Task16.4 Explain the duties that directors owe to their companies

专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷58(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. READING COMPREHENSIONPART V READING COMPREHENSION (25 MIN)Directions: In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.My job is to provide relevant, factually accurate information that is interesting, useful and entertaining to my readers, be they Brainstorm or ITWeb readers. My job is not to get your corporate message across. If you want to get your corporate message out to the market take an advertisement, or, failing that, do a good enough job that your clients get your message and spread it for you, then you wouldn’t be so desperate that you have to attempt to force me to do it. Secondly, my job is to take information from any sources as I feel are relevant or necessary, and process it into one smooth, seamless story that makes sense, and is easy and pleasant to read. It is not my job to print every single word of jargon and marketing waffle that spews from your lips. Should you choose to spew jargon and marketing waffle during an interview, it will not be used. Try plain, simple English in future. What my job reminds me of is to use comments and quotes that provide knowledge and insight, not to use anything you have said merely because you have said it. What I use and what I do not use in a story is my privilege. Should I choose not to use your quote there is nothing you can do about it. Further, my job is to write stories that my readers want to read, thus keeping the magazine or website’s ideas alive and kicking, and thus providing advertisers with an audience to advertise to. Should I write what you want me to write my readers will stop reading and you will have no vehicle for your marketing and advertising. Additionally, should you have a hissy fit and threaten to pull your ads, or never advertise again, because I ran a story you did not like, or did not use your quotes, or looked at you funny when you were having a bad day, you are not going to get a sympathetic response. You will get a positive and professional response. Nice people will kindly attempt to explain to you about press freedom, and what is enshrined in SA’s constitution, and that “really, really, we’re sorry but advertising people have no control over what those journalists do”. What you will get from me is the pleasure of never being interviewed by me again. I will not be blackmailed. I will not be bullied. And I most certainly will not interview you again, knowing that if you happen to take an ad for that feature you will assume I am running your quotes to keep you happy. Conversely, I will not do an interview knowing that if I do not run your quotes you will assume it is because you have not taken an ad. So the next time you have the urge to ask me if you can approve copy, or tell my sales team that you will not take an ad unless you are guaranteed editorial, remember the above and think about what you are actually doing. You areasking me to compromise my ethics, credibility, reputation, integrity and—ultimately —my career and I will not do that—for you or anyone.1．The author suggests that corporate message should be sent to the consumers primarily byA．committing to advertising.B．improving product quality.C．spreading public praise.D．attracting more readers.正确答案：A解析：题干中的primarily表明我们要查找传达商业信息的首选做法，第2段第2句中的or，failing that，表明其前面提到的take an advertisement就是首选做法，该句提到的其他做法都是在“广告”这个途径失败后才采取的，由此可见，本题应选A。

阅读篇章在大学英语四级阅读里，最常见的是议论文。

议论文常用的是总分、对照、问题解决等逻辑结构。

熟悉这些逻辑结构有助于了解篇章内在的规律性，有助于培养和提高学生的理解能力，有助于实现有效阅读。

下面分别讲解总分式结构、对照式结构、问题解决式结构、因果式结构、举例式结构。

3.1 总分式结构总分式结构是指文章层次之间是总说和分说的关系。

一般有三种基本形式：(1)先总后分(General-Specific, G-S)；(2)先分后总(Sepcific-General, S-G)；(3)总分总(General-Specific-General, G-S-G)。

先总后分是考生最熟悉也是最常见的逻辑结构。

如图所示：按照先总后分组织的段落或文章一般是先提出具有一般意义的论点或陈述，然后再提供具体详细的阐述，以支持论点。

常见的标志词有：generally speaking, in general, generally, as a rule, on the whole, firstly, secondly, thirdly等。

分别以段落和文章为例进行说明。

1) 总分式段落例：(总述) On the whole, wherever one lives, in the city or the country, there are some good reasons for owing a car. (分述1) Firstly, cars provide the most convenient form of transportation. (分述2) Secondly, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in winter time.2) 总分式文章Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl”, the Lay’s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker, Frito-Lay, thinks otherwise. “Potato chips are a snack food for the world,” said Salman Amin, the company’s head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America, owned by PepsiCo and accounts for over ha lf of the parent company’s $3 billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated, and to grow, the company has to look overseas.Its strategy rests on two beliefs ：First, a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete. And second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global” as a concept. “Global” does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones that consumers—especially young people—see as part of a modern, innovative world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know that Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the company’s research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo .Thelogo, along with the company’s long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility” of its chips would help facilitate the company’s global expansion.The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Rather, they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. “We’re making products in those countries, we’re adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives,” said Steve Reinemund, PepsiCo’s chief executive.1. It is the belief of Frito-Lay’s head of global marketing that __________.A) potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world marketB) their company must find new ways to promote domestic salesC) the light golden color enhances the charm of their company’s potato chipsD) people the world over enjoy eating their company’s potato chips2. What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2?A) Its products used to be popular among overseas consumers.B) Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack market.C) It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company.D) It needs to turn to the world market for development.3. One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that _______.A) consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brandsB) local brands cannot compete successfully with American brandsC) products suiting Chinese consumers’ needs bring more profitsD) products identified as American will have promising market value4. Why did Riskey have the Frito- Lay logo redesigned?A) To suit changing tastes of young consumers.B) To promote the company’s strategy of globalization.C) To change the company’s long-held marketing image.D) To compete with other American chip producers.5. Frito-Lay’s executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market ___________.A) won’t affect the eating habits of the local peopleB) will lead to economic imperialismC) will be in the interest of the local peopleD) won’t spoil the taste of their chips3.2 对照式结构对照是日常生活中经常使用的一种思维方法。

Because when politicians encourage people to spend money to get out of the recession, they also advise people to save more. Similarly, when banks offer higher interest rates to increase savings they send credit card offers to let people spend more.People who don't pay the credit card bill on time are called failing consumers in trouble, and those who pay the credit card bill are called valued customers.Because they are regarded as the defender of morals and proper deeds. Schools are the places where students learn what is right and what is wrong. Parents are supposed to have the responsibilities to well behave their children. Politicians always try to impress people with their high moral standards.Because these permissive messages are everywhere we look and we are constantly surrounded by the advertisement that encourages people to spend.Because each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence people's buying decisions and provide information as to what to buy, from breakfast cereal to vacation cruises.On one hand, people want to buy more things because they derive pleasure from treating themselves. On the other hand, they try to control their appetite and avoid falling into debt.They can go to financial literacy classes, consult with the school's financial aid office or seek input from parents or other respected adults. They can also find a partner to help them stay on track. Most importantly, when having financial troubles, they shouldn't feel embarrassed to ask for help to avoid more serious financial problems.Concerning money issues, we should be smart and educated, not affected by the contradicting messages from our environment. We should choose a suitable way of financial management according to our own conditionsCommercial advertisements to persuade people to buy their products, such as:• education-oriented advertisements that provide various courses to attract parents and students;• food and grocery adverti sements to give on sale information to their customers;• health training & maintenance advertisements designed to target different age groups to promote their fitness services;- Public service advertisements to stimulate the public interest and push them to take actionsOffer discount prices.• Send giveaways.• Use new technologies such as online shopping.• Compare with other merchandises.I will spend because life is so short and I don't want to be thrifty or spend money carefully, which will drive me crazy. I only know I should enjoy my life while I'm still young and healthy.• I will save because with the worsening economic situation everywhere, I don't know what would happen to me in the future. To be responsible for myself, I have to save some money for the future.When I don't have much pocket money with me.• When I want to buy something inexpensive but I can't afford it.• When I don't have money to hang out with my friends and classmates.• When I see many things I don't need surrounding me.Record how much they have spent.• Try to use cash instead of credit card.• Withdraw only certain amount of money from bank.• Never borrow money from other people.• Only buy things they need.1. The "discipline" message asks people to save, while the "enjoy yourself"message asks people to spend; therefore, they (contradict) each other.2.It is a(n) (paradox) that in some odd way world peace appears todepend on our spending millions of pounds on weapons that can kill us all.3.It is far more effective for parents to allow for the child's (perspective) and let him make his own choice rather than make a decision for him.4. When you are writing any directions for people, you've got to be direct and(explicit) to make everything rightly understood.5.The new teaching program was (suspended) last semester because the teachers in the department protested its demand for more intensework.6. He is a very considerate and generous person, and he is also one of thosewho can often (derive) pleasure from helping others.7.Many children are addicted to computers, so they often (defy) theirparents and play the computer games for hours every day.8.My roommate is always very optimistic, and that's why he still (retains) his good humor after all the setbacks.9. There is a widely held suspicion that the politician, though retired, still hasgreat power and is (manipulating) events behind the scenes.10. The organization has been working with local authorities as well asregional government and officials to (tackle) the problem of climate.browsermessengerconsumenegotiationobjectionreactionconstitutioncultivationdefinitionexpansionconcentratecivilize1.Public opinion was becoming more (concentrated) on environmentalpollution problems; more and more people were discussing and arguing about them.2.Martin Luther King is a(n) (messenger) who worked for peace; he has shown the Western world that a struggle can be waged without violence.3. Every man ought not to steal, cheat, or destroy the property of others.There is no place for this sort of behavior in a(n) (civilized) society.4.The right to pursue happiness is promised to Americans by the US(Constitution) , but nowadays no one seems quite sure what exactly ismeant by happiness.5.You will need to replace your old (browser) and install a new one. You will need this new software to view web pages.6. Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned up the volume onher player, paying no attention to her father's (objection) .7. As a college student, you should learn things extensively and aim for a(n)(expansion) of knowledge well beyond your area of specialization.8. Because women care much about their appearance and restrict their dietin an effort to control weight, they may not (consume) enough iron-richfood.9.The problem is that most students don't really know the exact(definition) of plagiarism (剽窃) or its consequences, so they don't consider it a serious crime.10.Garden (cultivation) of roses began about 5,000 years ago. They were used at celebrations, for medical purposes, and as a source of perfume.11. The talks next week will focus one economic development of the regionand our immediate (reaction) to the ever-worsening condition of theenvironment.12.The (negotiation) on the trade disputes between the two super large companies went on for years as neither side would give in.To spend or save is a question which many people have. There is always a(n)(1)(dilemma) whether one should spend the money that he has earned orsave that money for the future. Well, there is no (2)(explicit) answer to thequestion as different people have different (3)(perspectives) on their life, and that is the reason why some people tend to spend all the money earned while others (4)(retain) control over their money. People who spend all the money do not think much about the future. The only thing that they enjoy doing most is to (5)(derive) pleasure from spending money. For example, if they like a particular car, mobile phone or laptop, they will buy it without giving it a thought. For them, the most important thing is to satisfy their material (6) (appetite). People who have their first job or who haven't married often fall in this category. In the long run, saving is a good (7)(option) for one's life assaving helps an individual to plan for future (8)(urgent) needs. That is also the reason why many people save money for a rainy day. Individuals who can (9)(suspend) their spending save money successfully. Instead of buyingon impulse, they delay their purchasing decision and won't be easily (10) (manipulated) by commercial ads. Individuals who have responsibility for their family belong to this category.1.People who work in offices are (referred to) as "white-collar workers"for the simple reason that they traditionally wear a white shirt with a collar and a tie to go to work.2. When the police arrived, he had already destroyed the evidence that was(at odds with) his earlier statement made a few hours ago.3.In order to persuade his daughter to (put off) the marriage, the father quoted statistics showing mixed-race couples had higher divorce ratesthan same-race couples.4. The mother made the decision to give cough medicine and Aspirin to hersick child without (consulting with) the child's doctor.5. Both professional experts and school teachers say that children tend to(do their utmost) when they see their parents making similar efforts.6.As she entered the most dynamic period of her career, Kylie (tookstock of) her success and tried to analyze the strong impact of her college education.7. The chief executive George Grey is confident that current growth levelscan be maintained since all the group's development projects stay (on track) .8.It is very important for students to understand and (take in) newinformation. Besides, they should examine and judge information carefully and then make the right decisions.It is often said that whatever wealth one may have will be gone quickly if the person only spends. However, someone thinks the purpose of life is to enjoy every moment, so they spend all they have earned. Even though Bryan and Peter are close friends, their spending habits are very different.Bryan is very careful about using his pocket money. He only spends money when it's necessary. For example, when his pocket money is only $50, he may spend $20 on necessary stationery for schoolwork. He will try to deposit the remaining $30 in his savings account. In his opinion, though the amount is small, it will help him for a possible rainy day since people never know what could happen in the future.Unlike Bryan, Peter usually spends money at will. He often purchases expensive electronic products such as an iPhone and an iPad. Sometimes, he might buy himself an expensive brand-name shirt or a pair of expensive brand name shoes. Different from Bryan, he never deposits extra money in a bank after meeting his basic needs. To him, saving money in a bank is something very silly because he believes that he can always earn big money after he gets a decent job in the future.All in all, Bryan and Peter are very different in the way they spend money. Spending money wisely and saving extra money for future urgent needs enable students to manage their finance and fully concentrate on their study. They will also derive great pleasure from the way they handle their money.大发现年代，也被称为大勘探年代，是欧洲进行全球勘查的一个历史时期，始于15世纪初并一直持续到18世纪。

banked clozeUnit 11. Experiments have been carried out to test and develop of thesignificance of eye contact and body language.2. The new state government aims to develop a of public law whichwill better serve the interests of the state as well as the citizen.3. Swimming is one of the best exercises to help develop your4. He took an extra year of study in the art school to develop his artistic .5. One of the ways in which the children at the school develop their computeris by keeping weather and farm records.6. All children have to develop a concept of safety and an to copewith the hazards which exist in that environment.7. The photographer asked the photo-shop to develop the exposed .8. The aims of the Short Courses are to encourage pupils to reflect on their ownexperience of life, to develop into situations which pose moral and social questions, and to respond to these situations in a balanced andunderstanding way.9. Jeffrey Goldstein believes that children play with aggressive toys to help themto understand violence and death and to develop and learn social skills.10. They have made plans to develop the state's water to serve agrowing population.Unit 21. To be successful, some online students may have to improve their writingto be able to communicate through written language.2. In relation to the complaint you have made, there is nothing we can do toimprove the of these goods.3. Parts of the school sports fund will be used to improve the of theswimming pool.4. Our policies have to be judged against one clear test: will they improve thepeople's living ?5. The government has also promised to improve our education ,making it work harder to meet the needs of our country's economicdevelopment.6. Everything has a reason and every piece of behavior functions in some way toimprove the of survival of the animal concerned.7. The cycling, walking, swimming or other repetitive activities can boost theheart rate, increase circulation and improve the body's of oxygen.8. The writer highly recommends the training method to anyone who wants toimprove these adaptive .9. It provides information on methods to improve the andeffectiveness of training programs for older workers, including helping older workers to find productive employment.10. The emphasis of the report will be on encouraging practices which will reducecosts, save energy, protect and improve the and raise the quality and value of products leaving the farm.Unit 31. The new government has decided to invest more to create jobs, expand ,reform health care and reduce taxes by adopting a series of new policies.2. The company would not expand the for producing the consumergoods as any further growth in its production would reduce the price.3. During his years in London Rambush expanded his into the field ofchemical processing, continuing his studies at Battersea Polytechnic under Professor J. W. Hinchley.4. The committee is to expand the on the conflicting duties that facethose who serve children — duties to the parents, duties to the school, and so on.5. So if my company wishes to supply the domestic market of this large andexpanded it has no alternative but to manufacture from within the country itself.6. It is said that the medicine can expand , improve memory andincrease creativity.7. It was recorded in history that during that period the king expanded theacross a broad band of territory running from the Baltic to the Black Sea.8. The company is continuing to study the potential for expanding its inEuropean countries and it is making progress in this area.9. In fact, they have expanded their with developing countries throughthe use of a variety of business arrangements other than direct investment.10. And in the 1970s, we were again working in a small province; and in recentyears we have expanded our to include the entire south.Unit 41. Most editions carried stressing the amount of money being spent onimproving conditions for Africans in the country.2. To help his dumb brother communicate with people, he designed a series ofcards carried covering the various situations he would normallybe in, with the explanation on the reverse side.3. It is not an attitude that would carry much in other educationalcircles, but it is easy to see its roots in the traditions of apprenticeship to a trade.4. Words carry and so do combinations of words.5. Mark Frame attended the conference, carrying the of being thefirst British member of the Bureau.6. The parasite (寄生虫) and mosquitoes which carry the need acertain temperature to survive.7. Earlier this year researchers turned the material into a superconductor — thematerial carries with no resistance.8. People hope that the younger generation would carry forward the nation'sdeep-rooted of doing good by voluntary service.9. In this worthwhile presentation they have employed every possible methodwhich helps carry the to the full extent of the film.10. Doctors say that this is a rare condition in which the ability of the blood tocarry is decreased, causing a high fever.Unit 51. But I think I can say that we have never done anything to undermine thethat you have placed in us.2. The Conservative party has not passed the Bill, which will underminein schools and demoralize the teaching profession.3. We may not bring them down but we can undermine their .4. If you don't answer a child's question sincerely, you would, quite probably,have undermined the child's for you and even for other adults.5. The policy will only undermine the that the economy is gaining.6. In Europe between the wars fascist movements undermined inseveral countries and it took much time to restore democratic order.7. The irreconcilable conflict between the two powers undermined thefor a peaceful future.8. He was sentenced to 15 months in jail for being a common nuisance, ongrounds that he was thought to undermine the , health, safety, and comfort of the public.9. It is clear that if the conclusion of the study quoted above is a reliable one,then modern culture is undergoing a crisis of dissolution and decay which threatens to undermine the very of social life.10. It goes without saying, of course, that neglecting a horse's physical needs willdamage or undermine its and consequently its well-being and how it feels in itself.Unit 61. “I'll try to love you, but it wasn't such a terrible mistake!” she answered in avoice.2. The big department was on fire; everything was in confusion but we could stillhear firemen's voice out in the air.3. The red-eyed mayor shouted in a voice that he would kill allcandidates as well as those voting in the municipal elections.4. She had a fairly voice — certainly like none of the women I metaround the office today.5. As the light went out, he was about to fall asleep when suddenly he wasattracted by a clear, voice, far off at first but closer with everyrepetition.6. Then in her full, sad, voice, “Perhaps I shall regret it, morep erhaps than you will ever know, you foolish girl.”7. She had a pretty voice, no more, and was still too young for socialoccasions.8. Then came the reassuringly voice of the Stage Manager over theloudspeaker, “Please do not leave your seats!”9. Rune's voice penetrated her thoughts, bringing her back to thepresent with a small start.10. The thought gave her a pain, yet she forced herself to smile as she said in avoice, “I hope you'll both be very happy.”Unit 71. The driver was accused of running red , crossing hands on thesteering wheel, lack of concentration and insufficient use of the rearviewmirror.2. They close their eyes, sway their bodies and imagine running the intheir minds.3. We had one anxious telephone call from a Swedish newspaperman, who hadrun the in his weekly science column, and was much worried when two professors challenged him to prove that the story was true.4. They are going to elect 5 diligent students of the committee to run a withover 600 members!5. He may be running a or tired out, which may account for thereason why he can lose patience with the wife's reluctance.6. They gave me one of the Sunday newspapers which chose to run a onmy business interests.7. His deputy, Oscar Lennis, has in fact been largely running the forthe past year.8. Drink more than this and you run the of developing high bloodpressure, which in turn can lead to heart attack or stroke.9. Now I have a salaried job instead of running the and I have notime to do the shopping, take the car to the garage or wait in for serviceengineers of various sorts.10. It is assumed that every student in our university knows how to run a publicizea meeting, organize a local campaign and set up a committee.。

复习样题1.（）The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, attempts to reduceintellectual property protections to enhance trade.2.（）The government of a country takes over the airport security industries following amajor terrorist attack, to improve airport security. This is an example of privatization.3.（）Guanxi is an important mechanism for building long-term business relationships andgetting business done in China.4.（）Ethical strategies are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct ofbusinesspeople.5.（）A well-functioning market economy requires laws protecting private property rights andproviding mechanisms for contract enforcement.6.（）Employees in a business often take their cue from business leaders, and if those leadersdo not behave in an ethical manner, they might not either.7.（）WTO rules do not allow countries to impose antidumping duties on foreign goods thatare being sold cheaper than at home, or below their cost of production, even when domestic producers can show that they are being harmed.8.（）McDonald's is an example of a firm that uses a franchising strategy.9.（）Trade diversion occurs when higher-cost external producers are replaced by lower-costexternal producers within the free trade area.10.（）The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation was established to increase multinationalcooperation in view of the economic rise of the Pacific nations and the growing interdependence within the region.11.（）The choice between centralization and decentralization is not absolute.12.（）According to Max Weber, Protestantism encouraged capitalism's development byemphasizing the importance of wealth creation and frugality.13.（）Two types of competitive pressure that affect the ability of multinational enterprises tocompete in the global marketplace are pressure for cost reductions and pressure for local responsiveness.14.（）A manager receives a bonus because the national operating subsidiary, that she is incharge of, exceeds its performance target. This is an example of an incentive.15.（）In a turnkey project, the contractor agrees to handle every detail of the project for aforeign client.16.（）The ethical obligations of a multinational corporation toward employment conditions,human rights, environmental pollution, and the use of power are always clear-cut.17.（）Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influencethrough quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country.18.（）Governments do not always act in the national interest when they intervene in theeconomy; politically important interest groups often influence them.19.（）The threat of antidumping action limits the ability of a firm to use aggressive pricing togain market share in a country.20.（）The need for coordination between units is greatest in firms pursuing a localizationstrategy.21.（）An antagonistic relationship between management and labor classes may result in lowercosts of production.22.（）Once barriers to trade and investment are removed, companies can treat a group ofintegrated countries like the EU as a single market and produce standardized products for it.23.（）According to the cultural relativism point-of-view, a firm should adopt the ethics of theculture in which it is operating.24.（）When a firm focuses on increasing profitability by customizing the product or serviceso that they provide a good match to tastes and preferences in different national markets, the firm is following a transnational strategy.25.（）When consumer tastes and preferences differ significantly between countries, there islow pressure for local responsiveness.26.（）Exporting is advantageous because it avoids the cost of establishing manufacturingoperations in the host country and because it may help a firm achieve experience curve and location economies.27.（）By centralizing decision making, a firm can avoid the duplication of activities thatoccurs when similar activities are carried on by various subunits within the organization.28.（）In a company using cultural controls, employees' behavior is closely monitored andcontrolled through direct supervision.29.（）If a firm is trying to enter a market where there are already well-established companies,and where global competitors are also interested in establishing a presence, the firm should choose a greenfield investment.30.（）An American firm that sets up production units in China is accused of releasinguntreated chemical waste into water bodies. The manager of the firm defends the firm stating that, factories in China set up by French and British firms also release untreated chemical waste into water bodies. In this example, the manager is using the utilitarian approach to business ethics.1. The emphasis on individualism in the United States results in all of the following disadvantages EXCEPT:A. m anagers tend to develop good general skills but lack the company-specific experience.B. d ifficulty in building teams within an organization to perform collective tasks.C. e xecutives are not exposed to different ways of doing business.D. d ifficulty to achieve cooperation both within a company and between companies.2. Mores are:A. t he norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and its social life.B. t he routine conventions of everyday life.C. a bstract ideas about what a group believes to be right, good, and desirable.D. t he social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.3. A group of people who share a common set of values and norms form a:A. c ulture.B. s ociety.C. c ountry.D. c aste.4. Which of the following is NOT true regarding culture?A. C ulture is static.B. C ulture varies across and within nations.C. C ulture is a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people.D. C ulture involves the knowledge and beliefs of people.5. A situation in which none of the available alternatives seems morally acceptable is called:A. a n ethical dilemma.B. n oblesse oblige.C. t he tragedy of the commons.D. t he free rider problem.6. Facilitating payments are:A. a direct violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.B. p ermitted so long as they designed only to gain exclusive preferential treatment.C. u sed to secure contracts that would otherwise not be secured.D. p ermitted under the amended Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.7. Expatriate managers may experience more than the usual degree of pressure to violate theirpersonal ethics because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT:A. t hey are away from their ordinary social context and supporting culture.B. t hey are psychologically and geographically closer to the parent company.C. t hey may be based in a culture that does not place the same value on ethical norms important in the manager's home country.D. t hey may be surrounded by local employees who have less rigorous ethical standards.8. Child labor is permitted and widely employed in Country X. A multinational company enteringCountry X decides to employ minors in its subsidiary, even though it is against the multinational'shome-country ethics. Which of the following approaches to business ethics would justify theactions of the multinational company?A. R ighteous moralistB. C ultural relativismC. T he justice theoryD. T he rights theory9. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, related to employment, upholds allof the following EXCEPT:A. j ust and favorable work conditions.B. e qual pay for equal work.C. p rohibition of trade unions.D. p rotection against unemployment.10. A firm benefits by basing each value creation activity it performs at that location where economic, political, and cultural conditions, including relative factor costs, are most conducive tothe performance of that activity. Firms that pursue such a strategy can realize:A. d ifferentiation.B. l ocation economies.C. v ertical integration.D. h orizontal integration.11. Which of the following is an example of a support activity in a firm's value chain?A. R&DB. C ustomer serviceC. H uman resourcesD. M arketing and sales12. When companies disperse different stages of the value chain to those locations around the world where perceived value is maximized or where the costs of value creation are minimized, companies create:A. a differentiated organization.B. a location economy curve.C. e conomies of scale.D. a global web of value creation activities.13. It has been observed that a product's production costs decline by some quantity about each time, cumulative output:A. i ncreases by twenty five percent.B. q uadruples.C. d oubles.D. t riples.14. Economies of scale arise from all of the following sources, EXCEPT:A. i ncreasing fixed costs by limiting them to small volumes.B. s erving domestic and international markets from the same production facilitiesC. s erving global markets.D. b argaining with suppliers to bring down the cost of key inputs.14. Responding to pressure for _____ requires that a firm differentiate its product offering and marketing strategy from country to country.A. c ost reductionsB. e xperience effectsC. l owering the costs of value creationD. b eing locally responsive15. The worldwide product division structure:A. i s weak in local responsiveness.B. i nhibits the realization of location economies.C. i nhibits the realization of experience curve economies.D. l imits the transfer of core competencies between areas.16. In the classic global matrix structure, horizontal differentiation proceeds along two dimensions. These dimensions are:A. h ierarchy and overall strategy.B. t arget returns and sales potential.C. m arketing strategy and sales potential.D. p roduct division and geographic area.17. The need for coordination between subunits is highest in firms pursuing a(n):A. l ocalization strategy.B. i nternational strategy.C. g lobal strategy.D. t ransnational strategy.18. _____ refers to giving a person in each subunit responsibility for coordinating with anothersubunit on a regular basis.A. G lobal learningB. L iaison rolesC. K nowledge networkD. M atrix Structures19. Which of the following is NOT true of a strong corporate culture?A. A lmost all managers share a relatively consistent set of values and norms that have a clear impact on the waywork is performed.B. A strong culture leads to high performance.C. O utsiders see firms with a strong culture as having a certain way of doing things.D. A strong culture can be a bad culture.20. Patents, inventions, formulas, processes, designs, copyrights, and trademarks are all forms of_____.A. l icensing agreementsB. f ranchising agreementsC. i ntangible propertyD. t angible property21. Cross-licensing agreements are increasingly common in the _____ industries.A. t ransportationB. h igh-technologyC. c onstructionD. c onsumer durables22. Which of the following is an advantage of franchising?A. A firm takes profits out of one country to support competitive attacks in another.B. A firm is relieved of many of the costs and risks of opening a foreign market on its own.C. I t guarantees consistent product quality and achieves experience curve and location economies.D. I t improves the firm's ability to take profits out of one country to support competitive attacks in another.23. The most typical joint venture is a _____ venture.A. 50/50B. 60/40C. 75/25D. 10/9024. To increase the potential for a successful acquisition, a firm should:A. a lways bid low to allow for partial failure.B. t ry to acquire a firm with a very different corporate culture so there is no forced "overlap."C. s creen the foreign enterprise to be acquired.D. s eek companies only from similar national cultures.25. A society's social structure refers to its:A. s ystem of values and norms.B. b asic social organization.C. r eligious practices.D. e ducational infrastructure.26. A Japanese executive's ritual of presenting a business card to a foreign business executive is an example of:A. m ores.B. v alues.C. a ttitudes.D. f olkways.27. Cross-cultural literacy refers to:A. a n individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group.B. t he phenomenon of merging and converging cultures.C. a bstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.D. a n understanding of how cultural differences can affect business.28. The idea that businesspeople should consider the social consequences of economic actions when making business decisions and that there should be a presumption in favor of decisions that have both good economic and social consequences is known as:A. m oral relativism.B. n oblesse oblige.C. e thical dilemma.D. s ocial responsibility.29. BP, one of the world's largest oil companies, has made it part of the company policy to undertake "social investments" in the countries where it does business. There was no economic reason for BP to make this social investment, but the company believes it is morally obligated to give something back to the societies that have made their success possible. BP's actions are anexample of:A. c ultural relativism.B. t he Friedman doctrine.C. n oblesse oblige.D. t he tragedy of the commons.30. A situation in which none of the available alternatives seems morally acceptable is called:A. a n ethical dilemma.B. n oblesse oblige.C. t he tragedy of the commons.D. t he free rider problem.31. Which of the following refers to the values and norms that the employees of an organizationshare?A. V ision statementB. C ultural relativismC. O rganization cultureD. P ower orientation31. A multinational company is accused of paying bribes to the government of a host country toobtain permission to build a production factory. The public relations manager of the companydefends the company's actions as being ethically sound; he states that in the host country, payingbribes to government officials is the accepted norm and is in keeping with the social practices inthe host country. The public relations manager is using which of the following philosophicaldoctrines to defend the actions of the company?A. T he Friedman doctrineB. R ighteous moralistC. N oblesse obligeD. C ultural relativism32. Identify the correct statement about the rights theories.A. H uman beings have fundamental rights and privileges that transcend national boundaries.B. T he moral worth of actions or practices is determined by their consequences.C. P eople should be treated as ends never purely as means to the ends of others.D. T he only social responsibility of business is to increase profits, so long as the company stays within the rulesof law.33. _____ activities of the value chain provide inputs that allow the primary activities to occur.A. C omplementaryB. B asicC. C oreD. S upport34. Economies that arise from performing a value creation activity in the optimal place for that activity are referred to as:A. f actor economies.B. p roduction economies.C. l ocation economies.D. v alue creation economies.35. Lenovo's ThinkPad laptop computers is designed in the United States, the case, keyboard, and hard drive are made in Thailand; the display screen and memory in South Korea; the built-in wireless card in Malaysia; and the microprocessor in the United States. In each case, these components are manufactured and sourced from the optimal location given current factor costs. In this example, Lenovo has:A. v ertical integration advantages.B. a global web of value creation activities.C. l earning effects.D. h igh local responsiveness.36. When individuals gain knowledge of the most efficient ways to perform particular tasks, they are saving costs through:A. l ocation economies.B. v alue creation effects.C. e xperience curve effects.D. l earning effects.37. It has been suggested that learning effects are important only during the start-up period of a new process and that they cease after two or three years. Any decline in the experience curve after such a point is due to:A. r eduction in fixed costs.B. h igher depreciation costs.C. e conomies of scale.D. o bsolescence.38. Firms usually respond to pressures for cost reduction by trying to:A. l ower the costs of value creation.B. b e locally responsive.C. u ndertaking product differentiation.D. d iversifying product lines.39. Which strategy focuses on increasing profitability by customizing the firm's goods or services so they provide a good match to tastes and preferences in different national markets?A. G lobal standardization strategyB. T ransnational strategyC. L ocalization strategyD. I nternational strategy40. A(n) _____ is valuable because it can be used as a nonbureaucratic conduit for information flows within a multinational enterprise.A. l iaison networkB. m atrix structureC. o rganizational structureD. k nowledge network41. Which control system is most widely used by small firms?A. P ersonalB. O utputC. B ureaucraticD. C ultural42. ontrol through a system of rules and procedures that directs the actions of subunits is:A. p ersonal control.B. b ureaucratic control.C. o utput control.D. c ultural control.43. What is the primary advantage of licensing?A. I t helps a firm avoid the development costs associated with opening a foreign market.B. I t gives a firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy.C. I t helps a firm achieve experience curve and location economies.D. I t increases a firm's ability to utilize a coordinated strategy.44. _____ refer to cooperative agreements between potential or actual competitors.A. G reenfield investmentsB. S trategic alliancesC. T akeoversD. L icensing agreements45. Which of the following is true of acquisitions?A. I t is a time-consuming process and takes a lot of time to execute.B. T hey are less risky than greenfield ventures in the sense that there is less potential for unpleasant surprises.C. T hey give the firm a much greater ability to build the kind of subsidiary company that it wants.D. I n many cases, firms make acquisitions to preempt their competitors.46. Most service firms have found that _____ with local partners work best for controlling subsidiaries.A. j oint venturesB. l icensing agreementsC. g reenfield investmentsD. t urnkey projects47. _____ is pursued primarily by manufacturing firms and _____ is employed primarily byservice firms.A. L icensing; franchisingB. F ranchising; licensingC. F ranchising; exportingD. E xporting; licensing48. The valuable asset of firms, whose competitive advantage is based on management know-how,is their _____. \A. t op management staffB. U SPC. a dvertisementsD. b rand name。

阅读第二讲课后作业（含答案）“第二讲雅思阅读句子”课后作业一阅读教材P21-22页“Ant Intelligence”，回答以下问题：1.在文中找出2句由and/but/or连接并列成分的句子，并分析出其结构及理解其中文含义：①第1段7-10行Generally, people were and still are astonished by their incredible navigational capabilities, but this is not due to an exceptional intelligence on the ant?s side, but is rather a special evolutionary adaptation which we lack.该句共有35个单词，是由2个but连接的3句话组成的，形成了意思上的两次转折。

就3个分句来说，本身结构并不复杂，这里要注意第一个but后面代词this 的指代作用。

句子翻译：一般来说，人们过去和现在都对蚂蚁的难以置信的导航能力感到惊讶，然而这并不是因为蚂蚁那边有多么超常的智力，而是因为我们人类缺乏的一种特殊的进化适应。

②第22页1-3行Favorite locations include the soil of potted plants, or cracks in and shrubs, and the debris that collects in the base of the fronds of palm trees.该句最基本的结构是include的并列宾语，由第二个逗号后面的and连接；这里需要注意的是本句中出现的其它连接词级别不同，以第二个逗号后面的and为最高，连接主句宾语；or连接的是第一个宾语里的并列成分，级别为第二高；而另一个and连接的是第一个宾语里的后置定语，级别为最低。

句子翻译：最好的位置包括盆栽植物的泥土，树或灌木中的中空或缝隙，以及在棕榈树蕨叶的底部形成的碎片。

1He made such a （an）_____ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.A. genuineB. minimumC. modestD. enormous［参考答案］D［答案解析］译文：他对学校做出了如此巨大的贡献以至于以他的名字命名了一座新建筑。

解析：A. genuine 真正的 B. minimum 最小的C.modest 谦虚的，温和的D. enormous 巨大的2Although he was on a diet, the food _____ him enormously.A. inspiredB. temptedC. overcameD. encouraged［参考答案］B［答案解析］译文：虽然他在节食，但是饭菜还是非常吸引他。

解析：A. inspired 给…灵感，鼓励 B. tempted 吸引，引诱C. overcame 克服，战胜D. encouraged 鼓励3They tossed your thoughts back and forth over an hour, but still could not make _____ of them.A. impressionB. comprehensionC. meaningD. sense［参考答案］D［答案解析］译文：他们把你的想法翻来覆去研究了一个多小时，但还是没能理解。

解析：本题考查固定搭配make sense of…意思是“理解，弄懂”故选 D. sense4In the past five years, workers have attained a new _____ of human dignity.A. statueB. stationC. statusD. stature［参考答案］C［答案解析］译文：在过去的五年里，工人阶级受到了前所未有的尊重。

2021考研英语：阅读细节题的解答技巧考研英语备考很多事情都要提上日程了，看看哪些是该注意的，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：阅读细节题的解答技巧”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2021考研英语：阅读细节题的解答技巧所有的阅读都分为三个部分：原文、题干和选项。

原文是解题的依据，题干是解题的方向，选项是解题的关键。

我们要知道题干在很多时候却是我们定位和筛选正确答案的杀手锏，尤其在应对细节题时，切记：点对点对应。

细节题根据考查内容不同可划分为以下几种类型：论点论据题，传统细节题，原因细节题，人物观点题。

考生应该重点关注每一种细节类型题的特点，以找到有效的做题思路，在最后阶段更上一层楼。

一、论点、论据题论点——论据题考查学生对文章细节例证的理解，也是考纲中对论点论据要求的具体体现。

一般情况下，这类题目的题干信息提供论据的细节信息，考生需要根据其定位段落，然找到论据证明的论点，最后选出与之对对应的正确选项。

例1：Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.(2017, Text1)21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to _____.[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection根据题干中的细节信息“The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804”回文定位在上文(原文二段)中，信息描述特点可以判断出段落的结构，中心句在第一句话中，后文的细节实为论证上文观点，所以匹配信息“Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased sa fety.”，“美国人愿意忍受耗时的安检程序以确保安全”正确选项为[A]explain American’s tolerance of current security checks。