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1.询盘Enquiry(inquiry) refers to the buyer in order to buy or the seller in order to sell goods to ask to each other about trading conditions.2.接受Acceptance.In business law, an acceptance is the assent to the terms of an offer. It must be absolute and unconditional.3.商品的品质；Sale by seller’s sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the seller Sale by buyer’s sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the buyerSale by counter sample Counter sample: a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer counter sample used as the basis for quality to remove the risk of the seller,a good substitute to sale by buyer’s sample4.重量gross weight （毛重）= net weight （净重）+ Tare（皮重）Conditioned weight:（公量）equals to the dry weight of a commodity plus the standard moisture content. Conditioned weight = Dried net weight x (1 + Standard regain rate)Theoretical weight（理论重量）= Unit weight x QuantityLegal weight（法定重量）= Net weight + Tare (immediate packing)5.商品包装bulk commodities（散装）nude packed commodities (裸装)Packed commodities(包装)Neutral packing （中性包装）means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers origins packing without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturers .6.贸易术语Warsaw-Oxford Rules is made by International Law Association, which only defines CIF contracts.海洋和河内运输：FAS FOB CFR CIF任何：EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP装运港交货：FOB CFR CIF 向承运人交货：FTA CIP CPT 目的地交货：DA T DAP DDP FOB:Free on board The seller is responsible for shipping the contracted goods on board the ship dominated by the buyer at the port of shipment within specific period and bearing all costs and risks before the goods are on board the vessel.CFR----Cost and freight: The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage (the risks are transferred when goods are delivered on board). CIF-----Cost Insurance and Freight: CIF means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the cost and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.7.国际运输：Liner Transport 班轮运输A liner is vessel with regular sailings and arrivals and sails on a fixed (regular) sailing route and calls at fixed (regular) base ports.特点：a. Fixity, namely fixed routes, fixed ports of call, fixed dates and fixed rates. 四固定b. Responsibility 一负责c. Liabilities, obligations and exemptions of liners and the shipper are all on the basis of the bill of lading issued by liners. 权利、义务、责任豁免Shipping by Charter租船运输：It means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route orschedule of sailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.International Multi-modal Transport 国际多式联运：It involves the transportation of freight in an international container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (rail, ship and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes.8.海运提单Bill of lading (B/L)：a document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods. 作用：a receipt of cargo，an evidence of contract of carriage ，a document title to the goods9.保险：Perils of the Sea（海上风险）：Natural Calamities（自然灾害）Fortuitous Accidents （意外事故）Extraneous Risks（附加其他风险）General Extraneous Risks Special Extraneous Risks（特殊附加风险战争等）Actual Total Loss: 实际全损It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost.Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.Partial loss 部分损失：General Average: 共同海损It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra expense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer, and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship. When a ship is in danger, the captain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffer.In order to compensate the special sacrifice,all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.Particular average: 单独海损It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment.Free from particular average (F.P.A.) 平安险With particular average (W.P.A.) 水渍险I t covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned above.All risks: 一切险Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insurance also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from general additional risks.保险金额计算insurance amount=CIF price×（1 + markup percentage 加成率）premium(溢价)=insurance amount ×premium rateInsurance Policy: (保险单) It is the most widely used insurance document. Contents of the insurance policy usually include The detailed content .Insurance Certificate 保险凭证It is a kind of simplified insurance policy, and the rights and obligations of two parties are omitted. But it has the same legal validity as the insurance policy. 10.支付工具A bill of exchange（汇票）is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable further time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to any bearer.Classification of the bill of exchange （汇票分类）：a.According to the drawer, it is divided into banker’s draft and commercial draft. b.According to whether accompanied with shipping documents, it can be classified into clean bill and documentary bill. c.According to the time of payment, it is divided into sight bill and time bill or usance bill.A promissory note (本票)is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to a order of, a specified person or to a bearer.Promissory note is classified（分类）into bank note and commercial note. Bank note is issued by the bank; but commercial note is issued by the business or the person.11.The difference between the bill of exchange and promissory note（汇票本票区别）a.Promissory note: two parties involved; bill of exchange: three parties involved.b.The drawer of the promissory note is the payer, and time promissory note doesn’t need endorsement; time bill of exchange needs endorsement.c.In any cases, the drawer of the promissory note is the main debtor（债务人）; For bank draft,the drawer of bill of exchange is the main debtor before acceptance, but after acceptance, the acceptor become the main debtor.12.支付方式：Mail transfer (M/T):(信汇)The buyer gives money to a local bank which sendsa trust deed（契约）for payment to it’s correspondent bank at the seller’s end by mail and entrusts it with the task to pay money to the seller. Telegraphic transfer (T/T)(电汇) At the request of the buyer, a local bank sends a trust deed for payment by cable directly to it’s correspondent bank at the seller’s end and entrusts the work to it to pay money to the seller. Demand draft (D/D): (票汇) The buyer buys a draft from a local bank and sends it by mail to the seller, the seller or his appointed person can collect money from the relative bank at his end against the draft sent by the buyer.Collection 托收Collection means that the exporter asks his bank to arrange for the acceptance or payment of the bill overseas, and the bank will carry his task through it’s own branch office abroad or a correspondent bank.信用证In simple terms, a L/C is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment. Expressed more carefully, it is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller at the request and in accordance with the instructionsof the buyer to effect payment up to a stated sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents. 信用证分类According to whether the draft is accompanied with the shipping document, L/C is divided into Documentary L/C: 跟单信用证 and Clean L/C: 光票信用证. According to whether the draft is revocable ,L/C is divided into revocable L/C and irrevocable L/C.(可撤销否) Back to back L/C:（背对背信用证）The exporter sends the L/C established by the importer in his favor to a bank as sole security, requiring the local bank to reopen an L/C in favor of the actual exporter. The L/C opened by the importer is called the original L/C, while the second L/C issued in favor of the actual exporter at the request of the exporter is called the subsidiary L/C.13.货物检验：Legal inspection（法定检验）is conducted to make mandatory inspection of import and export commodities according to laws and regulations of the country. It is an important way to control the quantity of commodities.Place and time of inspection：货物检验分类It can be divided into 3 kinds:(1)To make inspection in the export country(2)To make inspection in the import country(3)To make inspection in the export country and make re-inspection in the import country。
进出口贸易实务1. 法定重量(legal weight)：纯商品的重量加上直接接触商品的包装材料，如内包装等的重量，即为法定重量。
2. 对等样品(counter sample)：在实际业务中，如卖方认为买方来样供货没有切实把握，卖方可根据买方来样仿制或从现有货物中选择品质相近的样品提交买方。
这种样品称“对等样品”。
3. 经销(distributorship)：指出口企业与国外经销商达成书面协议，主要规定经销商品的种类、经销期限和地区范围，利用国外经销商就地推销商品的一种方式。
4. 公量(conditioned weight)：在计算货物重量时，使用科学方法，抽去商品中所含水分，再加标准水分重量，求得的重量称为公量。
5. 仲裁(arbitration)：指买卖双方达成协议，自愿将有关争议交给双方所同意的仲裁机构进行裁决(award)，而这个裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力，双方必须遵照执行。
6. 单独海损(particular average)：指除共同海损以外的部分损失，即被保险货物遭遇海上风险损失后，其损失未达到全损程度，而且该损失应由受损方单独承担的部分损失。
7. 推定全损(constructive total loss)：指被保险货物在运输途中受损后，实际全损已不可避免，或者为避免发生实际全损所支付的费用与继续将货物运抵目的地的费用之和超过保险价值，也就是恢复、修复受损货物并将其运送到原订目的地的费用将超过该目的地的货物价值。
8. 拼箱货(less than container load, LCL)：指货量不足一整箱，需由承运人在集装箱货运站(container freight station, CFS)负责将不同发货人的货物拼装在一个集装箱内，货到目的港或目的地后，由承运人拆箱后分拨给各收货人。
9. 索赔(claim)：指买卖合同的一方当事人因另一方当事人违约致使其遭受损失而向另一方当事人提出要求损害赔偿的行为。
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）What’s International Trade?The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country.EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collect ing vehicle.FASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.FOBFree on Board means the seller de livers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export.CFRCost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipmentCIFCIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium.FCA, Free carrier (…Named place)It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.CPT, Carriage paid to (…named place of destination) 运费付至（…指定目的地）It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of destination) 运费保险费付至（…指定目的地）It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance andpays the insurance premium.DES, Delivered Ex Ship(…named port of destination) 船上交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there.DEQ, Delivered ex Quay(…names port of destination) 码头交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there.DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named pl ace of destination) 未完税交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.DDP，Delivered Duty Paid(…named place of destin ation)完税后交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges for delivering the goods, clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.DAF, Delivered At Frontier (…named place) 边境交货（…指定地点）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver whenthe goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point of place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract.Quality of goodsThe quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods, such as shape, structure, color, flavors well as chemical composition, physical and mechanical property, biological feature, etc.In international trade, quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.Sale by samples.The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the seller’s sample and sale, sale by the buyer’s sample and sale by counter sampleSale by actual quality:（以实际品质交货）In this case, the buyer or his agent examines the goods at seller’s place at first. After they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.Sale by description:（以说明表示）In international business, most commodities are suitable to sale by description which can be subdivided into 7 kinds Sale by specification:（凭规格买卖）The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.Sale by grade: （凭等级买卖）The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbersor symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.Sale by standard: （凭标准买卖）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.F.A.Q.: （良好平均品质）In the international agricultural and by-product market, there is a commonly adopted standard, i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to the average level of the export commodity within a certain period of time.Sale by brand name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(奔驰汽车)Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.Sale by description: 凭说明书和图样买卖The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.Quality T olerance品质公差The quality tolerance is used in the trade of industrial products, which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences within a certain range since such differences are usually unavoidable andcommonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade. Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial products Quality latitude 品质机动幅度The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goods delivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.The packing of goodsIn international trade packing is one of the essential component parts of commodity production. Generally speaking, only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field, and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌It means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers and origins packing and without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturersBrand designated by the buyer:It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the package of the commodity or the commodity itself as buyer’s request.定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或品牌，这种做法叫定牌生产。
国际贸易实务（英文）International Trade PracticeIntroduction:International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across the international borders between two or more countries. Nowadays, international trade has become the backbone of the global economy as it contributes significantly to the GDP of countries. Thousands of products are traded every day between countries, supporting local industries and helping economies grow. In this essay, we will discuss various aspects related to international trade practice.1. The importance of international tradeInternational trade is essential to the economic growth of countries. Through international trade, countries can access a broader market, allowing them to trade in products that they are not able to produce. International trade also ensures that prices of goods remain competitive in the global market, which benefits consumers. This competition encourages innovation and efficiency, resulting in better and cheaper products.2. Benefits of international tradeThe benefits of international trade include:a) Increased job opportunitiesInternational trade creates new job opportunities in exporting industries. This, in turn, helps reduce unemployment rates and improves the standard of living of people.b) Better quality goods and servicesInternational trade allows countries to access products that they may not be able to produce themselves, resulting in better-quality goods and services for consumers.c) Enhanced economic growthInternational trade contributes significantly to economic growth, creating more stable employment conditions whilst also increasing consumer spending.d) Reduced pricesInternational trade allows countries to access products at more competitive prices, resulting in cost savings for consumers.3. Challenges of international tradeWhile international trade has many benefits, several challenges can arise, including:a) Political instabilityPolitical instability can cause uncertainty and unpredictability and drastically affect a country's international trade.b) Regulations and tariffsDifferent countries have varying regulations and tariffs, which can create barriers to international trade.c) Language and culture barriersIndividual countries have different languages and cultures, which can create communication and understanding problems, making it challenging to conduct international trade.4. Types of International TradeInternational trade can be done in several ways:a) ExportExporting involves selling goods and services produced domestically to foreign countries.b) ImportImporting involves buying goods and services from foreign countries to be sold domestically.c) CountertradeCountertrade involves exchanging goods and services for other goods and services instead of using currency as payment.5. Payment Methods in International TradeVarious methods are commonly used in international trade transactions. These include:a) Letter of creditThe letter of credit is an agreement between the buyer and the seller that ensures payment will be made once certain conditions are met, such as delivery of goods and documents.b) Cash in advanceCash in advance involves the buyer making payment before goods are shipped. This method benefits the seller by eliminating the risk of non-payment.c) Open accountOpen account involves the buyer paying the seller after a specified period has elapsed. This method benefits the buyer by allowing them to get goods before paying for them.6. Legal issues related to international tradeInternational trade is often governed by complex legal frameworks. Legal issues that can arise while conducting international business include:a) Breach of contractBreach of contract refers to the violation of the terms agreed between the buyer and the seller, which can result in costly legal proceedings.b) International agreementsInternational agreements such as trade and investment treaties can have a significant impact on international trade.c) Intellectual propertyIntellectual property issues are common in international trade, such as trademark infringement and copyright violations. Conclusion:International trade is essential for countries seeking to expand their markets and improve their economic growth. Although there are challenges, the benefits of international trade outweigh the risks. Understanding the different types of international trade, payment methods and legal issues that can arise when conducting international business is important to ensure success in international trade practice.7. Globalization and its impact on international tradeGlobalization has had a substantial impact on international trade. It has increased the interdependence of countries on one another and encouraged the growth and expansion of international trade. Therise of globalization has created significant opportunities for international trade, including increased access to diverse products, services, and markets. However, it has also created challenges for many businesses, such as increased competition and ongoing regulatory changes. Additionally, globalization has created opportunities for many developing countries to participate and benefit from the global economy, but it has also increased the risk of exploitation through unfavorable trade agreements.8. Case study: China's role in international tradeAs the second-largest economy in the world, China plays a significant role in international trade. The country's export-driven economy has helped it become a major player in global trade, accounting for approximately 13.2% of the world's exports in 2019. China's growth in international trade has been fueled by its low labor costs, supportive government policies, and a vast network of manufacturing facilities. However, the country has also faced various challenges in the international trade arena, such as the imposition of tariffs and export restrictions by other countries. Despite these challenges, China's strong economic growth and engagement with the global community continue to make it an essential player in international trade.9. Future of international tradeThe future of international trade is a topic of much debate and interest in today's global economy. The development of new technologies, such as e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, has created new opportunities for international trade.The growth of e-commerce, for example, has allowed small businesses to participate in international trade more easily. However, there are also concerns about the impact that technology has on job creation and trade relations between countries.Additionally, political changes and shifts in trade policies can pose significant challenges for international trade. For example, the United States' withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership has resulted in significant trade policy uncertainty in the Asia-Pacific region. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has also had a significant impact on global trade, resulting in supply chain disruptions and reduced demand for goods and services.Despite these challenges, many experts believe that international trade will continue to play a vital role in the global economy. New technologies and globalization will continue to create opportunities for businesses to engage in international trade, however, it is important to address the challenges that may arise while conducting international business.10. ConclusionInternational trade is a vital component of the global economy, offering significant benefits to participating countries. It fosters economic growth, creates job opportunities, and provides access to a wider range of goods and services. However, international trade comes with its own set of challenges, such as regulatory barriers and cultural differences. It is crucial for businesses and countries to understand these challenges in order to engage in international trade successfully. The future of international trade will be shapedby ongoing developments in technology, globalization, and political policies, however, it remains an essential component of economic growth and prosperity in the global community.。
What contents shoul d a contract embody?Sell er's and buyer's name.The name of commodity and unit price.Terms of d elivery.Payment terms.Delivery date.Insurance.Claim clause.Arbitration clause。
Force majeure clause.mImport license.mAmendments and suppl ements.Supersed e contract.Retirement right.Place of signing.Plain language.Different date formats.Units of measurement.Currency.Interpretation or translation.Signing of the contract.ually terms of trad e are stipulated in the trad e contract and cl early indicateboth parties responsibilities.√2.Claim and arbitration clause must be includ ed in the written contract.×3.Once signed, I need amendments and suppl ements to the present contractcoul d not be accepted.╳4. A firm offer must indicate that once it has been an conditionally Accept bythe offered within its validity,The offer is binding on both parties.√5.Written form of contract has a l ot of advantages in disputes. Resolving soevery contract shoul d be conducted in writing.×6.In most cases both the buyer and the seller will experience many runs of offerand counter offer before. Concluding a contract.√7.According to cIsgI offer, if it is irrevocabl e, may not be withdrawn if thewithdrawal reaches the offeree being or at the same time as the offer.×8.According to crsg,There are firm offer and non firm offer.×9. A firm offer should includ e at l east three specific conditions, name ofcommodity, quality of commodity and price of commodity.√10.The content of the offer can be ind efinite.×11.In reality.the quantity of goods shipped must be exactly the same with thatstipulated in the contract.×12.In terms of systems of ways and measures. China ad opts us system due to isbeing wid ely applied in the international trad e.×13.Packing can only serve as a form of protection.×14.Graceful night is often stipulated in the contract to indicate that the way ofthe lies valued products is cal culated by Gross weight.√15.The more or l ess cl ouds means that the quantity d elivered can be more or l esswithin certain extent.√Yes, the articl es had great changes in price at the time when d elivery is mad e. The sail or may stipulate that settlement for this part is based on the market price at the time. When the goods I shipped on board the vessel.错。
国际贸易实务复习资料1.product name2.product quality3.sample4.counter sample5.product specifications6.Grade of Goods7.standard samples8.quality changes in price terms9.Fair average quality10.Good merchantable quality11.Terms of quality tolerances12.Gross weight weight14.Gross for net15.Conditioned weight16.Overload or terms17.Transport packaging18.Specify the mark19.Sales packaging20.OEM21.Neutral packing22.Standard shipping marks23.Trade terms24.International trade practice25.INCOTERMS200026.Shipment contract27.Reach contract28.FOB29.CIF30.Symbolic delivery31.CFR32.Liner shipping33.Charter transportation34.Process Charter35.Time Charter36.Demurrage37.Despatch38.Ocean Bill of lading39.Clean on Board Bill of lading40.Order Bill of lading41.Multimodal transport Bill of lading42.Sea waybill43.OCP terms44.International multimodal transport45.Blank blank endorsed bills of lading46.Endorsement47.Signing the Bill of lading48.Stale Bill of lading49.Cargo receipt50.Advanced Bill of lading51.Stowage factor52.Principle of Utmost good faith53.The principle of compensation54.Principles of subrogation claims55.Insurable interest56.Proximate cause57.Marine risks58.Accident59.External risk60.Actual total loss61.Constructive total loss62.The abandonment63.General average64.Particular averagebor expenses66.Salvage charges67.Basic risks68.Additional risks69.From warehouse to warehouse clauses70.Additional risks71.Special additional risks72.Special risks73.Institute cargo clauses ICCbined insurance certificate75.Floating policy76.Total cost of export77.Export foreign exchange net revenue78.Export rate of profit and loss79.Export cost80.Export rate multiplier81.Pricing currency82.Currency of payment83.Hedge clausemission85.Discount86.Bill87.Billmercial bills89.Bank draft90.Light tickets91.Documentary draft92.Sight drafts93.Time draftmercial acceptance Bill95.Bank acceptance96.Tickets97.Tips98.D/a99.Endorsement100.Blank endorsement101.Endorsement102.Restrictive endorsements 103.Protest104.Right of recourse105.Promissory note106.Check107.Direct remittance108.Adverse Exchange109.Remittance110.Wire transfer111.M/t112.Demand draft113.Collection114.Financial documents mercial documents 116.Light collection117.Documentary collection 118.Payment by119.D/a120.Trust receipt121.The letter of credit122.Letter l123.Open the letter of credit 124.Negotiation125.Documentary letter of credit 126.Clean credit127.Irrevocable letter of credit 128.Confirming letters of credit 129.Sight letter of credit anceance letter of credit 132.Transferable letter of credit 133.Back-to-back letter of credit 134.Revolving letter of credit 135.Reciprocal credit136.Red clause letter of credit 137.Standby letter of credit138.International factoring139.Inspection of goods140.Just appraisal141.Statutory inspection142.Controversy143.Claims and adjustments144.Force majeure145.Fundamental breach of contract146.Friendly consultations147.Mediation148.Arbitration149.Arbitration agreement150.Business negotiation151.Inquiry152.Offer153.The withdrawal of an offer154.Revocation of offer155.Counter offer156.Accept157.General terms and conditions158.Negotiation159.Consignment note160.Bill of loading161.Mate's receipt162.Receipt163.Customs Invoice164.Proforma invoice165.Customs Declaration166.Inspection167.Receipt of settlement168.Documentary169.Periodic settlement170.Export foreign exchange verification form 171.Application for driving licence172.Electric173.Underwriting174.The underwriting agreement175.Agent176.Agency agreement177.Consignment178.Consignment agreement179.Tender180.Tender181.Auction182.Price auction183.Price auction184.Sealed bid auction185.Leasing trade186.Finance lease187.Operating lease188.Sublet rentals189.Lease back leasingpensation trade191.Processing and assembling192.Futures trading193.Hedging1.商品的品名即商品名称在一定程度上体现了商品的自然属性及主要的性能特征区别于其他商品的称呼或概念2.商品品质是商品外观形态和内在素质的综合3.样品通常指从一批商品中抽取出来或由生产使用部门加工设计出来足以反应和代表整批商品品质的少量实物4.对等样品是指卖方根据买方提供的样品加工复制类似的样品提供给买方确认经确认后的样品也就是对等样品5.商品的规格是用来反应商品品质的一些主要指标如成分含量纯度大小长短粗细等6.商品的等级是把同一种商品按其品质或规格上的差异划分为不同的级别和档次用数字或文字表示从而产生品质优劣的若干等级7.标准样品统一化了的规格和等级8.品质增减价条款指在品质条款中，根据商品在品质机动幅度内的品质差异来调整合同价格的规定。
