.◆The ku Klux Klan三 K 党：The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed membership of four to five million. It was a violent society, which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, communist and socialist party members, etc.◆The Black Thursday黑色星期四： It refers to the day of October 24,1929.On that day the New York stock market collapsed and the Great Depression began.◆The Great Depression 大萧条：(1)It refers to the economic depression started from the New York stock marker collapse on October 24,1929.(2)After that, thousands of bands and businesses failed.(3)Many people lost their jobs.(4)It was due the New Deal started in 1933 and the defense build up before and during the WWII, that the United States finally recovered from the Great Depression. Chapter17（1） George Kennan was a high­ranking official in the ◆George Kennan乔治­坎南：American embassy to Moscow.(2)He sent a long telegram to the State Department and suggested the containment policy towards the Soviet Union.◆The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义：On March 12,1949, American President Truman made the open declaration of containment policy in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The US would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism. This is the Truman Doctrine.◆The Marshall Plan马歇尔计划：It was announced by Secretary of State GeorgeMarshall on June 5,1947.The purpose of the Plan was to offer Western Europe countries economic aid and to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion.◆McCarthyism 麦卡锡主义：(1)Senator Joseph R. McCarthyism started a campaign of wild accusation and arrests in 1950s.(2)His full­scale anti­Communist hysteria was called McCarthyism.(3)In 1954 he was condemned by the Senate and McCarthyism ended.◆War Power Act战争权利法案： (1)The Vietnam War led to contradiction between Congress and the Executive.(2)The War Power Act was passed to limit the President’s power in sending troops abroad and required the President to consult Congress before any such decision.◆The New Frontier 新边疆计划：It was the name of American President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and abolition of poverty.◆The Civil Right Act of 19641964 年民权法案：Within months Johnson had signed into law the Civil Right Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination not only in public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.Chapter18◆Monetarist policies货币主义政策： Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.Chapter19◆The Federal system联邦制：In American, the Federal system has two layers of rule. There is a central or federal government for nation. There are also state or local government. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.◆Separation of powers 三权分立：The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power.◆Checks and balances 权利制衡：This is a major principle of the American government system by which each branch of the government exercises a check on the actions of others. Such three branches as the legislative, the executive, and the judicial are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.◆The Supreme Court 最高法院：The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States and is the only organ, which has the power to interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and eight Association Justices.Chapter20◆Public schools 公立学校：Public schools, usually larger in size, are created , financially supported and governed by states or communities.◆Private schools 私立学校： There’ re by religious groups, or non­religious private organization or individuals.◆Diversity of American education美国教育的多样化：(1)Diversity considered to be and outstanding characteristic of American education.(2)This can be seen not only in the type, size and control of the institutions but educational policies andpractices.(3)As is stated by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, education is a function of the state, not the federal government.(4)As each state has the freedom the develop its own school system and delegate its power over education to local districts, many variation can be found in the education system of the 50 states.◆State board of education州教育委员会：An elected or appointed board. It’s responsible for establishing policies and, through a state department of education, delegates authority for the operation of schools to local school districts.◆School districts 学区：(1)They are subdivisions of the states.(2)Currently, there are some 15,500 operating local public school districts.(3)Each local school district has a government board which is usually elected by the voters.(4)Its major responsibilities are the hiring of professional and support staff, determining the most suitable local curriculum, and budget to carry out educational programs.◆High school 高中：High schools are made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks.◆The general standards for admission to institutions 入学标准水平：They include successful completion of high school, high school grade point average (GPAP) and class rank, course studied in areas of English, mathematics, and science and results from standardized tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and American College Testing Program’s examination (ACTP). Open admissions are also being practiced in some public institutions.◆Graduate study 研究生教育：(1)Graduate study, both at the master’s and doctoral levels, is intended to prepare students for professional work.(2)At the master’s level the program is primarily course oriented, an extension ofundergraduate study. The master’s degree can normally be earned in one year by students holding a bachelor’s degree in the field of study; in some cases, the program is designed to require two years.(3)The program of study for the Ph.D. is rarely as specific as that for the master’s degree. The student’s program is usually decided by the student and his advisor or with a committee of professors. It’ s based on the student’s previous study and experience and career plan and interests. The doctoral program requires at least three years’ postgraduate study including the master’s degree. The average number of years’ study beyond the bachelor’s degree for the Ph.D. is roughly about 5—8 years.◆Community college 社区大学：(1)An aspect of American higher education that has drawn attention is the community college and the role it plays.(2)In the early 1900s, this kind of two­years colleges emerged to meet the immediate need of the economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants of the times.(3)Since then, it has undergone a rapid growth. It calls for education to serve the good of both the individual and society. It embodies general and liberal education career and vocational education and adult and continuing education. It performs important function. The guiding principle of it is higher education for every one.Chapter21◆Benjamin Franklin本杰明­富兰克林：(1)He was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today.(2)There are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.(3)His uncompleted autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.◆Knickerbockers era 纽约市人时代：In the early 19th century, New York City is the center of American writing. Its writers called “Knickerbockers”. The periodfrom 1810 to 1840 is known as the “Knickerbockers era” of American literature. The name comes from A History of New York, written by Washington Irving.◆华盛顿­欧文：(1)He was the first American writer who gained international fame.(2)His book A History of New York gives the name “Knickerbockers era ” to the period from 1810 to 1840.His book created a lot of interest in the local history of New York.(3)His most famous book was“The Sketch Book”containing two of the best loved stories from American Literature “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.◆Ralph W. Emerson and Transcendentalism 爱默生和先验主义：(1) In the 1830s and 1840s, there emerged a movement among American young intellectuals, which emphasized man’s potentiality for goodness, creativity and self­development. It was called “Transcendentalism”.(2)Emerson was regarded as the leader of this movement. In “Nature” he stared that man shouldn’t see nature merely as something to be used; that man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness.(3)In his speech “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of Independence, he attacked the influence of tradition and the past, and called for a new burst of American creativity. A man should know himself through intuition and the study of nature, not of books.(4)His other famous books include Self­reliance, Representative Men, English Traits and Poems.◆Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑：(1)One of those who attacked Transcendentalism with no regard for any social impact.(2)He thought that man was superior to all other living things because man could make a conscious choice between good and evil.(3)In his most famous novel “The Scarlet Letter” the considers the effect on an individual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy and of hatred.◆Mark Twain 马克­吐温：(1)His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He gained a wide knowledge of humanity through his life experience.(2)In 1865, he became famous with his short story“The celebrate Jumping Frog” .(3)His boyhood experience furnished his with ample material for writing. “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” was an immediate success as “a boy book”, and “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” became his master work.(4)All stories of his novels are simple and he represented American social life through portrayal of local places he knew best and through his colloquial style. His other famous book are :”A Tramp Abroad”, “Life on the Mississippi”.◆Walt Whitman 沃尔特­惠特曼：(1)American poet, he praised an emerging America, its expansion and its individualism. He broke free from the convention of the poetic rhyme exhibiting a freedom in from unknown before.(2)In his master piece “Leaves of Grass”, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the self­reliant spirit and the joy of the common man.(3)He was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse. He invented a completely new and completely American form of poetic expression.◆Emily Dickinson 艾米莉­迪更森： (1)She was female American poet. She praised an emerging America, its expansion and individualism.(2)Cut off from the outside world, she created a very personal and pure kind of poetry. Her poetry is now seen as very modern for its time.(3)She made the “search for faith ”one of the great themes of her work. Apart from Bible, her most important guide in this search war the philosophy of Emerson.◆Theodore Dreiser 西奥多­德莱曼：(1)He was one of the naturalists who in their works reported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums.(2)His first novel。

英概名词解释翻译（英汉，汉英）5个，共5分1.The Chartist Movement 宪章运动2.Petition of Rights 权利请愿书3.The People’s Charter 人民宪章4.the Magna Carta (the Great Charter) 大宪章5.Armada 无敌舰队6.Stonehenge 史前巨石阵7.Renaissance 文艺复兴8.the policy of “flag follows trade”“国旗赶随商贸”9.European Union 欧洲联盟10.New Model Army 新模范军名词解释5个，共20分，每个名词大约40词左右（但必须是说清楚为宜）1.Heptarchy(七国时代)：During the Anglo-Saxon's time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms, among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.2.The Bill of Rights(权利法案):In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.3.The Open University: is a non-residential university. And it is open to all to become students. The University was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. The University offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britainand the other member countries of the European Union. It uses a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition , television and radio broadcasts and audio/ video cassettes.4.Winston Churchill(温斯顿·丘吉尔)：Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.5.The Hundred Years’ War(百年战争):It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453.The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.6.Privy Council(枢密院):Formerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.7.Black Death(黑死病):It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.8. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 (光荣革命): In 1685 CharlesII died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.9. The British Constitution(英国宪法):There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.10. Comprehensive schools(综合学校):State secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.11. Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大帝):Alfred was a strong king of the wise men. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.12. Constitutional Monarchy(君主立宪制):It is a form of government in which the monarch’s power is limited by Parliament. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy: the head of State is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her majesty’ s Government.13.The Wars of Roses(玫瑰战争): They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.14.Whigs(辉格党): T he name of Whigs originated with the Glorious Revolution. It was known by the nickname. It was a derogatory name for cattle drivers. Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.15. Queen Elizabeth II(伊丽莎白二世):The present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.。

Chapter5 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The Reform Act of 1832改革法案：(1)It’s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832, it was passed by Parliament in 1832.(2)According to the Act, “rotten boroughs” were abolished, and parliament seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing industrial towns.(3)It also gave the vote to many householder and tenants who were required to have certain property.
The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴：(1)Renaissance was a cultural movement in Europe from the 14th century to the 16th century.(2)It originated in Italy and began to come to England in the late 15th century.(3)The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in poetry, drama and prose.(4)The greatest literary writer of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare.

英概Chapter 1-2一、选择题1、Ireland is NOT a political division on the island of Great Britain.2、The capital of Brain is London.3、At present, there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.4、Great Britain is divided into three political divisions.5、The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.6、Which of the following statements is not true about Britain?(D)A、Great Britain and England are geographical names.B、The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.C、British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.D、Britain has four political divisions on the island of Great Britain.7、Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.8、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves from about 600 BC until the Romans came.9、The successful Roman invasion took place in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Claudius.10、The Celts began to arrive about 700B.C.11、The Celts were practiced farmers.12、Those who began to invade Britain about 700BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans have been known as the Celts in history.13、The Celts’ religion was Druidism.14、It is Roman that brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.15、During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxons invaded and conquered Britain.16、In the mid-5th century, a new wave of Teutonic invaders came to Britain. The three tribes were Jutes, Saxons, and Angles.17、The small kingdoms of Essex, Sussex and Wessex in the southwest of Britain were established by the Saxons in 5th century.18、The word Heptarchy is used to describe the situation in England in the 6th century when the country was divided into seven kingdoms.19、The names of Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from the name of Germany gods.20、Which of not true about the Anglo-Saxons? (D)A、They were regarded as ferocious people.B、They established the manorial system.C、They divided the country into different shires.D、Their tribes were seldom at war with one another.21、The first Christian church was build at Canterbury in England.22、The first Christian church in England was build with the support of Ethelbert, the King of Kent in 579.23、The Anglo-Saxons established the manorial system, whereby the lord of the manor collected taxes and organized the local army.24、The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of 8th century.25、The great king of Wessex who fought against the invasion of the Danes in the 9th century was known as Alfred the Great.26、King Edward was known as “the Confessor” and his piety led him to build Westminster Abbey.27、The battle between English troops led by Harold and the Norman troops led by William was fought at Hastings in 1066.28、When Edward, the Confessor died, the Witan chose Harold as English King.29、Of the following four kings, C died most tragically.A、King EdwardB、King EgbertC、King HaroldD、King Alfred二、简答题1、Why can England represent the whole Britain？It is because England is the largest, most populous and generally speaking the richest section.2、What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.3、What are the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain？They are England, Scotland and Wales.4、What is the cause of the decline of the British Empire？The two world wars was greatly weakened Britain and the Britain Empire gradually disappeared.5、What was King Edward (1042-1066) known as?He was known as Edward “the Confessor”.6、When did the Celts arrived in Britain?The Celts arrived in Britain between 600BC-150BC.7、How was Julius Caesar related to English history?Julius Caesar led his army and invaded England in 55BC.8、How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.9、Who were the Picts?The Picts were a tribe of the Scots who resisted the invasion of the Romans.10、What the names of two great walls built by the Romans?They are the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall.11、Who invaded England in the mid-5th century?The Jutes, Angles and Saxons began to invade England in the mid-5th century. 12、When did the Anglo-Saxons began to invade in Britain?The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the mid-5th century.13、How did he Anglo-Saxons invade England?The Anglo-Saxons invaded into Britain in three waves: Jutes, Saxons and Angles. 14、What is Heptarchy?By the end of the 6th century, England was divided into seven principal kingdoms ofKent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria and they have been given the name of Heptarchy.15、What was the relationship between the Kingdoms in period of Heptarchy? They were constantly at war with each other, each trying to get the upper hand. 16、Who formally brought Christianity to Britain? And when?Christianity was brought to Britain by St. Augustine in 597.17、Why is King Alfred known as “the father of the British navy”?Because he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea and then protected the coasts and encouraged trade.18、What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire in 664？The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand.19、What is the significance of the Norman Conquest?The Norman Conquest ended the English history of being invaded.20、Who established the Norman rule in England?The Norman leader William established the Norman rule in England in 1066. 21、How was the English language introduced into England?The English language was introduced into England by the Anglo-Saxons who started to invade England in the mid-5th century.三、名词解释1、the Celts: The Celts were ancient people in English history. They arrived in England in about 700BC. They invaded England in 3 waves the Gaels, the Brythonsand the Belgae. The Celts are the ancestors of the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish.2、Witan; Witan were the council or meeting of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3、William the Conqueror: William was the Duke of the Normandy. He landed his army in Oct,1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned King of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.。

The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize.The industrial revolution A period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The Industrial Revolution, was a period of unprecedented technological, economic and social change that completely transformed British culture from a largely rural, static society with limited production and division of labour into the world's first modern industrial society.the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.The Black Death----It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestisis and have started in Central Asia. It came without warning, and without any cue.The Black Death is estimated to have killed30% to 60% of Europe's population and had profound effects on the course of European history. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.the Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.(Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms. In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.)Roman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410. Britannia already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanisation, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today. The first Romans to campaign extensively in Britain werethe forces of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC, but the first significant conquest did not begin until AD 43, under Claudius.House of commonsI.House of CommonsCompositions:The House of Commons: The House of Commons is the real center of British p(651 in num.) from England (524), Wales(38), Scotland(72) and N Ireland(17)Functions: a, law passageb, authorizing taxation and public expenditurec, examining government action d. debateFeatures: a. electoral system (general election)b. general election by secret ballotc. party member elected to form a majority partyd. PM out of the majority, cabinet and shadow cabinetolitical life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. Manifest destiny Manifest Destiny , which conveyed the idea that the rightful destiny of the United States was included to make an empire.Manifest Destiny:a. inevitability of the founding of USAb. legitimacy of the expansion of American Territoryc. spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lord’s workContainment policy Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China,Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback.Containment(1946); “ a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German DemocraticRepublic (GDR) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin.The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area ("death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches and other defences.The Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States. Although the primary participants' military force never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitionsCold War InfluencePoliticalWASP; military superpower from 1979Economic: economic recession; slow income risingSocial: new conservatism(middle class); rebuilding of American military strengthW The Cold War, often dated from 1947 to 1991, was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in theWestern Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by theSoviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. This began after the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. A neutral faction arose with the Non-Aligned Movement founded by Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia; this faction rejected association with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led East.The Berlin Wall(German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR,East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding EastGermany and from East Berlin.[1] The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[2] which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.The Berlin Wall was officially referred to as the "Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart"(German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) by GDR authorities, implying that neighbouring West Germany had not been fully de-Nazified.[3] The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the "Wall of Shame"—a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt—while condemning the Wall's restriction on freedom of movement. Along with the separate and much longerInner German border (IGB) that demarcated the border between East and West Germany, both borders came to symbolize the "Iron Curtain" that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin, from where they could then travel to West Germany and other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, the wall prevented almost all such emigration.[4] During this period, around 5,000 people attempted to escape over the wall, with an estimated death toll of over 600.In 1989, a series of radical political changes occurred in the Eastern Bloc, associated with the liberalizationof the Eastern Bloc's authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro-Soviet governments in nearby Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest. The physical Wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990. The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on 3 October 1990.。

英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1.Puritanism : the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) and that self-control and hard work are important and that pleasure is wrong or unnecessary2. The Declaration of Independence: is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.3. George Washington: served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is highly revered by Americans as the Father of Our Country.4. WASP: stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is an informal term used in the United States and Canada[1] in reference to an ethnic elite with high social status and presumed power.5. Three Faiths in the US: Americans were considered to come in 3 basic varieties : Protestant,Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6. Religious liberty in the US: freedom of religion is a constitutionally guaranteed right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state7. The “Lost Generation”: in the aftermath of ww1,many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived abroad and known as the lost generation.8.Hemingway : one of the great US writers of the 20th century, who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954. He wrote many novels and short stories in a simple and direct style, and his books are often about typically male activities like war and hunting. His novels include A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. He died by shooting himself.9. High education in the US :10 The civil rights movement : refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states.11. Martin Luther King.Jr. : United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)12. The House of Lords and Commons in the UK : British Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. the House of Commons, whose members are each elected to represent a particular official area of the country, or its members or the place where it meets13. Romanticism : a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationalityepresentative persons include keats,byron and shelley.14. Shakespeare : English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, include the famous four comedies and four tragedies.15. the British Commonwealth : is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.16. Terra Nullius : in Australia, the legal idea that when the first Europeans arrived in Australiathe land was owned by no one and therefore they were free to live there.washington and westminster as britain and: form policy in Australia ”Washminster“The 17.american political system.based on a federation of states and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a prime minister.18. The Bloc Quebecois: a coalition of MPs from the main French-speaking province of Quebec who were dedicated to the task of winning important concessions from the rest of Canada.19. the Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.20. Unilateralism (the US) : Unilateralism is used to refer to a policy in which one country or group involved in a situation takes a decision or action on its own, without the agreement of the other countries or groups involved.20. London : the capital and largest city of England,the country's governmental, financial and and cultural center.21. Percy Bysshe Shelley : was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. Ode to the West Wind”22. the relationship between the UK and the US: close during and after ww2,and today agree on many issues…23. the Great Barrier Reef : is the world's largest reef system, stretching for over 2,000 kilometres along the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia.24. the Dreaming (Australia) : the most enduring religion in Australia ,is over 10,000 years old.25. James Joyce : Irish ,was one of the greatest writers in the twentieth century, whose worksand“stream of consciousness”had an important effect on the whole world.。

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名词解释1.Epic(史诗）(appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action， often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition。

A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer's Iliad& Odyssey。

It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes。

自考英概名词解释（各个国家齐全）The Thames RiverThe Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain.It is 336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowing through Englandand out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly, which is very favorablefor water transportation.The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties whit in the commonwealth (1991).是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。

4.Cockney伦敦佬A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London5.Eisteddfodaufestivals of song and dance and poetry celebrated by the welsh through the year. By this way the welsh keep the welsh language and welsh culture alive.7. The English ChannelA Channel that separates Britain from the rest of France isquite narrow. A channel tunnel under this channel was built in 1994 to join the two countries together.8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called ―Chunnel‖, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.10.British islesThe British Isles is made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵It is a circular group of large standing stones on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important monuments纪念碑of its kind in Europe, and very popular with visitors.12.Thomas Becket:托马斯he was English churchman and statesman. he became Chancellor of England under Henry II in 1155.he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162.13. Geoffrey ChaucerHe was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb坟墓. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the ―Father of English Poetry‖.14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德she was a national heroine of France during the hundred year’s war, she successfully led the France to drive the Englishout of France.15.lollards:罗拉德派they were poor priests and traveling preachers who were john Wycliffe’s followers. They played an important role in the mental preparations for the peasant uprising of 1381.they preaching the equality of men before god.16.The Puritans清教徒The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.17. Julius CaesarHe was a great Roman general. In 55BC and 54BC, he invaded Britain twice. Because of the resistance of the British people, he withdrew with hostages and prisoners. T hat’s the beginning of the Roman invasion. 带着人质和俘虏撤退。

精品文档1、romanceRomance, which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, isa popular literary form in the medieval period. It has developed the characteristic medieval patterns of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved. The hero is usually the knight who sets out on a journey to accompany some missions –to protect the church, to attack infidelity, to rescue a maiden, to meet a challenge, or to obey a knightly command. There is often a liberal use of the improbable, sometimes even supernatural, things in romance such as mysteries and fantasies. Romantic love is an important part of the plotin romance. Characterization is standardized so that heroes, heroines and wicked stewares can be easily moved from one romance to another. While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward. The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world. If the epic reflects a heroic age, the romance reflects a chivalric one.2. epicAn epic is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. The earlier ones concern the history and legends of a countryor a region and include stories and information from many anonymous sources. These were oral or folk epics of which some were later written down. The epics of the ancient Greek poet Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and Beowulf, written in old English and found in the late 10th century, aregood examples. Later epics were deliberately composed by one author and written down. The ancient Roman Virgil is regarded as the first composer of such epics.3、folk balladThe folk ballad is a popular literary form; it comes from unlettered people rather than from professional mintrels or scholarly poets. As the main form of medieval folk literature, the folk ballad has an oral tradition which makes it easier to remember and memorize. Therefore, all the stylistic features of the folk ballad have derived from their oral nature. The first is its simple language; the simplicity is reflected both in the verse form and the colloquial expressions. So faras the verse form is concerned, ballads are compose mainly in quatrains, which are known as the ballad stanza, rhyming abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables and the second and fourth carrying 3. By making use of a simple, plain language or dialect of the common people with colloquial and, sometimes, idiomatic expressions in its narration or dialogues, the ballad leaves a strong dramatic effect to the reader. The second is its wonderful story which deals only with the culminating incident or climax of a plot. Most of the ballads have a romantic ortragic dimension, with a tragic incident, often a murder or an accidental death, as their subject.Like classical tragedy, ballads have an inevitability, which reflects the folk belief that people are lured into the fatally attractive traps just because all human life is shaped by fate. It is a common pattern of romantic tragic balladry that if one lover dies the other must follow suit. So usually the hero would die of his wound, and the heroine of her sorrow. The third is its dominant mood or tone, either tragic like “Sir Patric Spens”, which tells a story of treachery, or comic like “Get up and Bar the Door”, which presents a funny scene of the domestic life. Furthermore, to strengthen the dramactic effec of the narrative, ballads also make full use of hyperbole; actions and events are much exggerated. This hyperbolic style partly comes from a desire to astonish, for the poor folkwould be delighted to hear of the large-than-life exploits of ballad people. Music has an important formative influence on ballads, too. Another impresdsive feature of the ballad is the use of refrains 精品文档．精品文档and other kinds of repetitions. Poetically the refrains are decorative; musically they are absolutely essential. Through refrains and repetitions, the narration is lent a quantity of liturgy, or of incantation. Magic or supernatural force, the perpetual presence of impossibility, is a rich narrative source of balladry. In the ballad world, things happen suddenly and without warning; only the help of magicv or supernatural force can overcome the fatal powers of destruction. Love, adventure, courageous feats of daring, and sudden disaster are frequenly topic of folk ballads.4. Renaissance (P12)5. sonnetA Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in Italian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns. The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line 'octave' of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line 'sestet' usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th century as a major form of love poetry, and came to be adopted in Spain, France and England in the 16th century and in Germany in the 17th. The standard subject-matter of early sonnets was the torments of sexual love (usually within a courtly love convention), but in the 17th century John Donne extended the sonnet's scope to religion, while Millton extended it to politics.6. Enlightenment (P44)7. Neoclassicism (P45)8. Romanticism (P81)9. Gothic novel (P83)10. Modernism (P136-137)11. Stream of consciousnessStream of consciousness is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character's thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.13. Blank verseBlank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter. Blank verse wasintroduced into English verse by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who along with his older friendSir Thomas Wyatt also introduced the sonnet and other Italian poetic forms into English poetry in the sixteenth century. It soon became the standard metre for dramatic poetry and a widely used form for narrative poems. Much of the finest verse in English---by Shakespeare, Milton,精品文档．精品文档Wordsworth---has been written in blank verse.14. The Spenserian stanzaThe Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queen. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followedby a single line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is ababbcbcc.15.16.Iambic pentameterIambic pentameter is a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.16 Lake PoetsWordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were also called the Lake Poets, because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England, and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work. All three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative.17. Heroic CoupletHeroic Couplet refers to iambic pentameter lines rhymed in pairs. It is called “heroic”because in England, it is usually used in heroic poems.18. Morality playThe Morality plays or Moralities sprang up in England in the 15th century alongside of the Mystery and Miracle plays. They are different in that the morality play doesn't tell stories from the Bible nor about the lives of the saints, but is a dramatized allegory in which abstract virtues and vices such as Mercy, Conscience and Shame, appear in personified form, in order to illustrate moral or religious doctrines.19. Theatre of the AbsurdThe Theatre of the Absurd is a designation for particular plays of absurdist fiction written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1950s, as well as one for the style of theatre which has evolved from their work. Their work expressed the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence.美国文学1.2.Transcendentalism (P26)3.Naturalism (P83-84)4.5.American modernism (P166)6.The Lost Generation (P167)5. Symbolism精品文档．精品文档Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.精品文档．。

Tell what you know about the following in your own words：1. London (上册unit1)London is the largest city located in the south of the country.It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial centre of the nation,but also one of the three major international financial centres in the world.2. the functions of Parliament (上册unit3)The functions of parliament are:to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinise government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.3. class system in British society (上册unit4)The class system does exist in Britain society . Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to upper middle-class or lower middle- class. Class divisions are not simply economic,they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read,in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive.One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.4. independent schools (上册unit7)Independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and stand ards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools . These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.5. the three traditions of Christmas in Britain（上册unit10）There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British:one is the Christmas Pantomime,a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character ,often an ugly woman called “the Dame “,is played by a man. Another British Christma s tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.A third British tradition is Boxing Day,which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants,this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities:shopping. Shops open up to sell all their Christmas stock decorations, food,cars and gift items at low prices.6. the Anglo-Saxon（上册unit1）They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.7.The Declaration of Independence (下册unit 3)The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776,when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fightingfor their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness .It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above . The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke8. a federal system (下册unit 4)A federal systems one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts,with some rights reserved to each.9. the Bill of Rights of USA (下册unit 4)The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1971. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.10. agribusiness (下册unit 4)Because American agriculture is big business, people coined the term “agribusiness” to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy. The term covers the entire complex of farm-related businesses,from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals. It also includes farmer cooperatives,rural banks,shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment, food-processing industries,grocery chains and many other businesses.11. elementary school in USA (下册unit8)In the United States, elementary school usually means grades kindergarten (K) through 8.But in some places, it includes only K-6. Many American refer to elementarygradesas “grammar school”. Elementary schools teach mathematics,language,arts,social studies and some other subjects.12.NBA ( 下册unit15)NBA stands for National Basketball Association. Founded in 1950,it is the association of professional teams in the United States. It has two divisions: the Eastern Division and Western Division.NBA is very popular not only in the U.S. but all over the world. The best NBA star in NBA history is Michael Jordan.。

1、British commonwealth 英联邦British commonwealth is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-three independent member states.The member states cooperate within a framework of common values and goals .The Commonwealth is not a political union,.its members states have full autonomy（自治权） to manage their own internal and external affairs.The King or Queen of Britain is considered the head of the commonwealth.2、Reformation 宗教改革Reformation was the series of events in 16th-century England.The immediate cause for the Riligious reformation was king henry Ⅷ’s attempt to divorse his first wife, Catherine（凯萨琳）Hentry Ⅷ started the Reformation movement by declaring a break with Rome.In 1534 he issued the Act of Supremacy, and declared himself to be the “only supreme head of the church of England”.The Reformation was in essence a political movement in a religious guise.（伪装）3、Act of supremacy 至尊法案In 1534 King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy, and declared himself to be the “only supreme head of the church of England”.it was made clear that Parliament was not granting the King the title but rather it was stated as a recognized fact.In the Act of Supremacy, Henry abandoned Rome completely.He then went on to found a new church called Ecclesia（教堂） Anglicana.He appointed himself and his successors as the supreme rulers of this new church.4、Bank holiday 银行日A bank holiday is a public holiday in the United Kingdom.There is no automatic right to time off(休假) on these days.The first official bank holidays were the four days named in the Bank Holidays Act 1871.The very first Bank Holiday began in 1871 when banker(银行家) Henry James Earl（伯爵）, decided to take the first Monday in May off work, closing his bank to the public.5、Gunpowder plot 火药阴谋the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a failed assassination（暗杀） attempt against King James I.The plan was to blow up（爆发） the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605.The plot was revealed（透露）to the authorities in an anonymous letter. Details of the assassination attempt were allegedly known by the principal Jesuit of England,Father Henry Garnet.Many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James I's reign.6、Oxbridge牛津和剑桥大学Oxford University and Cambridge University are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge.The two university have a long history of competion with each other,as they are the two oldest nuiversities in Britain and rival(竞争) each other in prestige（威望）.the term is now used to refer to them collectively(共同地), often with implications（含意） of perceived superior social status.Oxbridge can be used as a noun referring to either or both universities or as an adjective describing them or their students.7、Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to a constitutional monarchy restricted by laws.the King ruled with an authority circumscribed（限制）by Parliament.Today the monarchy in Britain is politically neutral and by convention(按照惯例) the role is largely ceremonial.Person may accept significant public office without swearing an oath （宣誓） of allegiance（效忠） to the Queen.8、Constitution of the UK 宪法the British constitution is made up of three main parts: Statutory Law (成文法) ,Common Law, (判例法) and Convention.（习惯法）the constitution can be altered or amended（修正）by normal parliamentary processes.The flexibility (灵活性) of the British constitution help explain why it has developed so fully over the years.The constitution is subject to interpretation（解释） by different bodies, the most important being politicians, judges, and scholars.9、Common law 习惯法，不成文法，判例法Common law has never been precisely（精确地） defined.It is deduced（推断） from custom or legal precedents（判例） and interpreted in court cases by judges.Commonlaw is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals (法院) .A "common law system" is a legal system that gives great precedential （有先例的） weight to common law.on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions.10、Privy council 枢密院the executive branch includes the Privy Council, serving as a body of advisors, which has about 450 members.They consist of current and former Cabinet members along with important public figures in Britain and the commonwealth.Formerly,the Privy Council was a powerful institution, but it is now largely ceremonial.(正式的)Most of its power is held by one of its committees, Cabinet.11、House of Lords 上议院The House of Lords is the upper house of the Britain’snational legislature.The House of Lords as an upper chamber (议院) has the primary purpose of scrutinising（仔细检查） Legislation.The main legislative function of the House of Lords is to examine and revise（修正） bill from the House of Conmons.In recent years, the House of Lords has undergone a process of reform to make it more democratic（民主的） and representative（有代表性的）.12、House of commons 下议院House of commons often reffered to the lower House, is the center of parlimentary power.the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons usually becomes the prime minister.It performs three functions13、By election 候补选举Usually a by-election occurs when the incumbent(现任者) has died or resigned.It may also occur when the incumbent becomes ineligiable(不合格的) to continue in office.By-elections have also been called as a result of a constituency election being invalidated(无效，使作废) by voting irregularities。