Quoting,paraphrasing, and summarizing

英语作文评价量规范例{z}English Composition Evaluation Rubric ExampleWhen evaluating an English composition, it is important to consider various aspects of the writing, such as content, organization, language use, and mechanics.The following is an example of a rubric that can be used to assess these different elements.Content:- Does the essay address the given topic or prompt effectively?- Are there clear and developed ideas throughout the essay?- Does the essay provide sufficient evidence and examples to support its main points?- Is there a clear thesis statement or main idea that is supported throughout the essay?Organization:- Is the essay well-organized and logically structured?- Does the essay have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion?- Are the ideas in the essay presented in a coherent and understandable manner?- Are there transitional devices used to connect ideas and create smooth flow?Language Use:- Does the essay use appropriate vocabulary and language for thetarget audience?- Are there no significant grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors?- Does the essay use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to effectively communicate the ideas?- Does the essay use quotation, paraphrasing, and summarizing appropriately and with proper citation?Mechanics:- Are the essay"s mechanics (e.g., formatting, citation style) consistent and correct?- Are there no repeated errors in mechanics that distract from the content of the essay?- Does the essay use headings, subheadings, or other organizational tools as needed?- Is the essay free from any glaring formatting or citation mistakes?Each of these aspects can be given a score or rating, and the scores can be combined to give an overall score for the essay.For example, each category could be rated on a scale of 1 to 4, with 4 being the highest level of achievement.The scores from each category could then be added together to get a total score out of 16, with a higher score indicating a higher level of achievement in the essay.It is important to note that this is just one example of a rubric, and evaluators may choose to adapt or modify it to better fit their specificneeds or the specific requirements of the assignment.The key is to provide clear and specific criteria for evaluation and to apply those criteria consistently to all essays.。

A paraphrase from Bate and Sharpe’s (1996) textUniversity essays need to be well structured to successfully develop an argument. According to Bate & Sharpe, when writing an essay which develops an argument, it is common to include a thesis statement in the introduction. Appropriate evidence also needsto be used in the body of the essay to backup or justify the thesis (1996, p.15). Therefore students who can support their argument with sourced material …Note how:•the main ideas of the text have been extracted and put into different words (synonyms). •not every main point in the text has been paraphrased. Information has been selected for the writer’s own purpose, which in this case is to support the point made in the firstsentence.•the paraphrasing has been acknowledged with appropriate in-text referencing i.e. authors’ surnames, year and page number. Some lecturers consider page numbers unnecessary for paraphrases so check with your school’s guide to referencing. If in doubt provide them!Page numbers are essential for quotesA quote from Bate and Sharpe’s (1996) textA well-structured essay has a position or argument (thesis) stated in the introduction. Unlike every day types of arguments, argument in university essays is ‘not like fighting with your neighbours about their dog’, rather it is about a ‘process of reasoning’ (Bate & Sharpe 1996, p.15).Some general guidelines for using quotes•When using quotations don't just insert them into the essay. Try to make sure you use words to link them with your writing. See example above. Try and avoid merely inserting the quote into the text with no connection to the previous sentence.•Check out the expectations for the use of quotes in your discipline i.e. especially for Law and Humanities.•In most disciplines, use quotations sparingly. If you can rewrite the idea in your own words do so because it helps you to blend other knowledge with yours.•Quotations must be enclosed in single quotation marks and reproduced exactly (punctuation, spelling mistakes and all) as they are written. Use the Latin term ‘sic’ insquare brackets [sic] to indicate a mistake (e.g. a typo, grammatical mistake, politicallynon-correct or offensive terminology, sexist, racist etc).• If you omit any section of the quotation indicate it by using three dots to replace the omitted text.• A quotation that is longer than three lines (also called a block quote) is indented, single-spaced (as opposed to double or 1.5 spaced in the remainder of the essay) and is written without quotation marks. See extract on previous page.Take note of how the quotations are managed in the journals you readwithin your field of study!Learning Assistance @ Southern Cross University。

《大学英语过程写作》期末考试（20）班级：默认班级 成绩： 75.0 分姓名：沈言雨一、 单选题（题数：40，共 80.0 分）1How is a major supporting idea different from a minor one?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Major supporting ideas are more important than the minor ones.B、Major supporting ideas are general while the minor ones are specific.C、Major supporting ideas outnumber minor ones in a paper.D、Major supporting ideas provide more convincing evidences than minor ones.正确答案： B 我的答案：B2What are three synonyms for the word “say” (use a thesaurus)?（2.0 分）0.0 分A、mention, denigrate, proclaimB、enunciate, exhume, clarifyC、inculcate, state, pontificateD、allege, opine, verbalize正确答案： A 我的答案：C3Which grammatical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph? I see traces of the turtle soup, and vension, and gold spoon in this. Yes, I do! Cried Mr. Bounderby, shaking his head with obstinate cunning. ‘By the Lord Harry, I do.’ （2.0 分）2.0 分A、ellipsisB、conjunctionC、referenceD、substitution正确答案： D 我的答案：D4Why is it better to use a strong verb than to use a noun?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Nouns show actionB、Nouns are informal.C、Verbs show actionD、Verbs are informal.正确答案： C 我的答案：C5Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “Traffic jam can be solved by traffic control in the downtown area.”（2.0 分）0.0 分A、post hocB、guilt by associationC、oversimplificationD、begging the question正确答案： C 我的答案：B6What are two ways that we can organize paragraphs according to this presentation? （2.0 分）2.0 分A、introduction, body, and conclusionB、block style and point-by-point styleC、summative and narrativeD、point-by-point style and comparative style正确答案： B 我的答案：B7Which one is more coherent?(仅填 A 或 B 即可)（2.0 分）2.0 分A、The most striking example of value rigidity I can think of is the old south Indian Monkey Trap, which depends on value rigidity for its effectiveness. A hollowed-out coconut chained to a stake makes the trap. A monkey can put its hand though a small hole in the coconut and grab some rice inside. The monkey can put its hand into the hole but cannot take its fist out with rice in it. The monkey's value rigidity traps it when it reaches in. The rice cannot be revalued. He cannot see that freedom without rice is more valuable than capture with it.B、The most striking example of value rigidity I can think of is the old south Indian Monkey Trap, which depends on value rigidity for its effectiveness. The trap consists of a hollowed-out coconut chained to a stake. The coconut has some rice inside which can be grabbed through a small hole. The hole is big enough so that the monkey's hand can go in, but too small for his fist with rice in it to come out. The monkey reaches in and issuddenly trapped - by nothing more than his own value rigidity. He can't revalue the rice. He cannot see that freedom without rice is more valuable than capture with it.正确答案： B 我的答案：B8In which situation would a T Chart be the most effective form of brainstorming? （2.0 分）0.0 分A、when creating formulating an argumentB、when showing the cause and effect of a situationC、when comparing two thingsD、both answers a and cE、Do not judge your ideas at the beginning. Simply just get your ideas out.正确答案： D 我的答案：E9What are 6 types of brainstorming?（2.0 分）0.0 分A、listing, clustering, t-chart, freewritingB、listing, clustering, cubing, freewriting, looping, t-chartC、freewriting, mapping, cubing, q-chart, looping, listingD、organizing, listing, looping, freecharting, cubing, t-chartE、organizing, cubing, researching, q-chart, freelisting, looping正确答案： A 我的答案：D10How is a point-by-point style argumentative essay different from a block style argumentative essay regarding how they disprove opposing points of view? （2.0 分）2.0 分A、Whereas only one paragraph in a block style argumentative essay will present a strong argument against an opposing view, all three paragraphs in a point-by-point style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view.B、Whereas only one paragraph in a point-by-point style argumentative essay will present a strong argument against an opposing view, all three paragraphs in a block style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view.C、Whereas all three paragraphs in a block style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view, only one paragraph in an argumentative point-by-point style essay will present a strong argument against an opposing view.D、Whereas all three paragraphs in a point-by-point style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view, in a block style argumentative essay there are no strong arguments against an opposing view.正确答案： A 我的答案：A11Which one is not a grammatical cohesion strategy?（2.0 分）0.0 分A、referenceB、substitutionC、metonymyD、ellipsisE、conjunction正确答案： C 我的答案：B12Which lexical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph? He fell asleep. What woke him was a loud crash.（2.0 分）2.0 分A、metonymyB、repetitionC、hyponymy
D、antonymy正确答案： D 我的答案：D13In which situations should we use citation?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Quoting, Summarizing, ProverbsB、Paraphrasing, Quoting, Common KnowledgeC、Common Knowledge, Quoting, Better safe than sorryD、Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting正确答案： D 我的答案：D14Why is brainstorming important?（2.0 分）0.0 分A、It allows writers to analyze the writing prompt and organize their thoughts.B、It contributes to unity and coherence of writing because it allows writers to map out their ideas.C、all of the aboveD、none of the above正确答案： C 我的答案：D15At what point in the writing process should we brainstorm?（2.0 分）0.0 分A、at the beginningB、at the beginningC、at the endD、in the middleE、always正确答案： A 我的答案：C16What are the two most commonly used citation styles?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Modern Language Association & American Psychological AssociationB、Social Sciences & Liberal Arts and HumanitiesC、Citation and PlagiarismD、Multiple Language Association & American Physiology Association正确答案： A 我的答案：A17Which thematic progression pattern has been used in this paragraph? The inventor of the diode valve was Fleming. He made use of the fact, first noticed by Edison, that an electric current could be made to flow across the empty space between the hot filament of an electric lamp and another metal electrode placed inside the evacuated bulb. This effect depends upon the thermionic emission of electrons from the heated metal filament. (W. P. Jolly, (1972). Electronics, p. 61)（2.0 分）2.0 分A、simple linear progressionB、split progressionC、constant progressionD、derived hyperthematic progression正确答案： A 我的答案：A18What are the two locations where citations can be found in a paper?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、After quotes and summarizingB、At the beginning of the paper and at the end of the paperC、In text or at the end of the textD、To support your writing and to avoid plagiarism正确答案： C 我的答案：C19Which lexical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph? A big tree with a thick trunk and outspread branches was nearby, and taking care to leave not the slightest mark, he climbed up into the crotch, and stretching out on one of the broad limbs, after a fashion, rested…Something was coming through the bush, slowly, carefully, the same winding way Rainsford had come. He flattened himself down on the limb and through a screen of leaves, saw it was a man.（2.0 分）2.0 分A、synonymyB、hyponymyC、repetitionD、metonymy正确答案： B 我的答案：B20Which paragraph in the following is more coherent? (仅填 A 或 B 即可)（2.0 分）0.0 分A、Nauru is so small that the plane lands in what is best described as the capital's main street. To stop cars when planes are landing the seaward side of the runway has traffic lights at each end. Well-fed and brightly clothed Naurans cowd the tiny air terminal with their smart cars. The only hotel, the luxurious Menen, is a 10-minute drive half way round the island and is where new arrivals are driven off in Japanese minibuses. The well-paved road passes rows of neat, modern houses, set among the trees.B、Nauru is so small that the plane lands in what is best described as the capital's main street. The seaward side of the runway has traffic lights at each end to stop cars when planes are landing. The tiny air terminal is crowded with well-fed and brightly clothed Naurans with their smart cars. New arrivals are driven off in Japanese minibuses for the 10-minute drive half way round the island to the only hotel, the luxurious Menen. Thewell-paved road passes rows of neat, modern houses, set among the trees. (David Lascelles, The Financial Times)正确答案： B 我的答案：A21How do we tighten sentences?（排序）1、reflect on the logical relationship among sentence and ideas.2、look for words that don’t do their share of the work3、use strong verbs4、Keep it clear and simple（2.0 分）2.0 分A、2341B、1234C、3214D、4321正确答案： B 我的答案：B22Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim?“Even though it’ s only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course”.（2.0 分）2.0 分A、hasty generalizationB、post hocC、guilt by associationD、oversimplification正确答案： A 我的答案：A23Among the following choices, which one can not be used as minor supporting ideas?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、QuotesB、StatisticsC、InstancesD、Arguments正确答案： D 我的答案：D答案解析：24Among the following choices, which one can not be used as major supporting ideas? （2.0 分）2.0 分A、Points of comparisonB、ReasonsC、ExamplesD、Steps in a process正确答案： C 我的答案：C答案解析：25What does procrastination mean?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Supporting the efforts of othersB、Getting things done earlyC、Writing down referencesD、leaving things until the last moment正确答案： D 我的答案：D26Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “Xiao Ming always cheats in exams. Xiao Ming is your friend. You always cheat in exams.”（2.0 分）2.0 分A、hasty generalizationB、post hocC、guilt by associationD、oversimplification正确答案： C 我的答案：C27Outlining is ( ) in the writing process.（2.0 分）2.0 分A、the first stageB、the second stageC、the third stageD、the fourth stage正确答案： B 我的答案：B28Syllogism is a kind of deductive reasoning.（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Deductive reasoning (from general to specific)B、Inductive reasoning (from specific to general)正确答案： A 我的答案：A29Why should we be careful of the word be?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、“Be” allows for the use of adjectives which are not descriptive.B、“Be” is rarely used in written English.C、“Be” is often confused for “bee”.D、“Be” is often used in a passive manner and does not show action.正确答案： D 我的答案：D30Which one is not one of the three appeals of an argument that Aristotle postulated: （2.0 分）2.0 分A、logical appealB、Ethical appealC、Emotional appealD、Emphatic appeal正确答案： D 我的答案：D31Which style of citation is the most specific and why?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、MLA requires the date of publication because they focus more on the Liberal arts and Humanities, and research in this field is only catalogued by year.B、APA because they focus more on the Liberal arts, and research in this field is only catalogued by year.C、APA requires the date of publication because they focus more on the scientific realm, and research in this field is always changing.D、These two popular styles of citation are pretty much the same, and one does not require more details than the other.正确答案： C 我的答案：C32All fragile things are breakable things. Some glasses are fragile things. Therefore, () （2.0 分）2.0 分A、Some Glasses will break.B、Some Glasses are breakable things.C、Some things are breakable.D、None of the above.正确答案： B 我的答案：B33Which lexical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph? ‘NOW, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. …Stick to Facts, Sir!’（2.0 分）0.0 分A、hyponymyB、repetitionC、antonymyD、metonymy正确答案： B 我的答案：A34Which ones have used nominalization?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、I do not understand either her meaning or his intention.B、I do not understand either what she means or what he intends.C、The fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury.D、My denial of his accusations impressed the jury.正确答案： A 我的答案：A35Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “We have a new Math teacher. And my Math turns out to be a disaster this semester. The new Math teacher is responsible for my poor performance. ”（2.0 分）0.0 分A、post hocB、guilt by associationC、oversimplificationD、begging the question正确答案： A 我的答案：B36What is a characteristic of point by point style writing?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Writers can focus on comparing things through unique lenses or perspectives in each paragraph.B、The writer can focus on completely explaining one subject in each paragraph.C、The writer will personalize or reflect on the comparison made in the third paragraph.D、The use of an introduction and conclusion are unique to this style of writing.正确答案： A 我的答案：A37Which thematic progression pattern has been used in this paragraph? Hemp’s environmental credentials are indisputable. It grows better in organic systems than in conventional ones. It smothers weeds and controls pests, clearing the land for other crops. It improves the structure of the soil, with strong roots to prevent erosion. If processed in the field, it returns nutrients to the land and purports to ‘clean up’ soil contaminated with heavy metals. It is one of a minority of textile-fibre crops that can be grown in temperate climates. So why, given its potential, is so little hemp used today? (New Internationalist, June 1998, p. 14)（2.0 分）0.0 分A、simple linear progressionB、split progressionC、constant progressionD、derived hyperthematic progression正确答案： C 我的答案：D38Which of the following is not a reason to provide proper citation?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、To show our hard work and all of the research that we’ve doneB、To plagiarize (using another person’s words or ideas without giving them proper credit)C、To establish our credibility as a writerD、To allow readers to find more information about our ideas正确答案： B 我的答案：B39When making citations at the end of a text, which lines must be indented?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、All lines except the first lineB、All lines except the last lineC、The first lineD、The second line正确答案： A 我的答案：A40Which of these is an example of MLA Citation?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、(Stone 15)B、(Stone, 2014, p. 15) is an example of MLA Citation正确答案： A 我的答案：A二、 多选题（题数：7，共 14.0 分）1What are the three features of a thesis statement?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、It should have a narrow focus,B、It can be a fact,C、It should be an opinion,D、it can forecasts the body paragraphs正确答案： ACD 我的答案：ACD2How to convert logical syllogism into written argument ?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Provide evidence for each premise.B、Lay out each premise clearly.C、Draw a clear connection to the conclusion.D、Support the conclusion with new evidence.正确答案： ABC 我的答案：ABC3What’s the structure of introduction?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、Background informationB、Hookc.C、Thesis statementD、Evidence of Thesis statement正确答案： ABC 我的答案：ABC4When looking at our writing, we should ask ourselves if we are ________ two things from a certain perspective or ________ one subject.（2.0 分）0.0 分A、ComparingB、ExplainingC、EngagingD、ElaboratingE、InvigilatingF、ConflatingG、Initiating正确答案： AB 我的答案：AE5When we say “sentence variety”, what can we vary?（2.0 分）1.0 分A、sentence lengthB、sentence openingC、sentence endingD、sentence structure正确答案： ABD 我的答案：AD6What are the three ways to create powerful descriptive language?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、use of adjecitvesB、parallel structureC、varied sentence structureD、theme and rheme正确答案： ABC 我的答案：ABC7What is the purpose of using cohesion strategies?（2.0 分）2.0 分A、to connect the writing as a wholeB、to flow smoothly from one idea to the next oneC、to ensure the accuracy of writingD、to bring out more ideas as inspiration正确答案： AB 我的答案：AB三、 判断题（题数：3，共 6.0 分）1The parallel structure is the most important thing in outline.（2.0 分）2.0 分正确答案：2√我的答案：√Nominalization is to turn a verb or an adjective into a noun.（2.0 分）2.0 分正确答案：3√我的答案：√An outline is thoughts, rather than a paragraph. So we can just write down ideas rather than supporting sentences.（2.0 分）2.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√。

Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Main IdeaWhat is a Paraphrase?When you paraphrase, you are putting another writer’s words and ideas into your own words. You change the writer’s words and sentence structure but not the writer’s meaning and ideas. Paraphrasing is usually used for shorter pieces of writing that you want to put into your own words.A paraphrase can be as long as the original writing or it can be slightly shorter. It does not condense or reduce the amount of information that the original writer wrote, but a paraphrase does include all the writer’s original ideas, thoughts, details, and examples in your own words. How to ParaphraseThe following are a few steps to help you paraphrase:1.Reread the original piece of writing until you understand it completely (vocabulary andmeaning).2.Look up any words or phrases you don’t understand and find synonyms for these.3.If you need to, paraphrase sentence by sentence, answering the who, what, where,when, why, and how of each sentence.4.When you are done writing, compare your work to the original and make sure thatyou have changed enough of the language so that the paraphrase doesn’t sound likethe original, but also check to make sure you have not changed the meaning or themeof the original writing.5.If you have a unique term or phraseology from the original that you must include inyour paraphrase, make sure you have used quotation marks to indicate that you haveborrowed material word for word from the original source.Example ParaphraseOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986) Paraphrase: One amazing characteristic of the English spoken in Australia is that it is mostly the same everywhere in the country. Even though Australia is about the same size asEurope, there is almost no change in accent from region to region. Someone livingin Perth sounds similar to someone living in Adelaide or Sydney, as well as a gasstation attendant living in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. On the other hand, evensomeone who is just visiting England or the U.S. can tell from hearing the localaccent whether or not they are in the north or south of England or the east or southof the U.S.(over)What is a Summary?When you summarize, you are putting the writer’s words and ideas into your own words as well shortening the length of the original work. A summary is a shortened version of the original work that includes the writer’s main idea with some of the more important supporting points and general ideas in your own words. A summary is shorter than a paraphrase. Summarizing is generally used for longer original pieces of writing that you want to put into your own words. Summarizing captures the writer’s main ideas in a shorter version of the original and does not include all of the writer’s examples and supporting details .How to SummarizeThe following are a few steps to help you summarize:1.Reread the material you want to summarize and make sure you understand themeaning and any unfamiliar vocabulary.2.Underline topic sentences.3.Write a sentence that expresses the writer’s main idea in your own words.4.Write a few sentences that express the writer’s most important supporting ideas (referto the topic sentences you underlined for step #2). Do not copy phrases or sentences.Put everything in your own words. If you cannot do this, reread the passage until youfully understand it.5.Do not include examples, descriptive details, or quotations.6.Reread your summary to determine whether it contains sufficient information. Use thistest: Would your summary be understandable to someone who had not read thearticle/book? If not, revise your summary to include additional information.Example SummaryOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986) Summary: One of the amazing characteristics of English spoken in Australia is that it sounds so similar all over the country. In contrast, the English spoken in England and theUnited States has a distinct accent from region to region.What is the Main Idea?The main idea of a piece of writing is the writer’s general message. It is the thought that is present from the beginning to the end, and most of the sentences support, describe, or explain the main idea. The main idea can often be found in the first or last sentence of the paragraph or introduction, depending on how long the piece of writing is that you are reading.How to Find the Main IdeaThe following are a few questions to ask yourself to help you discover the main idea:1.“What idea is common to most of the text?2.What is the idea that relates the parts to the whole?3.What opinion do all the parts support?4.What idea do they all explain or describe?” (Reader’s Choice, p.18, 2002)Example Main IdeaOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986)Main Idea: The English spoken in Australia sounds almost the same in all parts of the country compared to the English spoken in England and the U.S. where the accent canchange from region to region.(All material adapted f rom OWL website and Reader’s Choice, 2002)。

Quoting, Paraphrasing, and SummarizingThis handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to . . .•Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing•Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing•Give examples of several points of view on a subject•Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with•Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original•Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own•Expand the breadth or depth of your writingWriters frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:In his famous and influential work the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues thatdreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery thedreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream-work" (page #). According toFreud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding throughlayers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dreamitself (page #).How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summariesPractice summarizing the essay below, using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow these steps:•Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.•Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.•Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.•Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so.The following is a sample essay you can practice quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Examples of each task are provided at the end of the essay for further reference.Here is the citation for Sipher's essay:Sipher, Roger. “So That Nobody Has to Go to School If They Don't Want To.” The New York Times. 19 December 1977. Page 31. Print.So That Nobody Has To Go To School If They Don't Want Toby Roger SipherA decline in standardized test scores is but the most recent indicator that American education is in trouble.One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-attendance laws force many to attend school who have no wish to be there. Such children have little desire to learn and are so antagonistic toschool that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive the quality education that is the birthright of every American.The solution to this problem is simple: Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend.This will not end public education. Contrary to conventional belief, legislators enacted compulsory-attendance laws to legalize what already existed. William Landes and Lewis Solomon, economists, found little evidence that mandatory-attendance laws increased the number of children in school. They found, too, that school systems have never effectively enforced such laws, usually because of the expense involved.There is no contradiction between the assertion that compulsory attendance has had little effect on the number of children attending school and the argument that repeal would be a positive step toward improving education. Most parents want a high school education for their children. Unfortunately, compulsory attendance hampers the ability of public school officials to enforce legitimate educational and disciplinary policies and thereby make the education a good one.Private schools have no such problem. They can fail or dismiss students, knowing such students can attend public school. Without compulsory attendance, public schools would be freer to oust students whose academic or personal behavior undermines the educational mission of the institution.Has not the noble experiment of a formal education for everyone failed? While we pay homage to the homily, "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink," we have pretended it is not true in education.Ask high school teachers if recalcitrant students learn anything of value. Ask teachers if these students do any homework. Quite the contrary, these students know they will be passed from grade to grade until they are old enough to quit or until, as is more likely, they receive a high school diploma. At the point when students could legally quit, most choose to remain since they know they are likely to be allowed to graduate whether they do acceptable work or not.Abolition of archaic attendance laws would produce enormous dividends.First, it would alert everyone that school is a serious place where one goes to learn. Schools are neither day-care centers nor indoor street corners. Young people who resist learning should stay away; indeed, an end to compulsory schooling would require them to stay away.Second, students opposed to learning would not be able to pollute the educational atmosphere for those who want to learn. Teachers could stop policing recalcitrant students and start educating.Third, grades would show what they are supposed to: how well a student is learning. Parents could again read report cards and know if their children were making progress.Fourth, public esteem for schools would increase. People would stop regarding them as way stations for adolescents and start thinking of them as institutions for educating America's youth.Fifth, elementary schools would change because students would find out early they had better learn something or risk flunking out later. Elementary teachers would no longer have to pass their failures on to junior high and high school.Sixth, the cost of enforcing compulsory education would be eliminated. Despite enforcement efforts, nearly 15 percent of the school-age children in our largest cities are almost permanently absent from school.Communities could use these savings to support institutions to deal with young people not in school. If, in the long run, these institutions prove more costly, at least we would not confuse their mission with that of schools.Schools should be for education. At present, they are only tangentially so. They have attempted to serve an all-encompassing social function, trying to be all things to all people. In the process they have failed miserably at what they were originally formed to accomplish.Example Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation from the Essay:Example summary: Roger Sipher makes his case for getting rid of compulsory-attendance laws in primary and secondary schools with six arguments. These fall into three groups—first that education is for those who want to learn and by including those that don't want to learn, everyone suffers. Second, that grades would be reflective of effort and elementary school teachers wouldn't feel compelled to pass failing students. Third, that schools would both save money and save face with the elimination of compulsory-attendance laws.Example paraphrase of the essay's conclusion: Roger Sipher concludes his essay by insisting that schools have failed to fulfill their primary duty of education because they try to fill multiple social functions (para. 17).Example quotation: According to Roger Sipher, a solution to the perceived crisis of American education is to "Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend" (para. 3).。

About quotation in the thesis When we write an academic paper, we almost always need to borrow ideas, statistics, and previous research findings to strengthen our own ideas, to explain our own arguments, and to support our own evidence. Such practice not only fits our research into the larger picture of a particular field of research, but also lends a basis and persuasiveness to our arguments.Generally speaking, there are three legal ways of using outside sources and information:1. Direct quotation2. Paraphrasing3. SummarizingEach of these three ways is used extensively in academic research. As a matter of fact, academic research requires the combined use of these three methods. If a research paper is written without using any outside ideas or information, that paper might be considered as deficient in academic value.Ⅰ. Direct Quotation:1. DefinitionA direct quotation is exactly the same as the original and must be put in quotation marks. Everything within the quotation marks, that is to say, not only the words but also the spelling,capitalization and interior punctuation, should be exactly the same as the original.2. When to use direct quotations(1) When the original wording expresses the idea so preciselyand succinctly that we cannot improve on it;(2) When the direct quotation comes from an authority in aparticular field and therefore strengthens our point ofview;(3) When we need to borrow a special term or expression that isa particular writer’s invention and carries special meaning;(4) When we need the original wording for the purpose offurther discussion.3. How to use direct quotation(1) When we do quote, we should make every effort to workthe direct quotation into our own statement so that it maybecome part of an organic whole.(2) Use a colon if our direct quotation is introduced by acomplete sentence:Sample 1Sinclair Lewis, the first American Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1930, believed that Dreiser better deserved the prize: “Dreiser…more than any other man, marching alone,usually unappreciated, often hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and gentility in the American fiction to honesty, boldness and passion of life.”(3) Treat the direct quotation as part of the sentence andpunctuate accordingly if it is not introduced by a completesentence:Sample 2To Sinclair Lewis, “Dreiser…more than any other man, marching alone, usually unappreciated, often hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and gentility in the American fiction to honesty, boldness and passion of life.”ExerciseI have a dream that my four little children will one daylive in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.F rom “I have a dream…”, a speech byMartin Luther King, Jr.4. We should observe the following rules when using directquotation:(1). Keep the quotation as brief as possible;(2).Be accurate. What appears between quotation marks should beexactly the same as the original. No word, punctuation, or even spelling should be charged;(3). Always indicate the source of the quotation;(4). When the quotation is less than three lines, incorporate it inthe flow of the paragraph with a pair of quotation marks.When the quotation is longer than three lines, use a separate and indented paragraph, without quotation marks, to indicate the quotation;Eg:The view that writing is typically a socially-situated act has been reinforced by the aims and experiences of the recent Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) movement (Young and Fulwiler, 1986). A primary research agenda for W AC has been firmly laid out by Faigley and Hansen:If teacher of English are to offer courses that truly prepare students to write in other disciplines, they will haveto explore why those disciplines study certain subjects,why certain methods of enquiry are sanctioned, how theconvertions of a discipline shape a text in that discipline,how individual writers represent themselves in the text,how a text is read and disseminated, and how one textinfluences subsequent texts.(Faigley and Hansen, 1985:149)(5). When only parts of a long sentence or passage are quoted, theomitted words may be indicated three dots. However, the parts that do appear as a quotation still have to be accurate; (6). The volume of direct quotations in any piece of academicwriting should be kept within10～20﹪of the total paper length. Too much quoted material may spoil the originality or style of the academic paper.5. The following expressions are often used to indicate the sourceof a direct quotation. It is often advisable to include when and where the person said so.As X said… As X reported…As X stated… As X wrote…As X mentioned… As X maintained…As X insisted… As X declared…X said… X further stated…X later insisted… X continued…X f irmly believed…Ⅱ. ParaphrasingI.The definition of paraphrasingParaphrasing means to restate the idea of a sentence or passage in a different and usually simpler way.Language teachers often employ paraphrasing to explain difficult sentences to check students’ understand ing, and to train them to express complicated ideas in more readily understandable terms. More importantly, academic writers employ paraphrasing to borrow ideas and previous research findings in the field of study. It is one ofthe three important methods of incorporating outside sources.Compared with direct quotation, paraphrasing is more flexible. This flexibility exists in at least three different ways:1.Flexibility in elaborating the original idea if necessary for betterand clearer understanding;example1：原文：University registration procedures-once a nightmare of lists, lines, and paper strips-have been streamlined by using computers.译文：Computers have lessened the pains of the process of university registration: it involves fewer lists, less waiting, and more efficiency.2.Flexibility in emphasising different aspects of the originalmaterial to suit a particular purpose.example 2:原文："Poetry-the height of a language's expression-is perhaps the hardest aspect of the language for the second-language learner to conquer."译文：The most difficult part of a language for a non-native speaker is poetry, the most profound and subtle form of expression.3.Flexibility in modifying the tone and style of the originalsource for a better fit into the context of the writing.Paraphrasing is probably more often employed in academic papersthan direct quotation. This section discusses the correct ways of using paraphrasing.example3:原文："A family of lion, often consisting of a male, two or three lionesses, their offspring, and perhaps a yearling or two, is called a pride."译文： A pride is a lion family, the members of which are one male, two or three females, their babies, and one or two other young lions around one-year old.II.Guidelines for paraphrasingTwo simple rules govern paraphrasing1.Rule 1Always give credit to the source of idea or material being paraphrased. Failing to do so is regarded as dishonesty.The following expressions and structures may be used to introducea paraphrase:1)In an article/ a study by X, ...2)As X points out, ...3)X states...4) A study by X indicates that...5)X has drawn attention to the fact that...6)X claims that...7)X found/ discovered that...8)Research by X suggests that...9)X argues that...2.Rule 2Always restate the idea in different vocabulary and sentence structure. A mere change of a few words without changing the structure may be regarded as plagiarism in disguise.However, changing the vocabulary does not mean that every word in the original sentence needs changing. Ordinary words and special technical terms do not require a change. Only “character words,” that show a strong personal preference and therefore are like a writer’s signature, need changing. There “character words”are mostly substance words—nouns, verbs, special adjectives, and unusual adverbs. They may also be terms or jargon that have been given some special meaning by the original writer.One task of paraphrasing is to replace the character words with other, perhaps more ordinary words and expressions. One word in each of the following groups of words is more unusual and has the capability of becoming a character word. Pleaseidentify the word.1. one, tick, was, and, man2. beautiful, cumbersome, interesting, important3. walk, run, amble, move4. late, delayed, tardy5. rule, maxim, lawIII.Two steps of paraphrasingMainly two steps are used to achieve this purpose:1. Identifying the character words and finding appropriate substitutes (synonym)2. Understanding the original sentence and rewriting it in a new frameworkexercise：“Attitudes are selectively acquired and integrated through learning and experience” (John D. Faust).In this sentence, three words (selectively, acquired, integrated) are character words and should be changed in a paraphrase. The following are two possible versions.a)John D. Faust expresses the view that through learning andexperience, feelings and attitudes are carefully chosen and absorbed.b)As John D. Faust points out, individuals change theirattitudes because of things they learn and the things they experience.SummarizingIn terms of frequency of use when comparing direct quotation, paraphrasing, and summarizing, summarizing is probably the most common way of thinking, writing, and organizing ideas.If direct quotation is mostly used in both fiction and non-fiction, and if paraphrasing is mostly used in both language teaching and academic writing, summarizing is used in almost every aspect of human thinking and communication. Whenever we recount a story, an idea or an event in the form of main ideas, we are summarizing.Summarizing assumes various forms depending on such factors as what and why you are summarizing.A summary of a story will contains both the events and the motives not necessarily in chronological order;A summary of a process will involve all the main stages;A summary of an event will usually list the subsections of the event in chronological order;A summary of news article will contain answers to thequestions “who,” what,” “where,” “when,” “why,” and “how.”In academic writing, our present concern, summarizing is an important form of borrowing from outside sources without plagiarizing.Guidelines for an academic summarySummary writing for academic purposes usually follows these steps.1.Read the source material carefully several times to understand thecentral idea and the main arguments2.Write down on a separate piece of paper the central idea and themain arguments. (And the important supporting ideas, if necessary). Depending on your purposes, minor details and minor examples may be omitted or included between parentheses.3.Write the summary according to the skeleton without referring tothe source material.4.Check the summary against the source material to ensure that allthe main points are included for your purpose, removing at the same time any unintended direct quotation or character words. If certain key words are needed, use quotation marks to so indicate.5.Control the length of the summary. Although the length isflexible according to the occasion, a summary is usually less than 200 words. For very long source material (over 10,000 words, for example), the summary may still be as short as a few hundredwords.6.Mention the source of the material in the text of the summary, ornote it at end of the summary.Salaries Rise in Line with FeesBy George WillEducation WeeklyDecember 15, 2001 Students are borrowing more money to finance college education compared with 10 years ago, but when they graduate, their loan payments are taking up a smaller percentage of the salaries.One-half of all graduates borrow money, according to figures from the US Department of Education, up from 34% in 1990. The average debt for recent graduates is $9,800, up from $ 6,000 in 1990.The government has been deliberately shifting the emphasis from grants to loans, and more students have been forced to take out loans because of rising fees.“College students are borrowing more than they did 10 years ago to pay for rising college tuition,” said Acting Secretary of Education Ted Sanders. “Bu t when you take earning into account, debt should not be a hardship for most graduates.” (129 words)Summary versionAccording to George Will (“Salaries Rise in Line with Fees,” Education Weekly, December 15, 2001), more students (50%) are taking out loans to finance college education than in 1990 (34%) due to rising fees. However, when earnings are taken into account, the debts should not be a hardship for the majority of graduates. (53 words)。

好的倾听者的英文作文As a good listener, I believe in the power of active listening and the impact it can have on building strong relationships and fostering effective communication. Beinga good listener means more than just hearing what someoneis saying; it involves fully engaging with the speaker and making an effort to understand their perspective.One of the key aspects of being a good listener is maintaining eye contact and giving the speaker your full attention. This shows that you are truly invested in the conversation and that you value what the speaker has to say. It also helps to create a sense of trust and openness,which can lead to more meaningful and productive discussions.Another important aspect of being a good listener is asking open-ended questions to encourage the speaker to elaborate on their thoughts and feelings. This not only shows that you are interested in what they have to say, but it also helps to clarify any points that may be unclear. It also demonstrates empathy and understanding, which can help the speaker feel heard and validated.In addition to asking questions, paraphrasing and summarizing the speaker's points can also be effective in demonstrating that you are actively listening. This shows that you are actively engaged in the conversation and that you are making an effort to understand the speaker's perspective. It also helps to ensure that both parties are on the same page and can lead to more productive and meaningful discussions.Finally, being a good listener also involves being non-judgmental and non-reactive. It's important to create a safe and supportive environment where the speaker feels comfortable expressing their thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment or criticism. This can help to foster open and honest communication, and can lead to stronger and more trusting relationships.作为一个好的倾听者，我相信积极倾听的力量以及它对建立牢固关系和促进有效沟通的影响。